POWERQ

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WOLLEGA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY


ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING SPECIALIZTION
POWER SYSTEM QUALITY AND RELIABILITY ASSIGNMENT

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Mitigation of Interharmonics in PV Systems with Maximum Power
Point Tracking Modification

Shortly write the background of the study from what you understood by
reading the introduction part.

The growing energy demand coupled with the possibility of reduced supply of conventional
fuels, along with growing concerns about environmental preservation, has driven research and
development of alternative energy sources that are cleaner, renewable and produce little
environmental impact [1]. Among the alternative sources, the electrical energy from PV is
currently regarded as the natural energy source distributed over the earth and participates as a
primary factor of all other processes of energy production on earth.
Moreover, although the phenomena of reflection and absorption of sunlight by the atmosphere, it
is estimated that solar energy incident on the surface of earth is of the order of ten thousand times
greater than the world energy consumption [2]. In this context, the concept of distributed energy
generation, became a real and present technical possibility, promotion various researches and
standardizations in the world. Despite all the advantages presented by the generation of energy
through the use of PV’s, the efficiency of energy conversion is currently low and the initial cost
for its implementation is still considered high, and thus it becomes necessary to use techniques to
extract the maximum power from these panels, to achieve maximum efficiency in operation. It
should be noted that there is only one point of maximum power (MPP), and this varies according
to climatic conditions. The photovoltaic power characteristics is nonlinear, which vary with the
level of solar irradiation and temperature, which make the extraction of maximum power a
complex task, considering load variations. To overcome this problem, several methods for
extracting the maximum power have been proposed and a careful comparison of these methods
can result in important information for the design of these systems. There are a lot of techniques
are used for MPPT such as Fixed Duty Cycle, Constant Voltage, Perturb and Observe (P&O) and
Modified P&O, Incremental Conductance (IC) and Modified IC, Ripple Correlation and System
Oscillation methods, which are briefly described in this section.

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The term ‘photovoltaic’ originates from Greek words phos (implying light) and voltaic (implying
electrical). Therefore, voltaic was named after an Italian physicist referred to as ‘Volta’, which
could also mean measurement or volts. The process involving the conversion of light energy into
electricity in a direct manner is known as PV. Power quality is one of the major concerns along
with the fast growing installation of grid-connected PV systems. PV inverters might be one
source of harmonics and/or interharmonics that are delivered to the grid, challenging the power
quality of the utility networks. Interharmonics are emerging power quality challenges in grid-
connected Photovoltaic (PV) systems. Solar energy is widely regarded as the most auspicious
source of renewable energy, as (unlike other sources of renewable energy) it has no geographical
restrictions. In addition, solar energy cannot be depleted, and is environmentally friendly. In
general, a PV cell is a semiconductor material capable of producing direct current electricity
once its surface is exposed to direct sunlight.

Identify what is problem of the research study (what problems the authors
have stated)

The author has stated the problem of:-


 Previous studies and field measurements have confirmed the evidence of interharmonic
emission from PV inverters, where the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is one
of the main causes for interharmonics. In that regard, the MPPT parameters such as their
sampling rate has a strong impact on the interharmonic characteristic of the PV system
 Power quality problems for grid-connected PV systems are the interharmonics, which are
defined as the frequency components that are non-integer times of the fundamental
frequency.
 The conventional P&O MPPT technique as it oscillates around the MPP at a steady state,
resulting in raising the waste of the available output power.
 Problems of Maximum Power Point controller.

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Identify what the authors have proposed as the solution to overcome the
problem stated in the research study.

The above problem can be solved by:


 The mitigation of the interharmonics through the modification of MPPT sampling rate is
proposed, and its performances are evaluated experimentally.
 Modifying MPPT Sampling Rate
 Interharmonic Reduction
 MPPT Efficiency
 New mitigating solution for interharmonics PV systems for MPPT.
 Investigate the performance of the PV system using the proposed MPPT algorithm.
 Propose a new MPPT method for a PV system based on the PSO method.
 To investigate the performance of five widely used MPPT algorithms in the PV system,
comparing their performance and efficiency.

Try to analyze the methodology describe and briefly prepare a report of it.
Steps to analyze the Research:-
Step 1. Parameter selection:
For the proposed MPPT algorithm, the calculated duty cycle of the converter is defined as the
particle position, and the PV module output power is chosen as the fitness value evaluation
function.
Step 2. PSO initialization:
In standard initialization, PSO particles are generally randomly initialized. However, for the
proposed MPPT algorithm, the particles are initialized at fixed, equidistant points, positioned
around the GP.
Step 3. Fitness evaluation:
The fitness evaluation of particle i will be conducted after the digital controller sends the PWM
command, according to the duty cycle representing the position of particle i.
Step 4. Reinitialisation:
The convergence criteria in the standard PSO algorithm are to find the optimal solution, or the

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success of the maximum number of iterations. However, in a PV system, the optimum point is
not constant, due to its dependence on weather conditions and load impedance.
Methodology of the Research analyze
1. Identify the research title (Mitigation of Interharmonics in PV Systems with Maximum
Power Point Tracking Modification)
2. Identify the problem statement of the research.
3. State the objectives of the research
4. Propose the solution for the problem statement stated above by the method of MPPT
algorithm.
5. Block diagram (system diagram) design with its control structure.
6. From block diagram identify materials/parameters used for simulation.
7. Identify the end result/ output of the research.
8. Final conclusion of the research.

What materials for simulation or experimental work are used? Write short
report of it.
 The most important components in the PV system are the DC-DC converter (chopper)
and DC-AC inverter, while their switching-mode generally has nonlinear characteristics
variable over time. Therefore, the switching mood converter needs to be closely
controlled through the use of appropriate techniques. Furthermore, MP can be extracted
from the PV system if the DC-DC converter is well designed and its switching mood is
correctly controlled. In addition, the DC-DC converter needs to draw low ripple current
from the system, causing conversion loss and reducing the maximum power tracking
efficiency. This can be reduced by using high switching frequency. The DC-DC
converter method is significant within MPPT, since MPP may be attained if the
converter’s button mode is correctly regulated. Thus, the major concern within PV is the
creation of an effective regulator for the DC-DC converter.
 A photovoltaic array is used to convert sunlight into DC current. The output of the array
is connected to the DC converter that is used to perform MPPT functions and increase the
array terminal voltage to a higher value so it can be interfaced to the grid.
 The DC converter controller is used to perform these two functions. A DC link capacitor

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is used after the DC converter and acts as a temporary power storage device to provide
the voltage source inverter with a steady flow of power. The capacitor’s voltage is
regulated using a DC link controller that balances input and output powers of the
capacitor. A phase locked loop (PLL) is used to lock on the grid frequency and provide
a stable reference synchronization signal for the inverter control system, which works to
minimize the error between the actual injected current and the reference current obtained
from the DC link controller. A load is connected to the grid to simulate some of the
loads that are connected to a distribution system network.
 Three -phase voltage source PWM inverter
Among various modulation techniques, PWM is an attractive candidate due to efficient
DC link voltage utilization, reducing commutation losses and total harmonic distortion
THD. The proposed inverter is a three-phase, two-level DC-AC inverter using IGBTs
due to their lower switching losses.
 Matlab Simulink.
The proposed system was simulated in Matlab to verify the effectiveness of the tracking
algorithm and its response time. At the same time, the response time of the proposed
algorithm was analyzed and compared to P&O and the conventional PSO-based MPPT
(PSO-MPPT) algorithm.

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What result is presented at the end? How this result of the research
presented? Does it answer or solve the problem stated.
The results have been validated by simulation, i.e. MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed LI-PSO
achieved superior performance in comparison to the conventional PSO algorithm. Comparisons
were undertaken by observing the response of each algorithm under different conditions in terms
of convergence speed and performance, to reach the optimum point.

Waveforms of the dc-link voltage (end result)

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Waveforms of the output current (end result)

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 Measured PV power extraction of the PV inverter (end result)

NB: The end result waveforms depend on the different value of frequency spectrum of PV
inverter.

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Proposed modeling approach to identify interharmonics in PV Systems with
Maximum Power Point Tracking.

Block diagrams of the dc-link voltage control loop:

(a) Transfer functions from the reference dc-link voltage to the measured dc-link voltage.

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(b) Transfer functions from the reference dc-link voltage to the amplitude of the grid current

(c) The closed-loop transfer function.


Control structure
A. Adaptive Gain for the DC-link Voltage Controller
One of the sources of interharmonics in the grid current is the transient response of the dc-link voltage controller,
which reacts relatively fast to changes in the reference dc-link voltage due to the MPPT perturbation. Therefore,
reducing the proportional gain of the PI controller kp, which affects the transient response of the controller, can
decrease the abrupt change in the grid current and thereby effectively alleviate this problem. However, this will
increase the settling time of the dc-link voltage controller, which may limit the perturbation rate of the MPPT
algorithm.

Fig Control structure of the PV inverter using an adaptive gain for the dc-link voltage controller.

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B. Rate Limiter for the DC-link Voltage Controller
A smooth change in the dc-link voltage at each MPPT perturbation can also be achieved by
directly limiting the change rate of the reference dc-link voltage. In this case, the control
parameters of the dc link voltage controller remain unchanged. This will result in a smooth
transition during transients of each MPPT period, where the overshoot in the dc-link voltage
during transients is minimized.

Fig Control structure of the PV inverter using a rate limiter for the dc-link voltage controller.

C. Constant-Voltage MPPT Method


In order to eliminate the interharmonics from the PV inverter, the perturbation of the dc-link
voltage should be avoided at the low-power condition. This can be achieved by using a Constant-
Voltage MPPT algorithm (CV-MPPT), where a constant reference dc-link voltage (PV voltage)
is assigned to the dc-link voltage controller without perturbations. Since the dc-link voltage (PV
voltage) remains unchanged, there is no interaction between the dc-link voltage controller and the current controller,
and thus the interharmonics due to the MPPT perturbation can be avoided.

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Conclusion

With the conventional MPPT implementation, there is a trade-off between the interharmonic
emission and the MPPT efficiency when selecting the sampling rate of the MPPT algorithm. To
solve this issue, a new mitigating solution for the interharmonics in PV systems has been
proposed in this paper. The proposed method modifies the MPPT algorithm by randomly
selecting the sampling rate of the MPPT algorithm during the operation. By doing so, the
frequency spectrum of the output current can be smoothen and the amplitude of the dominant
interharmonics can be significantly reduced.
Moreover, the MPPT performance of the proposed mitigating solution can be maintained close to
the conventional MPPT operation with a fast MPPT sampling rate, where similar tracking
efficiency during a dynamic operating condition can be achieved. The performance of the
proposed method has been validated experimentally under both steady-state (e.g.,
interharmonics) and dynamic operations (e.g., MPPT efficiency).

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