COURSE CODE: SVI 352

COURSE TITLE: HYDROLOGY AND HYDROMETR

TERMS:
1. HYDROLOGY: This is the study of the distribution and movement of water both on and below the
earth’s surface, as well as the impact of human activities
on be avai
and Conditions. Thus it is the Science that is with the
Scientific sturfy of the movement, distribution, and ensnarjement of on earth and other planels, incl
water
Circle
including
the water
HYDROMETRY: This is the science that incelices the moniting and measurement of the Components of
water cycle and Including rainfall, water quality and ground tocour characteristics, as well as flow
characteristics of surface water." _on the monitoring of the natural precipitation of water Such as tain, and
the changs of water level in all kinds of natural such as lakes,
It focuses
loster resources
rivers, Underground or storage
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reservoir
3. RIVER MORPHOLOGY: This is the song that deals with Changes tiver farms in plain and cross-
sections, which results because of erosion are sedimentation process. It deals with the dynamics of
sediment as it concerns ( deposit remont, and the resultant shape forme of
tion or
A RIVER MORPHEMETRY: Morphemetry deals with the measurements of different aspects of rand
Channel
•1(6)
Svi 352
RIVER MORPHOLOGY AND REGULATION fiver morphology is the study rare shape while river
morpho- the measurement of river channels. By extension, both terms are wed to connote
・metry
Shape
Charac-
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teristics, whether in plan or in the vertical plane. Morphologic
Studies of river
channels have
on
hitherto been concentrated
natural chamal arrangement,. types and bedforms which are Meandering, Braided, straight, Straight-
Sumulating.
Lontary,
Deltaic-distri- Reticulate,
Anabranching,
antar send floodplain, while!! my work has dealt
with meandring, braided,
Straight These types
It chamels and floodplains. will be chiefly discussed. in what follows meandering chan is being frist used
to explain some. of the principles involved.
MEANDERING - Meanders are Simons bends A curve in the Cour of a river colich Contimondly Swings
frome. side to side in wide loops, as it progresse. the meander is continually bering. gcentrated or given
more force Loy The river itselfi Meandering is cause obstacles which included speriations. Cohesiveness
by
the
Z.
alleruim.
The attributes of a meandering channel include a amplitude, waing length and radius see
figz
"steel" at one
time common a great deal of
attention, is not greatly considered!
now days.
Reduis
Crude measure
simee
na
Sonacishat
channel curvature,
meander bends tend to assume
the form of Sine-based weaves, rather
than that of ancs
length
cicles Wave-
is funder significant
es
(former
Course
fis & Amsandering pattern
•pecially in relation to beckwith and to discharge Variations in the width/depth ratto ensure that the
one wavelength
不
amplitude
COMPL
wavelength / width ratio is also variable
but on
many
Streams the wardleigh
is between 8 and 12 times the. bed with
A meandering channel is asy- mmetric in cross-section at bends, the greatest depths occuring
near
the outer banks is the concoure side. is the pool. Between bends it is more Symmetrical, and shallower is
the riffle the at the bands are pools while the deeps Shallows between bends are riffles.
convex side is the
Mean tablishin ppears to begin with
the
Sequence. Just as the development of a pool and riffle of phoot and riffle indicates that I uniform bed-
scope is unstable,. So does the side to Side Swing which produces meanders indicate that straight trace is
unstable. BRAIDED When river
Cameo
2
heavy load some of which deposited on it's bed. This may produce mounds which divide the
river into several channels. When this happens the river is said to be braided. Braided channels have mand
greater width depth ratios. Phan have meandering or other single channels. It has the highest
flow
velocities, which occur close the water.
Ide
Cause
Surface, are also close to the bed in braided channels. Braided channels are associated with mobile
Stream beds. One poss Shollowning, and braiding is weakness of widening, the banks. See fig 3 belor. If
these are incohesive, collapsing so rapidly that they force the channel to become
fig.
("Meandering reach braiche of reach.
K
wider and shallower, braiding can
result.
To help to explain a case of braiding is that where a meandering stream. Converts to the braided habit, in
the downstream direction. It can do this
f to floodplain alluvium is underloin by Coarse materials such as older. attuvium deposited by a former
larger stream, and especially deep at unusually sharp If one or more pools an
hend austurted bends. The
bar thrown
up immediately downstream of a deep pool
and share band splits the channel into two. Each B the divided channels. inco less efficient than the single
channel which it partly replaces, Simply bean.com it is smaller. Repeated subdivision in this fashion can
convent a meandering into & braided trace.
·STRAIGHT - Truly Straight channel. channels scarcely exist outside the Caboratory, except where a
headwater formly held on the line
Stresieve voo.
if a fault.
STRAIGHT-STIMULATING I this is class of streams with vagular traces is a mixture of odd things into
which is stuffed patterns not other
wife classified
The
DELTAIC DISTRIBUTARY — is securing in special conditions indicated by their to to the title, further
characteristics. with seltaic-distributary are some are nitebly meandering while others FLOODPLAIN —
flood plains are
are straight.
liable to flooding. At plain bordering river, which has been formed from deposits Sodiments carried down
by the river. Whenativer rises and rflows its bank, the water
over.
spreads over the floodplain, a
buyer of Sediment is deposited at exchod, so that the flood plain gradually roses. It is usually highest
raised
hear the river, at the natural Leeve. Leeve are naturally. banks bordering the damel. A river flood plain
results from the Storage of Sediment within and adjacent. to the river channel. Turo processe are
involved; the first accumulation of sediments within Loving river channel: Sediment
The moving.
principal
eg. on the
is commonly deposited. slip of slopes, on the inside meander bends to produce point-bars. As in the
direction. outside of the bend, think grow and the floodplain
10. flin resmi.
the
point bar
gratas
Q
point-
is increased. Much of the sediment is only temporary stored in wer and it may be moved further
downstream from time to time. This type of within channel Accumulatan. which can occur at any point
along. the valley is manity associated with bank full discharges. Secondly Suspended sediment Carried by
over bank discharges across the valling floor. mays settle and provide a further increment Sediment. 1of
floodplain
RIVER GAUGING AND DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS
GAUGES
A
gange
‫م‬
a
7
device installed on the river bank. to enable water levels to love.
measured. All gauges classified as either recording. non recording.
continous
Recording ganges level. Non red
require
the
draw a
gras dus ganged de
of the fluctuations an observer who
and records the level.
at itervals.
Regardless of the type of gauge employed; it should be located solas as confirm to the following
Specifications:
It's support should be rigid and min- ovable so that the elevation of the datum is unlikely to change. (5) It
should be as consitive as possible. in other words it should located where the greatest range of
fluctuations in level securs (c) It should be in a so that destruction Spot action or other floating debris. is
unlikely (1). It should be easily accessible and readable at all levels and under all Conditions.
protected
boy flowel.
(e) The gauge must be connected to Ravin fixed Level (bench mark).
f) line. gange another streamry near enough to buy. affected by bad water from that
Should never be located
upstr
from
junction with
stream. It should not be located. within the in influence of
↑ from a hydroelectric
badwater
plant.
NOW RECORDING GAUGES (MANUAL GAUGES) Non recording ganges are of four. general typed
(2) staff,
Weight
(c) float
(D).ho
(a) Staff Gauges - Staff ganges are either vertical or inclured and oure. ustrally located at near water edge
to be easily readable and readily access tale to the observer. Vertical staff ganges may be either metal or
wood although the are much to be preferred.... colour: White on blue or black on
1
former.
yellow. The staff is usually graduates Com the foundation should be. firmly secured Inclined staffs are
usually made
wood and are securely anchored
Concrete
piers that extend well bons, the frost line to prevent a Change in datum through frost action
Inclined
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Vertical
Advantages (a) Simple ().Gleep wristallation, operation and Disadvantages.
maintanance
gauge reader
(a) Reliability depends. possible errors of observation and recording
(b) Difficult to detect errors (C) Due to periodical readings, quick change of water levels 5 not recorded.
-actual WiL. Variation.
Recorded W..
Variation
2. Weight Gauges
gauge box
A weight gauge It consists of
D
Q
is illustrated a love
weight Wattached
to the end of graduated tape, Chain
or where I the tape T is passed over.
the pulleys
is 1ft long and graduated in tenths.
When The real R
released the wei
Sht
is lowered to
js P and the scale. S. whic the tape is The water surface only. mark plus the tenth appearing the scale
directly beneath the foot. mark. The weight gauge is placed.
on
one foot.
on
an established datum to determine
and
the water level. the staff gange..
tages
advantag
are as
disadvan de the advan Cages, for is that weight gange.
box can be
one
the
only
added
used on more than.
gange station.
(3) Float Gauges :-
Tape
Iweight
float
Water levels.
A float gauge Corests of a float and
a counter weight connected by tape.
were coldle of Chain that passes over
Q
end
Pulley.
located near the upper vertically graduated scale todour of thing gauge reading is ind- peated on the scale
by an index,
maker on
the taper,
cable or chain
the float must be enclosed in a
Stilling.
well which Consists of vertical box made of timber or Concrete and leaving holes
the
Sides to permit water stand at the
Same level inside and outside.
bout seldo
(4) Hook gauges used in river ganging Are the most accurate because the accuracy attached.
not justified in view of the difficulty
un making the readings.
RECORDING GAUGES A continous recordi either lay
a conturous line on
12
is obstained
grajah
paper or by a sequence of drite
and prinches. Recording,
have so many ordiantages Love
the non-recordin
the auth
types
"I that
wed more and
The principal advantages are:-
personal equation is almost.. entirely eliminated. In disagreatl weather or at times when the
observer
12
the...
a
of a non-recording gauge
busy with other matters, there
strong temptation not to read
& gauge for consideratole periods at and then he will attempt
to interpolate the missing values.
way the refine
Authenticity of records. be questionalde at times. A hon-record if gauge is usually
a
read by the deserver once or twice
day especially
on smaller streams,
large flisactions may occur between readings this the hydrograph from daily gainge reading does
discharges
by plotting
obstained not represent the true picture of
the actual behaviour of the Streano.
there
are two types of recording
13
gauges.
& Float actuated
@ Actuated
by Hydrostatic pressure
(1)FLOAT ACTUATED the vertical"
movement
thie
q a movement on
float followsing the
mitted into
Changes in water level are trans reduced scale of
Q
a recordar pen.
The sensitivity of the recorder depends
on float diameter
Shelter
trouse
Recorder
Transmission
W.L
Float
Weight -stelling well.
Plost Activated Recorder.
Station
Stelling Well it to prevent action of
waves and debris the float is generally,
placed in stilling well. See fig.
above
The stilling well would be made of
5th that has
14
0
Concrete rings, fumber or stack (Corrig- ated or oil drums) At least two ction with the stream. One pape.
intake
pipes
Shawdd
provide Conne- Should be placed well below the should not be too large. have action "the" Stilling well.
L.L.W. The diameter
to
Pipe
prevent.
should be placed in the Stream or in
the bank and should have a well-
constructed foundation.
the bottom of the well should be
about 30cm
lower that the lowest
take pipe to prevent silting ups. To
check
\possible Setting
and to assure
the proper setting of the float, an
Staff gauge should be placed insiale
and outride the stilling well. which indicates.
Transmission. Generally the float
actuates a
Stylus
the reduced level in the roll chart
the required reduction of the
thre
relatively large movement float to relatively small scale the chart is affected by system Recording "the
recording could be based on two principles: (2) the writing mechanism (stylus) is
of pulleys..
tume-controlled and moves with a constant velocity of the drum which.
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on its turn is actuated by the float
See fg below
30
Time
controlled
fic
stylus
Transmission
(i) the chart is time controlled and the
Stylus actuated by the float.
Fig
Transmission
Tonne Contrilled
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PRESSURE ACTUATED :-
The principle.
is based on the Changes in pressure.
in a submerged point in the Stream Pressure could
dive to changes of water level.
Changes in water
be measured (a) with a diaphragm
(b) with a bubble orifice.
Pressure is measured with
Mis crometer, which actuates the stylus.
of the are corder. Sensit
the order of Imon
the
tivity
Pressure actuated recorder.
gauge has the advantage that it
heeds
по
stilling well and recording.
could be done for from the measur
ing site,
the recording ganges have
following choadvantages.
is therefore expensive
(4) they need more skilled personnel
for operation and maintanance.
(e) they are more vulperable.
CREST GAUGES
Crest or
flood indicator gauges
are installed to assess the highest
water level which occurred during
Blood
period (eg flod season). They
are often used in remote
areas
17
reading of the
maccessible dining the flood season. they give onlyy highest flood level over the period. Types of Crest
gauge.
installed
(1) Griffin Gainges.
‫بقعه‬
Screwed.
Vent
Fig
Incise hole
A worden graduated stick is
placed in an fron tube closed on top
by a screw cap and with botten!!
inbat the wooden stick is either pointed with coluble paint or preces:
Cork are
the tube.
placed on the bottom of
the level of the dissolved paint
67
Cork
the first case and the level indicates the highest flood made.
Stuck on the stick in the other case
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