AS 15 Ans

AS Level
TOPIC 15 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 1
DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM
a) (i)
Mixture of alkanes with a wide range of Mr (1)
(ii) Middle East crude has a relatively high proportion of alkanes of high Mr (1)
b) (i)
Mixture of alkanes / compounds (1)

of similar boiling point (1)
(ii) Boiling point (1)

c) Sketch to show:
furnace for partial vaporisation of crude oil (1)
fractionating column (1)
any indication of trays and bubble caps (1)
injection of feedstock (1)
(superheated) steam injected at base of column (1)
Maximum 3 marks
d) (i)
Cool / 110 C at top to hot / 340 C at bottom (1)
(ii) Petroleum gases from top of column (1)

Light gasoline / petrol from top or near top (1)
Then, in decreasing order:
heavy gasoline / naphtha (1)
Half marks if shown at
kerosene / paraffin (1)
incorrect levels
diesel fuel / DERV (1)
lubricating oil (1)
Maximum 4 marks
e) Material
Use
Bitumen (1)
Road surfacing / for making fuel oil (1)
f) Industrial operation is continuous (1)

Laboratory operation is a batch process (1)
AS Level

QUESTIONSHEET 2
CRACKING
a) (i)
Insufficiently volatile / does not fully vaporise in the cylinder (1)
(ii) CH3(CH2)8CH3 CH3(CH2)6CH3 + CH2 = CH2 (1)

CH3(CH2)8CH3 CH3(CH2)5CH3 + CH3CH = CH2 (1)
(iii) Lower alkanes are useful as petrol (1)
Lower alkenes can be polymerised (1)
Or one example of polymerisation (1)
Alkenes are used as feedstock for the petrochemical industry (1)
Or one example of this (1)
b)
Thermal cracking
Catalytic cracking
Conditions
High temperature ()
High pressure ()
High temperature ()
Slight pressure ()
Zeolite / alumino-silicate catalyst (1)
Type of bond breaking
Homolytic (1)
Heterolytic (1)
Type of reaction intermediate
Free radicals (1)
Carbonium ions / carbocations (1)
Principal products
Alkenes (1)
Motor fuels / arenes (1)
c) Reaction occurs on the surface of a catalyst (1)

With prolonged use the surface becomes coated / inefficient / will not properly adsorb reactants (1)
so the catalyst must be replaced (1)
Maximum 2 marks
AS Level

QUESTIONSHEET 3
FUELS
a) (i)
Methane -882/16 = - 55.1 kJ g-1 (1)

Octane -5512/114 = - 48.4 kJ g-1 (1)
(ii) Volume problem if CH4 is gaseous (1)

Cost / weight / escape problem if CH4 is liquid (1)
Transfer / refuelling problem for gaseous fuels (1)
Maximum 2 marks
b) (i)
Ignition during the upward stroke of the piston / before the petrol-air mixture is fully compressed (1)
leading to loss of power (1) and increased engine wear (1)
(ii) The percentage of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane / iso-octane (1)

in a mixture of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and heptane (1)
with the same combustion characteristics as the fuel being tested (1)
c) (i)
Benzene
Carcinogenic / causes cancer (1)
Tetraethyllead
Exhaust emissions are poisonous / cause brain damage in children (1)
(ii) Method
Reforming / rearrangement / isomerisation (1)
Example
Accept any example of an unbranched alkane changing to a branched chain isomer (1)
Or Method
Cyclisation / ring formation (1)
Example
CH3(CH2)4CH3
+ H2 (1)
CH3
Or
d) (i)
CH3(CH2)5CH3
+ H2 (1)
Compression ignition / no spark plug (1)
(ii) Higher alkanes / higher Mr / higher b.p. / greater chain length (1)
(iii) Particulate carbon (1)
AS Level

QUESTIONSHEET 4
EPOXYETHANE AND ETHANE-1,2-DIOL
a) (i)
O
2CH2 = CH2(g) + O2(g) 2CH2 CH2(g) (1)
(ii) Silver (1)

(iii) To relieve the pressure / by Le Chateliers principle (1)
equilibrium is disturbed to the side with fewer gas molecules (1)
(iv) Risk of explosive oxidation if too much ethene is present (1)
b) (i)
The C O C bond angle is only 60 (1)

the ring is strained / strain is relieved when the ring opens up (1)
(ii) CH2
O + CH3OH
CH2
CH2OH
(1)
CH2OCH3
(iii) CH2
O + CH3O(CH2) 2OH CH3O(CH2)2O(CH2)2OH (1)
CH2
c) The molecule hydrogen bonds with water through two OH groups (1)
there is little loss through vaporisation (1)
d) (i)
A chemical reaction in which two reactants undergo addition (1)

with subsequent elimination of a small molecule, such as H2O (1)
(ii)
C
O
O
H
(1)
O
O
(iii) Instead of one molecule of acid reacting with one molecule of the diol, one acid molecule reacts with the OH
groups of two diol molecules (1)
Or explained by formulae (1)
e) Hydraulic fluid / brake fluid (1)
AS Level

QUESTIONSHEET 5
ADDITION POLYMERS
a) Monomer
Addition polymer
Simple compound / alkene / substituted alkene from which a polymer is derived (1)
A compound made by molecules of an unsaturated compound joining together in an addition
reaction (1)
Compound of high relative molecular mass / derived from a high number of monomer
molecules (1)
with a long chain of repeat units (1)
High polymer
b) (i)
LDPE Polymer chain is highly branched (1)

HDPE No chain branching / completely linear structure (1)
(ii) High temperatures / 100 300 C (1)

Very high pressures / 1000 2000 atm (1)
O2 catalyst / other catalyst which can give free radicals (1)
(iii) Triethylaluminium and titanium(IV) chloride (1)
Accept other valid examples.
(iv) Higher melting point / softening point (1)
More transparent (1)
Tougher / higher impact strength (1)
Maximum 2 marks
c) (i)
CH3
CH3
n CH=CH2 CH
CH2
(2)
Deduct 1 mark for each error. Bonds must pass through curved brackets.
(ii) Use
Crates / food containers / fibre for string, ropes, blankets, etc (1)
Advantage Tough / no odour (as appropriate) (1)
d) (i)
CH3
CH2 C
(1)
COOCH3
(ii)
CH3 CH3
C
(2)
CH3 H
Deduct 1 mark for each error.
AS Level

QUESTIONSHEET 6
POLY(CHLOROETHENE)
a)
Cl
H
C C
n
H
Cl
(1)
n
b) Polyvinyl chloride (1)

c) Polarisation of CCl bonds (1)
leads to dipole-dipole attractive forces between molecules of polymer (1)
These are stronger (1)
than the van der Waals attractive forces between molecules of poly(ethene) (1)
Maximum 3 marks
d) (i)
By incorporation of a plasticiser / oily liquid / named plasticiser, e.g. dibutyl phthalate (1)
(ii) Unplasticised poly(chloroethene) is hard / brittle (1)

Or plasticised poly(chloroethene) is soft (1)
(iii) Resistant to weathering / does not depolymerise readily / non-biodegradable (1)
(iv) Fire resistance (1)
e) Use poly(ethene) (1)
Poly(chloroethene) could undergo nucleophilic substitution / hydrolysis (1)
with OH replacing Cl / to give the corresponding alcohol (1)
Poly(ethene) resists attack by NaOH / OH- ions (1)
because it has no polarised bonds / no sites for nucleophilic attack (1)
Maximum 4 marks
f) Incineration gives HCl(g) / dioxins which are toxic (1)
Poly(chloroethene) is not biodegradable (1)
AS Level

QUESTIONSHEET 7
HALOALKANES AS SYNTHETIC INTERMEDIATES

a) B = Ethene (1)
C = Ethyl hydrogen sulphate (1)
D = Ethanol (1)
E = Ethanoic acid (1)
F = Propanenitrile (1)
G = Propanoic acid (1)
b)
C
C2H6SO4
Reagent(s)
Concentrated H2SO4
(1)
Reagent(s)
Water
(1)
Conditions
Room temp. / 10-30 0C
(1)
Conditions
Warm / 30 - 40 0C
(1)
Reagent(s)
B
(1)
Concentrated H2SO4
C2H4
Conditions
170 - 180 C
C2H6O
(1)
Reagent(s)
Alcoholic KOH / NaOH
(1)
Reagent(s)
Aqueous NaOH / KOH
(1)
Conditions
Heat / boil
(1)
Conditions
Heat / boil under reflux
(1)
A C2H5Br
Reagent(s)
KCN / NaCN
(1)
Conditions
Heat / boil in aq. ethanol
(1)
Reagent(s)
F C3H5N
Conditions
Reagent(s)
Na2Cr2O7 + dil. H2SO4
(1)
Conditions
(1)
Dilute H2SO4 / HCl(aq)
(1)
(1)
C2H4O2
C3H6O2
AS Level

QUESTIONSHEET 8
CFCs
a) (i)
(ii)
Chlorofluorocarbon (1)
Cl F
Cl C
(1) (Accept CHCl2CHF2)
H H
(iii) In refrigerators / air conditioning units (1)
In the manufacture of expanded polystyrene (1)
Sprays for muscular sports injuries (1)
As cleaners (1)
Maximum 2 marks
b) (i)
An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron (1)
(ii) CF bond is stronger than the CCl bond (1)

because the F atom is smaller than the Cl atom / the CF bond is shorter than the C Cl bond (1)
Cl + O3 ClO + O2 (1)
(iii) Reaction 1
Reaction 2
ClO + O Cl + O2 (1)
(iv) The Cl free radical is catalyst (1)

and is not used up (1)
The Cl free radical which is used in Reaction 1 reappears as a product in Reaction 2 (1)
Because Cl free radicals are regenerated, they are available to bring about further change (1)
Maximum 2 marks
(v) At high altitudes the concentrations of the gaseous reactants are very low (1)
c) (i)
Greater intensity of ultraviolet light reaching the Earths surface (1)

can lead to skin cancer (1)
(ii) Contribute to the greenhouse effect (1)

(iii) Butane / ammonia / dinitrogen monoxide (1)
AS Level

QUESTIONSHEET 9
USES OF OTHER ORGANIC HALOGENOCOMPOUNDS

a) (i)
Paint / electrodeposited metals will not adhere to a greasy surface (1)
(ii) Precaution
Reason
Efficient fume extraction (1)

Vapour is highly toxic / causes liver damage (1)
(iii) Dry cleaning (1)

b) (i)
Durability / resistance to weathering (1)

Low maintenance costs / does not need painting (1)
Fire resistance (1)
(ii) Name
Use
c) (i)
Poly(tetrafluoroethene) / PTFE (1)

Non-stick pans (1)
Slow to break down in the environment / effective for a long time (1)
(ii) Can enter the food chain (1)

d) (i)
Forms a blanket of non-flammable vapour (1)

which excludes air / oxygen (1)
(ii) Foam extinguishers may cause a short circuit / BCF cannot do so (1)
AS Level

QUESTIONSHEET 10
FERMENTATION
a) (i)
Glucose / fructose (1)
(ii) In the absence of air / oxygen (1)

(iii) C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (2)
Award (1) for reactant and (1) for products if balance is correct.
(iv) Catalyst (1)
b) (i)
Gas syringe (1)
Flexible tube
Thermostatically controlled water bath (1)
Sugar solution + yeast
(ii)
Rate
(1)
Temperature
(iii) Rate of reaction / fermentation increases with temperature (1)

until higher temperatures denature the enzyme (1)
c) Brazil has a warm climate ()
with a high intensity of sunlight for long periods ()
Therefore sugar cane (accept plants) grows quickly ()
Brazil has little reserves of mineral oil ()
and cannot afford using scarce foreign currency to purchase oil ()
Maximum 2 marks
d) Rapid (1)
Synthetic ethanol contains fewer impurities (1)
AS Level

QUESTIONSHEET 11
SYNTHETIC ETHANOL PROCESS

a) (i)
CH2 = CH2(g) + H2O(g) CH3CH2OH(g) (1)
(ii) Electrophilic () addition ()

b) (i)
Carbocation / carbonium ion (1)
(ii) Arrow bottom left (should be encircled) should point from the bond to the O atom (1)
c) Advantage
Disadvantage
d) (i)
Increased rate of reaction / attaining equilibrium (1)

Lower yield of ethanol at equilibrium (1)
Higher yield of ethanol at equilibrium (1)

Equilibrium is disturbed to the side with fewer gas molecules (1)
so as to relieve the pressure / in accordance with Le Chateliers principle (1)
(ii) Higher power costs for the compressor (1)

High cost of constructing / maintaining thick-walled pressure vessels (1)
e) (i)
So that it presents a larger surface area to the reactants (1)
(ii) No effect (1)

f) Cool / condense to give aqueous ethanol (1)
Concentrate by fractional distillation (1)
Add methanol (1)
AS Level

QUESTIONSHEET 12
ETHANOL AS A FUEL
a) (i)
C8H18(l) + 12O2(g) 8CO2(g) + 9H2O(l) (1)
(ii) C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) (1)

b) (i)
m (C8H18) = 1000 x 0.72 = 720 g ()

n (C8H18) = 720/114 = 6.316 mol ()
enthalpy change = -5512 x 6.316 34,800 kJ (1)
(ii) m (C2H5OH) = 1000 x 0.79 = 790 g ()

n (C2H5OH) = 790/46 = 17.17 mol ()
enthalpy change = -1371 x 17.17 23,500 kJ mol-1 (1)
c) (i)
6.316 mol C8H18 6.316 x 8 = 50.53 mol CO2 (1)

m (CO2) = 50.53 x 44 = 2223 g CO2 (1)
(ii) 17.17 mol C2H5OH 17.17 x 2 = 34.34 mol CO2 (1)

m (CO2) = 34.34 x 44 = 1511 g CO2 (1)
d) (i)
2223/34800 = 0.0639 g kJ-1 (1)
(ii) 1511/23500 = 0.0643 g kJ-1 (1)

Comment
Similar masses of CO2 in both cases, therefore a similar impact on the environment (1)
e) Ethene originates from crude oil / fossil fuel / petroleum (1)

on combustion ethanol releases additional CO2 to the atmosphere (1)
Using ethanol made by fermentation recycles CO2 (1)
(No marks for greenhouse effect unless related to CO2 in the atmosphere)
AS Level

QUESTIONSHEET 13
DISPOSAL OF ORGANIC WASTE

a) (i)
A huge range of plastics is in common use (1)

Separation is virtually impossible (1)
(ii) Paper can be pulped (1)

Vegetable waste can be composted (1)
b) Detrimental to the environment because of the large quantity of waste involved (1)
Toxic substances from industrial waste may contaminate surrounding land / enter the water table (1)
Microbiological reactions in the waste may produce toxic substances (1)
Maximum 2 marks
c) Domestic heating projects (1)
Generating electricity, using a steam turbine (1)
d) (i)
Chlorinated materials (1)

produce toxic compounds / dioxins (1)
(ii) Incomplete combustion (1)

leading to carbon monoxide / soot (1)
e) Sulphur-containing materials produce SO2 / SO3 / oxides of sulphur (1)
Nitrogen-containing materials produce NO2 / oxides of nitrogen (1)
These gases cause acid rain (1)
f) Most noxious gases / named examples are acidic (1)
they can be removed by passing over a base / scrubbing with an alkaline solution (1)

AS 15 Ans

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AS 15 Ans

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

AS 15 Ans

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AS Level

TOPIC 15 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

Mixture of alkanes with a wide range of Mr (1)

Mixture of alkanes / compounds (1)

(ii) Boiling point (1)

Cool / 110 C at top to hot / 340 C at bottom (1)

(ii) Petroleum gases from top of column (1)

f) Industrial operation is continuous (1)

TOPIC 15 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

Insufficiently volatile / does not fully vaporise in the cylinder (1)

(ii) CH3(CH2)8CH3 CH3(CH2)6CH3 + CH2 = CH2 (1)

Type of bond breaking

Type of reaction intermediate

Free radicals (1)

Carbonium ions / carbocations (1)

Motor fuels / arenes (1)

c) Reaction occurs on the surface of a catalyst (1)

TOPIC 15 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

Methane -882/16 = - 55.1 kJ g-1 (1)

(ii) Volume problem if CH4 is gaseous (1)

(ii) The percentage of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane / iso-octane (1)

Carcinogenic / causes cancer (1)

Exhaust emissions are poisonous / cause brain damage in children (1)

Reforming / rearrangement / isomerisation (1)

Cyclisation / ring formation (1)

Compression ignition / no spark plug (1)

TOPIC 15 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

(ii) Silver (1)

The C O C bond angle is only 60 (1)

A chemical reaction in which two reactants undergo addition (1)

TOPIC 15 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

LDPE Polymer chain is highly branched (1)

(ii) High temperatures / 100 300 C (1)

Deduct 1 mark for each error.

TOPIC 15 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

b) Polyvinyl chloride (1)

(ii) Unplasticised poly(chloroethene) is hard / brittle (1)

TOPIC 15 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

HALOALKANES AS SYNTHETIC INTERMEDIATES

Room temp. / 10-30 0C

Alcoholic KOH / NaOH

Aqueous NaOH / KOH

Heat / boil under reflux

Heat / boil in aq. ethanol

Na2Cr2O7 + dil. H2SO4

Heat / boil under reflux

Dilute H2SO4 / HCl(aq)

Heat / boil under reflux

TOPIC 15 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

(1) (Accept CHCl2CHF2)

An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron (1)

(ii) CF bond is stronger than the CCl bond (1)

(iv) The Cl free radical is catalyst (1)

Greater intensity of ultraviolet light reaching the Earths surface (1)

(ii) Contribute to the greenhouse effect (1)

TOPIC 15 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

USES OF OTHER ORGANIC HALOGENOCOMPOUNDS

Paint / electrodeposited metals will not adhere to a greasy surface (1)