Ministry of Science and Technology

Department of Technical and Vocational Education

Petroleum Engineering

Worked Out Examples for

PE-05035 : Petroleum Reservoir Engineering "

Example No. (1) : ( P-221, Example.5.4 )

Calculate the water influx at the third and fourth quarter years of production for
the reservoir shown in given figure. Use = 0.209, k = 275 md , = 0.25 cp ,
c
e
= 6 10
-6
psia
-1
, h = 19.2 ft , area of reservoir = 1216 ac ; estimated area of
aquifer = 250,000 ac ; = 180. ( M , 20 )


Boundary Pr and Q(t) at different time

Period
( t )
Time in day
( t)
Dimensionless
time ( t
D
)

Q ( t )*
P
B
, avg:
Boundary Pr.
psia
0 0 0 0.0 3793
1 91.3 15 10.0 3788
2 182.6 30 16.7 3774
3 273.9 45 22.9 3748
4 365.2 60 28.7 3709
5 456.5 75 34.3 3680
6 547.8 90 39.6 3643


Solution : Equivalent radius of the reservoir, r
R
=? ( against a fault )


1416 . 3 5 . 0
) (
2
2

=
ft reservoir of Area
r
R

=
1416 . 3 5 . 0
43560 1216

= 5807 ft.


For 91.3 days, t
D91.6

2
3
10 323 . 6
w e
r c
kt

=
=
2 6
3
) 5807 ( 10 6 25 . 0 209 . 0
3 . 91 275 10 323 . 6

= 15.0


30
6 . 128
=
D
t ; 45
9 . 273
=
D
t ; 66
2 . 365
=
D
t ; 75
5 . 456
=
D
t ; 90
8 . 547
=
D
t


psi P P P
i
5 . 2 ) 3788 3793 (
2
1
) (
2
1
1 1
= = =
psi P P P
i
5 . 9 ) 3774 3793 (
2
1
) (
2
1
2 2
= = =
psi P P P 20 ) 3748 3788 (
2
1
) (
2
1
3 1 3
= = =
psi P P P 5 . 32 ) 3709 3774 (
2
1
) (
2
1
4 2 4
= = =
psi P P P 0 . 34 ) 3680 3748 (
2
1
) (
2
1
5 3 5
= = =
psi P P P 0 . 33 ) 3643 3709 (
2
1
) (
2
1
6 4 6
= = =


Table-1: Water influx at the end of 3
rd
quarter of the year.

t
D
Q(t) P ) (t Q P
45 22.9 2.5 57.3
30 16.7 9.5 158.7
15 10.0 20.0 200.0


Table-2: Water influx at the end of 4
th
quarter of the year.

t
D
Q(t) P ) (t Q P
6 28.7 2.5 71.8
45 22.9 9.5 217.6
30 16.7 20.0 334.0
15 10.0 32.5 325.0
4 . 948 ) ( =

t Q P


Answer W
e
( 3
rd
quarter ) = B

) (t Q P = 435446 = 189300 bbl

W
e
( 4
th
quarter ) = B

) (t Q P = 455948.4 = 431500 bbl

Example No. (2): ( P-231, Example-5.5 )
Calculate the water influx constants and the initial oil in place using the general
material-balance equation by substituting the following data. ( S, 20 )

N
p

MM bbl

G
p


W
p


n


g


w


t
i
dt P P
0
) (
10.81 9567 0.230 12.91 0.01712 18.60 0.1479
13.66 12076 0.548 10.89 0.01471 15.42 0.2047
16.29 14400 1.030 9.30 0.01291 13.31 0.2718
18.56 16630 1.593 8.50 0.01193 12.11 0.3462

Solution

+ + =
t
i w p g p n p
dt P P k W G N N
0
) (
N = 10.8112.91 + 95670.01712 + 0.23018.60 18.600.1479k
= 307.62 2.751 k

N = 13.6610.89 + 120750.01471 + 0.54815.42 15.420.2047k
= 334.83 3.156 k

N = 16.299.30 + 144000.01291 + 1.03013.31 13.310.2718k
= 351.11 3.618 k

N = 18.568.50 + 166300.01193 + 1.59312.11 12.110.3462k
= 375.45 4.192 k


N = 307.62 2.751 k (A)
N = 334.83 3.156 k (B)
N = 351.11 3.618 k (C)
N = 375.45 4.192 k (D)

4N = 1369.01 13.717 k (E)

(A) 2.751 2.751 N = 846.26 7.568k
(B) 2.751 3.156 N = 1056.72 9.960k
(C) 2.751 3.618 N = 1270.32 13.090k
(D) 2.751 4.192 N = 1573.89 17.573k

13.717 N = 4747.14 48.191k (F)

(E)
4
717 . 13
13.717 N = 4694.68 47.039k
0 = 52.51 1.152k

k = 45.6 bbl/day/psi

Substituting the value of k = 45.6 bbl/day/psi into Eq (4)..
(A) 4N = 1369.01 13.717 k
= 1369.01 13.717 ( 45.6 )
=
4
515 . 743

= 185.88 MM bbl .


Example No. (3): ( P-256, Prob-5.8 )

Explain the steady-state water influx and unsteady-state water influx into a
reservoir by the help of hydraulic analog models. ( M, 20 marks)


Solution: Text book = " Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering "
Author = B.C. Craft and M.F.Hawkins
Chapter = 5 - Water Influx
Page = 206-208, para-2. Hydraulic Analogs of Water Influx
With Fig 5.1, 5.2, 5.3.


Example No. (4): (P-262, Example.6.1)

Calculate the datum level pressure, pressure gradients, and reservoir flow from
static pressure measurements in wells. ( M , 20 )

Given Data:
Distance between well = 1320 ft
True stratum thickness = 20 ft
Dip of stratum between wells = 8 37
Reservoir datum level = 7600 ft subsea
Reservoir fluid specific gravity = 0.693
Reservoir permeability = 145 md
Reservoir fluid viscosity = 0.32 cp
Well No.1 static pressure = 3400psia at 7720 ft subsea
Well No.2 static pressure = 3380psia at 7520 ft subsea


Solution:
Fluid pressure gradient P'= 0.433 (Sp.gr)
Reservoir fluid pressure gradient, P'= 0.433 (0.693)
P' = 0.4330.693 = 0.300 psi/ft








Figure









Take the datum level at 7600 ft
P
1
at 7600 ft datum = 3400-(7720-7600)0.3
= 3364 psia
P
2
at 7600 ft datum = 3380 + (7600-7520) 0.3
= 3404 psia
P
2
>P
1
, and P = P
2
-P
1

= 3404-3364 = 40 psia

The difference of 40 psi indicates that fluid is moving down dip (from well no.2
to well no.1) #
Distance (along the stratum) between well no.1 and well no.2 =
37' 8 cos
1
1320

= 1335 ft
Effective gradient (average) =
1335
40
= 0.030 psi/ft
The velocity of fluid in the stratum,
x
p
d
d

k
1.127 =
0.030
0.32
0.145
1.127 =
= 0.0153 bbl/day/sq-ft
= 5.6150.0153
= 0.086 ft/day #
Alternative Solution

Take the positive direction from well.1. to well.2.
Then (dip) = 8 37 + 90 = 98 37
Cos 98 37 = -0.1458
) cos 0.433
d
d
(

k
1.127
s
p
=
= ) ) 1458 . 0 ( 693 . 0 0.433
1335
3400 - 3380
(
0.32
0.145
1.127 -
= -0.051 (-0.015 + 0.045)
= -0.0153 bbl/day/sq-ft

Flow across the lease line, A q =
= 0.0153132020
= 404 res.bbl/day #


Example No.(5): ( P- 284,285,286)

A well has a diameter of 12 in and a drainage radius of 660ft. The sand which it
penetrates is 23 ft thick and contains unsaturated crude whose average viscosity above
bubble point is 1.60 cp, and
o
is 1.623 bbl/STB. The permeability of the formation to oil
is 53 md.
(a) If flowing fluid is incompressible fluid and flow condition is steady state, what
is the flowing rate under a 100 psia drawdown?
(b) If flowing fluid is compressible fluid and flow condition is steady state, what
is the flowing rate under a 100 psia drawdown? ( S, 10 )

Solution:

(a) For incompressible, steady state, radial flow

) /r (r ln
) P (P h k 7.08
q
w e o
w e
sc

=


) (660/12/12 ln 623 . 1 1.60
100 23 053 . 0 7.08

=


1854 . 7 623 . 1 1.60
100 23 053 . 0 7.08


=

= 46.254 STB/day

(b) For compressible, steady state, radial flow


| | 1/2 ) /r ln(r
) P (P h k 7.08
q
w e o
w e
sc

=



| |
716 . 49
1/2 12) ln(660/12/ 623 . 1 60 . 1
100 23 53 . 0 7.08
=


=

Difference percent between two flow conditions:

= 5 . 7 100
254 . 46
) 254 . 46 716 . 49 (
=

%


Example No.(6): ( P-232, Example 6.7)

Calculate the well condition before and after acidizing, by using pressure build-up
method (Honor's method ). ( M , 20 )

Given Data:
Before acidizing After acidizing
q
sc
= 280 STB/day q
sc
= 149 STB/day
P
wf
= 1123 psia P
wf
= 2300 psia
N
p
= 2682 STB
Reservoir data:
bbl/STB 1.31
o
= cp 20 =
h = 40 ft r
w
= 0.333 ft
10
c
= % r
e
= 660 ft
1 6
e
psi 10 15 C

=


Solution:
















Unsteady-state pressure build-up, Pseudoproducing time can be calculated as

hrs 230
280
24 2682
q
24 N
t
sc
p
=

=
Average permeability,
) P (P h 7.08
) /r ln(r q
k
w e
w e o sc
avg

=
Before acidizing


) 1123 (2680 40 7.08
33) ln(660/0.3 31 . 1 280
k
avg


=
= md 12.63
1557 40 7.08
7.592 2 1.31 280
=




m =170 psi/cycle (From graph)
P
e
= 2680 a psi (From graph)

Productivity Ratio (PR)

wf e
w e
P P
) /r log(r m 2
PR

=
=
1123 2680
) 333 . 0 / 660 log( 170 2

= 0.72

h m 6.15
q
k
o sc
e
=
=
40 170 15 . 6
0 . 2 31 . 1 280



= 0.0176 darcy
=17.6 md

P
1hr
= 2435 psia (Extrapolation)


2
w
o sc wf 1hr
r h c m 10.4
q
log 1.151
170
) P (P 1.151
S

=

0.111 40 0.10 10 15 170 10.4
1.31 280
log 1.151
170
) P (P 1.151
S
6
wf 1hr

=



= 8.883-1.151 log 31151.06 = 8.883 - 5.172
= + 3.71

Damage factor = (1 - PR) = 1-0.72 = + 0.28

After Acidizing


) P (P h 7.08
) /r ln(r q
k
wf e
w e o sc
avg

=

P
e
= 2490 psia (Extrapolation of graph)


) 2300 2490 ( 40 08 . 7
) 333 . 0 / 660 ln( 0 . 2 31 . 1 149


=
avg
k


190 40 08 . 7
592 . 7 0 . 2 31 . 1 149


=

= 0.055 darcys
= 55 md

m = 80 psi/cycle


wf e
w e
P P
) /r log(r m 2
PR

=
=
2300 2680
) 333 . 0 / 660 log( 80 2

= 1.39


h m 6.15
q
k
o sc
e
=
=
40 80 15 . 6
0 . 2 31 . 1 149




= 0.0198 darcys
= 19.8 md


2
w e
o sc wf 1hr
r h c m 10.4
q
log 1.151
m
) P (P 1.151
S

=

=
0.111 40 0.10 10 15 80 10.4
1.31 149
log 1.151
80
) 2300 (2350 1.151
6

= 0.179-5.23345

= - 4.514

Damage factor = 1- 1.39

= -0.39


These results indicate a successful acidizing.

Additional pressure drop due to formation damage:


h k
S B q
p
a
o sc
a
08 . 7

=

=
40 0176 . 0 08 . 7
71 . 3 0 . 2 31 . 1 280




= 546 psia


Example No.(7) : ( P- 420, Prob 7.2 )

The following permeability data were measured on a sand stone as a
function of its water saturation:

S
w
30 40 50 60 70 75 80
k
ro
0.94 0.80 0.44 0.16 0.045 0 0
k
rw
0 0.04 0.11 0.20 0.30 0.36 0.44

(a) What is the effective permeability ratio at water saturation ( S
w
)= 65% ?
(b) If
o
= 3.4 cp,
w
= 0.68 cp, B
o
= 1.50 bbl/STB , and B
w
= 1.05 bbl/STB, what
is the surface water cut of a well completed in the formation zone where water saturation
is 50 % ? ( M , 16 )


Solution : At S
w
= 40% , k
ro
= 0.80, and k
rw
= 0.04 ,
k
ro
/

k
rw
=
40 . 0
80 . 0
= 20

At S
w
= 70% , k
ro
= 0.045, and

k
rw
= 0.30 ,
k
ro
/

k
rw
=
3 . 0
045 . 0
= 0.15

We have ,
w
bS
w
o
ae
k
k

=

For S
w
= 40% ,
) 40 . 0 (
20
b
w
o
rw
ro
ae
k
k
k
k

= = = --------------------- (A)

For S
w
= 70% ,
) 70 . 0 (
15 . 0
b
w
o
rw
ro
ae
k
k
k
k

= = = --------------------- (B)

(B)/(A), then
) 40 (
) 70 (
20
15 . 0
b
b
ae
ae

=

0.0075 =
) 40 . 0 ( 70 . 0 b b
e



ln 0.0075 = -0.3 b
b = 16.31

thus , 0.15 = ae
-0.70 (16.31)

a = 0.15 e
11. 417

=13628

therefore , k
o
/ k
w
= ae
-bSw
becomes k
o
/ k
w
=13628 e
-16.31 Sw

for S
w
= 50% , k
o
/ k
w
= 13628 e
-16.31(0.5)

= 3.916

Surfacewatercut

f
w
=
o
w
o
w
w
o
B
B
k
k

+ 1
1
=
5 . 1
05 . 1
40 . 3
68 . 0
916 . 3 1
1
+


= 0.646


Example No.( 8 ) : ( P-364,365 )

Given the following reservoir data :
Reservoir throughput = 900 res. bbl / day
Cross-sectional of bed = 1320 ft. 20 ft.
Average porosity = 25%
Water viscosity = 0.8 cp
Oil viscosity = 1.6 cp
The constant b = 11.5

Suppose, the reservoir is under active water drive, then find the distance traveled
by 40% water saturation front after 65 days of commencing of water injection. The value
of k
o /
k
w
is 5.50 at 40% water saturation. ( M , 8 )

Solution:

The derivative ,
2
1
) / ( ) / (
) (
(

+
=

w
o
o
w
w o o w
Sw
w
w
k
k
k k b
S
f

2
% 40
5 . 5
6 . 1
8 . 0
1
50 . 5 5 . 11 ) 6 . 1 / 8 . 0 (
) (
(

+

=

w
w
S
f


= 2.25

Frontal advancement,
Sw
w
w
S
f
A
qt
x
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
615 . 5


) 25 . 2 (
20 1320 25 . 0
65 900 615 . 5


= x

=111.98
112-ft.






Example No.(9) : ( P-396, Tab 7.7 )

The following are short list of prediction of water flood performance of a
stratified reservoir of 100 ac-ft unit and 29-ft. thick.

Initial oil volume factor FVF = 1.215 , Porosity = 19.0 % ,
Connate water = 24 %
Recovery by primary depletion = 12.1 % , k
ro
= 0.80 , k
rw
= 0.20 ,

w
= 0.82 cp ,
o
= 4.34 cp ,
Oil volume factor after primary depletion = 1.073 Sweep efficiency = 0.85






h
j
k
j
k
j
h
j
k
j
h
j
R f
w
N
p
N
p
f

w
q
sc
(ft) (md) (md-ft) (md-ft) (fract) (STB) (STB) (STB/d)

1 776 776 776 0.226 0.204 9624 9624 0.000 93.2
2 454 1230 908 0.361 0.312 ( i ) ( ii ) 0.192 75.3
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
15 127 1187 1905 ( iii ) ( iv ) ( v ) 1660 ( vi ) ( vii )
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
29 16 5075 464 1.0 1.0 ( viii ) 809 0.998 0.20

Then fill up the blanks of above table with appropriate data obtained by
necessary calculations. ( M, 20 )

Solution: Oil saturation after primary depletion,

) 1 ( ) 1 (
w
oi
o
p
op
S
B
B
N
N
S =

= (1-0.121) ) 24 . 0 1 (
215 . 1
073 . 1


= 0.59

Recoverable oil by complete flooding of 100 ac-ft unit


073 . 1
) 225 . 0 59 . 0 ( 19 . 0 100 7758
=
pf
N

= 50100 STB

Expected recovery,

For the blank ( viii ) N
p
= Sweep Efficiency N
pf

= 0.85 50100
= 42585 STB

For the blank ( i ) N
p
at 2
nd
strata, N
p
= R 42585
= 0.361 42585
= 15373 STB

For the blank ( ii ) N
p
= 15373 9624
= 5749 STB.

c
t
= 5075
,
h
j
k
j
=15127 , c
15
= 4187 , h
t
k
j
= 29127

For the blank ( iii ) ,
127 29
) 4187 5075 ( 127 15

+
= R = 0.758
For the blank ( iv ) ,
) (
j t j
j
w
c c Ac
Ac
f
+
= ,

where ,
o
ro
rw
w
o
B
k
k
A

=

= 073 . 1
80 . 0
20 . 0
82 . 0
34 . 4
= 1.42


) 4187 5075 ( 4187 42 . 1
4187 42 . 1
+

=
w
f

= 0.870


For the blank ( v ) , N
p
= R N
pt


= 0.758 42585
= 32279 STB


For the blank ( vi ) ,
) (
'
'
'
j t j
j
w
c c c A
c A
f
+
=

where ,
o
w
w
o
k
k
A

=
'


=
80 . 0
20 . 0
82 . 0
34 . 4
= 1.323


) (
'
'
'
j t j
j
w
c c c A
c A
f

=

=
) 4187 5075 ( 4187 323 . 1
4187 323 . 1



= 0.8614
For the blank (vii)
o
w
sc
B
f
q
) 1 ( 100
'

=
=
073 . 1
) 862 . 0 1 ( 100
= 12.9 STB / day


Example No.(10) : ( P- 380,381,382,383 )

A volumetric reservoir has an initial pressure of 3000psia and a saturation
pressure of 2500 psia . The reservoir pressure is declined to 50 psia . The reservoir
pressures and corresponding GORs are given . Other required data at 1300psia and 1500
psia are given below. Calculate the oil recovery and GOR at 1300 psia by using Tarner's
method . ( S , 20 )

Pressure
psia
2500 2300 2100 1900 1700 1500 1300
GOR
SCF/STB
650 618 586 553 885 1361 ?

Connate water saturation , S
w
= 22 % , Initial oil formation volume factor , B
oi
=1.315
At 1300 psia ,
Formation volume factor , B
o
= 1.233 , Solution GOR, R
s
= 450 , Gas formation
volume factor , B
g
= 0.001616 bbl / SCF,
n
= 2.097 ,
g
= 0.0067
At 1500 psia ,
N
p
= 0.094769 STB , G
p
= 72.56 SCF

Solution: Draw a graph of Reservoir. pr vs GORs. Extrapolate the curve to 1300 psia
and the corresponding GOR should be read as 2100 SCF/STB.






Figure










Given GOR at 1500 psia = 1361 SCF / STB

Avg. GOR at 1300 psia , R
'
avg
=
2
'
k
j
R R +


= 1730
2
2100 1361
=
+
SCF / STB


gk p avg pj nk p pj
N R G N N + + + = ) ( ) ( 1


1= ( 0.094769+N
p
) 2.097 + ( 72.56 + 1730.5 N
p
) 0.0067
= 13.691 N
p
+ 0.6847

N
p
=
691 . 13
6847 . 0 1
= 0.02303

N
p
at 1300 psia = 0.094769 + 0.0203

= 0.1178

Oil recovery at 1300 psia, = 100
1
1178 . 0
x = 11.78%

Oil saturation at 1300 psia, S
o
= (1-
N
N
p
) ) 1 (
w
oi
o
S
B
B


S
o
= ) 22 . 0 1 (
315 . 1
233 . 1
)
1
1178 . 0
1 (

= 0.8822 x 0.9376 x 0.78

= 0.6452

S
o+w
= 0.6452 + 0.22 = 0.8652

From fig 7.12 , S
o+w
= 0.8652
o
g
K
K
= 0.0208

R
k
= B
o
B
g
x
s
g
o
o
g
R x
K
K
+

= 1.233 x
01616 . 0
1
x 0.0208 x 102.61 + 450

= 2078.45 SCF/ STB

Cumulative gas production, G
p
= G + R
avg
N
p



G
p
= 72.56 + (
2
1361 45 . 2078 +
) x 0.02303
= 112.17

We have , 1 = N
p

n
+ G
p

g


Let RHS = x
x = N
p

n
+ G
p

g

= 0.1178 2.097 + 112.17 0.0067
= 0.9985
LHS = 1
Therefore LHS RHS

If the results is unsatisfied, then recalculate with R

k
= 2078.5 .

R'
avg
=
2
5 . 2078 1361+

= 1719.725

1 = ( 0.094769 + N
p
) 2.097 + ( 72.56 + 1719.725 N
p
) 0.0067
1 = 0.6847 + 13.62 N
p

N
p
= (1 - 0.6847 ) / 13.62
= 0.02315

N
p
at 1300 psia , = 0.094769 + 0.02315
= 0.11792

Therefore , oil recovery at 1300 psia = 11.792 %

S
o
= ( 1- ) 22 . 0 1 (
315 . 1
233 . 1
)
1
11792 . 0
= 0.6451

S
o+w
= 0.6451 + 0.22 = 0.8651

From Fig 7.12 , S
o+w
= 0.8651 corresponds to 02081 . 0 =
o
g
k
k
, and 61 . 102 =
g
o

R
k
= 1.233 ( 1/ 0.001616 ) 0.02081 102.61 + 450
= 2079.09

G
p
= 72.56 + 02315 . 0
2
01 . 2079 1361

+

= 112.378 SCF

Again , 1 = N
p
n + G
p

g

N
p
n + G
p

g
= 0.11792 2.097 + 112.378 0.0067
= 1.00023

LHS = RHS


Therefore : Oil recovery at 1300 psia = 11.792 %
GOR at 1300 psia = 2079.01





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