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New ASCE Standard for

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Seismic Design of Piers and
Wharves
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Presented by:
Gayle Johnson
H l I
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Halcrow, Inc.
Oakland, CA
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October 20, 2010
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Agenda Agenda
Background / history of standards
Why we are where we are
Whats comingg
Potential impact to the marine industry Potential impact to the marine industry
ASCE Standards Committee ASCE Standards Committee
Formed in 2005
National committee of >40 professionals National committee of > 40 professionals
Owners, consultants, and academics
Geographically diverse
Heavy geotechnical emphasis y g p
Includes loading and design details specific to
marine structures
Funding by US Navy
O t ib W t B ildi k Our tribe: Were great Building guys suck.
What will these new standards do? What will these new standards do?
Codify current practice of performance-based
seismic design seismic design
National consensus document
Build on work done by others specifically for Build on work done by others specifically for
the marine industry
C lif i St t L d C i i (MOTEMS) California State Land Commission (MOTEMS)
Port of Los Angeles
Port of Long Beach Port of Long Beach
PIANC
Why is this necessary ? Why is this necessary ?
Billions of dollars of construction in seismic regions
P f b d d i b i d ti l Performance-based design being used routinely on
a project basis
Existing marine codes have limited standing Existing marine codes have limited standing
Conventional building codes still often take
precedence precedence
Enforcement by local building officials
Conventional code development controlled by
building designers
Major changes to those codes
Code Development Code Development 2 separate paths 2 separate paths
Building Industry
Marine Industry
Model Codes Individual Criteria
by Building Designers
by Owners and
Marine Engineers
Minimum Standards
for Life Safety
for Economics and
Life Safety
Marine Industry Historic Practice Marine Industry Historic Practice
Through 1980s equivalent lateral force methods mostly
AASHTO based
Lateral force often specified, not calculated for each project
using R values, site factors, etc.
E h j (POLA POLB POAK) h i i i Each major port (POLA, POLB, POAK) set their own criteria
POLA 1981 used V = 0.12 W
Performance Performance--based design based design
PSHAs common b mid 1980s PSHAs common by mid-1980s
Two level design
Port of Oakland Example Port of Oakland Example
L1: 20% in 50 years (240 year RP)
7% damping
0.35g PGA
0.95g Spectral peak
Divide spectral peak by risk factor of 8
L2: 50% in 50 years (72 year RP)
5% damping
0.25g PGA g
0.65g Spectral peak
Use risk factor of 4 (ductility before spalling)
Smaller L2 earthquake governs design (V = 0.16 W) q g g ( )
1994 Port of Oakland Design 1994 Port of Oakland Design
1999 Port of Oakland Design 1999 Port of Oakland Design
2003 Port of Oakland Design 2003 Port of Oakland Design
Were the low return periods unconservative ??? Were the low return periods unconservative ???
Compare mid-80s Oakland design to a design using 1985
UBC
V = ZIKCSW
Z = Zone factor (1.0 is highest for Zone 4) ( g )
I = Importance factor (1.0)
K = Factor for building type (0.67 for ductile moment resisting
frame) frame)
CS Coefficients where CS need not exceed 0.14
Express as ultimate load by applying a 1.4 factor p ess as ut ate oad by appy g a acto
V = 0.13W
Less than the smaller L2 earthquake using the Port of Less than the smaller L2 earthquake using the Port of
Oakland internal criteria
Current marine industry seismic design practice Current marine industry seismic design practice
Performance based design
Ports of Los Angeles Long Beach Oakland Ports of Los Angeles, Long Beach, Oakland
MOTEMS for California Oil Terminals (State
Law in 2006))
PIANC
Two level earthquake
No damage level in small event
No collapse and repairable in large event
Deformation based criteria
Pushover analyses
Code Development Code Development 2 separate paths 2 separate paths
Building Industry
Marine Industry
Model Codes Individual Criteria
by Building Designers
by Owners and
Marine Engineers
Minimum Standards
for Life Safety
for Economics and
Life Safety
Meanwhile: Meanwhile:
Building Codes Building Codes The Early Days The Early Days Building Codes Building Codes The Early Days The Early Days
Through 1997: Through 1997:
Three model building codes adopted by building
officials in US officials in US
Note: Not all ports subject to local building
official jurisdiction j
Dominated by UBC / SEAOC Blue Book
Nonbuilding structures added in 1988 g
No specific reference to piers and wharves
World domination by building designers World domination by building designers
Post 1997:
Consolidation of 3 US Model Building Codes
into IBC
FEMA Sponsored National Earthquake Hazards
R d ti P (NEHRP) Reduction Program (NEHRP)
ASCE 7 becomes focal point
Different sponsoring organizations
Similar but not identical documents Similar, but not identical, documents
Many of the same authors
Major changes to codes Major changes to codes not benign not benign
Some due to lessons learned, many changes
for the sake of change
Huge expansion of nonbuilding structures
Conflicts with existing industry practices and
standards (not just piers and wharves)
Major changes to ground motion definitions
Biggest effect outside of California
2000 NEHRP 2000 NEHRP
2003 NEHRP 2003 NEHRP
Task Committee of industry engineers
A dd f b d d i Attempt to add performance-based design
Crashed and burned
2003 NEHRP 2003 NEHRP
ASCE 7 ASCE 7--05 05
Why was performance Why was performance- -based design rejected ? based design rejected ?
Two level performance criteria
L l f h ki / i d i d Levels of shaking / return periods viewed as
unconservative
Consistent risk vs. life-safety
Displacement based design not understood
Inconsistency in building code geotechnical
requirements not appreciated, not a big deal
for buildings
Performance Criteria Performance Criteria
ASCE 7 / IBC
Historically was single earthquake
475 t i d 475 year return period
Life safety only
Now Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) q ( )
2,500 year RP with deterministic cap
Allegedly for collapse prevention
Design Earthquake Design Earthquake
2/3 MCE
Life Safety
Really a single-level earthquake design for 2/3 MCE
Performance at higher level is presumed due to implied factors
of safetyfor buildings of safety for buildings
Why change the 475 year return period ? Why change the 475 year return period ?
Increase ground shaking in Eastern US
2%i 50 2% in 50 years
Keep actual design values for California about
the same the same
2/3 factor
J ifi d b i h 1 f f f J ustified by inherent 1.5 factor of safety
Charleston, SC
Site Class D
1.2
0.8
1.0
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
g
)
04
0.6
r
a
l

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
0.2
0.4
S
p
e
c
t
r
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Period (sec) Period (sec)
2/3 NEHRP USGS-10% in 50 Years
Oakland Outer Harbor Wharf, CA
Site Class D
12
1.4
1.0
1.2
a
t
i
o
n

(
g
)
0.6
0.8
a
l

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
0.2
0.4
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Period (sec)
2/3 NEHRP USGS-10% in 50 Years
Port industry issues with changes Port industry issues with changes
Accelerations / forces can be scaled, displacements
are not linear
Massive ground failures occur in 2,500 year event that
dont occur at 500 years
Cant just scale those events by 2/3
Hard to distinguish between damage states for life-
f t d ll ti safety and collapse prevention
Inherent 1.5 FS is only for buildings
Difference between life-safety and collapse is Difference between life-safety and collapse is
meaningless
Life safety hasnt been an issue
Never have addressed lessons learned in ports
1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake
1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake
1995 Kobe Earthquake 1995 Kobe Earthquake
1995 Kobe Earthquake 1995 Kobe Earthquake
1995 Manzanillo, Mexico Earthquake 1995 Manzanillo, Mexico Earthquake
1995 Manzanillo, Mexico Earthquake 1995 Manzanillo, Mexico Earthquake
1999 Turkey Earthquake 1999 Turkey Earthquake
1999 Turkey Earthquake 1999 Turkey Earthquake
2004 Indonesia Earthquake / Tsunami 2004 Indonesia Earthquake / Tsunami
New Standards New Standards
S i i f Seismic Hazard Level and Performance Level
Operating Level Earthquake
(OLE)*
Contingency Level
Earthquake (CLE)*
Design Earthquake (DE)
Design
Classification
Ground
Motion
Probability of
Exceedance
Performance
Level
Ground
Motion
Probability of
Exceedance
Performance
Level
Seismic
Hazard
Level
Performance
Level
Exceedance Exceedance
High
50% in
50 years
Minimal
Damage
10% in 50
years
Controlled
and
Repairable
as per
ASCE-7
Life Safety
Protection
(72 year RP)
Damage
(475 year RP)
Repairable
Damage
ASCE 7 Protection
M d t / /
20% in 50
years
Controlled
and as per
Life Safety
Moderate n/a n/a
y
(225 year RP)
and
Repairable
Damage
as per
ASCE-7
Life Safety
Protection
Low n/a n/a n/a n/a
as per
ASCE-7
Life Safety
Protection
Does higher RP = more conservative ? Does higher RP = more conservative ?
ASCE 7
2 500 year return period / non collapse 2,500 year return period / non-collapse
2/3 of that motion / life-safety
Lots of design coefficients e.g. Rfactor Lots of design coefficients e.g. R factor
ASCE Piers and Wharves
Lower return periods
Controlled and repairable damage g
Failure is more functional and economical
No real difference between life-safety and
ll collapse
Tests at Oregon State University Tests at Oregon State University
Tests at University of Washington Tests at University of Washington
Tests at University of Washington Tests at University of Washington
1.75 % Drift
9%
Drift
Advantages to industry specific standards Advantages to industry specific standards
Address common structural configurations
Irregularities
Sloping foundations
Battered piles
Strong beam/ weak column Strong beam / weak column
Actual loading conditions
Kinematic
Mooring and berthing
Code developers who work in the industry
Building designers think they know best
Standing as ASCE Mandatory Standard
Address issues like structural detailing
Whats next ? Whats next ?
Standard to be balloted this year
L h bli i Lengthy public review process
Best case published late 2011
Over time gain national standing and
acceptance by building officials
Continued application by marine industry
Acknowledgements Acknowledgements
Bob Harn Berger ABAM
A l A l li E h M h i Arul Arulmoli Earth Mechanics
Omar J aradat Moffatt & Nichol
Nate Lemme U.S. Navy
Questions ? Questions ?