Advance in Electronic and Electric Engineering.

ISSN 2231-1297, Volume 4, Number 3 (2014), pp. 285-296

Research India Publications
http://www.ripublication.com/aeee.htm



Literature Review on Solar MPPT Systems


Kumaresh.V, Mridul Malhotra, Ramakrishna N and SaravanaPrabu.R


Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Amrita University,
Amritanagar, Coimbatore, India


Abstract

Use of electricity is increasing day by day. The electricity finds its
application in all the domains. Converting solar energy into electrical
energy is one of the best ways to reduce fossil fuel consumption.
Owing to the cost and efficiency of the solar cells, it is not used in
most of the electrical applications. But the introduction of Maximum
Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms has improved the efficiency
of the solar cells. The various MPPT algorithms are discussed in the
paper. The applications supported by these MPPT algorithms are also
discussed.

Keywords: MPPT algorithms, solar energy, Review, classification,
comparison.

1. Introduction
Electricity is one the most essential needs for humans in the present. Conversion of
solar energy into electricity not only improves generation of electricity but also reduces
pollution due to fossil fuels. The output power of solar panel depends on solar
irradiance, temperature and the load impedance. As the load impedance is depends on
application, a dc-dc converter is used for improving the performance of solar panel.
The solar irradiance and temperature are dynamic. Hence an online algorithm
which dynamically computes the operating point of the solar panel is required. The
efficient conversion of solar energy is possible with Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) algorithm. There are various MPPT algorithms such as Perturb and Observe,
Incremental Conductance etc. The various algorithms in MPPT and their topology is
discussed in this paper. The comparison between these algorithms is also given in this
paper.

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2. Literature Review
The MPPT system can be classified based on the algorithms used; power converter in
the system and application of the system (Standalone or grid interconnection).

2.1 Classification based on algorithms
Many methods to track Maximum Power Point (MPP) for PV arrays have been
discussed by Trishan Esram et al [1]. It comprises of all the techniques implied in this
field. It was shown that at least 19 distinct methods have been already introduced.
A high-frequency photovoltaic pulse charger (PV-PC) for lead-acid battery (LAB)
guided by a power-increment-aided incremental-conductance maximum power point
tracking (PIINCMPPT) was proposed by Hung-I Hsieh et al [2]. The PV-PC
implemented by a boost current converter (BCC) is to eliminate sulphating
crystallization on the electrode plates of the LAB and to prolong the battery life. The
BCC associated with the PV module is modeled to maximize the energy charging to
battery under maximum power transfer. A duty-control guided by the PI-INC MPPT is
designed to drive the BCC operating at MPP against the random insulation. A design
example of a PV-PC system for a four-in-series LAB battery (48 VDC) was examined.
The charging behavior of the PVPC system in comparison with that of CC-CV charger
was studied. Four scenarios of solar insulation changes to describe tracking behavior of
PI-INC MPPT in PV-BC system were investigated, which is also compared with that
of INC MPPT.
K.H. Hussein et al [3] have developed a new Maximum Power Tracking (MPT)
algorithm to track Maximum Power Operating Point (MPOP) by comparing the
incremental and instantaneous conductance of the PV array. The drawbacks of Perturb
and Observe method were analyzed and it showed that the Incremental Conductance
algorithm has successfully tracked the MPOP even when atmospheric conditions
changes rapidly. The work was carried out by both simulation and graphs.
A new method for MPPT named CVT (Constant Voltage Tracking) is proposed by
Zheng Shicheng et al with the analysis of characteristic curve and operation theory of
PV array [4]. A lower power photovoltaic (PV) system with simple structure has been
designed. This method has been verified by PV charging system and it showed that
MPP of PV array can be tracked well by applying the charger controller.
An adjustable Self-Organizing Fuzzy Logic Controller (SOFLC) for a Solar-
powered Traffic Light Equipment (SPTLE) with an integrated MPPT system on a low-
cost microcontroller has been presented by Noppadol Khaehintung et al [5]. It
comprises of boost converter for high performance SPTLE. Variation of duty ratio for
DC-DC boost converter is implemented on PIC16F876A RISC-microcontroller.
A fuzzy based perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT in solar panel was presented by
C. S. Chin et al [6]. The solar system is modeled and analyzed in
MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results showed that fuzzy based (P&O) MPPT has
better performance and more power is produced from solar panel.
Panom Petchjatuporn et al introduced a maximum power point tracking algorithm
using an artificial neural network for a solar power system [7]. By applying a three
Literature Review on Solar MPPT Systems 287

layers neural network and some simple activation functions, the maximum power point
of a solar array can be efficiently tracked. The tracking algorithm integrated with a
solar powered battery charging system has been successfully implemented on a low-
cost PIC16F876 RISC-microcontroller without external sensor unit requirement. The
experimental results with a commercial solar array showed that the proposed algorithm
outperforms the conventional controller in terms of tracking speed and mitigation of
fluctuation output power in steady state operation. The overall system efficiency was
well above 90%.
S. Yuvarajan et al proposed a fast and accurate maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) algorithm for a photovoltaic (PV) panel that uses the open circuit voltage and
the short circuit current of the PV panel [8]. The mathematical equations describing the
nonlinear V-I characteristics of the PV panel were used in developing the algorithm.
The MPPT algorithm is valid under different insulation, temperature, and level of
degradation. The algorithm is verified using MATLAB and it is found that the results
obtained using the algorithm were very close to the theoretical values over a wide
range of temperature and illumination levels. The maximum deviation in the maximum
power was less than 1.5% for the illumination levels and temperatures normally
encountered by a commercial PV panel. The complete derivation of this MPPT
algorithm was presented. It is seen that the algorithm is faster than other MPPT
algorithms like perturbation and observation (P&O) and more accurate than
approximate methods that use the linearity between voltage (current) at maximum
power point and open-circuit voltage (short-circuit current).
Prof. Dr. IlhamiColak, et al. have modeled three separate solar farms that provide
15 kW power for each farm using Mat lab Simulink real-time analysis software [9].
Energy conversion was performed with maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
algorithms in each converter using Perturb and Observe (P&O) structure. These were
collected in DC bus bar with parallel connection of converters over inter-phase
transformers (IPT). The voltage was applied to a full bridge inverter to generate 3-
phase AC voltages at the output of inverter which was controlled with sinusoidal pulse
width modulation (SPWM) scheme.
S. G. Tesfahunegn et al. designed a new solar/battery charge controller that
combines both MPPT and over-voltage controls as single control function [10]. A
small-signal model of lead acid battery was derived in detail to design the employed
dual-loop control configuration. Case studies were then conducted, in
SIMULINK/SIMPOWER, to evaluate the performance of the designed controller in
terms of transient response and voltage overshoot. The designed controller was
demonstrated to have good transient response with only small voltage overshoot.
Yuncong Jiang et.al. Present an analogue Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) controller for a Photovoltaic (PV) solar system that utilizes the load current to
achieve maximum output power from the solar panel [11]. Comparing to the existing
MPPT controller circuitry which requires multiplication of the sensed PV panel
voltage and current to yield panel power, the cost and size of the proposed circuit was
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reduced. The tracking performance of the proposed MPPT controller was validated by
simulation results.
ArashShafie et al proposed a novel MPPT algorithm mainly for battery charging
applications which were considered constant voltage type loads. This was achieved
mainly with output current maximization [12]. This technique benefits from
advantages such as very simple current controller and also circuit topology
independency. This provides high efficiency for energy conversion with low cost for
low power, low cost applications. A new hybrid PV model was introduced for
simulation purposes. Finally, simulation results will be provided confirming the
validity of the algorithm.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have been an area of active research for the last
few decades to improve the efficiency of solar PV module. The non-linear nature of IV
curve of solar PV module demands some technique to track the maximum voltage and
maximum current point on IV curve corresponding to Maximum Power Point (MPP).
Thus, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques were widely deployed for
this purpose. Lot of MPPT techniques have been developed in recent past but still most
commercial systems utilizes perturb & observe (P&O) MPPT technique because of its
simple algorithm, low cost and ease of implementation [13]. However, this technique
was slow in tracking MPP under rapidly changing irradiance conditions and it also
oscillates around the MPP. Ali F Murtaza et al addresses this problematic behavior of
P&O technique and hence presents a novel MPPT hybrid technique that was
combination of two basic techniques i.e. P&O and Fractional Open Circuit Voltage
(FOCV) technique in order to overcome the inherited deficiencies found in P&O
technique. The proposed MPPT technique was much more robust in tracking the MPP
even under the frequent changing irradiance conditions and was less oscillatory around
the MPP as compared to P&O. The technique was verified using
MATLAB/SIMULNK and simulation results show a clear improvement in achieving
the MPP when subjected to change in irradiance.
The performance analysis of photovoltaic modules in non-ideal conditions and the
topologies to minimize the degradation of performance caused by these conditions was
introduced by Weidong Xiao et al [14]. It was found that the peak power point of a
module was significantly decreased due to only the slightest shading of the module,
and that this effect was propagated through other non-shaded modules connected in
series with the shaded one. Based on this result, two topologies for parallel module
connections have been outlined. In addition, dc/dc converter technologies, which were
necessary to the design, were compared by way of their dynamic models, frequency
characteristics, and component cost. Out of this comparison, were commendation has
been made
According to the output characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) array and battery
charging characteristics, design of a PV charging system with maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) was proposed by Jun Pan et al [15]. This paper proposes a MPPT
strategy based on DC/DC converter output current, which adopts variable step of duty
cycle to implement MPPT of PV array. This perturbation and observation (P&O)
Literature Review on Solar MPPT Systems 289

method simplified the structure of the system, improved the speed and accuracy of
tracking. In battery charging management, this paper adopts optimal charging strategy,
charging controller combined MPPT charging and variable intermittent current
charging increases the charge speed, raises the state of charge. Uses an efficient and
reliable rule to determine the end of charging, avoids the overcharging of battery and
extends the lifetime of battery.
In standalone dc system, dc-dc converter was used to interconnect solar
photovoltaic (PV) and battery. To utilize solar PV to fullest, maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) was incorporated in controller [16]. However, in case when the state
of charge (SOC) of battery was high and system was partially loaded, excess power
flows into the battery, thereby reducing the life of battery. Technique suggested in
literature use output (battery) voltage controllers. However, it was shown in this paper
that output voltage controlled dc-dc converter fed by solar PV may lead to instability.
To address these limitations, a charge controller scheme was proposed by Sandeep
Anand et al. This scheme ensures that the battery voltage remains below its gassing
voltage. Salient features of the proposed scheme were optimal utilization of solar PV
and battery capacities without effecting life of battery. The effectiveness of the scheme
was verified through detailed simulation study. To confirm the viability of the scheme,
experimental studies were carried out on a scaled-down laboratory prototype
developed for the purpose.
A new maximum power point tracking algorithm for photovoltaic arrays was
proposed by Mohamed Azab [17]. The algorithm detects the maximum power point of
the PV. The computed maximum power was used as a reference value (set point) of
the control system. ON/OFF power controller with hysteresis band was used to control
the operation of a Buck chopper such that the PV module always operates at its
maximum power computed from the MPPT algorithm.
The major difference between the proposed algorithm and other techniques was
that the proposed algorithm was used to control directly the power drawn from the PV.
The proposed MPPT has several advantages: simplicity, high convergence speed,
and independent on PV array characteristics. The algorithm was tested under various
operating conditions. The obtained results have proven that the MPP was tracked even
under sudden change of irradiation level.
Ashish Pandey et al describe about the limitations of Perturb & Observe (P&O)
method because of continuously changing environmental conditions [18]. A variable-
step-length algorithm was proposed and the drift was minimized by evaluating the
entire trend in a power versus voltage curve.
Table 1 provides a comparison of different MPPT algorithms. The convergence
speed and Implementation complexity are the two important aspects in choosing the
MPPT algorithms. It is tabulated in table 1.




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Table 1: Comparison between various MPPT algorithms.



2.2 Classification based on converter
EftichiosKoutroulis et al introduced a new MPPT system that uses Buck-type DC/DC
converter which is controlled by a microcontroller [19]. In this method the output
power of PV array is directly used to control the DC/DC converter. This method has
high efficiency, lower cost and can be easily modified to handle more energy sources.
A new MPPT system has been developed by EftichiosKoutroulis et al [20],
consisting of a Buck-type dc/dc converter, which was controlled by a microcontroller-
based unit. The main difference between the method used in the proposed MPPT
system and other techniques used in the past was that the PV array output power was
used to directly control the dc/dc converter, thus reducing the complexity of the
system. The resulting system has high-efficiency, lower-cost and can be easily
modified to handle more energy sources (e.g., wind-generators). The experimental
results show that the use of the proposed MPPT control increases the PV output power
by as much as 15% compared to the case where the dc/dc converter duty cycle was set
such that the PV array produces the maximum power at 1 kW/m2 and 25 C.
A system with an alternative source of energy supply from photovoltaic energy
system which operates in case of utility power failure has been discussed by
C.Thulasiyammal [21]. The proposed PV system is composed of conventional novel
single axis tracking system and PV system with DC-DC boost converter and PWM
voltage source inverter. The PV panel voltage is taken as input parameter to maximize
the output power

Literature Review on Solar MPPT Systems 291

PWM techniques to regulate the output power of boost converter at its maximum
possible value and simultaneously control the charging process of battery was
proposed by D.V.N. Ananth [22]. Analysis of boost converter was demonstrated using
MATLAB/Simulink model.
ChamnanRatsame presented an intelligent control method for the maximum power
point tracking(MPPT) of a photovoltaic powered water pump system for long tailed
boat in Thailand by using DC-DC boost converter as switching charger. This system
consisted of a solar array, a switching battery charger based on boost DC-DC
converter, a battery and small water pump [23]. The solar array had a specification as
75 watts of output power, 14-18 volts of output DC voltage, and 3A of output DC
current. The output power of solar array was the input power for boost DC-DC
converters the switching charger. To control the boost converter, the pulse width
modulation (PWM) was applied. The water pump was controlled by a microcontroller
PIC 186627. When the water amount reaches the specified level, a sensor will send the
signal to the microcontroller for controlling a relay to drive a motor in the water pump.
To verify the proposed pump system, the prototype of water pump for small boat was
built to experiment. From the results, to stabilize the output voltage of the boost DC-
DC charger at 25.6 volts, the duty ratio was controlled at 35-50% with 100 kHz of
switching frequency. The battery having rated voltage as 24 volts and rated current as
7 amps per hour was used in the system.
A novel cost effective, more accurate and efficient microcontroller based MPPT
system for a solar voltaic system to ensure fast tracking of MPOP at all fast changing
environmental conditions has been proposed by Siwakoti et al [24]. It uses PWM
technique to regulate the power output of boost DC/DC converter at its maximum
possible value and simultaneously controls the charging process of battery.
Incremental Conductance algorithm is implemented here.
B.R.Sanjeeva Reddy et al proposed PWM techniques to regulate the output power
of boost converter at its maximum possible value and simultaneously controls the
charging process of battery [25]. Parameter extraction, model evaluation and analysis
of boost converter was demonstrated using MATLAB/Simulink model.
A battery-integrated boost converter for module-based series connected
photovoltaic (PV) system has been analysed by Yang Du et al [26]. Each PV module
has its own battery and DC/DC converter. The converter achieves maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) and battery charging. Application of proposed converter to
module based series connected PV system can maintain string voltage and save an
additional voltage amplification stage. Steady-state analysis of the converter to
determine the power flow equations was presented. Three advantages comparing with
the conventional series connected boost converter were reported. Simulation and
experimental results of a laboratory prototype were presented.
For conventional paralleled PV sources, the current ripple at the load side increases
when the ripples were added up from each converter, which also reduces the life time
of the battery storage. This problem is addressed by Boyang Hu et al [27]. Even though
the ripple was able to be reduced by increasing switching frequency, the extra
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switching losses must be taken into account. In this paper, a switching technique was
proposed based on paralleled multiple-input sources with boost converters. Since the
current ripple of the battery charging current can be minimized without the restrictions
of source voltages, currents and duty cycles, the Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) algorithm was also able to be implemented with the proposed technique for
integrating renewables into the smart grid. The proposed technique was validated
through detailed numerical analysis, simulation and experiment results.
The modelling and control design of the PV charger system using Buck-Boost
converter was presented by B. SreeManju et al [28]. The controller was designed to
balance the power flow from PV module to the battery and the load such that PV
power was utilized effectively and the battery was charged in three charging steps.
The latest development of inverters for photovoltaic AC-modules [29] is focused
by SoerenBaekhoejKjaer et al. The past technology was based on Centralized
Inverters, present on String Inverters and future on AC-Modules and AC-Cells.
Yun-Pam Lee et al focused on a DC to AC Inverter; power switching system;
ability to generate the drive voltage and switching the power supply between the city
electrical system and the solar power system [30]. The main aim is to construct a
stabled, completed and low cost of solar energy conversion systems.
Novel photovoltaic converter system was proposed by J. H. R. Enslinan,
implementing a new maximum power point tracking technique [31]. The three
functions, battery regulation, inverting and maximum-power-point tracking, needed for
photovoltaic systems with battery back-up, were integrated in a single cost effective
converter. This converter charges the battery, operates close to the maximum power
point of the photovoltaic array and forms a dc to ac inverter for a complex power load.
The step down charger allows the combination of high-voltage PV arrays with low-
voltage batteries. A full description of the circuit and practical measured results with
efficiencies were presented.

2.3 Classification based on application
The control strategies in photovoltaic charge control including Maximum Power Point
Trackers were presented by V. Salas et al [32]. It has been integrated on a Photovoltaic
stand-alone system and has been simulated.
Roger Gules et al presented the analysis, design, and implementation of a parallel
connected maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system for stand-alone
photovoltaic power generation [33]. The parallel connection of the MPPT system
reduces the negative influence of power converter losses in the overall efficiency
because only a part of the generated power was processed by the MPPT system.
Furthermore, all control algorithms used in the classical series-connected MPPT can be
applied to the parallel system. A simple bidirectional dcdc power converter was
proposed for the MPPT implementation and presents the functions of battery charger
and step-up converter. The operation characteristics of the proposed circuit were
analysed with the implementation of a prototype in a practical application.
Literature Review on Solar MPPT Systems 293

A single stage, three-phase three-level neutral point clamped inverter was designed
by S. Ozdemir et al [34]. The proposed voltage source was operated in current
controlled mode and a PI current controller was used for the production of switching
pattern. Phase Locked Loop method was used to operate proposed inverter parallel
with grid.

3. Application
L. Schuch, et al proposed an autonomous street lighting system based on solar energy
as primary source, batteries as secondary source, and lighting emitting diodes (LEDs)
as lighting source [35]. This system is being presented as an alternative for remote
localities, like roads and crossroads. Besides, it presents high efficiency, because all
power stages were implemented in DC current. The design of LEDs fixture, in order to
replace a 70W high pressure sodium (HPS) lamp, was performed. This design takes
into account the human eye response in isotopic conditions. LEDs driver and battery
charger experimental results were presented. The battery charger presents three control
modes: maximum power point tracker (MPPT) mode; constant current mode; and
constant voltage mode. The control mode depends on the battery state
(charged/discharged), and solar irradiance level. The battery charger input impedance
was analysed in order to ensure that the MPPT was obtained for any solar irradiance
and panel temperature.
Yi-Hwa Liu proposed a maximum-power-point tracking (MPPT) battery charger
[36]. The maximum power point of PV power generation system depends on array
temperature and solar insolation. Therefore, a digital controller was required to
implement the MPPT algorithm. In this paper, the maximum power tracking algorithm
was implemented based on a PIC16F877 microcontroller. In addition to the MPPT
algorithm, a PV mathematical model was presented in this paper. Detailed description
about the design and implementation of the proposed battery charger was also
discussed. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and
validity of the proposed system.

4. Conclusion
The Pros and cons of the MPPT algorithms can be seen in table 1. It is noted that
perturb and observe and incremental conductance is superior to all other MPPT
algorithms. Though fuzzy and neural networks are developing in the present days, the
efficiency remains high in perturb and observe and Incremental conductance methods.
The converters such as buck, boost, buck-boost, cuk converters are being used in
MPPT systems. PWM inverters are used for grid interconnection and standalone AC
loads. The selection of converters is based on the load connected to the system. The
ripples in dc voltage and current also influences the selection of converters. With the
above mentioned converters and MPPT algorithms, solar panels can be configured to
feed any kind of load. The vast development in improving efficiency of MPPT
algorithms can encourage domestic generation of power using solar panels.
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