Approachcategoriesonaircraftsarebasedupon?

A grouping of aircraft based on a speed of 1.3 times the stall speed in the landing
configurationatmaximumgrosslandingweight.Anaircraftmustfitinonlyonecategory.
Ifitisnecessarytomaneuveratspeedsinexcessoftheupperlimitofaspeedrangefor
acategory,theminimumsforthecategoryforthatspeedmustbeused.Forexample,an
aircraftwhichfallsinCategoryA,butiscirclingtolandataspeedinexcessof91knots,
mustusetheapproachCategoryBminimumswhencirclingtoland.

AircraftCategoryA
AircraftCategoryB
AircraftCategoryC
AircraftCategoryD
AircraftCategoryE

<91
91/120
121/140
141/165
>165

Maxcirclingspeed90Kts
Maxcirclingspeed120Kts
Maxcirclingspeed140Kts
Maxcirclingspeed165Kts

WhatisETOPS?
Extendedtwinoperations.Anoperatorisgrantedpermissiontooperateatwinengined
aircrafttypeonflightinwhichtheaircraftismorethan60minutesawayfromasuitable
alternativeaerodromeintheeventthattheaircraftsuffersanenginefailureenroute.
WhatarethevariousETOPScategories?
Normalextendedtwinoperations(ETOPS)categories,varybetween60and180Minutes.
ThesegmentsonaTakeoff?
1. First Segment: The Climb from 35 feet point until the landing gears are fully
retracted.Conditionsinthissegmentare:
landinggearextended
flapsinT/Oposition
speed=V2
climbgradient2engine=positive/4engine=0.5%
takeoffpower
2. Second Segment: Climb from gear retraction point until a height of 400 feet
reached.Conditionsinthissegmentare:
gearsretracted
flapsinT/Oposition
speed=V2
climbgradient2engine=2.4%/4engine=3.0%
takeoffpower
3. ThirdSegment:Itsthehorizontaldistancecoveredafterthesecondsegmentuntil
theflapretractionspeedisreached,toraisetheflapsplusthedistancerequiredto
acceleratetheaircrafttotheflapsupclimbspeed.Itconsistsoftwoparts:
Firstpartof3rdsegment:Distancecoveredbeforeflapretraction,acceleratingto
flapretractionspeed.Theconditionsare:

gearsretracted
lapsint/oposition
speedincreasingfromv2toflapretractionspeed
climbgradient2engine=1.2%/4engine=1.7%
takeoffpower

Secondpartof3rdsegment:Distancecoveredafterflapretraction,acceleratingto
finalt/oclimbspeed.Theconditionsare:
gearsretracted
flapsretracted
speed,acceleratingfromflapsretractiontofinalt/oclimbspeed
climbgradient2engine=1.2%/4engine=1.7%
maximumcontinuouspower
4. FourthSegment:theClimbfrom400feettill1500feetisreached,aftertheendof
thirdsegmentoperatingwithmaxcontinuouspower.Theconditionsare:
gearsretracted
flapsretracted
speed=finalt/oclimbspeed
maxcontinuouspower
climbgradient2engine=1.2%/4engine=1.7%
IFRandRVSMFlightlevels?
MT000179
MT180359

oddFL.
evenFL.

NONRVSMairspaceverticalseparationisonly1000ftuptoFL290and2000ft
aboveFL290.
RVSMairspaceonly1000ftforalllevels.

WhyareFlightLevelintervalsincreasedto2000ftinnonRVSMairspace?
Because of altimeter errors (lower air density). Reduced vertical RVSM to 1000ft
separation above FL290 is granted to aircraft with advanced and more accurate
altimeters,usuallycrowdedroutes(TransAtlanticRoutes).
Whatarethelightsonataxiway?
Blueedge,greencenter.
HowlongrunwayremainingwhenRWYcenterlinelightturnssolidred?
1,000ft(305m).
HowlongrunwayremainingwhenRWYcenterlinelightturnsalternatingredand
white?
3000ft(600m).

WhathappensifyoumoveC.Gfromfwdtoaftposition?
Itwillbetailheavy,andthehorizontaltailplanewillhaveashortmementoarmthatwill
resultintheaircraftislongitudinallyunstablebecauseitistootailheavyforthehorizontal
tailplane.Lightstickforcesforpitchisrequired.Adecreasedwingangleofattackwhich
resultsinlowerinduceddrag.Itwillalsoincreaseaircraftrange.
WhatisDutchRoll?
Dutchrollisatypeofaircraftmotion,consistingofanoutofphasecombinationof"tail
wagging"androckingfromsidetoside.Thisyawrollcoupling is one of the basic flight
dynamicmodes(othersincludephugoid,shortperiod,andspiraldivergence).
Howmany%tobeconsideredacontaminatedrunway?
25%ofRwy.
Whyarewingsswept?Advantage/DisadvantageregardingSweptWings?
Theyareswepttobeabletoflyatahigherspeed.Theadvantagesare:higherMachrise
speedsandstabilityinturbulence.Disadvantagesare:Poorliftqualitiesareexperienced,
higher stall speeds, a wing tip stalling tendency is particular to a swept wing aircraft
mainlybecauseof thehighlocalClloadingit experiences.
AnAircraftisclimbingatconstantMachNumberwhatwillhappenwithTAS?
TASwilldecrease.
AnaircraftclimbsatconstantTASthroughaninversion,willtheRASandMach
numberincrease,decreaseorstaythesame?
MachNumberwilldecrease,RASwilldecrease.
WhendescendingataconstantCAS?
EASIncreases
WhatisClimbGradient?
Therate,expressedasapercentage,ofthechangeingeometricheight divided by the
horizontaldistancetraveledinagiventime.
DefinitionofwetRunway?
Arunwayisconsideredwetwhenthereissufficientmoistureonthesurfacetoappear
reflective,butwithoutsignificantareasofstandingwater.Arunwaysurfacethatappears
darkened by residual moisture (damp runway) shall not be considered wet or
contaminatedexceptasoutlinedbelow.

EffectofForwardC.G.?
Longitudinalstabilityisincreasedbecausetheaircraftisnoseheavy.Theaircraft'spitch
controlisreducedbecauseitexperienceshighstickforcesduetotheaircraft'slongtail
planemomentarm.Increasedwingangleofattack,witchwillreduceinhigherinduced
drag.Willreduceaircraftperformanceandrange.Thestallingspeedwillincrease.
EffectoffwdandaftC.Gonperformancestabilityandfuel?

fwdC.G.=>HighAngleofAttack,increaseinduceddragwhichwilldecrease
performanceandrange.Longitudinalstabilityisincreasedbecauseaircraftisnose
heavy.

aftC.G.=>LowAngleofattackonthewing,whichreducesinduceddrag.Fuel
sufficientandincreaseaircraftrange.Theaircraftislongitudinalunstable.
Effectofforward/aftCGonfuelconsumptionandrange?

FWD:
Stallingspeedincreased.
Longitudinalstabilityincreased.
Higherstickforcerequired
Range and endurance decreased due to drag caused by elevators to trim the
aircraft.
AFT:

Stallingspeeddecreased.
Longitudinalstabilitydecreased.
Lowerstickforcerequired
RangeandenduranceIncreases.

ICAOCATIIIIIIMins,qualificationsandrecurrentrequirements?

CATI
CATII
CATIIIa
CATIIIb
CATIIIc

200ft
100ft
50ft
20ft
0ft

550m
350m
200m
100m
0m

TherequirementstocarryoutaCATIIorIIIapproachinadditiontothenormalCATI
approach are that aircrafts CATII or CATIII systems are certified and operational.
RunwaysgroundCATIIorIIIequipmentiscertified.Thecrewisqualifiedandcurrent.
Theairplaneoutsideairtemperature"probe"measuresthe?
Totalairtemperatureminuskineticheatingeffectinordertoobtainthestatictemperature.
Thelimitsofthegreenscaleofanairspeedindicatorare?
VS1forthelowerlimitandVNOfortheupperlimit.

Atroughoflowpressureisgenerallyassociatedwith?
Convergencecausingincreasedcloudandprecipitation.
Themachnumberisthe?
TrueAirspeed(TAS)dividedbythelocalspeedofsound.
WhatistheeffectofflapextensiononVxandVy?
VxandVydecreases.
Theabsoluteceilingisdefinedas?
Thealtitudewherethemaximumrateofclimbis0ft/minute.
AerodromeQNHisthe?
Atmosphericpressureattheaerodromelevel.
GivedefinitionofQNH?
QNHisthestationpressureadjusteddowntomeansealevel(msl)usingISAvaluesfor
thetemperaturebetweenthestationandmsl.SincethealtimeteritselfusesISAvalues
foritsinternalcalculations,analtimeter withQNHsetshouldreadstationelevationonthe
groundathestation.
GivedefinitionofQFE?
QFEisareadingofstationpressuretakenonanaccuratebarometerandadjustedfor
anydifferenceinheightbetweenthebarometerandthefieldelevation.IfQFEisset,
altimetersshouldreadzeroonthegroundattheairfield.
IntheSouthernhemisphere,duringdecelerationfollowingalandinginanEasterly
direction,themagneticcompasswillindicate:
AnapparentturntotheNorth.
Whatisashuttlevalve?
Ashuttlevalveisatypeofvalvewhichallowsfluidtoflowthroughitfromoneoftwo
sources.Generallyashuttlevalveisusedinpneumaticsystems,althoughsometimesit
willbefoundinhydraulicsystems.
What type of autoland system would be required for the landing to continue
fallowingasinglefailurebelowalertheight?
Failoperationalorfailactive.
WhatdoesVortexGeneratorsdo?
Transferenergyfromthefreeairflowintotheboundarylayer.

GPWSmode5providesbothvisualandaudiblewarningstothepilot,iftheaircraft:
Isbelow1000ftRAandmorethan1.3dotsbelowILSGlideslope.
Ajetpoweredaircraft,flyingabovetheoptimumaltitudewillhave:
ReducedRange.
Onapressurizedairplane,supplementaloxygenisusedto:
Providepeopleonboardwithoxygenduringacabindepressurization.
TheBourdontubeisusedtomeasure?
Pressure.
Fromwhichflightleveldotheregulationsrequireaquickdonningtypeoxygen
maskfortheflightcrewinapressurizedaircraft?
FL250.
Fortheflightcrewmembers,quicklyfittedoxygenmasksarecompulsoryonboard
anypressurizedaircraftflyingatapressurealtitudegreaterthan?
FL250.
Seasonsareduetothe?
Inclinationofthepolaraxiswiththeeclipticplane.
A piece of equipment on your public transport airplane fails while you are still
parked.Thereferencedocumentyouusetodecideontheproceduretofollowis:
MEL.
TheM.M.E.L.(MasterMinimumEquipmentList)isdrawnupby:
Themanufacturer
TheM.E.L.(MinimumEquipmentList)isdrawnupby:
Theoperator.
Whichofthefallowingcombinationswillmostlikelycausethegreatsincreasein
thetakeoffdistance?
Tailwind,Upslope,HighTemperature.
The Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL) defines the equipment on which
certain inflight failures can be allowed and the conditions under which this
allowancecanbeaccepted.ThisMMELisdrawnupby:
Themanufacturerandapprovedbythecertificationauthorityandmaybemorerestrictive
thantheMasterMinimumEquipmentList(MMEL).

The red LED indicator light on an emergency torch is flashing at 4 seconds

intervals.Thisindicatesthat:
Thebatteryrequiresreplacement.
Hoarfrostformsonanaircraftasaresultof?
Watervaporturningdirectlyintoicecrystalsontheaircraftsurface.
DuringanILSapproachtoautoland,at1500feet:
Localizeriscontrollingtherollchannel,offlinechannelsareautomaticallyengagedand
flaremodeisarmed.
Anaircrafthavingundergoneanantiicingproceduremustbeantiicingfluidfree
atthelatestwhen:
Rotation(beforetakeoff).
Stationnumbers(Stn)andwaterlines(WL)are:
Ameansoflocatingairframestructureandcomponents.
Undericingconditions,ifyouexceededtheholdovertime,thecorrectprocedure
is:
Deiceagaintheairplane,thenapplyantiicingfluid.
Variableinletguidevansarefittedtogasturbineenginesto:
Preventacompressorstallathighenginespeeds.
For turbojetaircraft,intheflightpreparationstage,thelandingdistance atthe
scheduleddestinationaerodromeshallbelessthantheavailablelandingdistance
multipliedbyafactorof:
LD*0.6
WhatisDecisionPointProcedure?Itisaproceduretoreducetheamountoffuel
carriedonaflightby:
ReducingcontingencyfueltoonlythatrequiredfromDecisionPointtoDestination.
Duringadeicing/antiicingprocedurecarriedoutintwostages,thewaitingtime
starts:
Atthebeginningofthesecondstage(antiicingstage).
Theaccumulationofsnoworiceonanaircraftinflightinducesanincreaseinthe:
Stallingspeed.

AnAircraftisdescendingatconstantRAS,whatwillhappentoMNandTAS?
TASdecreaseandMNdecrease.
Whichmomentsormotionsinteractinadutchroll?
Rollingandyawing.
Youobservethealtimeterinaparkedaircraftshortlyafteranactivecoldfronthas
passed.Whatdoesthealtimeterindicate?
Itdecreases.
Linearacceleration,causingsomatogravitiillusion,cangiveafalseimpressionof
a:
Climb.
MapScaleonLambert'sconformalchartis:
Constantalongaparalleloflatitude.
Themodernantiskidprocessesarebasedontheuseofacomputerwhoseinput
datais?

idlewheelspeed(measured),
brakedwheelspeed(measured),
desiredidlewheeltaringslippingrate.

Uptowhataltitudewillgenerallyhealthypeoplebeabletostaywithoutshowing
anysignsofsufferingfromhypoxia?
Upto1000012000FT.
ForFAILSAFEdesignedstructuralparts:

Themountingprincipleisparallelmounting
Theprincipleistheredundancyofcomponents
Thefailureofamembercausetheloadstobesharedbetweentheothersystem
components.

VLEisdefinedasthe:
Maximumlandinggearextendedspeed
An aircraft is flying at constant indicated altitude, over a warm airmass, The
altimeterreadingwillbe?
Lessthantherealaltitude

Aflightcarriedoutbelowoptimumaltitudewouldresultin:
Lesstimemorefuel
WhataretheerrorsofMachmeter?
Instrumentandpressureerror
Thespeedrangebetweenhighandlowspeedbuffet:
IncreasesduringadescentataconstantIAS
Selectinganalternateaerodrometherunwayofthisfacilitymustbesufficiently
longtoallowafullstoplandingfrom50ftabovethethreshold(jettypeaircraft,dry
runway)within:
60%ofthelandingdistanceavailable
WhatisGPWS,whichmodemeanswhat?
Agroundproximitywarningsystem(GPWS)isasystemdesignedtoalertpilotsiftheir
aircraftisinimmediatedangerofflyingintothegroundoranobstacle.
Themodesare:
1. Excessivedescentrate("SINKRATE""PULLUP")
2. Excessiveterrainclosurerate("TERRAIN""PULLUP")
3. Altitudelossaftertakeofforwithahighpowersetting("DON'TSINK")
4. Unsafeterrainclearance("TOOLOWTERRAIN""TOOLOWGEAR""TOO
LOWFLAPS")
5. Excessivedeviationbelowglideslope("GLIDESLOPE")
6. Excessivelysteepbankangle("BANKANGLE")
7. Windshearprotection("WINDSHEAR")
Withagasturbineengine,theEngineAntiIcesystemshouldbeselected"ON"
whenever:
WhenevertheIOATis+10Corbelowandtheaircontainsvisiblemoisture
Asthecenterofgravitymoves,recoveryfromastall:
Ismoredifficultwiththecenterofgravitymovingaft.
AirplanescertifiedtoJAR25mustnotoperateacrossareaswhereS&amp;Rwould
be especially difficult without survival equipment if it flies to a distance
correspondingtogreaterthan:
60minutesatcruisingspeedfromanareasuitableformakinganemergencylanding.
Variableinletguidevanesarefittedtogasturbineenginesto:
Preventacompressorstallathighenginespeeds

Anelectricalresonantcircuitisconstructedfrom:
Capacitorandinductorwhichmaybeinparallelorseries
Ifafuelsampleappearscloudyorhazy,themostprobablycauseis:
Watercontamination
WhatisaSPECI?
Aselectedspecialaerodromeweatherreport,issuedwhenasignificantchangeofthe
weatherconditionshavebeenobserved.
Densityvaries:
Directlywithpressureandinverselywithtemperature
During the takeoff run , the effect of increasing airspeed is to cause the EPR
indicationto:
Remainconstant
Whenanaircraftisdeicedpriortodeparture,ifthetemperatureis0Degreesin
precipitation,whichtypeoffluidandapplicationmethodwillprovidethelongest
holdovertime?
TypeIIfluid@100%coldspray
Whenrefuelingisbeingperformedwhilepassengersareboardingordisembarking
theaircraft,itisnecessarythat:(Annex6,PartI)
Communicationsbemaintainedbetweengroundpersonnelandqualified personnel on
board.
Tellusthedifferenceofajetengineandturboprop?
Aturbopropengineisatypeofturbineenginewhichdrivesanaircraftpropellerusinga
reductiongear.