Historlogy

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Connective Tissue(I)
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Cell types
Types of the fibers
Types of the connective tissue
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J unqueira's Basic Histology, twelfth edition,

text and atlas, Anthony L. Mescher,
McGraw-Hill Companies
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Summary
Cell types
fibroblast
macrophage
Mononuclear
phagocyte system
mast cell
plasma cell
adipose cell
leukocyte
Types of the fibers
Collagen fiber
reticular fiber
elastic fiber
Types of the connective
tissue
Loose connective
tissue
Dense connective
tissue
adipose tissue
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Connective tissue:
providing & maintaining the form of organs
In mechanical role:
provide a matrix
connect & bind other tissues & cells
give metabolic support to cells
as medium for diffusion of nutrients &
waste products
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Connective tissue: 3 classes components
cells
fibers
ground substance
Major constituent of connective tissue:
extracellular matrix (ECM)
protein fibers
collagen, reticular, elastic fibers
ground substance
highly hydrophilic
viscous complex of anionic
macromolecules & multiadhesive
glycoproteins
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Molecules of connective tissue:
forming reservoir of factors
controlling cell growth & differentiation
Hydrated nature of connective tissue:
provide medium
nutrients & metabolic wastes exchange
between cells & blood supply
Originate from mesenchyme:
mesenchymal cells
develop from mesoderm
Mesenchymal cells : also develop into
blood cells, endothelial cells, muscle cells
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CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Fibroblast:
locally from undifferentiated mesenchymal
cells
spend all their life in connective tissue
Mast cells, macrophages, plasma cells:
from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
circulated in blood
then move into connective tissue
White blood cells:
transient cells
originate from bone marrow
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Fibroblasts
Synthesize collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycans,
proteoglycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins
Most common cells in connective tissue
Responsible for synthesis of extracellular matrix
components
2 stages:
active
quiescent
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Active fibroblast:
abundant & irregularly branched cytoplasm
nucleus
ovoid
pale staining with fine chromatin
prominent nucleolus
cytoplasm
rich in rER
Golgi apparatus well developed
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Quiescent fibroblast (fibrocyte):
smaller than active fibroblast
usually spindle-shaped
fewer process
smaller, darker, elongated nucleus
more acidophilic cytoplasm
much less rER
Adipocytes
specialized for storage
fat
production of heat
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Macrophages & the Mononuclear Phagocyte System
Macrophage:
phagocytic ability
wide spectrum of morphologic features
correspond to state of functional activity
& tissue
In EM:
irregular surface: pleats, protrusions,
indentations
well-developed Golgi apparatus
many lysosomes, rER
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Macrophages:
from bone marrow precursor cells
monocytes in blood
connective tissue: mature, acquire
morphologic features of macrophages
distributed throughout body
present in most organs
Monocyte-derived cells:
a family of cells
mononuclear phagocyte system
all are long-living cells
may survive for months
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Cell type Location Main Function
Monocyte Blood Precursor of macrophages
Macrophage Connective tissue,
lymphoid organs,
lungs, bone marrow
Production of cytokines,
chemotactic factors, molecules
in flammation, antigen process
& presentation
Kupffer cell Liver Same as macrophage
Microglia Nerve tissue of CNS Same as macrophage
Langerhans cell Skin Antigen processing &
presentation
Dendritic cell Lymph nodes Antigen processing &
presentation
Osteoclast Bone Digestion of bone
Multinuclear
giant cell
Connective tissue Segregation & digestion of
foreign bodies
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In most organs:
important for up-take, processing,
presentation of antigens:
for activation of lymphocytes
Macrophage-like cells:
different names in different organs
Kupffer cell liver
microglial cells CNS
Langerhans cells skin
osteoclast bone tissue
all derived from monocytes
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Monocyte macrophage:
increase in cell size
increase protein synthesis
increase number of Golgi complexes
& lysosomes
A typical macrophage:
10-30m in diameter
an oval or kidney-shaped nucleus
located eccentrically
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Mast cells
large, oval or round connective tissue cell
20-30 m in diameter
cytoplasm: basophilic secretory granules
small, spherical nucleus: central
obscured by granules
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Secretory granules:
0.3-2.0 m in diameter
interior: electron-dense & heterogeneous
Mast cells:
release many bioactive substances
role in inflammatory response,
innate immunity, tissue repair
Granules: metachromasia
change color of some basic dyes
blue purple or red
poorly preserved by common fixatives
difficult to identify
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Granules include:
Heparin anticoagulant
Histamine promotes increased vascular
permeability & smooth muscle
contraction
Serine proteases activate mediators of
inflammation
Eosinophil & neutrophil chemotactic factors
attract those cells
Leukotrienes trigger smooth muscle contraction
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Mast cells:
in many connective tissues
numerous near small blood vessels in skin &
mesenteries (perivascular mast cell),
in mucosa of digestive & respiratory
tract (mucosal mast cell)
size, granular content : different in these 2
populations
originate from progenitor cell in bone marrow
progenitor cells in blood connective tissue
proliferate, differentiate
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Plasma cells
large, ovoid cells
basophilic cytoplasm
rich in rER
Golgi apparatus & centrioles occupy a region
appear pale in regular preparations
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Nucleus of plasma cells:
spherical
eccentrically placed
heterochromatin euchromatin
clock face
Few plasma cells in connective tissue
Lifespan: 10-20 days
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Leukocytes
wandering cells in connective tissue
not return to blood except lymphocytes
lymphocyte: abundant in connective tissue of
digestive tract
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FIBERS
Connective tissue fibers:
formed by proteins
polymerize into elongated structure
3 main types:
collagen fibers
reticular fibers
elastic fibers: formed by protein elastin
distributed unequally
Formed by protein
collagen
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Collagen
constitute a family of proteins
most abundant protein in human body
30% dry weight
produced by several cell types
distinguishable by molecules compositions,
morphologic characteristics,
distribution, functions, pathologies
more than 20 types of collagen
4 categories
Table 5-3
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COLLAGEN THAT FORM LONG FIBRILS
Molecules of long fibril-forming collagens
fibrils : visible in EM or LM
Collagen type I :
most abundant
widespread distribution
in collagen fiber forming structures:
tendons, organ capsules, dermis
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FIBRIL-ASSOCIATED COLLAGENS
Short structure
Bind surface of collagen fibril one another
& other component of extracelullar matrix
Molecules also known as FACIT collagens
COLLAGENS THAT FORM ANCHORING FIBRILS
Anchoring collagen: type VII collagen
In anchoring fibrils:
bind basal lamina reticular fibers
in underlying connective tissue
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COLLAGENS THAT FORM NETWORKS
Network-forming collagen: type IV collagen
molecules assemble in a meshwork
Major structural component of basal lamina
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Collagen synthesis
Fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, ondontoblast,

Procollagen chains triple helix:

procollagen molecule
In type I, II, III collagen:
molecules fibrils
Collagen fibrils:
thin elongated structure
diameter: 20-90 nm
several m in length
transverse striations:
regular, overlapping, arrangement
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In collagen type I:
form large bundles
Collagen type II:
occur as fibrils
not form fibers or bundles
Collagen type IV:
in all basement membrane
like a lattice-like network
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Fresh collagen fiber: colorless
in large numbers: white (tendon)
acidophilic: pink with eosin
blue: Mallory trichrome stain
green: Masson trichrome stain
red: Sirius red
Collagen turnover & renewal:
in normal connective tissue: slow process
in tendons & ligament: collagen stable
in periodontal ligament: turnover rate-high
To be renewed: collagen degraded
Collagenases
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Reticular Fibers
consist mainly of collagen type III
form extensive networks
thin(0.5-2m) & heavily glycosylated fiber
not visible in H&E preparations
easily stained black: impregnation with
silver salts (argyrophilic)
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Reticular fibers:
PAS-positive
constitute a network around parenchymal cell
liver, endocrine glands
abundant in hematopoietic organs
spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow
produced by reticular cells
create a flexible network
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Elastic Fibers
thinner than average collagen fiber
form sparse networks
interspersed with collagen bundles
in organs: bending or stretching
wall of large arteries
name: functional property
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Elastic fibers: develop through several stages
a core of 10-nm microfibrils
+ elastin larger fibers
elastin accumulate: comprise most
surround by a thin sheath of microfibril
mature elastic fibers
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Elastin:
mature in the extracellular matrix
molecules : globular
secreted by fibroblast in connective tissue,
smooth muscle in blood vessels
polymerize fibers or sheet-like structures
can be stretched by external forces
resistant to digestion by most proteases
hydrolyzed by pancreatic elastase
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