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    Classification of Rivers

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    John Wesley
    Rivers can be classified based on their topography and characteristics. Rivers in hilly or mountainous upper reaches can be either incise or rocky stage, with steep slopes and rapids, or boulder river stage, with a mix of large rocks that shift the river channel. Rivers in lower alluvial plains and flood plains are characterized by meandering, where the river erodes the outer bank of each bend and deposits sediment on the inner bank or between bends. These rivers can be aggrading by collecting sediment, degrading by scouring their bed, stable with minimal changes, or deltaic as they divide into branches forming a delta shape when reaching the sea. Tidal rivers near the ocean are affected by the

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    Classification of Rivers

    Uploaded by

    John Wesley
    185 views3 pages
    Rivers can be classified based on their topography and characteristics. Rivers in hilly or mountainous upper reaches can be either incise or rocky stage, with steep slopes and rapids, or boulder river stage, with a mix of large rocks that shift the river channel. Rivers in lower alluvial plains and flood plains are characterized by meandering, where the river erodes the outer bank of each bend and deposits sediment on the inner bank or between bends. These rivers can be aggrading by collecting sediment, degrading by scouring their bed, stable with minimal changes, or deltaic as they divide into branches forming a delta shape when reaching the sea. Tidal rivers near the ocean are affected by the

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    Introduction on the various types of Rivers available

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    Rivers can be classified based on their topography and characteristics. Rivers in hilly or mountainous upper reaches can be either incise or rocky stage, with steep slopes and rapids, or boulder river stage, with a mix of large rocks that shift the river channel. Rivers in lower alluvial plains and flood plains are characterized by meandering, where the river erodes the outer bank of each bend and deposits sediment on the inner bank or between bends. These rivers can be aggrading by collecting sediment, degrading by scouring their bed, stable with minimal changes, or deltaic as they divide into branches forming a delta shape when reaching the sea. Tidal rivers near the ocean are affected by the

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    185 views3 pages

    Classification of Rivers

    Uploaded by

    John Wesley
    Rivers can be classified based on their topography and characteristics. Rivers in hilly or mountainous upper reaches can be either incise or rocky stage, with steep slopes and rapids, or boulder river stage, with a mix of large rocks that shift the river channel. Rivers in lower alluvial plains and flood plains are characterized by meandering, where the river erodes the outer bank of each bend and deposits sediment on the inner bank or between bends. These rivers can be aggrading by collecting sediment, degrading by scouring their bed, stable with minimal changes, or deltaic as they divide into branches forming a delta shape when reaching the sea. Tidal rivers near the ocean are affected by the

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    CLASSIFICATION OF RIVERS

    (a) ON THE BASIS OF TOPOGRAPHY OF THE RIVER BASIN


    (i) Rivers in Hills (Upper Reaches)
    (ii) Rivers in Alluvial Plains / Flood Plains (Lower Reaches)
    Rivers in Hills: The river generally takes o ro! the !ountains and low through the
    hill regions "eore reaching the plains# These upper reaches o the rivers !ay "e
    ter!ed as Rivers in Hills# Further they are su"$divided into%
    &# 'ncised or Rocky River stage
    (# )oulder River stage
    Roc! S"a#e or Incise$ River S"a#e % 'n this type* the low channel is generally
    or!ed "y the process o degradation# The sedi!ent transported in this reach is oten
    dierent ro! the river "ed !aterial* since !ost o it co!es ro! the catch!ents due to
    soil erosion# The river reaches are highly steep with swit low and or!ing rapids along
    their courses# The "eds and "anks o such rivers are less suscepti"le to erosion#
    Bo&l$er River S"a#e + The river "ed in this reaches consists o a !i,ture o "oulders
    (rocks with &- inch dia)* gravels and alluvial sand deposits created "y it sel# .uring a
    lood the "oulders and gravels are transported downstrea!* "ut as the lood su"sides
    the !aterials get deposited in !asses# The water then una"le to shit these heaps* go
    round the! and the channel oten wanders in new directions* oten attacking the "anks
    and conse/uently widening the "ed#
    Rivers in All&vial Floo$ Plains: The chie characteristics o these river reaches is the
    0ig$0ag way in which they low* which is called as !eandering# They !eander reely
    ro! one "ank to another and carry sedi!ent which is si!ilar to the "ed !aterial# The
    !aterials get eroded constantly ro! the concave "ank (outer edge) o the "end and
    gets deposited either on the conve, side (inner edge) o the successive "ends or
    "etween two successive "ends#
    &# Aggrading
    (# .egrading
    1# 2ta"le
    3# .eltic
    A##ra$in# or Accre"in# T!'e % i the river is collecting sedi!ent and is "uilding up its
    "ed* it is called aggrading or an accreting type river# 't is an silting river which increases
    its "ed slope#The silting !ay "e due to heavy sedi!ent load* construction o an
    o"struction across the river such as da! or weir* sudden intrusion o sedi!ent ro! a
    tri"utary% etc#
    (e#ra$in# T!'e % ' the river "ed is constantly getting scoured to reduce and dissipate
    availa"le e,cess land scope* then the river is known as a degrading river#
    S"a)le T!'e % A river which does not change its align!ent* slope and its regi!e
    signiicantly is called as sta"le river# The "ehavior o a particular reach depends !ainly
    upon the variations o silt si0e as well as the /uantity and low discharge with ti!e#
    (el"ic Rivers + A river "eore it 4oins the sea* gets
    divided into "ranches* thus or!ing a 5 shaped delta#
    As the river approaches the sea* its velocity is reduced*
    and conse/uently the channel gets silted and water
    level rises resulting in spills and eventual or!ations o
    new channels# These "ranches !ultiply in their nu!"er as the river approaches the
    sea#
    Ti$al Rivers + The tail reaches o the rivers ad4oining the oceans are aected "y the
    tides in the ocean# The ocean water enters the river during the lood tide and goes out
    into the ocean during e"" tide (The period "etween high tide and low tide during which
    water lows away ro! the shore* also called falling tide). These rivers undergo*
    periodical rise and all in its water level

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