Connective Tissue I by SBR

Connective Tissue
S.B.Rauniyar
Lecturer
Dept. of Anatomy
[email protected]
09.06. 2020
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Def :- The tissue which gives structural and metabolic support to

other tissue and organs of the body.
 FUNCTION
Support
Packing
Storage of fat
Transport
Repair
Defense
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
General Features
 Mesodermal in origin.
 Made up of:
• Cells
• Fibers
• Ground substance
Cells : 2 types
Fixed cells or Resident cells Free cells or Migrant cells.
these are long-lived cells These are short-lived cells
that are replaced
Fibroblasts & continuously.
Fibrocytes
Adipocytes or fat cells  Free macrophages
 Lymphocytes
Mesenchymal stem  Mast cells
cells  Plasma cells
Fixed macrophages
Fibroblasts :
These are flattened and irregular

with extended processes and
they appear spindle shaped.
Contain large oval nucleus with

prominent nucleolus
In young highly active cells,

cytoplasm is abundant &
basophilic, mitochondria are
abundant.
Functions of fibroblast
These synthesise most of the extra cellular

matrix of connective tissue.
These are active in synthesis and secretion
of protein.
These help in wound healing.
Adipocytes or fat cells
These are large cell measures about

50 microns.
Individually cells are oval or
spherical in shape but when packed
together they are polygonal.
Each cell contain a large single
central globule of fat thus forming a
signet ring appearance .
Some endoplasmic reticulum and few
mitochondria lie around the lipid
droplet.
Functions
Acts as store house of nutrition.
Acts as insulator.
Acts as shock absorber.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
These cells are derived from embryonic

mesenchyme.
These are stellate in shape with delicate
cytoplasmic processes.
These are pleuripotent cells which
develop into new cell types when
stimulated.
These cells found are along the
periphery of blood vessels , therefore
called as adventitial cells.
These cells are able to differentiate into
the mature cells of connective tissue
during normal growth and
development.
Fixed macrophages
Derived from blood

monocytes.
These are irregular in shape
with numerous processes.
Have dark eccentrically
placed indented nucleus.
Have acidophilic cytoplasm
containing many lysosomes.
Can be stained with vital
dyes.
Functions
To phagocytose the waste or foreign
bodies.
Takes part in antigen-antibody reaction.
Free Cells or Migrant Cells
These are short-lived cells that are replaced continuously.
Free macrophages :
These are typically numerous in connective tissue where
they are either attached to matrix fibers or motile or
migratory.
They relatively large cells 15-20 microns in diameter.
With heterochromatic nuclei and prominent nucleolus.
cytoplasm is slightly basophilic , contains many
lysosomes.
These are able to proliferate in connective tissue to a
limited extent.
Derived from haemopoitic stem cells in bone marrow.
Lymphocytes :
These are present in small numbers.

The small cells are 6-8 microns with
highly heterochromatic nuclei.
They are of 2 types depending on size
Large lymphocytes
Small lymphocytes
Depending on function 2 types
B Lymphocytes
T Lymphocytes
B Lymphocytes:
Originate in bone marrow then migrate to various
lymphoid tissue ,where they proliferate
When antigenically stimulated they undergo
further mitotic division .
Then they enlarge to become mature cells in
connective tissue to form plasma cells .
T Lymphocytes :
Originate from precursor in bone marrow
haemopoitic tissue but later migrates to the
thymus .when antigenically stimulated ,T cells
enlarge and their cytoplasm become filled with
free polysome clusters
Plasma cells :
These are derived from B
lymphocytes.
Mature plasma cell rounded or
oval have extensive rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
They measuring 15 micron .
Nuclei are spherical and have
characteristic clock face
configuration of
heterochromatin that is
regularly distributed in
peripheral clumps .
Mast cells :
These are round or oval with
centrally placed nucleus.
Measures about 12 microns in
diameter .
They are numerous around blood
vessels and nerves.
Their cytoplasm is filled with meta
chromatic granules.
These granules contains histamine
and proteoglycan
heparin ,Tryptase , superoxide
dismutase ,aryl sulphatase
In recent evidences there are two types of mast
cells:
Connective Tissue Mast Cells :
Found in skin & peritoneal cavity.
These are large in size about 10-12 micron.
Cytoplasmic granules contain heparin.
Mucosal mast cells :

Found in lamina propria of intestine and in the lungs
They are smaller in size 5-10 micron.
Cytoplasmic granules contain chondrotin sulphate
instead of heparin.
Granulocytes:
These are nucleated white

blood corpuscles which
migrate to connective
tissue from blood vessels
through a process called
diapedesis
Types of granulocytes :
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
Fibers:
There are 3 types of fibers

1. Collagen fibers
2. Elastin fibers
3. Reticular fibres
Collagen Fibres:
These are composed of protein and constitutes 30% of dry

body weight.
These fibers don’t branch.
Run in wavy course.
Each collagen fiber consists of small parallel fibrils .
Each microfibril is composed of molecules of
tropocollagen which are responsible for the striation.
Each tropocollagen about 260 nm large and 1.5 nm thick .
Collagen
 Collagen is the most abundant & important structural

protein.
 It is the primary constituent of connective tissue.
 Collagen is a rod-shaped molecule 3000Å long and just
15Å in diameter.
 It is major fibrous protein found in skin, bone, tendons,
cartilage, the cornea, etc.
Structure of collagen
 Insoluble in water, and is composed of two types

of chain termed alpha-1 and alpha-2.
 It consists of three strands of polypeptide chain
coiled around one another in a left-handed
polyproline II helical conformation .
More than 25 types of collagen have been identified
based on their molecular composition,
morphological characteristics, distribution and
functions.
These are:
Type I – found in bone, tendons, dermis
etc.
Type II – cartilage
Type III – Reticular fibres
Type IV – Basement membrane
Type V – Blood vessels and foetal membrane
TYPE-1 COLLAGEN ;
• Most abundant collagen

&
Widely distributed in body.
Found in :-
dermis, fasciae, bone, ligament, blood vessels and
sclera of the eye ball.
• It forms inextensible fibrils in which collagen molecules
are side by side in staggered fashion.
• Fibril diameters vary between tissues and with age.

Developing tissues often are thinner than mature tissues.
Type 2:
Occurs in extremely thin ie.10micron short fibres in
vitrous humour and in very thick fibres in ageing human
cartilage.
The fine fibrils in the vitreous may fuse into thick
aggregates in older tissue
Type 3:
Is very widely distributed , particularly in young and
reparing tissue.
These found in reticular fibres
Reticular fibres
These form the supporting
mesh frame work of many
glands, kidney and
lymphoreticular tissue.
Stained intensily with silver

salts.
They associate with basal

laminae and are often found
in neighbourhood of
collagen fibre bundles.
Elastic fibres
Are composed of protein called

elastin.
These are yellow in colour , typically
crosslinked and usually thinner than
collagen fibres.(10-20 micron).
These are highly resistant to attack by
acid and alkali even at high
temperature.
Found in ligamentum nuchae,
ligamentum flava, large
arteries,looseareolar connective tissue,
elastic cartilage etc.
Elastin
 Protein found in connective tissue
 Major component of elastic fibers
 Stretch & resume their original length
 High tensile strength
 Found in ligaments & walls of blood vessels
(aorta)
 They contain myofibrils ,composed of no. of
acidic glycoproteins, major being fibrillin-1 & 2.
 Amino acid composition with high proportions of
glycine(31%), alanine (22%) & proline (11%).
Thank you

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Connective Tissue

 Def :- The tissue which gives structural and metabolic support to

These are flattened and irregular

Contain large oval nucleus with

In young highly active cells,

These synthesise most of the extra cellular

These are large cell measures about

These cells are derived from embryonic

Derived from blood

These are present in small numbers.

Mucosal mast cells :

These are nucleated white

There are 3 types of fibers

These are composed of protein and constitutes 30% of dry

 Collagen is the most abundant & important structural

 Insoluble in water, and is composed of two types

• Most abundant collagen

• Fibril diameters vary between tissues and with age.

Stained intensily with silver

They associate with basal

Are composed of protein called

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