Literature Survey A Grid

Literature survey
1.Grid parity in the Italian commercial and industrial electricity

marke
Abstract:
The Italian photovoltaic market is since 2011 the world's largest and represents
a success story having attained grid parity for the commercial and industrial
(C&I) market of electricity. In this paper, the Levelized Cost Of Energy (LCOE) is
calculated for three representative locations in Northern, Central, and
Southern Italy, and compared with the C&I end-user electricity price. The grid
parity is shown under certain conditions showing that the photovoltaic market
is already ready to survive without the feed-in tariff mechanism .
2. H. Wang and D. Zhang, “The stand-alone PV generation system

with parallel battery charger
Abstract:
The energy storage devices are necessary to the stand alone PV generation
system. Lead acid battery which performance is specially designed is suitable
for PV generation application. The battery charging and discharging control
with the max power of PV array is the key point to increase efficiency of the
generation system. In this paper, the new system configuration with parallel
battery charger is designed. The conversion steps are decreased and system
conversion efficiency is increased. The two module MPPT coordinate control is
designed to increase PV utilizing efficiency. According to the different battery
characteristics, the battery management is optimized for better performance
and longer life time. The performance and total efficiency of PV generating
system can be improved for stand-alone application. The experimental results
of the prototype verify the effectiveness of proposed protocol and strategy.
3. echno-economic optimum sizing of a stand-alone solar

photovoltaic system
The techno-economic optimum sizing of a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV)

system is a basic requirement for its proliferation. One of the primary concerns
in designing a stand-alone PV system is the determination of an optimum
relationship between the PV array and storage battery capacity to supply the
required energy at a specified energy load fraction. In this paper, a complete
analytical methodology has been presented for that. The solar radiation
utilizability concept and the monthly average daily PV array efficiency have
been used to estimate the performance of a stand-alone PV system and hence
for the designing. The techno-economic optimization of a PV system has been
done by using levelized energy cost computation based on the total number of
battery replacements (brp's) through battery life-cycle model by using the solar
radiation utilizability concept over the life period of the system. It has been
found that energy load fractions as well as the number of brp's have a
significant impact on the selection of optimum sizing of a stand-alone PV
system.
4. A two stage solar photovoltaic based stand alone scheme having

battery as energy storage element for rural deployment
Abstract:
Solar photovoltaic (PV)-based stand-alone systems have evolved as a

promising solution to the issue of electrification in areas where the grid is
not available. The major challenges in designing such systems are as
follows: 1) extraction of maximum power from the PV array; 2) protection
of the battery from overcharge and overdischarge; 3) dc to ac
conversion; and 4) provision for adequate voltage boosting. As multiple
objectives are required to be satisfied, the existing schemes for stand-
alone systems require a minimum of three converter stages, leading to
considerable reduction in the reliability and efficiency of the system. In
order to address this issue, a two-stage stand-alone scheme consisting
of a novel transformer-coupled dual-input converter (TCDIC) followed by
a conventional full-bridge inverter is proposed in this paper. The
proposed TCDIC can realize maximum power point tracking and battery
charge control while maintaining the proper voltage level at the load
terminal. The small signal mathematical model of the TCDIC is derived.
A suitable control strategy for the proposed TCDIC is devised. The
operation of the scheme is verified by performing detailed simulation
studies. A laboratory prototype of the scheme is developed. Detailed
experimental validation of the scheme utilizing the laboratory prototype is
carried out to confirm the viability of the scheme
5 Power electronic configuration for the operation of PV system in

combined grid-connected and stand-alone modes.
Abstract
A simple photovoltaic (PV) system capable of operating in both grid-

connected mode and stand-alone mode using multilevel boost converter
(MBC) and line commutated inverter (LCI) has been developed for extracting
the maximum power and feeding it to a single phase utility grid and stand-
alone system simultaneously. Theoretical analysis of the proposed system is
done and the duty ratio of the MBC is estimated for extracting maximum
power from PV array. For a fixed firing angle of LCI, the proposed system is
able to track the maximum power with the determined duty ratio which
remains the same for all irradiations. This is the major advantage of the
proposed system which eliminates the use of a separate maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) controller. Experiments have been conducted on a 80 V,
9.4 A PV array feeding a 110 V single phase grid and a 230 V, 100 W DC motor.
The MBC extracts maximum power from the PV array and feeds the major
portion of power to the single phase utility grid via LCI and the remaining
power to separately excited DC motor. It was found that the theoretical
analysis, simulation and experimental results closely correlate with each other
and proves the effectiveness of the proposed configuration.
6. Survey of distributed generation islanding detection methods
Abstract:
This paper presents an overview of power system islanding and islanding
detection techniques. Islanding detection techniques, for a distribution system
with distributed generation (DG), can broadly be divided into remote and local
techniques. A remote islanding detection technique is associated with
islanding detection on the utility side, whereas a local technique is associated
with islanding detection on the DG side. Local techniques can further be
divided into passive techniques, active techniques and hybrid techniques.
These islanding detection techniques for DG are described and analysed
7. Battery energy storage for enabling integration of distributed

solar power generation
Abstract:
As solar photovoltaic power generation becomes more commonplace,
the inherent intermittency of the solar resource poses one of the great
challenges to those who would design and implement the next generation
smart grid. Specifically, grid-tied solar power generation is a distributed
resource whose output can change extremely rapidly, resulting in many
issues for the distribution system operator with a large quantity of
installed photovoltaic devices. Battery energy storage systems are
increasingly being used to help integrate solar power into the grid. These
systems are capable of absorbing and delivering both real and reactive
power with sub-second response times. With these capabilities, battery
energy storage systems can mitigate such issues with solar power
generation as ramp rate, frequency, and voltage issues. Beyond these
applications focusing on system stability, energy storage control systems
can also be integrated with energy markets to make the solar resource
more economical. Providing a high-level introduction to this application
area, this paper presents an overview of the challenges of integrating
solar power to the electricity distribution system, a technical overview of
battery energy storage systems, and illustrates a variety of modes of
operation for battery energy storage systems in grid-tied solar
applications. The real-time control modes discussed include ramp rate
control, frequency droop response, power factor correction, solar time-
shifting, and output leveling.
8. Efficient approaches for modeling and simulating photovoltaic

power systems
Abstract:
Modeling and simulation of photovoltaic (PV) power systems have become

increasingly important with wide acceptance and integration of solar energy in
modern electric grids. The transcendental nonlinear equations describing the
PV generator, which are coupled with the detailed switching models of the
power electronic converters, generally result in slow and inefficient
simulations, especially when long-term analyses are required. This paper
focuses on simple and efficient modeling approaches that are suitable for long-
term and large PV system analyses. This study provides a simplified PV-cell
model and its parameterization, guaranteeing that the I-V characteristic curves
pass through the typical points given in manufacturers' datasheets.
Furthermore, several power interface models are provided for fast simulation
purpose. A classical two-stage power processing system with intermediate dc
link used as a string inverter, as well as a single-stage conversion unit used in
distributed module-dedicated PV applications, are taken as application
examples. The generalized modeling approach is thoroughly evaluated by
comparing the simulation results with the experimental data of a practical 2.4-
kW grid-tied PV solar unit. The proposed methodology is shown to have
advantages over conventional modeling approaches to simulate long-term
grid-tied operation.
9.Benefit of distributed generation: A line loss reduction analysis
Abstract:
The impending deregulated environment facing the electric utilities in the
twenty first century is both a challenge and an opportunity for a variety of
technologies and operating scenarios. The need to provide acceptable power
quality and reliability will create a very favorable climate for the entry of
distributed resources and innovative operating practices. Of all the different
parts of an electric power system, customers identify closely with the
distribution subsystem due to its proximity and visibility on a daily basis.
Several recent developments have encouraged the entry of power generation
and energy storage at the distribution level. Distributed resources (DR) is a
term that encompasses both distributed generation (DG) and distributed
energy storage (DS). A distributed utility will use both distributed resources
and load management to achieve its goal. In addition, several compact
distributed generation technologies are fast becoming economically viable
10. Optimal placement of distributed generation: An overview and

key issue
Abstract:
Distributed Generation is the generation of electricity from many small energy

sources and is located closer to the user, or customer. The purpose of using
distributed generation is to improve voltage profile, voltage stability and to
minimize power losses. This paper presents an overview of research and
development work carried out in the field of Distributed Generation. This
paper also discusses the key issues related to optimal placement and size of
distributed generation. Types of distributed generation, technology used for
distributed generation and related terms are also discussed.

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Literature survey

1.Grid parity in the Italian commercial and industrial electricity

2. H. Wang and D. Zhang, “The stand-alone PV generation system

3. echno-economic optimum sizing of a stand-alone solar

The techno-economic optimum sizing of a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV)

4. A two stage solar photovoltaic based stand alone scheme having

Solar photovoltaic (PV)-based stand-alone systems have evolved as a

5 Power electronic configuration for the operation of PV system in

A simple photovoltaic (PV) system capable of operating in both grid-

6. Survey of distributed generation islanding detection methods

7. Battery energy storage for enabling integration of distributed

8. Efficient approaches for modeling and simulating photovoltaic

Modeling and simulation of photovoltaic (PV) power systems have become

9.Benefit of distributed generation: A line loss reduction analysis

10. Optimal placement of distributed generation: An overview and

Distributed Generation is the generation of electricity from many small energy

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