Set No.

Code No.222001
1
II-B.Tech. II-Semester –Supplementary-Examinations January-2003.
THERMAL ENGINEERING AND HEAT TRANSFER
(common to Production Engineering, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,
Mechatronics.)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks:80
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
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1.a) Briefly classify the I.C.Engines based on various considerations.
b) The compression ratio of an ideal air standard diesel cycle is 15, the heat transfer
is 1465 kJ/kg of air, find the pressure and temperature at the end of each process
and determine the cycle efficiency. What is the mean effective pressure of the
cycle if the inlet conditions are 300K and 1 bar.

2.a) Briefly explain the working of a simple carburetor with a neat sketch and
functions of a carburetor.
b) A 4 cylinder, 4 stroke SI engine has compressor ratio of 6:1. A test on this engine
gave the following data. Net brake load=20kgf, brake arm=0.5m I.M.E.P=6 bar,
Engine speed =2500 rpm, fuel consumption =10 kg/hr, calorific value of the fuel
=4500 kJ/kg. Cylinder bore=86 mm, stroke=100 mm. Calculate (a) Mechanical
efficiency (b) The brake thermal efficiency (c) B.M.E.P.

3. A test on a single cylinder, 4 stroke oil engine, having bore 180 mm and stroke
360 mm gave the following results: speed 290 rpm; brake torque 392 Nm;
indicated mean effective pressure 7.2 bar; oil consumption 3.5 kg/hr, cooling
water flow rate 270 kg/hr; cooling water temperature rise 36oC; air fuel ratio by
weight = 25; Exhaust gas temperature 415oC; barometric pressure 1.013 bar; room
temperature 21oC. The fuel has a calorific value of 45200 kJ/kg and contains 15%
of hydrogen by weight calculate: (a) The indicates thermal efficiency. (b)
Volumetric efficiency based on atmospheric conditions. (c) Draw up a heat
kJ
balance sheet in terms kj/min. Take R=0.287 Cp for dry exhaust
kgK
kJ
gases = 1.0035 and for super heated steam =2.093 kJ/kgK.
kgK

4.a) Briefly discuss any one method of determining the air consumption of an I.C.
Engine.
b) The compression ratio in an Ideal Dual cycle is 12 and the maximum pressure
during the cycle is not to exceed 75 bar. The pressure and temperature of the
cycle when compression starts at 1.05 bar and 40oC. Heat is added during the
constant pressure process upto 3.25% of stroke. If the cylinder dia is 25 cm and
piston stroke is 30 cm. Calculate: (i) The pressure and temperature at the end of
the expansion process. (ii) Thermal efficiency for the cycle .
Contd………….2
Code No.222001 -2- Set No.1

5.a) Make a comparison between I.C. Engine Vs Gas Turbines.

b) Derive an expression for the thermal efficiency of a gas turbine plant and show
that it is independent of the mass of air circulated in it.

6.a) Briefly discuss different modes of heat transfer and governing equation for each
mode.
b) In the design of the heat exchanger for air craft the maximum metal wall
temperature is not to exceed 510oC. The metal wall separates the hot gases at
temperature of 1050oC from cold gases at 50oC. For the condition tabulated
below, find the max. Thermal resistance of the metal wall.
Unit surface conductance of hot side = 200 w/m2K.
Unit surface conductance of cold side = 240 w/m2K.
Draw the thermal circuit and its electrical analog for the above metal wall.

7.a) Briefly explain the physical significance of the following non dimensional
parameters used in convention heat transfer. (i) Reynold No. (ii)( Prandtl No.
(iii) Grashof No.
b) Air flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 3m/s and ambient conditions are
pressure is 760 mm of Hg and temperature is 15 oC. The plate is maintained at
85oC. If the length of the plate is 100 cm along the flow of the air, find the heat
lost by 50 cm of the plate which is measured from the trailing edge. Plate width is
50 cm.

8.a) State and prove Kirchoff’s law of radiation.

b) Two large gray parallel plates with emissivities 0.4 and 0.9 exchange heat by
radiation. A polished aluminium sheet of emissivity 0.06 is placed between the
two. Find the reduction in heat transfer rate.

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 Set No.

Code No.222001
2
II-B.Tech. II-Semester –Supplementary-Examinations January-2003.
THERMAL ENGINEERING AND HEAT TRANSFER
(common to Production Engineering, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,
Mechatronics.)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks:80
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
---

1.a) Briefly explain the working of 4 stroke CI engine with the help of simple
sketches.
b) A 4 cylinder, 4 stroke diesel engine runs at 1000 rpm. The bore and stroke of
each cylinder are 100 mm and 160 mm respectively. The cut off is 6.67% of the
stroke. Assuming the initial conditions of the air inside the cylinder are 1 bar and
20oC and mechanical efficiency as 75% calculate the BP developed by the engine.
Find the BSFC, if the air fuel ratio is 20:1. Take R as 0.287 kJ/kgK and clearance
volume of 84 C.C.

2.a) Discuss the relative merits and demerits of 2 stroke engines over 4 stroke engines.
b) The percentage composition by mass of a solid fuel used in a boiler trial is given
below:
C=90%; H2=3.5%; O2=3%; N2=1%; S=1% and the remainder being
ash. (i) Find the mass of air required per kg of fuel for complete combustion and
mass analysis of the dry products of combustion. (ii) If 50% excess air is supplied
in actual combustion determine the volumetric analysis of the dry products of
combustion.

3.a) What are the mixture strength requirements during various operating conditions of
an automobile and discuss any three methods that can be made to a simple
carburetor to meet the above requirements.
b) The following data relates to 4 cylinders 4 stroke petrol engine. Air fuel ratio by
weight = 16:1, calorific value of fuel =45200kJ/kg, mechanical efficiency =82%,
air standard efficiency =52%, relative efficiency =70%, volumetric efficiency
=78%, stroke to bore relation =1.25, Suction conditions =1 bar, 25oC rpm=2400,
power at brakes =72 kw. Calculate (i) Compression ratio (ii) Indicated thermal
efficiency (iii) Brake specific fuel consumption (iv) bore and stroke.

4.a) Briefly explain the different methods to measure frictional power of an I.C.
Engine.
b) Prove that for a two stage gas turbine plant with perfect inter cooling the
intermediate pressure for maximum work output is given by the geometric mean
of the initial suction pressure and the final delivery pressure.
Contd………..2
Code No.222001 -2- Set No.2

5.a) What are the important functions of a fuel Injection system and discuss the
working of a fuel injector pump with a neat sketch.
b) In a gas turbine plant working on Brayton cycle the air at inlet is 27 oC and 1 bar.
The pressure ratio is 6 and maximum temperature of the cycle is 800oC.
Isoentropic efficiency of the compressor and turbine are 0.8 and 0.85
respectively. Find (i) Compressor work (ii) Turbine work (iii) Work ratio (iv)
Thermal efficiency.

6.a) Derive generalized three dimensional conduction equation in rectangular

Cartesian coordinate system and how it will be reduced to (i) steady state heat
transfer and (ii) the system without heat generation.
b) Air at 20oC is flowing along a heated flat plate at 134oC at a velocity of 3 m/s.
The plate is 2m long and 1.5 m wide. Calculate the thickness of hydrodynamic
boundary layer and skin friction coefficient at 40 cm from the leading edge of the
plate. Also calculate the heat transfer rate from both sides of the entire plate.

7.a) Using dimensional analysis, for forced convection heat transfer, establish a
relation between Nusselt number, Reynolds number and Prandtl number and
explain the significance of above numbers in heat transfer.
b) Water at 50oC enters a 1.5 cm diameter and 3m long tube with a velocity of 1 m/s.
The tube wall is maintained at a constant temperature of 90oC. Calculate the heat
transfer coefficient and the total amount of heat transferred if the exit water
temperature is 64oC.

8.a) Explain the following (i) Planck’s law (ii) Wein’s law (iii) Stefan Boltzman law.
b) In a 2mx2mx2m cubical furnace, the ceiling is at 1200k and the floor is at 600k.
The walls are insulated. Assume that both the ceiling and the floor are black,
determine the net radiative exchange between two.

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 Set No.

Code No.222001
3
II-B.Tech. II-Semester –Supplementary-Examinations January-2003.
THERMAL ENGINEERING AND HEAT TRANSFER
(common to Production Engineering, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,
Mechatronics.)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks:80
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
---
1.a) Make a comparison between SI a CI engines.
b) A 4 stroke diesel engine has a cylinder base 12.5 cm and a stroke of 15.6 cm and
runs at 550 rpm. The engine uses 60% excess air with fuel having 87% C and
13% H2. The indicated thermal efficiency is 40%. The mechanical efficiency is
89% and the volumetric efficiency is 88%. Calculate the Brake power, SFC and
the BMEP. Fuel has a heating value of 41200 kJ/kg and the ambient conditions
are 1 bar and 20oC.

2.a) Briefly explain the reasons for variation between Ideal and actual cycles.
b) Briefly explain the method of drawing heat balance sheet for I.C. Engines.

3.a) What is meant by supercharging and discuss its effect on SI and CI engines.
b) A full load test on a 2 stroke engine gave the following results.
Speed = 450 rpm; brake load =46 kgf at a brake radius of 75 cm; IMEP = 3 bar;
fuel consumption = 5.4 kg/hr; jacket water flow rate=440 kg/hr; rise in
temperature of jacket water = 36oC; Air fuel ratio by weight = 31; Exhaust gas
temperature is 355oC; Lab temperature =22oC; barometric pressure = 76 cm of
Hg; cylinder bore = 220 mm; stroke = 270 mm Heating value of the fuel =42000
kJ/kg. Mean ep. Heat of exhaust gases = 1.06 kJ/kgK. Determine Mechanical
efficiency and draw a heat balance on hour basis.

4.a) Explain the necessity of cooling Internal combustion engines and discuss the
various methods of cooling.
b) The following test results were obtained in a single cylinder four stroke diesel
engine having a bore dia of 11.4 cm and stroke length of 14 cm. When running at
1000 rpm. (i) Brake load = 6 kgf at 0.61 m radius (ii) Fuel consumed per minute
= 0.024 kg (iii) Calorific value = 45,600 kJ/kg (iv) Air supplied per minute =
0.745 kg at 1 bar and 15oC. Determine the brake thermal efficiency, IMEP.
Specific fuel consumption and torque.

5.a) Prove that the output of a simple gas turbine plant is positive only when the
 T1  r −1
product of compressor and turbine efficiency is greater than  rp r where rp is
 T3 
pressure ratio, T1 and T3 are the compressor and turbine inlet temperatures.

Contd………2
 Code No.222001 -2- Set No.3

b) A gas turbine plant works between the fixed absolute temperature limits 300K and
900K the absolute pressure limits being 1 bar and 4 bar. The isoentropic
efficiency of the compressor is 0.8 and that of turbine is 0.85. Estimate the actual
thermal efficiency of the plant and power available for external load if the fuel
comsumption is 1 kg/s and calorific value of the fuel is 4200 kJ/kg.

6.a) Explain the Fourier’s law of heat conduction with an example.

b) Air at 60o and atmospheric pressure flows over both sides of a thin flat plate 1 m
wide and 2m long. The free stream velocity is 1 m/s. Calculate the thickness of
the velocity boundary layer at x=1.5 m and the drag force on the plate. Also
estimate the rate of heat transfer if the plate is maintained at 140oC.

7.a) Explain the terms hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thicknesses and their
growth along a flat plate.
b) Water at 50oC enters a 1.5 cm dia heat exchanger tube with a velocity of 1 m/s.
The tube wall is maintained at a constant temperature of 90oC calculate (i) the
length of the tube if the exit water temperature is 65oC (ii) the exit water
temperature if the length of the tube is 2 m.

8.a) Derive an expression for heat exchange by radiation between two black bodies.
b) Determine the reduction in radiant heat transfer between two large parallel plates
at 1000K and 500K, when a shield surface with emissivity of 0.1 and 0.6 on either
side is placed between them. The emissivities of surfaces are 0.6 and 0.8
respectively. Also determine shield temperature.

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 Set No.

Code No.222001
4
II-B.Tech. II-Semester –Supplementary-Examinations January-2003.
THERMAL ENGINEERING AND HEAT TRANSFER
(common to Production Engineering, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,
Mechatronics.)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks:80
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
---

1.a) Make a comparison between otto, Diesel and Dual cycles for (i) same
compression ratio and heat supplied (ii) same max pressure and temperature.
b) The following data relates to a test on a single cylinder petrol engine working on
the four stroke cycle.
Duration of the test = 60min., Calorific value of fuel used = 40000 kJ/kg, Fuel
consumption = 1.6 kg, Average mean effective pressure = 8.23 bar, Average
rpm = 2500, Diameter of cylinder = 6.5 cm, Stroke = 10 cm, Diameter of brake
pulley = 60 cm, Net brake load = 60 N, Compression ratio = 5.5,
Calculate (i) the indicated thermal efficiency (ii) brake thermal efficiency and (iii)
air standard efficiency.

2.a) What are the different fuels used in I.C. Engines and discuss the relative merits
and demerits.
b) The test data recorded during the trial of a single cylinder, 4 stroke diesel engine
are given below.
Bore = 33 cm Stroke = 43 cm rpm = 400, Area of the indicator diagram = 472
mm, Length of the indicator diagram = 62 mm, Spring constant = 0.6 bar/min.,
Load on hydraulic dynameter = 970 N, Dynamometer constant = 7500, Brake HP
WN kJ
can be calculated by , Fuel used = 10.8 kg/hr., C.V of fuel = 50000
C kg
Estimate (i) Mechanical efficiency (ii) Brake thermal efficiency.

3.a) What is the importance of Lubrication for I.C. Engines and discuss briefly any
two types of lubrication systems.
b) A 6 cylinder, 4 stroke oil engine working on dual cycle develops 117.7 kW .
Indicated power at 800 rpm. Using the following data C.R=8; cut off ratio =
1.51, Pressure and temperature at the end of suction stroke =0.93 bar and 27 oC.
Heat liberated at constant pressure = 2 x Heat liberated at constant volume.
Compression and expansion follow the law PV1.3=C and L=D. Find (i) Thermal
efficiency of the cycle and (ii) cylinder dimensions.

Contd……….2
Code No.222001 -2- Set No.4
4.a) Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of open cycle and closed cycle
gas turbines.
b) A gas turbine power generating set has two turbines. One turbine drives the
compressor and the other the generator. Air intake is at 27 oC and 1 bar and the
pressure ratio is 6.0. The maximum temperature in the cycle is 1050 K. The
pressure ratio for both the turbines is 6. Part of the hot gases from combustion
chamber passes through the turbine driving the compressor. Calculate (i) the
power output of the turbine driving the generator (ii) the amount of gas passing
through the compressor turbine and (iii) the thermal efficiency of the plant. The
compressor and the turbines have an isoentropic efficiency of 0.82 and the total
gas flow is 150 kg/s. Sketch the process on the T-S diagram.

5.a) Explain with a neat sketch the working of a closed cycle gas turbine plant.
b) A gas turbine plant draws in air at 1.013 bar, 10 oC has a pressure ratio of 5.5. The
maximum temperature in the cycle is limited to 750oC. Compression is conducted
in an uncooled rotary compressor having an isoentropic efficiency of 82% and
expansion takes place in a turbine with an isoentropic efficiency of 85%. A heat
exchanger of efficiency of 70% is fitted between the compressor outlet and
combustion chamber. For an air flow of 40 kg/s find (i) the overall cycle
efficiency (ii) the turbine output and (iii) the air fuel ratio of the calorific value of
the fuel used is 45.22 MJ/kg.
cf
6.a) Derive the Reynolds Colburn analogy and show that St.Pr2/3= .
2
b) Air at 300K, flowing at 25 m/s flows over a flat plate, the surface of which is
maintained at 500 K. Calculate the rate at which the heat is transferred per metre
width from both sided of the plate over a distance of 0.25 m from the leading
edge. For heat transfer from a flat plate Ne = 0.332 pr1/3(Ru)1/2.
7.a) Explain briefly the difference between the mechanisms of forced and Natural
convection heat transfers.
b) Water at 50oC enters a 1.5 cm dia and 3 m long tube with a velocity of 1 m/s. The
tube wall is maintained at constant temperature of 90oC. Calculate the heat
transfer coefficient and the total amount of heat transferred if the exit water
temperature is 64oC.
8.a) Explain the concept of view factor in radiation and prove that the emissity factor
1
2
F1-2 for two concentric spheres is 1  r1   1  where ∈ 1, r1 and ∈ 2, r2 are
+    − 1
∈1  r2   ∈2 
the emissivity and radius of inner and outer cylinders respectively.
b) Two long concentric cylinders of 3m and 1.5 m radii respectively exchange heat
by radiation. The outer cylinder is at 540oC and the inner cylinder at 260oC. The
emissivities of the outer and inner cylinders are 0.2 and 0.5 respectively. If the
two cylinders see one another and nothing else, calculate the net heat exchange by
radiation.
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