DIN 15018 1 EN Version 11 1984

UDC 621.873.3 : 624.96.014.2.001.
24 DEUTSCHE NORM November 1984

Cranes
15 018
Steel structures
Verification and analyses
Part 1
~
Krane; Grundstze fr Stahltragwerke; Berechnung
Supersedes April 1974 edition.
In keeping with current practice in standards published by the International Organization for Standardization (/SO), a comma
has been used throughout as the decimal marker.
Dimensions in mm
DIN 15 018 Part 1 and Part 2 have been publishedfollowing an abridged procedureas specified in DIN 820 Part 4. in the form
of corrected editions. This method of proceeding, as well as the corrections that have now been made, were notified and
explained in the DIN-Mitteilungen (DIN News) 61,1982, volume No. 8, pages 496 to 498.
It would have been inadvisable to revise the content of the standard at the present time, in view of the general approval
which hasgreeted its publication, and mainly because of the current discussions on the national basicstandards relating to
steel structures (DIN 18 800); furthermore, the efforts of ISOITC 96 to achieve an internationally approved ruling with
regard to the loads and load combinations which are to be assumed for the verification by calculation of the performance
characteristics of cranes, had to be borne in mind.
The principal corrections, including those which have arisen from the processing of the comments received, are described
in the Explanatory notes.
Contents
Page Page
1 Field of application ..................... 2
2 Standards and documents referred to . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4 Design loads . . . . ..................... 3
3 Details to be given for design purposes. . . . . . . . . . . 2
4.1 Main loads.. . ..................... 3
4.1.1 Self weights ..................... 3
4.1.2 Loads arising from bulk materials in bins
and on continuous conveyors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4.1.3 Lifted loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4.1.4 Effects of vertical inertia forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4.1.5 Inertia forces arising from driving mechanisms . . 4
4.1.6 Centrifugal forces ............................ 5
4.1.7 Impact from bulk material . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Additional loads.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 Wind loads.. . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2 Forces arising
4.2.3 Thermal effects . . . . . . . . .
4.2.4 Snow loads . . .
4.2.5 Loads on walk
and hand rails ................................ 8
4.3 Special loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3.1 Tilting force arising in crane trolleys
with positive guidance of the lifted load . . . . . . . . 8
4.3.2 Buffer forces. ................................ 8
4.3.3 Test loads ................................... 9
5 Load cases . . . ...................... 9
6 Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.2 Alignment of craneway.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.3 Imposed loads (live loads) ...................... 9
6.4 Materials ...................................... 9
6.5 Cross-sectional values and hole deductions
for members and cross-sectional values
. . . . . . . . 9
6.6 Tension members ............................. 9
6.7 Determination of stresses.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.9 Longitudinal distribution of wheel loads . . . . . . . . . 11
7 Verification and analyses . . . . . . . .
..................... 12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
stresses.. . . . . . . . . 12
7.2.2 Combined stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.3.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.3.2 Verification t bulging
of circular cylindrical shells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.3.3 Safety against bulging ....................... 14
7.4 Verification of service strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.4.1 Concepts ................................... 14
7.4.2 Loading groups.. ............................ 15
7.4.3 Notch cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.4.4 Permissible stresses . . . . .
7.4.5 Combined stresses . . . .
7.5 Verification of stability . .
8 Holding ropes and guy ropes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9 Tension on prestressed bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
9.1 General .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
9.2 General stress analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9.3 Verification of service strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
10 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
10.1 Examples of classification of types of crane
into lifting classes and loading groups . . . . . . . . . 21
10.2 Welds.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3 Examples of classification of commonly used
structural shapes into notch cases . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.8 Connections and joints ........................ 9
. . .
Continued on pages 2 to 38
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Page 2 DIN 15018 Part 1
1 Field of application
This standard applies to the steel structures of cranes and
crane equipment of any kind, and also to mobile steel struc-
tures for continuous conveyors. It does not cover crane-
ways, excavators, ropeways, wagon tipples and mining
machinery.
2 Standards and documents referred to
The following standards and documents shall be complied
with unless otherwise specified in this standard.
DIN 1055 Part 4 Design loads for buildings: imposed
loads, wind loads of structures unsus-
ceptible to vibration
DIN 1055 Part 5 Design loads for buildings; imposed
loads, snow load and ice load
DIN 1080 Part 1 Concepts, symbols and units used in civil
engineering; principles
engineering; statics
engineering; steel construction; com-
posite steel construction and steel
girders in concrete
DIN 41 14 Part 1 Steel structures; stability cases
(buckling, collapsing, bulging); design
principles, regulations
DIN 41 14 Part 2 Steel structures; stability cases
(buckling, collapsing, bulging); design
principles, guidelines
DIN 4115 Lightweight and tubularsteel construc-
tion in building; rules relating t o
approval, design and construction
DIN 8563 Part 3 Quality assurance of welding opera-
tions; fusion-welded joints in steel;
requirements, evaluation groups
DIN 15001 Part 1 Cranes; terminology; classification
according to type
DIN 15003 Lifting appliances; load suspending
devices; loads and forces, concepts
DIN 15018 Part 2 Cranes; steel structures, principles of
design and construction
DIN 15019 Part 1 Cranes; stability for cranes except non-
rail mounted mobilecranes and floating
cranes
DIN 15019 Part 2 Cranes; stability for non-rail mounted
mobile cranes; test loading and calcu-
lation
DASt-Richtlinie (DAS Guideline) O10 Anwendung hoch-
fester Schrauben im Stahlbau (Use of
high strength bolts in structural steel-
work) 1) *)
Reference is also made in the text of the present standard
to the following standards or to certain clauses or concepts
thereof.
DIN 267 Part 3 Fasteners; technical delivery condi-
tions; property classes for carbon steel
and alloy steel bolts and screws; con-
version of property classes
DIN 1626 Part 1 Welded carbon and low alloy steel
pipes for supply purposes, process
plant and tanks; general specifications,
survey, recommendations for use
plant and tanks; pipes for general use
(commercial quality); technical delivery
conditions
plant and tanks; pipes subject to
special requirements; technical de-
livery conditions
plant and tanks; high performance
pipes; technical delivery conditions
DIN 1629 Part 1 Seamlesscarbon steel tubesfor supply
purposes, process plant and tanks;
survey, technical delivery conditions:
general data
DIN 1629 Part 3 Seamlesscarbon steel tubesfor supply
purposes, process plant and tanks;
tubes subject t o special requirements;
technical delivery conditions
DIN 2310 Part 1 Thermal cutting; concepts and nomen-
clature
DIN 2310 Part 3 Thermal cutting; oxygen cutting; bases
of process, quality, dimensional devia-
tions
DIN 4132 Craneways; steel structures; principles
of calculation, design and construction
DIN 6914 Hexagon bolts with large widths across
flats for high strength friction grip bolt-
ing in steel structures3)
DIN 6915 Hexagon nuts with large widths across
flats for high strength friction grip bolt-
ing in steel structures
DIN 6916 Round washers for high strength fric-
tion grip bolting in steel structures
DIN 6917 Square washers for high strength fric-
tion grip bolting of I sections in steel
structures
DIN 6918 Square washers for high strength fric-
tion grip bolting of channels in steel
structures
DIN 17100 Steels for general structural purposes;
quality specifications
DIN 17111 Low carbon steels for bolts, nuts and
rivets; technical delivery conditions
DIN 18800 Part 1 Steel structures; design and construc-
tion
3 Details to be given for design purposes
The following information shall be given for design pur-
poses:
type of crane and method of operation:
assumed total number of all load cycles or operating cycles;
loadbearing systems reflecting the actual service condi-
tions as closely as possible, including outline drawings and
main dimensions;
design loads;
lifting classes and loading groups to be considered;
materials of individual members and connections or joints;
shapes, dimensions and static cross-sectional values of all
loadbearing members;
verification and analyses relating t o said members and to
the principal connections or joints.
1) Referred t o as HV-Richtlinien (HV Guidelines) in this
2) Published by Stahlbau-Verlag, Kln.
3) Referred to as high strength friction grip bolts in this
standard.
standard.
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DIN 15018 Part 1 Page3
with rail joints
or irregularities
(road)
Up to 60
Over 60 up t o 200
Over 200
4 Design loads
The loads acting on the supporting structure are subdivided
into main loads, additional loads and special loads.
The main loads comprise:
self weights;
loads arising from bulk materials in bins and on continuous
conveyors;
lifted loads;
inertia forces arising from drives;
centrifugal forces;
impact from bulk material.
The additional loads comprise:
wind loads;
forces arising from skewing;
thermal effects;
snow loads:
loads on walkways, stairways, platforms and hand rails;
The special loads comprise:
tilting force arising in crane trolleys with positive guidance
of the lifted load:
buffer forces:
test loads.
The above loads are grouped into load cases in clause 5.
without factor
rail joints (P
or with welded
and machined
rail joints
Upt o 90 1 , 1
1 2
- 2 1.2
Over 90 up to 300
4.1 Main loads
4.1.1 Self weights
Self weights are the masses of all the fixed and moving
crane components which act permanently during opera-
tion, plus the masses of the mechanical and electrical
equipment and of a proportion of the carrying means such
as ropes for example, with the exception of the self weights
described in subclause 4.1.3.
Multiply self weight
of trolley by
of crane by
4.1.2 Loads arising from bulk materials in bins
and on continuous conveyors
Loads arising from bulk materials in bins and on continuous
conveyors shall be treated as self weights: loads of bulk
materials on continuous conveyors can act either as a con-
tinuous or as a discontinuous line load.
Trolley
travel
i Ka)
( a= 1, l
( a= 1.0
4.1.3 Lifted loads
The lifted loads (hook loads) comprise the useful load and
the self weights of members designed to carry the useful
load, e.g. the bottom block, the spreader bar, the grab, the
lifting magnet and also a proportion of the carrying means
such as ropes.
4.1.4 Effects of vertical inertia forces
The effects of vertical inertia forces produced by the
motions of the crane or of the crane components and of
loads in accordance with subclauses 4.1.1 to 4.1.3 are
allowed for by means of a self weight factor (a and a nominal
load spectrum factor p.
4.1.4.1 Self weight factor (p
The self weights of moving cranes and of moving crane
components in accordance with subclause 4.1.1, and the
loads described in subclause 4.1.2, or the stress resultants
or stresses resulting therefrom, shall be multiplied by a self
weight factor p as given in table 1 below.
In the case of cranes and crane components equipped with
spring-suspended wheels running on rails, a self weight fac-
tor (p=l,l can beadoptedforthecalculation, irrespectiveof
the travelling speed and type of runway.
Table 1 . Self weight factors (p
Travelling speed ZIF, in mimin
Self
weight
Runways
Where several motions corresponding to the load cases
listed in table 7 occur simultaneously at different speeds,
characterized by different self weight factors (p, these fac-
tors shall be applied t o the respective loads concerned.
Example:
a) Crane trolley travelling speed z1 = 120m/min, (p = 1,2.
Crane travelling speed ZI = 30m/min, (a = 1, l .
of trolley by
of crane by
Trolley Crane
travel travel
(Ka) 1 Kr)
(a=1,2
( a= 1.0
lp=l, l
(p= 1 , l
b) Crane trolley travelling speed z1 = 30m/min, (a = 1, l.
v = 120m/min, (a = 1,2. Crane travelling speed
Crane
travel
Kr)
p= 1.2
(a= 1,2
4.1.4.2 Nominal load spectrum factor pand lifting classes
The lifted loads as defined in subclause 4.1.3 or the stress
resultants or stresses resulting therefrom shall be multi-
plied by a nominal load spectrum factor pas given in t abl e2
Its value depends on the actual hoisting speed of the car-
rying means assumed at the commencement of the hoist-
ing of the lifted load, and therefore on the rated hoisting
speed VH. The softer the springing of the hoisting gear, the
larger the elasticity of the supporting structure, the smaller
the actual hoisting speed at the commencement of the
hoisting of the useful load, the smaller and steadier the
acceleration and deceleration during changes in the hoist-
ing motion, the smaller the factor @.
Accordingly, the cranes are classified into lifting classes
H 1, H 2, H 3 and H 4, with different factors p as given in
table 2 below. Examples of this are given in subclause 10.1.
Individual self-contained parts of a crane forming integral
parts of the complete unit, such as the trolley and the crane
bridge or jib, the slewing unit, portal and tower, may be
classified into different lifting classes within the limits
defined in table 23 for the various types of crane, provided
the hoisting conditions are fully known.
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1 Lifting class
Hoisting speed VH ---
up to 90
1,1 + 0,0022 ' UH
Figure 1. Lifting classes and nominal load spectrum factor $I
Table 2. Nominal load spectrum factor
Over 90
1 3 H1
H2
H3
1.2 + 0,0044. U H I 1,6
1.3 + 0,0066. UH I
I H4 I 1,4 + 0,0088. UH I 2,2 I
4.1.4.3 Dropping or sudden setting down of useful loads
in the case of jib cranes
In the case of jib cranes where the dropping or sudden
setting down of useful loads represents the usual operating
practice, such as for cranes with magnet or grab opera-
tion, the resulting inertia force effects shall be taken into
account separately. Instead of adopting a precisely com-
puted value for this purpose, the lifted load or the stress
resultants or stresses resulting therefrom may be multi-
plied by -0,25 times the factor $I specified in table 2. In
the case of rope controlled jibs, these negative inertia force
effects are limited by the slackening of the ropes, whereby
an upward movement of the jib becomes possible. The
forces which arise from the subsequent falling back of the
jib shall be taken into consideration.
4.1.5 Inertia forces arising from driving mechanisms
The inertia forces acting on the crane structure during
acceleration and deceleration of the crane motions, such
as travelling, slewing, luffing, shall be determined from the
maximum driving forces arising in regular operation. In lieu
of a more accurate calculation, the quasi-static forces act-
ing on the structure and resulting from the assessment of
themovement of thecentreof mass of thesystem underthe
effect of the driving forces, of the resistances t o motion
and of the inertia forces, may be increased by afactor of 1,5
in order to take the dynamic effect into account. In this
respect, loads which are not guided shall be deemed to be
rigidly attached to the crane;any swinging of the loads shall
be ignored. The adoption of a factor of 1,5 is furthermore
Examplesof calculating the inertiaforcesfrom the frictional contact in the case of bridge cranes:
trolley travel; frictional contact
(the driven track wheels are speed-synchronized)
crane travel; frictional contact
(the driven track wheels are non-speed-synchronized)
Kr = 1,5.0,2 (min R K ~ , + min R K ~ ~ )
Ku = 1,5 .0,2. min ( R K~ , + R K ~ ~ )
mi
R
Ka2
Figure 2. Inertia forces during the start-up and braking
of crane trolleys with a central drive mechanism
Figure 3. Inertia forces during the start-up and braking
of cranes with two individual driving
mechanisms (Kri = Kr2)
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DIN 15018 Part 1 Page 5
I
&.+
based on the condition that the driving forces acting on the
crane are practically free from backlash.
I n figures 2 and 3
is the determining smallest wheel
load total and, respectively, the
sum of the smallest wheel loads
of the driven track wheels, ex-
= cluding the useful load and the
factors mentioned in subclause
4.1.4, required for the determina-
tion of the driving forces on the
basis of the frictional contact:
I I
I I
Zs is the distance, measured at right angles to the direction
of motion, of the resultant of the driving forces from the
centre of mass S of the crane bridge, trolley and lifted
load;
a is the centre-to-centre distance of the wheels or of the
guide roller or groups of guide rollers for the absorption
of the lateral forces, see also figure 4.
In cases where there is a considerable amount of play be-
tween structural members (hereinafter briefly referred to
as members) which move relatively to one another, for
example in the case of the rigid mast and the suspension
gear of a stripper crane, a factor larger than 1,5 shall be
used.
Where the maximum driving forces are limited by friction-
type power transmission, the driving forces may be calcu-
lated from the frictional contact between the driven track
wheels and the rails, using a coefficient f = 0,2. In this con-
nection, one should proceed from the smallest wheel load
total in the case of speed-synchronized driven track
wheels, or from the sum of the smallest wheel loads in the
case of non-speed-synchronized driven track wheels,
depending on the type of driving mechanism: the factors
mentioned in subclause 4.1.4 and the useful load need not
be taken into consideration.
The driving forces shall always be distributed among the
track wheels in accordance with the type of driving
mechanism.
The inertia forces during the start-up and braking of cranes
shall be entered in the calculation in each case with the
trolley in the most unfavourable position for the member
being analysed (see figure 3).
Where lateral forces due to inertia forces act transversely
to the runway, they shall be absorbed by the rails through
positive and frictional contact in accordance with the
systems adopted for the supporting structure and the run-
ning gear, and in accordance with the type of guiding means
used.
Unidirectional lateral forces, such as those due to inertia
force effects during the start-up and braking of crane
trolleys (see figure 2) shall be distributed uniformly be-
tween all the track wheels or guiding means.
Lateral forces acting in opposite directions arise i f a dis-
tance Is exists between the centre of the masses to be
moved and the resultant of the driving forces. Where these
forces are transmitted through the trackwheels, and where
there are more than two wheels per runway side, they shall
be uniformly distributed between the outer wheels or outer
wheel groups as shown in the examples illustrated in
figure 4. namely,
where there are not more than four wheels per rail, to one
outer wheel per corner,
where there are not more than eight wheels per rail, to the
two outer wheels per corner,
where there are more than eight wheels per rail, to the three
outer wheels per corner.
As far as the supporting structure is concerned, e.g. the
bridge, trolley or balancer, the lateral forces shall, however,
be distributed uniformly between all the wheels of a corner,
even in the zone of the inner unloaded track wheels as
shown in figure 4.
In the case of wide-span bridge cranes and portal cranes
with separate driving mechanisms, whose supporting struc-
tures are not designed to compensate for resistances to
motion, driving forces and inertia forces, but only for a
limited elastic forward motion of one side of the running
gear ahead of the other side, special devices shall be pro-
vided to ensure that the assumptions on which the design
calculation is based are not exceeded.
4.1.6 Centrifugal forces
Centrifugal forces on slewing cranes shall be calculated
solely on the basis of the self weight of the jib components,
and, if applicable, also on the basis of the counterweights
and of the lifted load, without application of the factors
mentioned in subclause 4.1.4; the lifted load shall be
deemed to be suspended from the tip of the jib.
4.1.7 Impact from bulk material
Impact effects on bins and transfer points due to the drop-
ping of bulk material shall only be taken into consideration
locally.
4.2 Additional loads
4.2.1 Wind loads
Wind loads shall be taken into account in accordance with
DIN 1055 Part 4 in the case of cranes exposed to the wind.
For cranes in service, the wind load shall be entered in the
calculation at a dynamic pressure q = 250 N/m2. The wind
load acting on the useful load shall be assumed at 3% of the
effect of the useful load, but at not less than 500N, if the
wind load area is not precisely known.
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a%o 1,5 2,O 2,5 3,O 3,5 4,O 4 3 5,O 6,O 7.0 8,O 9.0 10,O
f
0,094 0,118 0,139 0,158 0,175 0,190 0,203 0,214 0,233 0,248 0,259 0,268 0,275
12,5 15,O >15,0
0,287 0,293 0,300
For cranes out of service, the wind load shall be entered in
the calculation at the dynamic pressures specified in
DIN 1055 Part 4.
4.2.2 Forces arising from skewing
When a crane skews at a skew angle a, a positive contact
force S, dependent on the running gear and supporting
structure, is generated on the front guiding means or group
of guiding means (front in the direction of travel); these
guiding means may consist of a wheel flange or of a guide
roller, and as a result of force S, a group of forces XI i . YI i
and X2i. Y2i. which are connected by friction, acting in the
contact areas of the track wheels is generated.
The distribution of the force S resulting from the skewing of
cranes with flanged track wheels is similar to that described
in subclause 4.1.5, figure 4.
For cranes with a total of n pairs of track wheels arranged
each on an axis i, and of which m are speed-synchronized,
and whose wheel loads RI i on side 1 and R2 i on side 2are of
equal magnitude respectively for each side, and assuming
the usual tolerances for track wheel diameter, axial parallel-
ism of track wheel bores and position of the runway, with a
linearized frictional contact relationship applying equally to
longitudinal and transverse slip, the following applies:
1
f = 0.30 . (1 - e-0125 . a
where
e = 2,71828 (basis of the natural logarithms) and skew
angle a to be entered in %o.
S = I . f . E R
Xli=,LliX . f . E R X2 i =A2 i x . f . X R
YIi = A l i y . f . ER Y2i =&i y . f X R
where
R is the sum of all wheel loads arising from self weights
and lifted load, excluding the factors mentioned in sub-
clause 4.1.4;
skew angle resulting from the sum of all the possible
displacements transversely t o the runway, related to
the distance a of the positive guiding means when the
crane is askew;
a = aF + a, + ao 2 l5%0,
System
WFF
EFF
WFL
EFL
aF istheskew angle resultingfrom 75Yoof thetrackclear-
ance between straight rail and positive guiding means,
but not less than from 5mm in the case of guide rollers
and not less than from 10mm in the case of wheel
flanges;
a, is the skew angle resulting from abrasive wear of not
less than 3% of the rail head width in the case of
guide rollers, and not less than 10% of the rail head
width in the case of wheel flanges;
ao = 1 %O skew angle resulting from tolerances of the crane
and craneway.
Other values of the skew angle a shall be agreed.
Factors A, A, ix, Al and A2 ix, A2 i y for the calculation of
forces S, XI i, Yi i, X2i, YZi and of the position h of the slip
pole are determined in accordance with tables 4 and 5 by
the dimensions of the crane according to figure 5, by the
position of theoverall centre of mass due to theself weights
and to the lifted loads, and by the running gear system and
structure system as defined by the following symbols:
W = pair of track wheels speed-synchronized by a mecha-
E = pair of trackwheels individually supported on bearings
F = fixed bearing of track wheel and supporting structure:
L = movable bearing of track wheel or supporting struc-
nical or electrical shaft:
or individually driven;
lateral displaceability;
ture: lateral displaceability.
Al ix A1 iy A2 ix a2 iy
- . - ( . E ' 1 +; ) t . t ' 1 +; )
O y,-$) n O til n 2)
- . - < . E ' 1 c(,-;) C . Q 1
O c( , - ; ) n
O O
n h n n h n
O
n h n n h
Table 4. Position h of t he slip pole and factor A. for the
calculation of the positive contact force S
System I h I a
Table 5. Factors Ai ix, AI iy and A2ix, hi y for the calculation of the frictional forces, X I i , Y,, and X2i , YZi
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S
-
S
-
Positive contact guiding means
situated foremost in direction of travel ( 1 )
- _- ir1 -.
.-li2 ---.- EFF -.
C
--F
S
-c
Figure 5. Dimensions and forces due to skewing of a crane with four pairs of track wheels representing different system
characteristics
4.2.3 Thermal effects ature rises in individual members, temperature variationsof
Thermal effects shall only be taken into consideration in f15K sf~all be a~sumed.
special cases. When this is thecase for crane sinstalled out- In the case of cranes operating in hot environments, the
doors at an assumed ambient installation temperature of assumed values shall correspond to the local conditions,
+lOC, temperature variations of k35Kshal l be assumed e.g. for cranes in foundries and pit furnace shops.
for the calculation, or in the case of non-uniform temper- A linear expansion coefficient in accordance with table 8
shall be entered in the calculations.
-
-
`
,
,
,
,
-
`
-
`
,
,
`
,
,
`
,
`
,
,
`
-
-
-
view X
Ki
X-
Pt
Figure 6. Example of the distribution of
1
Ki. 5'
I
i
Ki.
i
forces due to tilting of a crane trolley with positive guidance of the lifted load
direction of crane travel
4.2.4 Snow loads
Snow loads need only be considered in special cases, and
when they are, DIN 1055 Part 5 shall be observed.
4.2.5 Loads on walkways, stalmays, platforms
and hand rails
In the case of walkways, stairways and platforms, a moving
concentrated load shall be entered in the calculation in
addition t o the self weights, and this shall be
3000 N t o allow for persons carrying loads,
1500 N t o allow for persons not carrying loads.
As regards hand rails, a moving horizontal concentrated
load acting outwardly or inwardly shall be assumed,
amounting to
300 N t o allow for persons carrying loads,
150 N t o allow for persons not carrying loads.
The above-mentioned concentrated loads need not be
taken into account in respect of any member stressed by
lifted loads in accordance with subclause 4.1.3, such as the
main girders of crane bridges.
4.3 Special loads
4.3.1 Tilting force arising in crane trolleys with
positive guidance of the lifted load
The force due to the tilting of crane trolleys with positive
guidance of the lifted load shall be determined from the tilt-
ing conditions without regard for the factors described in
subclause 4.1.4, as a horizontal load Ki acti ng at floor level
or obstacle level, and in the direction of trolley or crane
travel. The trolley shall be assumed to be located in the
most unfavourable position for this purpose. Unless a more
accurate calculation is made, Ki shall be distributed pro-
portionally between both sides of the craneway without
considering any inertia force effects or any skidding of the
driven track wheels (see figure 6). The value of Ki may be
limited to 1/4 of the sum of the self weight of the trolley GK
plus the lifted load P.
If there is an operational possibility of the tilted trolley tilting
back again t o its normal position due t o the sudden yielding
of the obstacle, then the forces arising from such an occur-
rence shall be taken into account.
4.3.2 Buffer forces
As regards this special load case, it is assumed that in
normal operation cranes or trolleys collide with one another
or collide against buffer stops only on rare occasions. The
buffer forces Pu due to cranes or trolleys crashing against
stops or colliding with one another shall be limited by
buffers or by similar energy absorbing means. The required
energyabsorptioncapacity of the buffersand the maximum
in the
buffer forces Pu shall be determined on the basis of 859bof
the rated travelling speed of cranes and 1009bof the rated
travelling speed of trolleys.
In cases where automatic devices for slowing down the
motion are installed, the required energy absorption
capacity of the buffers and the maximum buffer forces Pu
may be computed on the basis of the highest travelling speed
likely to arise in such a case, but this shall be not less than
70% of the rated speed.
Furthermore, the kinetic energy released on the collision of
two cranes characterized by the moving masses ml and m2
and by the amounts I and 1 V F ~ ( of the maximum travel-
ling speed shall be determined by the following equation:
ml ' m2 ' ( I u F1 1 +I VP2 1 ) 2
E =
2 (ml + m2>
For the verification of the buffers and of the strength of the
supporting structure, the forces arising from the moving
masses of the self weights and of the positively guided lifted
loads situated in the most unfavourable position, if appli-
cable, shall be entered in the calculation in each case, but
the factors mentioned in subclause 4.1.4 shall not be used.
Loads suspended from carrying means and freely oscillat-
ing loads need not be considered. An appropriate substi-
tute mass shall be entered in the calculation in lieu of that of
the rotating parts of the running gear. The buffer forces
shall be distributed in accordance with the buffer charac-
teristics and the possible movements of the supporting
structure. In this connection, the resistances to motion due
t o the frictional contact between trackwheels and rails may
be allowed for by means of a factor f = 0,20.
In the case of cranes or trolleys with or without useful load,
no negative wheel loads may result from 1.1 times the buffer
force and from the self weights and lifted loads previously
mentioned. Unless a more accurate stress analysis is car-
ried out, the buffer forces shall be multiplied by an oscilla-
tion coefficient in accordance with table 6 for the stress
analysis, depending on the shape of the area beneath the
buffer characteristic.
Table 6. Oscillation coefficientsfor simplifiedcomputation
Area beneath the
buffer characteristic,
approximating a
triangle
square
~
Oscillation coefficient
in respect of collision with
crane trolley
1,50 1,60
-
-
`
,
,
,
,
-
`
-
`
,
,
`
,
,
`
,
`
,
,
`
-
-
-
In the case of tower cranes and of portal slewing cranes, a
verification of the energy absorption capacity of the buffers
and of the effect of the buffer forces on the supporting
structure may be dispensed with, on condition that the
rated travelling speed is less than 40m/min, and that
reliably operating limit switches are installed in addition to
the buffer stops.
4.3.3 Test loads
In the case of cranes for which a verification of stability is
required in accordance with DIN 15019 Part 1 or Part 2, the
small and large test loads respectively which are specified
in the above-mentioned standards shall be used as the
basis for the stress analysis.
In the case of cranes which do not require a verification of
stability to be carried out, the test loads are obtained by
multiplying the lifted load P by the following factors:
small test load: Pk = 1,25 . P;
large test load: Pg = 1,33 . P,
(subject to particular
for lifting classes H 1 and H 2:
agreement): Pg = 1.50 . P.
for lifting classes H 3 and H 4.
For the stress analysis, the small test load shall be multiplied
1 + $
by -.
2
The design loads used in the stress analysis with the crane
subjected to the test load are based on the following pro-
cedure.
If the crane is loaded with the small test load, all the permis-
sible motions shall be carried out individually with the load
situated in the most unfavourable position; however, due
care should be observed during the test. A new motion shall
only be initiated after the oscillations arising from the previ-
ous motion have ceased completely.
If the crane is loaded with the large test load, then the small
test load shall first be raised to a short distance from the
floor. Thereafter, the remainder of the load (making it up to
the large test load) shall be attached with all due care, so
as t o avoid any oscillations if possible.
Testing with test load Pk or Pg shall be carried out in the
absence of wind.
5 Loadcases
The main loads, additional loadsand special loadsspecified
in clause 4 are classified into load cases H, HZ and HS in
table 7.
All the loads in one column of the zones framed in thick
black lines under the heading normal load cases taken
together constitute load case H. All the loads in a column
under the heading normal load cases taken together con-
stitute load case HZ.
6 Calculation
6.1 General
The calculations shall conform to the generally accepted
rules of statics, dynamics and t o the science of the strength
of materials.
In cases whereadditional testsare carried out to determine
stresses within the framework of the design loads specified
in clauses 4 and 5, the test results may be used as the basis
for the calculation, using the same safety factors.
All references to systems, dimensions and cross sections
made on drawings shall coincide with those made in the
calculations. Deviations are permitted if the safety of all
components concerned is increased thereby beyond any
doubt.
6.2 Alignment of craneway
Unless the crane operator has specified anything to the
contrary, the calculation shall be made on the assumption
that the craneway has been carefully laid and that it has
been properly aligned both vertically and horizontally.
6.3 Imposed loads (live loads)
Imposed loads shall be entered in the calculation of the
members concerned at the most unfavourable positions,
values and directions.
6.4 Materials
The materials used shall be specified. Materials other than
the steel grades specified in table 8 may be used on condi-
tion that their mechanical properties, their chemical com-
position and if applicable their weldability are guaranteed
by the manufacturer of the material concerned.
In the general stress analysis and the verification of service
strength, the permissible stresses and the stability criteria
may be derived, at equal ratio at best, from the dangerous
limit states (guaranteed yield stress or 0,2% proof stress,
service strength at 90% survival expectancy, buckling,
collapsing, bulging), as in the case of the steel grades listed
in table 8, by reliably reasoned calculation or tests closely
reflecting actual operating conditions, for example on
welded joints subjected to static loading or t o loading vari-
able with time.
6.5 Cross-sectional values and hole deductions for
members and cross-sectional values for welds
The governing cross-sectional values and hole deductions
for members shall be determined in accordance with
DIN 18800Part 1, March 1981 edition,subclause3.4,andfor
welds they shall be determined in accordance with sub-
clauses 7.3.1.1 and 7.3.1.2 of the same standard. The HV-
Richtlinien are applicable to high strength bolted joints, see
clause 2.
Elastic deformations, required for the calculation of stati-
cally indeterminate structures for example, shall be deter-
mined on the basis of cross-sectional values without any
deduction for holes.
6.6 Tension members
Tension members, which may be subjected t o compressive
stresses in the case of slight deviations from the design
loads originally planned, shall exhibit a slenderness ratioA
not exceeding 250 and shall be capable of absorbing a
reasonable compressive force.
6.7 Determination of stresses
The stresses shall be determined for the individual load
cases in accordance with clause 5 and table 7 on the basis
of the cross-sectional values given in subclause 6.5.
In the case of fillet welds subjected to compressive loading
in the direction normal to the weld, such as between web
plate and flange plate, no allowance shall be made for con-
tact between the members to be joined.
6.8 Connections and joints
In the areas of force diversions and cut-outs, the stress pat-
terns which are disturbed thereby shall be verified, unless
adequate structural measures have been taken to allow for
such disturbances.
The individual parts of a member etc. shall each be sepa-
rately connected or jointed and covered.
Where in composite members a stress resultant is passed
on by a system of welds. rivetsand bolts, i t shall be possible
for this stress resultant to be distributed unambiguously
and proportionally among the individual parts of the cross
section, and to be transmitted by only one type of connec-
tion to each part of the cross section.
Angle cleats shall be connected with the structure either
taking 1 3 times thevalue oftheapplicable proportion of the
stress resultant for one leg and the given value itself for the
other leg, or taking 1,25 times the value for both legs.
Welded-on lug plates shall be connected with the structure
taking 1,5 times the value of the applicable proportion of the
stress resultant.
-
-
`
,
,
,
,
-
`
-
`
,
,
`
,
,
`
,
`
,
,
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-
-
-
-
v>
Q
o
U
m
O
Q
o
o
CL
v)
v:
-
-
.-
-
I
-
I
I
I I
I
I
E
o
s
I
I
-
I P
E
u
9
E
u
E
u
s.
I I
I
-
I
I
a,
v>
Q
o
U
m
O
0
O
z
v:
-
-
E
I
I
E
o
9
a,
.5
I I
a,
+.
m-
t r i z
O
I
c
vi
2
-
-
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,
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,
,
-
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-
`
,
,
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,
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,
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,
,
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-
-
-
Yield
stress
Table 8. Characteristic values of steel grades used for the calculation
Modulus
of elasticity
(tension,
compression)
Characteristic values
Brief designation Specified in
Structural steel St 37')
Tube steel St 35') DIN 1629 Parts 1 and 3
Structural steel St 52-3 I DIN 17100
DIN 17 100
I I I
OS E
N/mm2 N/mm2
240
21 o O00
Steel grade
Shear
modulus
G
N/mm2
81 O00
UT
mm
mm.K
12.10-6
12.10-6
I
360
Rail steel with a tensile strength
of not less than 600N/mm2
*) Covers all quality groups, steelmaking and casting processes.
See DIN 15018 Part 2 for selection of quality groups, steelmaking and casting processes of the steels.
6.9 Longitudinal distribution of wheel loads
The local stresses in the rail, rail foot, flanges, double fillet welds or web rivets and webs of rail bearing beams which arise from
wheel loads acting normally and transversely to the rail shall be determined in accordance with the rail and flange system.
Unless a more accurate calculation is made, the individual wheel load may be distributed uniformly in the direction of the rail
over a length of (2 h + 50 mm), on condition that the rail is directly supported on the flange as illustrated in figure 7. The
height h, related to the top edge of the rail, shall be entered as follows for the purpose of analysing
the web: as the distance to the bottom edge of the fillet weld or of the flange boss (see figure 7 a);
the fillet weld: as the distance to the centroidal axis of the fillet weld (see figure 7 b);
the web rivets: as the distance to the centre line of the rivets (see figure 7c).
Dimensions are given in mm.
t
I
50
I-
L-
C
1-T
T n
a) web b) fillet weld
Figure 7. Height h for the analysis
4-
I
i
50
c) web
TT
rivets
If the rail rests on an elastic support, the transverse and the longitudinal distribution of the bearing pressure under the rail shall
be taken into consideration in their most unfavourable pattern in each case for the calculation of the rail bearing beam and of
the rail.
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-
-
-
No. Special case
1
2
Deviations from design loads, in total
Unintentional changes
in the support conditions
3 Construction conditions
7 Verification and analyses
7.1 General
The verification and analyses described in subclauses 7.2,
7.3 and 7.4 shall be carried out individually for the load-
bearing members and for the principal connections and
joints. No such verification need be made for design pur-
poses in respect of subordinate components such as walk-
ways, stairways, platforms, hand rails and cabins.
The overall stresses governed by the type of crane, load
case and verification shall not exceed the permissible
stresses in each case, and the safety factors shall not be
less than the values specified.
In the special cases listed in table 9, the permissible
stresses in accordance with tables 10 to 12 may be ex-
ceeded, and the factors of safety against bulging may be
below those specified in DIN 4114 Part 1 and Part 2 and in
table 13. Where several special cases occur simultane-
ously, the total amount of the maximum permissible
stresses or the minimum faktors of safetyshall be limited to
the greater of the values allowed for one of such special
cases, provided however that the percentage allowed for
each individual special cases is not exceeded.
7.2 General stress analysis
7.2.1 Load cases and permlsslble stresses
The general stress analysis in respect of safety against
attaining the yield point shall be carried out separately for
load cases H and HZ, using the permissible stresses listed in
tables 10 t o 12. As regaras load case HS, the stresses of load
case HZ multiplied by a factor of 1,l may be used.
The values in the zu1 U ; column are also permitted in
respect of compressive stresses in the immediatevicinity of
points of introduction of forces.
Welds shall exhibit a tensile strength and a yield strength
not less than those of the steel of which the welded com-
Permitted plus deviation, Permitted minus deviation,
in % in 96
3% of permissible stresses
for load case HZ
3% of safety factors
for load case HZ
ponents are made. Longitudinal stresses shall remain
within the permissible stresses in members specified in
table 10.
The permissible tensile stresses in welds for transverse
loading may only be used if the plates requiredforthetrans-
mission of the tensile forces, which are thereby stressed
transversely in their rolling plane, are suitable for this
purpose (see table 24, test method associated with letter
symbol D).
See clause 9 for permissible tensile forces on prestressed
bolts.
In normal cases, the following fasteners shall be used:
for members made of ST 37 steel, USt 36 rivets and bolts
of property class 4.6;
for members made of St52 steel, RSt44-2 rivets and
bolts of property class 5.6.
If the above rules are followed, the specified bolt or rivet
bearing stresses shall also apply for members.
7.2.2 Combined stresses
Where states of combined plane stresses exist, the com-
parison stress shall be verified in addition for members as
specified in table 10, paying attention t o the plus or minus
signs, as follows:
u, = J u: + u;- u,. ur+ 3 .r* Szul uz
u, = J : +y-,, . r + 2 .t* Szul uz
for welds as specified in table 11, the comparison valueshall
be verified as follows:
Permissible
comparison
stress
(continued on page 14)
Permissible Permissible Permissible
tensile compressive shear
stress stress stress
zu1 uz
N/mm2
160
180
240
270
Table 10. Permissible stresses in members for the general stress analysis and the verification of stability
zu1 Ud ZU1 I
N/mm2 N/mm2
140 92
1 60 104
21 o 138
240 156
Steel grade
of member Load case
St37*)
St 52-3
~ ~ ~
H
HZ
H
HZ
DIN 17100
DIN 17100
In the verification carried out in accordance with DIN 4114 Part 1 and Part 2, the values specified in the zu1 Ud column above
shall always be entered in the calculation for zu1 U.
--`,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Butt weld,
double
bevel
butt weld
Table 11. Petmissible stresses in welds for the general stress analysis
Fillet
weld
'ermissible
shear
stress
zu1 tW
N/mm2
All types
of weld
Butt weld, Double
double bevel
butt weld:
butt weld; standard
special
~~
'ermissible
om parisor
value
All types
of weld
Fillet
weld
Permissible tensile stress
for transverse loading
zu1 UWl
N/mm2
Diameter to be considered for
Minor threao
diameter ,
bolts Diameter of unthreaded shank
The tensile stress values for rivets given in brackets are permitted for exceptional cases only.
I
Steel grade
of welded member
Permissible
shear stress
Steel grade/
property class
Load case
Permissible
bolt or rivet
bearing stress
Specified
I in
Symbol
H
113
127
St37*) (DIN 17100
HZ
St52-3 DIN 17100
Ir
170
H 240 210
270
191
HZ
Table 12. Permissible stresses in fasteners for the general stress analysis
Permissible
tensile
stress
zu1 u,
N/mm2
Type of connection
zu1 ta zu1 u1
Specified in 1 ~ N/mm2 Nimm2 Fastenei Joint
US1 36
Single
shear
RSt 44-2
Rivets
USt 36
Multiple
shear
RSt 44-2
Single
shear
DIN 267 Part 3
Fit
bolts
Multiple
shear
Non-fit
bolts
-
-
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,
,
,
,
-
`
-
`
,
,
`
,
,
`
,
`
,
,
`
-
-
-
Full panel
Partial panel
with the permissible tensile stresses zu1 U, in members as
specified in table 10, the permissible tensilestresseszul uwz
and the permissible compressive stresses zu1 Uwd in welds
as specified in table 11, and with the calculated stresses u, ,
ay and t in the welds.
If the worst case under the above conditions is not bvident
from the correlated stresses U, , Uy and t, separate verifica-
tion shall be made for the conditions max U, . max ay and
max t, using the correlated worst case stresses for these
conditions.
7.3 Verification of stability
7.3.1 General
The verification of stability in respect of safety against
buckling, collapsing and bulging of the eb plates and
bulging of the rectangular plates forming part of a com-
pression member shall be carried out as d scribed in DIN
4114 Part 1 and Part 2 for load cases H, H and HS.
Load case H corresponds to load case as defined in
DIN 4114 Parts 1 and 2, and load case HZ orresponds to
In the special load case HS, the safety againkt buckling shall
be vKS= vK1 o - , V K ~ being the safety ag inst buckling in
load case 1 as defined in DIN 4114 Parts 1 nd 2.
Verification of the safety against bulging of lates shall also
be carried out in accordance with DIN 4114 art 1 and Part 2,
but in lieu of the factors of safety, vB. speci ied in DIN 4114,
the values given in subclause 7.3.3, table 1 , shall be used.
Table 13.
load case 2. i
i
1,35
1,71
Factors of safety against bulgl
Load case YB
H 1,71+ 3,180 (i -1)
HZ 1,50+ 3,125 (i -1)
HS 1,35 + ,075 (i -1)
H 1,50 + 0,075 (i -1)
HZ 1,35+0,050 (i -1)
1 1,25+0,025 (i -1)
I HS
Circular
cylindrical
shells
HS 1,35
A full panel, stiffened or non-stiffened, extends over the
area of a plate in compression, the edges of which are
rigidly supported transversely in the direction of bulging
by other members such as transverse bulkheads, flange
plates or web plates; a partial panel is a non-stiffened
partial areaof the full panel. In the factors above, *is the
largerof thetwoquoti ents~x=ux2:ux1 or ~y=uy2: uy1
fromthecorrelated normalstressesu,1 ,ux20ruyl,uy~at
the corners of the respective edges of afull panel or of a
partial panel; see also DIN 4114 Part 1, subclause 16.5
(July 1952xx edition) and DIN 4114 Part 2, subclause 17.1
(February 1953x edition).
In cases where is less than -1, @shall be entered at a
value of -1.
7.3.2 Verification of safety against bulging
of circular cylindrical shells
Thin-walled circular cylindrical shells, such as large-diam-
eter pipes, which are subjected t o systematic centric or
eccentric axial loading shall be verified in respect of local
bulging if
t 25.0,
-5-
r E
where
t is the wall thickness;
r is the radius related to the center of the wall thick-
ness;
U, is the yield stress of steel grade specified in table 8;
E is the modulus of elasticity specified in table 8.
The ideal bulging stress uBi can be determined by means of
the relationship
In all cases where U B ~ is situated above the proportionality
limit of the structural steel, it shall be reduced to uB, as
specified in DIN 4114 Part 1 (July 1952xx edition). table 7.
Transverse stiffenings shall be arranged at spacings not
exceeding 10 x r, whose moment of inertia 1, calculated in
accordance with DIN 4114 Part 2 (February 1953x edition),
Ri 18.13, shall be not less than
r . t 3
I =- .
2
It may be assumed that the above verification of safety
against bulging of circular cylindrical shells makes
adequate allowance for geometric deviations between the
actual and the ideal shell centre plane resulting from in-
accuracies of fabrication in magnitudes up to t/2.
7.3.3 Safety against bulging
The factors of safety against bulging of the flat plates,
VKi uVK
VB = - or VB = - I
UV UV
and the factors for circular cylindrical shells with Ud as the
largest edge compressive stress,
shall not be lower than the values specified in table 13 for
each load case.
7.4 Verification of service strength
7.4.1 Concepts
Averification of servicestrength in respect of safetyagainst
failure under frequently repeated stresses variable with
time need only be carried out for members and fasteners
for load cases Hand for numbers of stresscyclesexceeding
The permissible stresses are equal for each loading group
and are dependent upon the stress collective and the num-
ber of stress cycles; they have been laid down for various
steel grades, types of stress, notch cases and limiting stress
ratios, see subclause 7.4.4.
The limitingstress ratio x=min ulmaxuormin z/maxtetc.is
the ratio of the numerically smaller limiting stress (min u,
min 7) to the numerically larger limiting stress (maxo,
maxt). Depending on the (plus or minus) sign of these limit-
ingstresses, the ratiofluctuatesfrom-1 t o0i n thealternat-
ing stress range, and from O to + 1 in the pulsating stress
range.
The six loading groups, B 1 to B 6, are correlated to specific
ranges of the stress cycles and to specificstress collectives
in accordance with subclause 7.4.2 and table 14.
2 x 1 0 ~.
-
-
`
,
,
,
,
-
`
-
`
,
,
`
,
,
`
,
`
,
,
`
-
-
-
Table 14. Loading groups according to stress cycle ranges and stress collectives
N1 N2 N3
Over 2. 10~ Over 2. 10~ Over 6-105
Occasional Regular use Regular use
irregular use in intermittent in continuous
operation
with long periods
of non-use
UP to 2. 10~ UP to 6.105 up to 2.108
operation
Total number
of anticipatedA
stress cycles N
N4
Over 2 -lo6
Regular use
in heavy-duty
continuous operation
B1 B2 8 3 B4
8 2 1 8 3 I 8 4 I B5
8 3
8 4
B4 8 5 8 6
8 5 B6 B6
The four stress cycle ranges, N 1 t o N 4, given in table 14
comprisethe probable total number or the cumulative fre-
quency Na t which the smallest maximum stress , , of the
stres? collective is attained or exceeded. The total num-
ber N of stress cycles imposed on a member can be equal
to the number of load cycles or of operating cycles, or to a
multiple thereof, depending on the type of crane: in this
respect, a load cycle shall be deemed to mean a single lift-
ing motion and a single lowering motion taking place be-
tween the picking up and the setting down of a lifted load,
whilst an operating cycle shall be deemed t o mean all the
motions necessary for the performance of a complete
transport and handling operation.
The four stress collectives, So to SJ, denote the relative
cumulative frequency with which a specific maximum
stress u, is attained or exceeded. The anticipated stress
collectives shall be correlated roughly to the idealized
stress collectives; if necessary, a cumulative damage cal-
culation may be carried out for this purpose. The idealized
stress collectives are defined by the maximum and minimum
limit values of the stress amplitudes, a,, - u,,, and , , -U,,,,
and by,a distribution approximating the Gaussian distribu-
tion (see figure 8 in this respect).
The eight notch cases, WO t o W 2 and KO t o K4, as speci-
fied in subclause 7.4.3 and in tables 25 to 32 allow for the
80-001
a;, -um
0 06 216 316 416 516 66
Ig N
--
Lg N
Figure 8. Idealized related stress collectives
decrease in service strength of conventional structural
shapes with increasing influence of notch effects.
7.4.2 Loading groups
The loading groups listed in table 14 are correlated to the
stress cycle ranges and to the stress collectives.
l h e cranes may be classified into loading groups according
to the operating conditions of the most severely loaded part
of the crane. Individual elements which are clearlyseparat-
ed from the rest, or which form self-contained structural
units may be classified into different loading groups on con-
dition that their operating conditions are precisely known.
Table 15. Related stresses -
00 - urn
00- Om
of the idealized stress collectives
where
um = -(max O+ min U) = amount of the constant
u0
o
,
N = lo6, extent of the idealized stress collective.
7.4.3 Notch cases
l h e most widely used structural shapes, connections and
joints are correlated to the eight notch cases, WO t o W2
and KO to K4, as specified in subclause 10.3, tables 25 to
32, according to the notch influences dependent on their
shape, structural design, hole pattern or type and quality of
the welds etc.
The most widely used types of welds are classified in table
24 of subclause 10.2 according t o grades in relation to their
execution and inspection.
1
mean stress;
2
is the amount of the maximum stress which isattained
or exceeded N times;
is the amount of the largest maximum stress of the
idealized stress collective;
is the amount of the smallest maximum stress of the
idealized stress collective;
-
-
`
,
,
,
,
-
`
-
`
,
,
`
,
,
`
,
`
,
,
`
-
-
-
i: N
N
LD
N N
7
O
o' 'o
.-
U
m
J
-
-
`
,
,
,
,
-
`
-
`
,
,
`
,
,
`
,
`
,
,
`
-
-
-
7.4.4 Permissible stresses
The permissible maximum stress values of the normal
stresses and shear stresses in members and welds,and of the
shear stresses and hole bearing stresses in fastenersandper-
forated members are specified in tables 18 and 19 as
a function of the basic values of the permissible stresses
zu1 UD(-l) (table 17) and of the limiting stress ratio.
Al l permissible stresses for the verification of service
strength are limited on the upper side by the permissible
stresses applicable to load case HZ in the general stress
analysis specified in subclause 7.2.1, tables 10 t o 12. With
regard to compressive stresses in members, the values in
the zu1 u2 column shall apply.
The permissible stresses zu1 uD(-,) listed in table 17 corre-
spond, at a factor of safety of vD = 413, t o the bearable
stresses based on a 90% survival probability.
The relationships illustrated in figure 9 exist between the per-
missible stresses zuluD(-i) and ZUI u ~ ( ~ ) .
The relationships specified in table 18 shall apply for the
permissible normal stresses in members.
The relationships specified in table 19 shall apply for the
permissible shear stresses in members and welds and for
the permissible shear stresses and hole bearing stresses in
fasteners and perforated members.
/
Figure 9. Relationships between zu1 ID(^) and zu1 OD(-$)
Table 18. Equations relating to the permissible maximum stresses according to figure 9 as a function of x
and of Z U I U ~ ( - ~ ~ as specified in table 17
Alternating stress range
- 1 <x <o
Pulsating stress range
O<x<+l
Tension
Compression
Tension
Compression
-
-
`
,
,
,
,
-
`
-
`
,
,
`
,
,
`
,
`
,
,
`
-
-
-
Table 19. Permissible stresses ZUI ~D( ~) for members and welds
and permissible stresses ru1 ta^ ( x ) and zu1 U ~ D (%) for fasteners
r Weld')
ZUIUD~(~) as for KO
Multiple-shear rivets
and fit bolts
zu1 as for W 2
Single-shear (unsupported)
rivets and fit bolts
I
z u l o ~ ~ ( ~ ) as for W2
*) Until further notice, the permissible shear stresses specified in DIN 4132, February 1981 edition, subclause 4.4.5, second
paragraph and equation (5) shall be taken into consideration as appropriate for fillet welds and for welds with root
notches.
7.4.5 Combined stresses
In the case of combined stresses, the following condition shall also be satisfied,paying attention to the plus or minus signs and
to the applicable limiting stress ratios for the members or for the weld or for both:
where
U, , uY is the calculated normal stress in x and y directions;
is the permissible normal stress corresponding to stresses u, and uy respectively;
zu1 OxD
zu1 OyD
is the amount of zui uxD and zut oyD respectively;
t is the calculated shear stress:
is the permissible shear stress corresponding to the stress t ZUIZD
If the worst case for the above condition is not evident from the correlated stresses U,, ay and t, separate verification shall be
made for the conditions max u,, max uy and max t using the correlated worst case stresses for these conditions.
7.5 Verification of stability
The stability and the safety against drifting under wind pressure shaH be verified as specified in DIN 15019 Part 1 and Part 2
respectively.
8 Holding ropes and guy ropes
Holding ropes and guy ropes are wire ropes which are not guided over pulleys or drums, and over which no pulleys travel.
The strength of such ropes, without local transverse loading, e.g. via clips or saddles, depends amongst other things on the
construction, diameter and fastening of these ropes.
The general stress analysis shall be carried out for load cases HZ and HS. The verification of service strength specified in sub-
clause 7.4 shall be carried out for load case H and only for such ropes as are intended as permanent members of the crane
structure.
The permissible stresses in the metallic cross section of wire ropes composed of individual wires with a nominal strength
uZ = 1570 N/mm2 are specified at a value of zu1 uz= 450 Nimm2 in the general stress analysis for all load cases HZ; as regards
the verification of service strength, the permissible stresses shall be those listed in table 20 and shown in figures 10 and 11,
depending on the wire rope diameter and on the loading group concerned.
If individual wires with a nominal strength of more than 1570Nmm2 are used, it is not permitted to increase the permis-
sible stresses proportionately. A justification shall be submitted for the increase in permissible stresses adopted.
--`,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Up to 5
Figure 10.
Table 20.
450 400+ 50. x
- x
Permissible stresses for loading groups B1,
8 2 and 8 3
Permissible stresses for holding ropes and
guy ropes composed of individual wires
with a nominal strength of 1570 N/mm* for the
verification of service strength
Permissible stress zu1 uDZ,
in N/mm2,
for loading groups
Bl , B2andB3 I B4, B5andB6
Diameter
of wire rope,
in mm
I I I I
250+200- ~
Al l the permissible stresses shall apply for stranded ropes
and until further notice also to fully locked coil ropes and to
open spiral ropes; they may be exploited to the following
extent, depending on the method of rope fastening
adopted:
securing by sweating
or by attachment to bollards, up to 100%;
securing by compression clamps, up to 90%**);
securing by rope sockets or splicing, up to '80%;
securing by rope clamps, up to 40%;
20
O
I I I l I l i
O 0.2 0.4 0.6 O,& 1
- x
Figure 11. Permissible stresses for loading groups 84,
B5and B6
The modulus of elasticity depends on the design and con-
struction of the rope and increases with the frequency and
magnitude of the pull force exerted on the rope; in the case
of fully stretched ropes, it may be assumed to be
for stranded ropes with hemp
core;
for stranded ropes with steel
core;
for fully locked coil ropes and
open spiral ropes.
90000 to 120000N/mm2
100000 to 130000N/mm2
140000 to 170000N/mm2
9 Tension on prestressed bolts
9.1 General
Bolted connections consisting of non-treated (non-
galvanized, non-cadmium plated) bolts, nuts and washers
complying with DIN 6914 to DIN 6918, assigned to property
class 10.9, which are prestressed against plane parallel, and
in certain cases machined solid steel plates specified in
table 21, with a deviation not exceeding &l o%, and wich
are intended to transmit a tensile force Z, shall beverified in
accordance with subclause 9.2 for the applicable load
cases H, HZ and HS specified in table 7.
**) The permissible stresses may only be exploited up to
the above specified values if the compression clamps
and the mode of their attachment permit it.
--`,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Factor of safety
1
1,71 1.50 1,35
'able 21. Prestressing forces and tlghtening torques for
property class 10.9 high strength friction grip
bolts (complying with DIN 6914 to DIN 6918)
Prestressing Tightening
Bolt diameter force, in N torque, in Ncm
M 16 93 300 28 400
I 145600 I 55400 I
I I I
r -M22 I 180100 1 76200 I
r M 2 4 I 209800 I 95800 I
I I I
I M27 I 272800 1 142000 I
The tightening torque which has t o be applied with torque
wrenches in order to achieve the required prestressing
force produces a combined tensile and torsional load
calculated at 90% of the minimum yield stress
( u ~ , ~ = 90000N/cm2). Al l calculations are based on the
Table 22. Longitudinal bolt forces S1 and S2, in N
more unfavourable of the two limit coefficients of friction,
p = 0,14 or p = 0,184).
9.2 General stress analysis
The tensile force to be absorbed in load cases H. HZand HS
specified in table 7 shall not exceed the permissible tensile
forces zu1 2, or zu1 Z2:
-
si S2
zulZ1 = - or zulZ2= -
8 1- 0
where
Si is the longitudinal bolt force specified in table 22, which
is just sufficient to increase the state of stress of the bolt
prestressed according to table 21 until the minimum
yield stress is attained, when subjected to av-fold tensile
force.
S2 is the longitudinal bolt force specified in table 22, which
is just sufficient to cancel out the surface contact pres-
sure of the bolt prestressed according to table 21, when
subjected to av-fold tensileforce; the joint just begins to
gape open. Thisverification is onlyof any significance for
(D is the clamping factors) shown in figure 12, which is
dependent on the clamping length Zkand on the nominal
diameter d of the bolt.
@<@o 0,2038.
a3
I
Figure 12.
Clamping factor 8 for solid steel
plates and hexagon head bolts
complying with DIN 6914, hexagon
nuts complying with DIN 6915,
and square washers complying I I
with DIN 0917 and DIN 6918
4) Neue Wege einer systematischen Schraubenberechnung (New methods of systematic calculation of bolted connections),
by G. Junker and . Blume. Scientific publication of Messrs. Bauer und Schaurte, NeussRhein, published by Michael Triltsch
Verlag, Dsseldorf, 1965.
5) Grundlagen einer genauen Berechnung statisch und dynamisch beanspruchter Schraubenverbindungen (Fundamental prin-
ciples for the precise calculation of statically and dynamically loaded bolted connections), by Fritsche, dissertation at
Berlin Technical University 1962.
washers complying with DIN 6916 O I I I I
-
-
`
,
,
,
,
-
`
-
`
,
,
`
,
,
`
,
`
,
,
`
-
-
-
Powerhouse cranes
Storage cranes
9.3 Verification of service strength
Bolted connections complying with the specifications laid down in subclauses 9.1 and 9.2 shall be deemed as meeting the
requirements in respect of service strength if a calculated factor of safety of 1.33 in respect of the tensile forces actually arising
and permissible is allowed for.
10 Tables
10.1 Examples of classification of types of crane into lifting classes and loading groups
Table 23. Lifting classes (subclause 4.1.4.2) and loading groups (subclause 7.4.2)
Intermittent operation
-
Type of crane
Shipboard cargo cranes
Tower slewing cranes for the construction industry
Erection cranes, derrick cranes
Rail-mounted slewing cranes
~~
Lifting
classes
H1
H 1, H2
H1
Grab or magnet Operation
Hook operation
Hook operation
Loading
groups
Item
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
23
Hand-operated cranes I B1,B2
B1,B2 Erection cranes I
B2,B3
H2 B4
Storage cranes, spreader bar cranes, scrap yard cranes I Continuous operation H3, H4 85, B6
Workshop cranes H2, H3 83, B4
Bridge cranes, ram cranes 1 Grab or magnet operation H3, H4 B5,B6
Casting cranes H2,H3 B5, B6
B6
B6
B5,B6
H3, H4
H4
H4
Soaking pit cranes
Stripper cranes, charging cranes
Forging cranes
H2 B4, 85 Hook operation
Transporter bridges, semi-portal cranes, portal cranes with
trolley or slewing crane
H3, H4 B5, B6
Transporter bridges, semi-portal cranes, portal cranes with
trolley or slewing crane
Grab or magnet operation
I
Travelling belt bridges with fixed or sliding belt(s) H1 B3,B4
Dockyard cranes, slipway cranes, fitting-out cranes I Hook operation H2 B3,B4
H2 B4,B5 Hook operation
Wharf cranes, slewing cranes, floating cranes, level luffing
slewing cranes
H3, H4 B5, B6
Wharf cranes, slewing cranes, floating cranes, level luffing
slewing cranes
Grab or magnet operation
I
Heavy duty floating cranes, gantry cranes H1 82, B3
Shipboard cargo cranes I Hook operation H2 B3,B4
H3, H4 84. 85
83
B2,B3
B3,B4
B4,B5
I34
B3, 84
H1
H 1, H2
H2
I
I 24
E
Rail-mounted slewing cranes I Grab or magnet operation H3,H4
H2
H2
Railway cranes authorized on trains
Truck cranes, mobile cranes I Hook operaion
Truck cranes, mobile cranes 1 Grab or magnet operation H3, H4
~
B4, B5
H1 Bl , B2
Heavy-duty truck cranes, heavy-duty mobile cranes
--`,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Page 22 DIN 15 O1 8 Part 1
Cranes which are designed to operate using two different useful loads and under different conditions may be classified sepa-
rately if the plant operator demands it. The higher of the two useful loads shall be referred to asbxceptional loadnand shall not
be given on the nameplate of the crane.
10.2 Welds
In addition to the welds satisfying the requirements of the quality classes laid down in DIN 8563 Part 3, the present standard
specifies welds which meet more exacting requirements in table 24.
Table 24. Special quality welds
~~
Execution of weld
Symbol,
examples
Type
of weld
Quality
of weld
Test for flawless execution
Test method
Non-destructive testing of the weld
along 100% of the weld length, e.g. by
radiographic examination.
Symbol
~
P 100
P 100
Special
quality
Root broached, back-
welded sealing run, weld
machined flush with plate
surface in the direction of
stress, no end craters.
~
As for special quality welds, but only
for tensile stresses (specified in sub-
clause 7.2) amounting to
in the pulsating tensile stress range
(specified in subclause 7.4),amount-
ing t o
in the alternating stress range (speci-
fied in subclause 7.4), amounting to
max. u,L 0,8. zu1 a,;
max u,Z0,8~zuIaZ~;
max uZZO,8.zul U ~ D ,
or max Od?O,8.ZUlOdD.
Root broached, back-
weldedsealing run,noend
craters.
Standard
quality
3utt weld
1c
X
Non-destructive testing, e.g. radio-
graphic examination, of the most impor-
tant remaining welds on a random
sample basis, amounting to not less than
10%of thetotal lengthofweldsmade by
each welder.
P
Root broached, through-
welded (root fusion), weld
interface notch-free,
machined if necessary.
Special
quality Non-destructive testing of the plate
subjected to tension at rightangles to its
plane, in respect of lamination and
structure discontinuities in the weld
zone, e.g. by ultrasonic testing.
louble-
level
l utt weld
iouble
illet weld
Nith
~
Standard
quality
~
Width of residual root gap
up to 3mm or up t o 0,2
times the thickness of the
piece welded on, which-
ever is the smaller.
K
D
Special
quality
Weld interface notch-free,
machined if necessary.
Wet
veld
Standard
quality
In order to simplify the captions in tables 25to32which follow, the term filletweld in theDescription and illustrationcolumn
shall be deemed to apply also to double fillet welds if both symbols are depicted. In cases where a double fillet weld is required
for a given notch case, this is specified in the Description and illustration and Symbol columns.
--`,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
DIN 15018 Pari 1 Page 23
Code Description and illustration
W O1 Non-perforated components with normal surface
finish, if no notch effects are present, or i f they are
taken into account in thestress analysis.The quality
of flame-cut surfaces shall be not inferior to the
quality specified under symbol 11 in DIN 2310 Part 1
and Pari 3.
Symbol
-
Components with flame-cut surfaces at least of the
and Part 3.
Perforated components, also with rivets and bolts,
where the rivets and bolts are stressed to 20% max.
of the permissible values, or to 100% max. of the
permissible values in the case of high strength fric-
tion grip bolts.
quality specified under symbol 22 in DIN 2310 Part 1
e
w11
w12
Symbol
-
-
able 27. )i
Code
Description and illustration
w21
Symbol
w 22
Code
O11
W 23
Components jointed by special quality butt weld
running at right angles to the direction of force.
Perforated components in double-shear riveted or
bolted connection.
Perforated components in single-shear, but sup-
ported, riveted or bolted connection.
-+
Perforated components in single-shear, but unsup-
ported riveted or bolted connection, the eccentric
force effects being verified.
+
o1 2
Table 28. Notch case KO sliaht notch effect)
Components of different thicknesses jointed by
special quality butt weld running at right angles t o
the direction of force, with supported asymmetric
joint and slope not exceeding 1 :4 orwith symmetric
joint and slopes not exceeding 1 : 3.
I
4--
Symbol
g P 100
g P100
8 P100
-
-
`
,
,
,
,
-
`
-
`
,
,
`
,
,
`
,
`
,
,
`
-
-
-
I Page 24 DIN 15018 Part 1
~
Table 28. Notch case KO(slight notch effect) (continued)
Symbol
Description and illustration Code
-g P 100
~
Gusset plate welded-in by special quality butt weld
O1 3
g P 100
8 P100
Web plates jointed transversely by special quality
butt weld.
O14
021
~~~ ~
Components jointed by normal quality butt weld
running longitudinally t o the direction of force.
022 Web plates and flange plates made from steel sec-
tions or steel bars, with the exception of flat steel,
jointed by normal quality butt weld.
023 Components jointed longitudinally to the direction
of force by double bevel butt weld with double fillet
weld.
K
Table 29. Notch case K1 (moderate notch effect)
Code Description and illustration Symbol
111 Components jointed by normal quality butt weld
I
J e'
112 Components of different thicknesses jointed by nor-
mal quality butt weld running at right angles t o the
direction of force, with supported asymmetric joint
and slope not exceeding 1 : 4 or with symmetric joint
and slopes not exceeding 1 :3.
113 Gusset plate welded-in by standard quality butt
weld running at right angles t o the direction of force.
-
-
`
,
,
,
,
-
`
-
`
,
,
`
,
,
`
,
`
,
,
`
-
-
-
Table 29. Notch case K1 (moderate notch effect) (continued)
Symbol
Code
21 1
114
Components made from steel sectionsorsteel bars,
with the exception of flat steel, jointed by special
quality butt weld running at right angles to thedirec-
tion of force.
g P 100
121
123
131
132
133
154
Web plates jointed transversely by standard quality
butt weld.
Components jointed by standard quality butt weld
Components jointed by standard quality fillet weld
Continuous component onto which other com-
ponents are welded by special quality continuous
double bevel butt weld with double fillet weld run-
ning at right angles to the direction of force.
Continuous component onto which discs are
welded by special quality double bevel butt weld
with double fillet weld running at right angles to the
direction of force.
Compression flanges and web plates onto which
transverse bulk-heads or stiffeners with cut-off
edges are welded by special quality double fillet
welds. The classification into the present notch case
applies only to the zone of the double fillet welds.
Web plates and curved flange plates jointed by
special quality double bevel butt weld with double
fillet weld.
#
z
Symbol
Y
X
A
n
-
-
`
,
,
,
,
-
`
-
`
,
,
`
,
,
`
,
`
,
,
`
-
-
-
Table 30. Notch case K2 (medium notch effect) (continued)
Symbol
Description and illustration Code
Components of different thicknesses jointed by nor-
mal quality butt weld running at right angles to the
direction of force, with supported asymmetric joint
and slope not exceeding 1 : 3 or with symmetric joint
and slopes not exceeding 1 :2.
21 2
21 3
~
g P100
-$ P100
Special quality butt weld and continuous compo-
nent, both at right angles to the direction of force, at
flange plate junctions, with welded-on corner plates.
Weld ends machined t o avoid notch effect.
21 4 Components welded onto gusset plates by special
quality butt weld running at right angles to the direc-
tion of force.
-1 I-
g PlOO
8 P100
x
231 Continuous component onto which other com-
ponents are welded by continuous special quality
double filletweld running atright angles tothedirec-
tion of force.
232
Continuous component onto which discs are
welded by special quality double fillet weld running
at right angles to the direction of force.
Flange plates and web plates onto which transverse
bulkheads or stiffeners with cut-off edges are
welded by special quality double fillet weld running
at right angles to the direction of force.
233
241
Y
X
Continuous component onto the edge of which
other components with chamfered or radiused ends
are welded by a normal quality butt weld running
longitudinally to the direction of force. Weld ends
machined to avoid notch effect.
ponents or stiffeners with chamfered or radlused
ends are welded longitudinally to the direction of
force.The end weldsin thezonenot less than 5 x t i n
width are made in the form of special quality double
bevel butt weld with double fillet weld.
~ h 7 . i ~
End welds only.
-
-
`
,
,
,
,
-
`
-
`
,
,
`
,
,
`
,
`
,
,
`
-
-
-
Code
31 1
%
Description and illustration Symbol
Components jointed by one-sided butt weld with
root backing, running at right angles to the direction
of force.
V
J
Continuous component onto which a flange plate
with chamfered end (slope51 :3) iswelded.Theend
weld in the zone not less than 2 5 X t in width (as
shown in the illustration) is made in the form of a
special quality fillet weld with a = 0,5 X t.
Continuous component onto which bosses are
welded by special quality fillet welds.
Components jointed in a cross joint by special
qualitydouble bevel buttweld with double fillet weld
running at right angles t o the direction of force.
Special quality double bevel butt weld with double
fillet weld used for connections subjected to bend-
ing and shear.
Special quality double bevel butt weld with double
fillet weld between flange and web for concentrated
loads acting in the web plane at right angles to the
weld.
Web plates and curved flange plates jointed by
standard quality double bevel butt weld with double
fillet weld.
t
Symbol
E
End weld only.
K
--`,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
I Page 28 DIN 15018 Part 1
I Table 31. Notch case K3 (strong notch effect) (continued)
Code
31 2
31 3
31 4
331
333
341
34 2
Components of different thicknesses jointed by
standard quality butt weld running at right angles t o
the direction of force, with supported asymmetric
joint and slope not exceeding 1 : 2or with symmetric
joint and slopes not exceeding 1 : 1.
Normal quality butt weld and continuous compo-
nent, both at right angles t o the direction of force, at
flange plate junctions, with welded-on corner plates.
Weld ends machined to avoid notch effect.
Pipes jointed by backed butt weld without sealing
weld.
ponents are welded by standard quality double fillet
weld running at right angles to the direction of force.
Flange plates and web plates onto which transverse
bulkheads or stiffeners are welded by standard
quality continuous double fillet weld running at right
angles to the direction of force. The classification
into notch case K3 applies only to the zone of thefil-
let welds.
Continuous component onto the edge of which
other components with chamfered ends are welded
by special quality fillet weld running longitudinally
to the direction of force. Weld ends machined t o
avoid notch effect.
ponents or stiffeners with chamfered endsare weld-
ed longitudinally to the direction of force. The end
welds in the zone not less than 5 x t in width are
made in the form of special quality double fillet
welds.
f-
Symbol
V
End weld only.
-
-
`
,
,
,
,
-
`
-
`
,
,
`
,
,
`
,
`
,
,
`
-
-
-
+
-44
Continuous component slotted to accommodate a
plate with chamfered or radiused ends, which i 5
welded on. The end welds in the zone not less thar
5 x t in width are made in the form of double bevel
butt weld with double fillet welds and machined t c
avoid notch effect.
~~ ~ ~
Continuous component onto which a flange plate is
welded with to not exceeding 1,5 x tu. The end welds
in the zone not less than 5x to in width (as shown in
the illustration) are made in the form of special
quality fillet welds.
Components onto the ends of which butt straps of t,
not exceeding tu are welded by special quality fillet
weld.The end welds are in the form of specialquality
fillet welds in the zone shown in the illustration. In
the case of one-sided overlapping of the joint, the
eccentric force effect shall be taken into account.
Continuous component onto which longitudinal stif-
feners are welded by intermittent double fillet weld
or by standard quality double fillet cut-out weld. The
classification into notch case K3 applies t o the weld
between the end welds as designed for the stif-
feners.
Continuous component onto which members made
from steel sections or steel bars are welded by spe-
cial quality fillet weld running all round.
Tubular members welded together by special quality
fillet weld.
Components jointed by cross joint by standard
quality double bevel butt weld with double fillet weld
running at right angles t o the direction of force.
Standard quality double bevel buttweld with double
fillet weld used for connections subjected to bend-
ing and shear.
t
Symbol
ii
<
End weld only.
E
End weld only.
lx
End weld only.
K
W
K
o
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Page 30 DIN i 5018 Part 1
Symbol
Standard quality double bevel butt weld with double
fillet weld between flange and web for concentrated
loads acting in the web plane at right angles to the
353
K
weld.
r
Web plate and curved flange platejointed by stand-
ard quality double fillet weld.
#
Table 32. Notch case K4 (very strong notch effect)
Symbol Code Description and illustration
Y p
x p
41 2 Components of different thicknesses jointed
eccentrically by standard quality butt weld running
at right angles to the direction of force, with support-
ed asymmetric joint without slope.
41 3 Components jointed by standard quality butt weld
running at right angles to the direction of force, at
flange plate junctions.
K P
x p
414 Flanges and pipes jointed by two fillet welds or by
single-bevel butt weld with fillet weld.
il
1
433 Flange plates and web plates onto which transverse
bulkheads are welded by standard quality one-sided
continuous fillet weld running at right angles to the
direction of force. n
441 Continuous component onto the edge of which
other components with right-angled ends are
welded longitudinally to the direction of force.
ponents or stiffeners with right-angled ends are
welded by standard quality double fillet weld run-
ning longitudinally t o the direction of force.
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Continuous component slotted to accommodate a
plate with right-angled ends which is welded on by
standard quality double fillet weld.
Continuous component onto which a flange plate is
welded by a fillet weld.
Holed or slotted components welded to other com-
ponents by fillet welds in the holes or slots.
Continuous components with batten plates welded
in between by standard quality fillet weld or butt
weld.
Continuous components onto which members are
welded by fillet weld.
Tubular members welded together by fillet weld.
Components jointed by cross joint, by standard
quality double fillet weld or by one-sided single-
bevel butt weld with fillet weld and root backing, run-
ning at right angles t o the direction of force.
Standard quality double fillet weld used for connec-
tions subjected to bending and shear.
Standard quality double fillet weld between flange
and web for concentrated loads acting in the web
plane at right angles t o the weld.
U
J
t
&
Symbol
n
n
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Explanatory notes relating to the April 1974 edition
Standard DIN 120 Part 1, November 1936 edition, and its
supplements issued at later dates were originally intended
to serve as guidelines for the building inspectorate, cover-
ing steel structures for both cranes and craneways. Such
structures shall be designed and constructed in accord-
ance with most modern techniques of current engineering
practice. Since crane structures are constituent parts of
machines, whereas craneways are static structures or com-
ponents thereof, different conditions obviously apply t o
these two cases: consequently, it was decided right from
the start when revising DIN 120 Part 1 to separate thestand-
ards according to the subject matter covered by them
(DIN 15018 t o deal with cranes and DIN 4132 to deal with
craneways). They differ where necessary, as in the case of
the design loads, but they agree wherever possible, such as
in the verification of service strength of the components
and connections and joints. The technical committee
entrusted with the revision was able on the one hand to
make good use of the many years of experience gained with
DIN 120 Part 1. and on the other hand to take into account
the most recent and well substantiated results of research.
In this context, the Supplement t o DIN 120, November 1944
edition, has also been withdrawn.
The purpose of the new standards is to enable designers to
achieve an economic design and construction which fully
meets all safety requirements, on the basis of assumptions
closely reflecting actual conditions, and of an adequate
computation.
The new features and the changes in comparison with
DIN 120 Part 1 are dealt with in these explanatory notes
relating to DIN 15 018 Part 1, as far as cranes are concerned.
The specifications of this standard are to be applied in their
entirety and neither supplemented nor substituted by parts
of DIN 120 Part 1, or by other crane standards. In addition,
the Principles of design and construction (DIN 15018
Part 2) shall be taken into account for the design of crane
structures.
The terminology and nomenclature are in harmony with
DIN 1080 (symbols used in structural analysis in civil
engineering), for the sake of uniformity and clearer under-
standing. Thus, for example, all external forces, .e. forces
acting in one direction only, are referred t o as loads, where-
as all internal forces acting in two directions at the banks of
cuts are referred to asstress resultants: it should therefore
be borne in mind that the term load always represents a
comprehensive concept not restricted t o describing such
things as a useful load, a lifted load or an imposed load, as
was formerly the case.
Like all similar recently published design principles,
DIN 15018 is not intended as a pocket guide for the design
and dimensoning of supporting structures. On the contrary,
it contents itself with the enunciation of generally valid rules
for the design loads, the load cases and the required ana-
lyses and verification. The proper application of the present
standard presupposes a clear understanding of the
relationships between the mode of operation and the
design of cranes, allied with a comprehensive engineering
grasp of mechanics and with a very thorough knowledge of
the behaviour of materials and of structural steel fabricat-
ing methods.
Although this standard applies basically to structures made
of steel. its principles are equally applicable to other struc-
tural materials, such as light metals,on condition that the in-
fluences due to the other material are taken into account
fully and correctly as regards quantitative relationship.
Re 1 Field of application
Apart from cranes and crane equipment, the field of appli-
cation also covers mobile steel structures for continuous
conveyors, but not craneways. excavators, Waggon tippers
and mining machinery.
Re 2 Standarda and documents referred to
A list is given of those standards and guidelines which are t o
beobserved in allcases without further individual reference
and a further list of standards and guidelines t o which refer-
ence is made in the text of thisstandard, involving eitherthe
entire standard concerned or extracts thereof.
Re 3 Details to be given for design purposes
The following details shall be provided for design purposes:
mode of operation, classification into the relevant lifting
classes and loading groups, the assumed static system
which reflects actual service conditions as closely as pos-
sible, or, where appropriate, a suitably simplified static
loadbearing system which nevertheless results in an in-
disputably safe supporting structure, the steel grades used,
the cross-sectional values, the stress analyses and verifica-
tion of stability of all the loadbearing members and essen-
tial connections and joints.
Re 4 Design loads
Under this heading, a new approach has been made with
regard to the distinction between individual loads.
Crane structures in service are subjected t o repeated loads
variable with time, which, for their part, trigger variable
stresses in the structural components and connections via
the interaction of the static system and of the cross-
sectional shape. The purpose of making a distinction be-
tween main loads, additional loads and special loads is to
clearly define these loads and to avoid the risk of dangerous
limiting stress conditions, such as damaging stress (HI,
attainment of the yield point or of instability states (H, HZ,
HS), due to the behaviour of the material.
Consequently, all loads which have an effect on the service
strength through their actions shall now be regarded as
main loads; these include the self weights which are always
present, the lifted loads which act during each operating
cycle, including their vertical inertia forces, the inertia
forces arising from the motion of cranes, crane corn-
ponents and lifted loads, and also the centrifugal forces
during slewing.
All the remaining load effects such as wind loads, forces
arising from skewing, thermal effects, snow loads, loads on
walkways, etc. shall be regarded as additional loads and
shall only be taken into consideration in respect of the
general stress analysis and of the verification of stability.
The same applies for the special loads, such as the tilting
forces on crane trolleys with positive guidance of the lifted
load, buffer forces and test loads; they are subject to
special rules with regard to their interaction with the other
loads. The object of introducing these special loads into the
overall picture is to ensure that the crane structure, as an
essential component of the production tool crane, is un-
likely t o suffer any substantial damage which might ad-
versely affect the production sequence, even in the event of
unexpected, rare, but nevertheless unavoidable occur-
rences.
Re 4.1.4 Vertical inertia forces
A distinction has been made between the causes of the
vertical inertia forces, .e. they have been classified into
forces due to the motion (travelling, slewing etc.) of cranes
or crane components, and into forces due to the hoisting or
lowering of lifted loads; both these causes lead tovibrations
of the supporting structure, which is therefore subjected to
higher stresses than those which arise from assumed static
self weights and lifted loads alone. These increased
stresses are allowed for in a simplified manner by the adop-
tion of vibration factors, subdivided into self weight factors
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((p) and nominal load spectrum factors (@), by which the ver-
tically acting loads, the stress resultants, or the stresses
arising therefrom, are to be multiplied.
The self weight factors (9) apply exclusively for the self
weights of the crane, including its associated equipment, as
a function of the travelling speed or of the circumferential
velocity zip, and of the condition of the runway; these factors
are situated between 1,l and 1,2. It may be necessary to
select higher values of 9 in the case of speeds exceeding
200 m/min and of road travel. In such cases, the reasons for
the choice of a higher value are to be substantiated and
particularly agreed.
In cases where several motions take place simultaneously,
it is permitted t o use several different self weight factors in
order t o achieve a closer approximation of true working
conditions for the individual groups of components con-
cerned, according to their partial self weights and their par-
tial conditions. The vertical inertia forces due t o self weights
alone are to be entered in the calculation in the same way as
before, in accordance with DIN 120 Part 1.
The inertia forces due to the sudden picking up of lifted
loads, which is the condition normally considered here, and
which forces in this standard are still assumed t o act ex-
clusively in the vertical direction, depend on the one hand
on the springing of the system, .e. on the elasticity of the
hoisting ropes and of the crane structure, and on the other
hand on the instantaneous hoisting speed at the start of the
hoisting operation, which depends on the nominal hoisting
speed VH and on the crane drivers mode of driving. Based
on measurement results and on experimental data, the con-
ventional cranes have been classified into lifting classes H 1
t o H 4 (table 2) with the nominal load spectrum factors $
rangingfrom1,l to1,3inthecaseof Hl,andfrom1,4to2,2in
the case of H 4, in accordance with table 2 and figure I . The
lifted loads, the stress resultants or the stresses deriving
therefrom are to be multiplied by these factors. These fac-
tors are also intended to make allowance for various un-
certainties in the determination of other influences. As in
the case of the self weight factors (p. it is permitted, when
selecting the nominal load spectrum factors $,to approxi-
mate the true conditions more closely in individual cases by
correlating certain individual structural assemblies which
are clearly separated from one another into different lift-
ing classes, if the hoisting conditions are accurately known.
The above comments make it clear that the nominal load
spectrum factor has been defined more precisely than
was the former compensation factor @specified in DIN 120
Part 1 ; these former compensation factors were designed
t o allow both for the increased stresses resulting from
inertia forces due t o hoisting motions and for the reduced
service strengths of the materials when subjected t o
frequently repeated variable stressing. This mixing of two
phenomena and characteristics which are entirely unrelated
t o one another has now been eliminated (see clause 7.4).
Re 4.1.5 Inertia forces arising from driving mechanisms
The inertia forces which arise during the acceleration and
decelerafion of crane motions depend for their origin on the
approximately equal driving and braking torques generated
during every operating cycle. As a general rule, the quasi-
static inertia forces shall be calculated for both processes
(acceleration and deceleration) taking into consideration
the mechanical system (distribution of masses, velocity
conditions), as well as the efficiencies and the other resist-
ances to motion. In the case of mechanisms, such as travel-
ling gear units, where the transmissibility of the driving
forces is restricted by frictional contact, e.g. between a
track wheel and a rail, the calculation may be based on an
upper limiting value, which depends on the coefficient of
frictional contact (f=0,20) and on the minimum wheel loads
to be considered for the transmissibility of the largest pos-
sible driving force.This applies because the forces must be
capable of being frictionally transmitted even under un-
favourable conditions, such as the minimum wheel load or
the minimum wheel loads, because the proper functioning
of the mechanism demands it.
To allow for unavoidable transient oscillation phenomena
set up during sudden changes in the drive forces, it is per-
mitted to multiply the difference of the quasi-static force
before and after the sudden action of the drive forces by an
oscillation coefficient of 1,50 instead of carrying out a more
accurate calculation of the dynamic forces. The inertia force
effects determined in this way shall be supported in com-
plete harmony with the loadbearing structure and driving
mechanism; rules are given in the standard, by way of
example, for the distribution of the reactions on the indi-
vidual track wheels, and for the lateral forces arising there-
from. Subsequent changes of the driving mechanism will
involve achange in the design loads of the structure and will
always require renewed calculation.
In cases of wide-span cranes equipped with mechanically
independent travelling bogies fitted with an electrical
straight-line running control and/or an anti-skewing safety
device, the necessary allowance shall be made in the cal-
culation for the dynamic effect of the operational error, or
(in emergencies) the maximum permissible control error
(see DIN 19 226) (elastic forward motion).
Re 4.1.6 Centrifugal forces
From now on, centrifugal forces are to be taken into con-
sideration in slewing cranes.
Re 4.1.7 Impact from bulk material
The transient forces generated by the impact of bulk mate-
rial, which are of very short duration, need only be taken into
account as local loads whose action is limited t o the load-
bearing members immediately affected, and this action
need not be followed down to the bearings and track
wheels.
Re 4.2 Additional loads
Apart from the additional loads already mentioned, such as
the wind loads specified in DIN 1055 Part 4, the thermal
effects, the snow loads specified in DIN 1055 Part 5 and the
loads on walkways, stairways etc. an important new factor
has been added, viz. the forces arising from skewing.
Re 4.2.1 Wind loads
The design dynamic pressure for cranes in service,
q = 250 N/m2, and the design dynamic pressures for cranes
out of service, which are to be entered in the calculation
as specified in DIN 1055 Part 4, include the dynamic pres-
sure peaks (wind gusts) and their dynamic effects on the
supporting structure. The mean dynamic pressure corre-
sponding to these wind conditions is considerably smaller.
The design dynamic pressure for cranes in service corre-
sponds to a wind condition under which the moving of loads
with the aid of the crane remains barely just possible in
normal cases. Consequently, there may well be instances
where i t would be reasonable to specify a higher or a lower
design dynamic pressure for cranes in service. Steps shall
however always be taken to ensure that crane operation is
immediately discontinued when the wind condition
approaches a state corresponding to the selected design
dynamic pressure for the crane in service.
The adoption of different design dynamic pressures within
the context described above may, for example, be con-
sidered appropriate in the case of coastal cranes, in order
to delay the moment in time when such cranes must be shut
down because of the normal case wind conditions which
occur more frequently along the coast: they may also be
considered appropriate in the case of truck-mounted
--`,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
f q300 9200 0,NO 1 2 3
Figure 13.
In the above illustration,
s is the track clearance between rail and guiding means;
b is the width of rail;
a is the centreline distance of wheels or guiding means
(see figure 4 in this connection);
mobile cranes and of tower slewing cranes in order t o
enable the lifting capacity of such cranes to be exploited
more fully in wind conditions below the "standard case".
This flexible approach to the specification of the design
dynamic pressure for cranes in service is in harmony with
the views expressed by ISO/TC 96/SC 1, who recom-
mended 125N/m2 and 500N/m2 as the lower and upper
limits respectively for the design dynamic pressure for
cranes in service for the calculation of the steel structures.
Naturally, where a dynamic pressure deviating from the
standard is selected, this pressure is t o be taken into
account both in the calculation (as described in DIN 15018
Part 1) and in the verification of stability (as described in
DIN 15019 Part 1 and Part 2).
Re 4.2.2 Forces arising from skewing
Forces arising from skewing are generated when the result-
ant direction of rolling movement of the travelling crane no
longer coincides with the direction of the craneway rail, and
when the front positive guiding means come into contact
with the rail. As is well known, this unavoidable abnormality
is caused by tolerances and inaccuracies which arise in the
manufacture of the crane (bores of trackwheels) and of the
craneway (bends, kinks). The values and distribution of
these forces depend chiefly on the clearances of wheel
flanges or rollers, also on the number, arrangement, bearing
arrangement and rotational speed synchronization of the
track wheels and on the location of the guide rollers (if any),
or in other words on the systems of the travel mechanism
and of the supporting structure. Depending on the possible
skew angle a, which consists of several components as a
result of the causes mentioned, on the centreline distance
1 5 6 7 8 9 m 1 0 a
a is the skew angle;
f is the coefficient of frictional contact.
of the wheels relative t o the front guiding means, on the
location of the centre of mass of the entire system depend-
ing on the position of the crane trolley, and on the location of
the slip pole, a positive contact force Sis generated at the
front guiding element (wheel flange or horizontal guide
roller) and a group of frictionally transmitted forces is also
generated at the contact faces of the track wheels.
Guideline values have been specified for the standard case,
on the basis of which the possible skew angle determining
the skewing forces can be calculated as a function of the
type of guiding means, the track clearance, the wear, and
the tolerances of the crane and craneway; onlya 75% track
clearance has been taken into consideration, because the
skewing crane normally straightensout again before attain-
ing the maximum skew position.
Just as it is permissible, subject to agreement, to deviate
from these guideline values and to use a different, well-
founded (smaller or larger) value for the skew angle in the
calculation, so is it equally permissible to take into account
the influence of the overall and local yieldings of the crane
and craneway on the forces arising from skewing.
Figure 13 illustrates the relationship between the guideline
values, the skew angle and the corresponding coefficient of
frictional contact f.
The method of calculation described here has been derived
from the tracking technique of railborne vehicles, and from
the results of detailed investigations carried out by the
Braunschweig Technical University, using an experimental
crane amongst other things, under the sponsorship of the
Verein Deutscher Maschinenbau-Anstalten (Association of
German Mechanical Engineering Plants) and of the Verein
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DIN 15 018 Part 1 Page 35
Deutscher Eisenhttenleute (Society of German Ferrous
Metallurgy Engineers).
Re 4.3 Special loads
The following special loads have been introduced into the
standard for the first time: the tilting force acting on crane
trolleys with positive guidance of the lifted load, on impact
against an obstacle, the buffer forces generated when the
crane hits stops or buffers, and the test loads applied during
loading tests.
The buffer forces are to be determined from the kinetic
energy of thecolliding crane.assumingcertain given travel-
lingspeeds,andfrom theenergydiagram of the buffers.The
distribution of the buffer forces depends on the location of
the centre of mass, on the freedom of movement of the
crane on the craneway and on the buffer characteristics;
this distribution is to be determined in agreement with the
structure and driving mechanism.
The purpose of taking into account small and large test
loads and the associated special load cases is to ensure
that the steel structures of those cranes which are sub-
jected to a test loading for inspection tests or at some later
inspection date exhibit adequate safety margins in the
general stress analysis and in the verification of stability.
This special load case may prove to be of significance for
the dimensioning of steel structures or members which
exhibit a non-linear transmission pattern (loads - stress
resultants - stresses); this applies, for example, t o all
supporting structures or components which are pre-
stressed or which have a variable structural configuration.
The specification of the test loads and details relating to the
necessity for, and the actual performance of load tests on
cranes in respect of which no verification of stability need
be carried out, are dealt with elsewhere.
Re 5 Load cases
All the above-mentioned main loads and additional loads,
including the related coefficients, aresummarized in table 7
under the heading of normal load cases and the special
loads are listed under the heading of special load cases,
and the determining interaction of the individual loads can
be gathered from this table for each type of crane. Al l the
loads listed in the same column represent a separate load
case, and in addition a distinction is made in the case of the
normal load cases between H load cases (framed by a thick
line) and HZ load cases.
Re 6 Calculation
In addition t o the conventional computational stress ana-
lysis, the results of strain measurements may also be in-
cluded in the evaluation if the required safety margins are
o bse Ned.
Ascomparedwith DIN 12OPart 1, thecranemanufacturermay
now also proceed on the assumption that the craneway is
correctly laid, and if that is not the case, the plant operator is
under obligation t o supply the relevant details.
In addition to structural steel of the conventional steel
grades St 37 and St 52, and to tube steel St35 specified in
table 8, other steel grades may also be used on condition
that their mechanical and chemical properties and their
weldability are adequately guaranteed. In these cases, the
permissible stresses are t o be derived from the guaranteed
yield stress and are to be substantiated from the service
strengths at 90% survival probability by tests closely
approximating actual service conditions. The stresses shall
be determined separately for the individual load cases with
the usual cross-sectional values, and as a general rule it is
recommended t o calculate the stresses for the individual
loads and finally to superimpose them as specified in table 7.
In the case of system-dependent non-linear relationships
between loads and stresses, the procedure described in
DIN 4114 Part 2, February 1953xedition. Ri 10.2,shall be fol-
lowed as appropriate.
Re 7 Verification and analyses
Re 7.1 General
In the verification and analyses i t shall be demonstrated
separately for each individual load case as per table 7 that
the permissible stresses andlor the required safety factors
depending on the load case, type of crane and verification
are in fact adhered t o in the members and principal connec-
tions and joints. Only in certain exceptional cases, involving
minor deviations from the design loads, unintentional
changes in the support conditions, and conditions prevailing
during construction work on site, may the permissible
stresses relating to load case HZ specified in table 9 be
exceeded, and the maintenance of the required factors of
safety relating to load case HZ be no longer compulsory.
Re 7.2 General stress analysis
The general stress analysis is intended to demonstrate by
calculation the safety against attainment of the yield point,
separately for the H and HZ load cases. The permissible
stresses listed in tables 10 to 12 have been adjusted to the
values normally used today in structural engineering; the
1,l times the values specified for load case HZ shall apply
for special load case HS as described in table 7. In cases
where several stresses act simultaneously, comparison
stresses are to be calculated in addition with the stresses
assigned to one another in each case.
Re 7.3 Verification of stability
Verification of stability in respect of safety against buckling,
collapsing and bulging shall be carried out as described in
DIN 4114. As adeparturefrom DIN 4114,differentfactors of
safety against bulging have been specified for full panels
and partial panels of flat platesfor all load cases (H, HZ, HS).
The higher factors of safety specified for full panels now
correspond, for @= 1, to those applying to the permissible
compressive stresses in the general stress analysis. These
factorsare readily and economically achievable instiffened
full panels by appropriately sizing the stiffeners, which are
to be designed as continuous members and/or be rigidly
supported laterally at the ends. The factors of safety for the
partial panels have been adjusted, for (I= 1, t o the relative
smaller factors of safety to be considered for the permis-
sible tensile stresses in the general stress analysis. Hence
the required factors of safety against bulging harmonize
with those which are generally required in DIN 4114 Part 1
for web plates, for @=-l.
The different types of verification of safety against bulging,
applicable to web plates and t o rectangular plates which
are components of a member in compression (flange
plates) as given in DIN 4114 are designed to take into
account the differing loadbearing capacity of the plates as
a function of the stress distribution. Since the steel struc-
tures of cranes normally consist of members subjected to
three-dimensional loading, it becomes impossible to make
a clear-cut distinction between web plates and flange
plates, with the typical stress distributions associated with
these terms. In order therefore to take adequate account of
the differing loadbearing behaviour of the plates as a func-
tion of the stress distribution, differing factors of safety
against bulging have been established as afunction of #; if a
plate is subjected t o stresses acting on all its edges (web
plate subjected to wheel load, web plate at one corner of a
frame) then the larger, .e. the more unfavourable value of @
shall be used t o determine the required factor of safety
against bulging
Furthermore, if in the case of stiffened plates the stiffeners
have been designed for the minimum stiffness specified in
DIN 4114 Part 2, subclause 18.1 (February 1953x edition),
and i f only the partial panels have been calculated in
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respect of bulging, then the factors of safety against bulg-
ing applying to the full panel shall also be adhered t o for the
partial panels.
Complementing DIN 4114, factors of safety against bulging
have also been specified for all load cases in respect of
circular cylindrical shells, and a formula has been included
for the determination of the bulging stresses.
Re 7.4 Verification of service strength
The verification of service strength has been modified in
comparison with DIN 120 Part 1, as a result of recent experi-
ments and fresh knowledge. Both the somewhat dubious
compensating factors, @, formerly used for this and other
unrelated purposes, and the coefficients y of DIN 120 Part 1
have been discarded. The specifications relating to welded
railway bridges have been drawn upon as a useful aid when
establishing the more elaborate differentiating system of
permissible stresses.
The verification of service strength relating to safety
against failure as a result of frequently repeated stresses
variable with time need only be carried out for load cases H
as described in table7,for all cranes subjected to more than
20000 stress cycles.
The permissible stresses in this case had to be specified na
different way, according to the following characteristics:
according to loading groups, which comprise combinations
of differently distributed specific stress collectives with dif-
ferent absolute number of stress cycles, which are likely to
cause approximately an equal degree of damage to the
members or to the connections, also according to steel
grades, types of stress, notch cases and limiting stress
ratios.
Since the service strength decreases with increasing stress
cycle numbers, N 1 to N 4,and with increasing fullness ratios
of the stress collectives, So to S3 (see figure 8). six loading
groups, B1 to B 6, are listed in table 14 in accordance with
the correlations of these two parameters to one another;
thus, for example, loading group B 5 applies for the correla-
tions S, l N 4 and SPIN 3 and S3/N 2. The Usual types of crane
have been classified in table 23 into six loading groups in
accordance with the aspects described above, depending
on their stressing during operation throughout their intended
life.
The classification of a crane is governed by the part of the
crane subjected to the most unfavourable stressing; just as
in the case of the adoption of self weight factors and nominal
load spectrum factors, it is permitted to classify certain indi-
vidual structural assemblies or members which are clearly
separated from one another into different loading groups
as specified in table 23, on condition that the service condi-
tions described in table 14 are well known.
In comparison with DIN 120 Part 1, the differentiation in
accordance with notch effects of the individual members
and connections within each loading group has been in-
cluded in the present standard for the first time. By analogy
with the stress lines dealt with in the specifications for
welded railway bridges, the present standard establishes
the experimentally verified relationship between permis-
sible stresses, structural shape, type of connection and
design of the member concerned and of the connection.
Accordingly, a distinction has t o be made between eight
notch cases foreach loading group, viz. WO, W 1 and W 2 for
non-welded components, riveted and bolted connections
and KO to K4 for welded components and their joints.
Tables 25 t o 32 give examples and details for the classifica-
tion of frequently used structural shapes and connections
or joints into these notch cases, including symbols for the
welds and test methods in accordance with table 24. Al l
these notch cases are given code numbers t o facilitate
comparison.
Extensive tests at various limiting stress ratios made i t pos-
sible to develop,for each steel grade, the values of permis-
sible stress in the verification of service strength for the
eight notch cases assigned to each of the six loading
Largest maximum stress amplitude
/
i l 1 I
Smallest maximum stress amplitude
Figure 14a).
Portion of a stressltime pattern related to the largest maximum stress, with N = 20 stress cycles, showing the largest and
smallest maximum stress amplitudes and characterized by:
1
2
U, , , = -(min U+ max u) = constant and x = min dmax U,
with min U A u, max O A , , and Iol >
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DIN 15 O1 8 Part 1 Page 37
t
t
N
1 n
N
Figure 14b). Figure 14c).
Probability density f ( x ) corresponding to all the stress
amplitudes u0- 07), related t o the greatest difference of
Distribution functionlrelative cumulative frequency stress
collective related to the largest stress amplitude
the maximum stress amplitudes ,-,. G3
N/T?=21 f (x)dx
x
groups using a uniform and simple scheme involving
approximately equal factors of safety. As regards the five
notch cases for welded components made of St 37 and
St 52 steels, the tests indicated that the bearable stresses
were approximately equal, and these five cases could
therefore be handled in the same way. The values of the
stress scheme given in table 17 are based on thealternating
stresses with limiting stresses of equal magnitude but
opposite sign (x=-l.O). Between these basic values there
exist constant step ratios depending on the steel grade, the
loading group and the notch case. The remaining values for
any optional limiting stress ratios betweenx=-l,Oand+l,O
can be derived with the aid of the established Smith dia-
gram shown in figure 9. The equations for this are given in
tables 18 and 19 as a function of the limiting stress ratios. In
addition,all the figures are specified in tabularanddiagram-
matic form in a Supplement to the present standard. If
electronic data processing facilities are employed, such
tables become superfluous, because the mathematical
notations for the permissible stresses in tables 18 and 19
can be incorporated in the computer programmes.
In explanation of figure 8 (idealized relaied stress collec-
tives)and of table15(relatedstresses~,-~,i,-~,ofthe
idealized stress collectives), the relationship between a
related stresstime pattern with U, = constant, the
frequency f ( x ) and the cumulative frequency
00
NIN= 2 f (x)dx
00
is illustrated in figures 14a) to 14c). The multistage testsfor
the determination of the bearable working stresses carried
out by the LBF in Darmstadt 6) . were based on such stress/
time patterns and on a Gaussian normal distribution of the
stressamplitudes a,-,,/~,-0.Thefrequencyforthe pur-
poses of the test was standardized and specified as follows:
1
1 [ b o - Go) /(O0 - ao) ]
f ( x ) = - exp { - 2
J2j; 0,217
Re 8 Holding ropes and guy ropes
The rulesfor the calculation of holding ropes and guy ropes
are also different from those given in DIN 120 Part 1. The
values of permissible stress had t o be derived from rela-
tively few experimental values.
Re 9 Tension on prestressed bolts
The data on this subject are new and are based on scientific
investigations and on industrial data. Reference is made in
this connection to the further work being carried out by VDI
on the Systematische Berechnung hochbeanspruchter
SchraubenVerbindungen (Systematic calculation of highly
stressed bolted connections), (VDI-Richtlinie 2230).
Re10 Tables
Re 10.2 Welds
Simultaneously with the conclusion of the consultations on
the present standard, DIN 8563 Part 3 was published; it
deals with the evaluation groups for the quality assessment
of welded joints. DIN 8563 Part 3 incorporates a new kind of
specification of the evaluation groupsforwelded jointS.The
previously used designations Quality 1 , Quality 2 and
special quality specified in the previous edition of
DIN 8563 Part 1 will no longer be used in future.
Attention isalsodrawn to the fact that thedetails relating to
the symbolic representation of welds are being revised.
6) Laboratorium fr Betriebsfestigkeit (Laboratory for serv-
ice strength), Darmstadt, Technical Bulletin No. 15/65;
Verwendung eines Einheitskollektivs bei Betriebsfestig-
keits-Versuchen (Use of a standard collective for service
strength tests).
7) R. Zurmhl. Praktische Mathematik fr Ingenieure und
Physiker (Practical mathematics for engineers and
physicists).
--`,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Standards and documents referred to
See clause 2.
Previous editions
DIN 1 20 Part 1 : 1 i .36xxxx
DIN 15018 Part 1: 0474
Amendments
The following amendments have been made in comparison with the April 1974 edition:
the corrections mentioned in the DIN-Mitteilungen 61,1982, No.8, pages 496 to 498 have been incorporated.
Clause 2 Standards and documents referred to
The standards and documents to be observed, and in particular those to which reference is made in the text of the present
standard, have been brought up to date, This applies to the following standards and documents in particular:
DIN 1080 Part 1, Part 2 and Part 4;
DIN 1055 Part 4 and Part 5;
DIN 8563 Part 3;
DIN 15019 Part 1;
DASt-Richtlinie O1O;
DIN 267 Part 3;
DIN 2310 Part 1 and Part 3;
DIN 6917;
DIN 6918;
DIN 17100;
DIN 17111;
DIN 18800 Part 1.
The references to Standards DIN 741, DIN 1050 and DIN 4100 have been dropped, as these standards have been withdrawn.
DIN 18800 Part 1 has been included for the first time, because reference is made to subclauses 3.4.7.3.1.1 and 7.3.1.2 of the
above-mentioned standard in the text of the present standard. (This replaces the references to DIN 4100 in subclause 6.5 of
the April 1974 edition of DIN 15018 Part 1.)
Subclause 7.2.1 Load cases and permissible stresses
The USt36-1 material for rivets has been altered to USt36 in agreement with DIN 17111.
(The RSt44-2 material for rivets is no longer included in DIN 17111. For the sake of completeness, it is still specified in the
present standard.)
Subclause 7.4.4 Permissible stresses
In table 19 reference is made to the reduced shear stresses in welded joints specified in DIN 4132, February 1981 edition, sub-
clause 4.4.5.
Subciause 10.3 Examples of classification of commonly used structural shapes into notch cases
The qualities of flame-cut surfaces have been designated by symbols '11' and '22' in accordance with DIN 2310 Part 1 and
Part 3, in respect of components with the code numbers WO1 and W 11.
Explanatory notes relating to the November 1984 revised edition
The present standard has been revised following an abridged procedure, as already notified in the DIN-Mitteilungen 61,1982,
No. 8, pages 496 to 498, and brought in line as far as possible with the most recent state of the relevant standardsconcerned. In
this context, certain references and printing errors have been corrected, and certain editorial changes have been made.
Various comments and more far-reaching suggestions for amendments have been discussed and taken into consideration in
so far as it was possible to do so within the framework of the abridged procedure.
Those suggestions which could not be incorporated here have been duly noted and their inclusion has, by common consent,
been postponed until such time as the content of the standard will be under review.
A short summary of the most important amendments t o the text is given below.
The Vorlufige Richtlinien fr Berechnung, Ausfhrung und bauliche Durchbildung von gleitfesten Schraubenverbindungen
(Provisional guidelinesfor the calculation, design and construction of friction grip bolted connections) have temporarily been
superseded by DASt-RichtlinieOlOAnwendung hochfesterSchraubenim Stahlbau, because in the current edition of DIN 18 800
Part 1 specifications are included relating t o loadbearing members subjected to loadings which are not predominantly static,
such specifications being of vital importance t o crane structures.
The normal load case consisting of main loads and additional loads as described in table 7, column 4, has been specified to con-
form to anticipated international specifications. Accordingly, it must be assumed that the crane is travelling in steady state
condition, and that skewing forces and possibly also wind forces are acting. Consequently, the lifted load shall also be multi-
plied by the self weight factor p.
On the basis of recent testswhich are not yet completely concluded, it would appear advisable to reduce thevaluesof permis-
sible shear stress in the verification of service strength relative to fillet welds. As a result, an appropriate reference has been
made in table 19 to take into consideration in a suitable fashion the reduced shear stresses specified in DIN 4132, February
1981 edition, subclause 4.4 5, in respect of fillet welds and of welds with root notches.
International Patent Classification
B 66 C 17-00
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DIN 15018 1 EN Version 11 1984

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What are the main loads considered in the design of cranes?

What additional loads are considered in the design of cranes?

UDC 621.873.3 : 624.96.014.2.001.

24 DEUTSCHE NORM November 1984

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