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The Instrumental Case: Endings and Usage The instrumental case endings for the three possible classes of Serbian nouns are given in Table 1 below. Table 1: The instrumental case of Serbian nouns Class I Class I SINGULAR
(masculine: ending in a consonant in nominative) (neuter: ending in o or e in nominative)

Class II
(feminine: ending in -a in nominative)

Class III
(feminine: ending in a consonant in nominative)

Instrumental PLURAL Instrumental

window prozor-om windows prozorima

village sel-om villages sel-ima

woman en-om women en-ama

love ljubav-i (or-ju)* loves ljubav-ima

*With Class III singular nouns, the -i ending generally occurs when the noun is modified: sa jednom ljubavi with one love, while the -ju ending occurs with unmodified nouns: sa ljubavi with love (see Table 8 below for declination of this Class of nouns).

Please note that the instrumental case endings in plural, are the same as the plural dative and locative case endings. So, you can memorize the endings for one case and youll automatically know the ending for two more cases! When to use the instrumental case in sentences? As the name suggests, the instrumental case is used to show an instrument or means with which an action denoted by the verb is performed. The following verbs take the instrumental case as their objects. Table 2: A list of verbs that take an object in instrumental case Transitive verbs se verbs astiti treat baviti se pursue, deal, work drmati shake hvaliti se brag mahati wave, flutter koristiti se use kolutati roll odlikovati se distinguish lutati wander odueviti se to impress, delight nuditi offer pokriti se cover oneself raspolagati despose posluiti se help oneself rukovati handle snabdeti provide, equip kripati grind, squeak upravljati manage vladati use, conduct

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Table 3: Some examples of instrumental nouns as objects of verbs Serbian English 1. Marija je astila Zorana piem. Marija treated Zoran to a drink. 2. Jovan je mahao rukom. John waved (with) his hand. 3. On je kolutao oima. He rolled(his eyes. 4. Zorica kripi zubima nou. Zorica grinds her teeth at night. 5. Direktor upravlja dobro The director manages his company well. preduzeem. 6. Ona dobro vlada engleskim. She uses her English well. 7. Danko se hvali svojim kolima. Danko brags about his car. 8. Ona se posluila kolaima. She helped herself to the cakes. 9. Marko se pokrio ebetom. Marko covered himself with a blanket. The instrumental case also appears with many other (not necessarily transitive) verbs to express the idea by means of (examples 1-4). Also, the instrumental case occurs in certain time expressions (examples 5-6). Table 4: Some examples of instrumental nouns with other verbs Serbian English 1. Oni su putovali avionom. They traveled by plane. 2. Ona je dola vozom. She came by train. 3. Marija eta glavnom ulicom. Maria is strolling down the main street. 4. Milan je ubijen noem. Milan was killed by a knife. 5. Marija hoda satima. Maria walks for hours. 6. Ona je ekala Jovana danima. She spent days waiting for Jovan. The instrumental case is also used as an object of some prepositions The most frequent preposition that requires instrumental case is s(a) with. The basic meaning is with, accompanying. Note that the format s(a) is a shorthand for two possibilities: sa or s. The full form sa is used when the word that follows begins with a similar sounding consonant: s, , z, , , d (e.g., sa Suzanom with Susan, sa Zvonkom with Zvonko, sa ivotom with life). The short form s is used in all other contexts, including when the word that follows begins with a vowel (e.g., s Anom with Anna), although sometimes people use the full sa form here as well. Note that the preposition sa also occurs with the genitive case, but has quite different meaning then.

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Table 4: Some examples of the instrumental case as the object of preposition sa Serbian English 1. Ona se posvaala s profesorom. She quarreled with her professor. 2. Ona se ne slae s tom politikom. She doesnt agree with those politics. 3. Director je razgovarao s radnicima. The director talked with the workers. 4. Ona je putovala sa drugaricom. She traveled with her girlfriend. 5. On nije zadovoljan s novim kolima.** He is not satisfied with his new car. 6. On nije zadovoljan s tobom.** He is not satisfied with you. 7. On nije zadovoljan svojim uspehom.** He is not satisfied with his success. **Note that in examples 5-7, the adjective zadovoljan can take the instrumental noun with (ex. 5, 6) or without (ex. 7) the preposition s(a). There is a tendency not to use the preposition s(a) when the noun denotes an abstract object, as in example 7 above. Also, there is a tendency to use the preposition s(a) when the instrumental noun denotes a human being, as in example 6. This is just a tendency, not a strict rule. Another preposition that requires the instrumental case is the preposition za behind, at, after, during. With this preposition, the instrumental carries various meanings: a) a place that is behind or around something (examples 1-2); b) to show that the object in instrumental case is in front of the subject of the sentence (example 3); c) time duration (example 4). Note that the preposition za also occurs with the accusative and genitive cases, but has different meaning then.

Table 5: Some examples of the instrumental noun as the object of preposition za Serbian English 4. Devojica stoji za uglom. The girl is standing behind the corner. 5. Cela porodica sedi za stolom. The whole family is sitting at the table. 6. Deak tri za loptom. The boy is running after the ball. 7. Za rukom niko ne govori. During lunch, nobody talks. The following prepositions also take the instrumental case: meu among, nad above, over, pod under, pred in front of. When used with these prepositions, the instrumental case indicates the location of the action or state expressed by the verb. Some examples are shown in Table 6 below. Note that these prepositions also occur with the accusative case, but have different meaning then (show a destination or goal of the movement or action expressed by a verb) For a more comprehensive list of prepositions, see the file Serbian prepositions and their cases.

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Table 6: Some examples of the instrumental noun as the object of prepositions 1. Serbian English 2. The girl is sitting among the boys. Devojica sedi meu deacima. 3. The rain poured over the city. Kia se sruila nad gradom. 4. Mirko is sleeping under the tree. Mirko spava pod drvetom. 5. Dragan waited in front of the house. Dragan ekao pred kuom. To ask questions about the instrumental case, we use the following interrogative pronouns in the instrumental case. Sa kime with whom Sa ime with what Note that the preposition sa sometimes is not necessary, depending on the verb. The vowel e in kime and ime is also optional. Table 7: Some examples of questions that ask about the instrumental object Serbian English With whom did you walk? Question: Sa kime si etala? I walked with Maria. Answer: etala sam s Marijom. With what did you travel (=How did Quesiton: ime si putovala? you travel)? Answer: Putovala sam vozom. I traveled by train. With what are you satisfied? Quesiton: Sa ime si zadovoljan? Im satisfied with the new house. Answer: Zadovoljan sam s novom kuom. The instrumental ending i and -ju for Class III nouns As mentioned in a footnote for Table1, Class III singular nouns have two endings: -i or ju. The -i ending generally occurs when the noun is modified, as in: sa jednom ljubavi with one love, while -ju ending occurs with unmodified nouns, as in: sa ljubavi with love. The table below shows the ju ending for various nouns belonging to Class III. Note that the sound j (pronounced y) undergoes some phonological changes due to a general phonological rule of consonant softening or palatalization. Dont panic! Itll make sense with practice. Table 8: The instrumental, singular ending -ju for Class III nouns 1. 5. glad + ju = glau hanger ker + ju = kerju daughter 2. 6. jesen + ju = jesenju autumn pomo + ju = pomou (here. help e + ju = eu thirst 3. 7. ljubav + ju = ljubavlju love sol + ju = solju salt krv + ju = krvlju blood 4. 8. stvar + ju = stvarju thing bolest + ju = boleu illness mladost + ju = mladou youth Explanations of sound changes (for details see Phonological rules) In 1. d +j = by a general rule of palatalization or consonant softening.

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In 2. nothing happens in writing, but in pronunciation, the sound nj is a single sound, pronounced as n in the Spanish word pinata. In 3. we have this rule: v+j=vlj. In 4. we have two phonological rules: t+j = to get: bolesu. Then, we have a phonological rule of place assimilation, where s before the palatal sound , becomes a palatal sound . Or to put it in terms of a mathematical formula: s+ = . Dont panic! These are general phonological rules that happen across the entire language, and youll eventually learn them by practicing. In 6. we have two deletion rules: +j= and +j=. In 7. nothing happens in writing, but in pronunciation, the sound lj is a single palatal sound, pronounced lj. In 8, nothing happens.

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And now some exercises! If you get stuck or are not sure whether you got it right, please email me for help. Exercise 1 Fill out the instrumental case forms in sentences below Using the nouns below (given in nominative, or dictionary form), please insert the appropriate instrumental forms in the following sentences. For convenience, I have indicated which noun goes with which sentence. 1. Zorica (female name) 2. sport sport, godina year 3. muzika music 4. dani days 5. majka mother 6. raunar computer 7. voz train 8. prodavnica store 9. krevet bed 10. zmaj kite

1. Razgovaram sa____________ 2. Milan se bavi _______ _________ 3. Marija se ne bavi______________ 4. Ona je ekala_____________ 5. Idem sa _______ na pijacu. 6. Danko sedi za ________ 7. Milan putuje ________ do mora. 8. Zorica eka Milana pred __________ 9. Marija se krije pod _________ 10. Devojica tri za ___________

Im talking to Zorica. Milan has been doing sports.for years. Marija is not doing music. She was waiting for days Im going with my mother to the market. Danko is sitting at the computer. Milan is traveling by train to the seacoast. Zorica is waiting for Milan in front of the store Marija is hiding under the bed. The girs is running after the kite.

Exercise 2 Translate the following sentences For this exercise you need to know both the present tense and past tense. The boldface nouns require the instrumental case. If you dont have a bi-directional SerbianEnglish-Serbian dictionary, you may go to the website: http://www.krstarica.com/dictionary/ to get the words you need for this exercise. Note that for nouns, a dictionary will only give you the nominative case forms. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Today, Im walking with Jovan. They are traveling by boat. Zorica cut the meat with a knife. She is managing the company. Sanja is doing skiing. They waited in front of the post-office. Mary is standing in front of the doorway. He is sleeping under the bush.

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