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    Spectrum Inversion in NCDMA To Ensure Compliance With 3GPP2

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    Unlike many other cellular standards, NCDMA is required by the 3GPP2 standard to perform Spectrum Inversion in the physical layer before transmission and after reception. There are a few simple techniques that can help determine if Spectrum Inversion has been performed on a signal.

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    Spectrum Inversion in NCDMA To Ensure Compliance With 3GPP2

    Uploaded by

    kuazu
    38 views6 pages
    Unlike many other cellular standards, NCDMA is required by the 3GPP2 standard to perform Spectrum Inversion in the physical layer before transmission and after reception. There are a few simple techniques that can help determine if Spectrum Inversion has been performed on a signal.

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    Tut 5499

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    Unlike many other cellular standards, NCDMA is required by the 3GPP2 standard to perform Spectrum Inversion in the physical layer before transmission and after reception. There are a few simple techniques that can help determine if Spectrum Inversion has been performed on a signal.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views6 pages

    Spectrum Inversion in NCDMA To Ensure Compliance With 3GPP2

    Uploaded by

    kuazu
    Unlike many other cellular standards, NCDMA is required by the 3GPP2 standard to perform Spectrum Inversion in the physical layer before transmission and after reception. There are a few simple techniques that can help determine if Spectrum Inversion has been performed on a signal.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Maxim > Design Support > Technical Documents > Tutorials > Basestations/Wireless Infrastructure > APP 5499

    Maxim > Design Support > Technical Documents > Tutorials > Wireless and RF > APP 5499

    Keywords: NCDMA, narrow band CDMA, cdma2000, WCDMA, LTE, 2G, 3G, 4G, femto cell, small cell, wireless infrastructure, spectrum inversion, RF, transceiver TUTORIAL 5499

    Spectrum Inversion in NCDMA to Ensure Compliance with 3GPP2


    Nov 27, 2013 Abstract:Unlike many other cellular standards, NCDMA is required by the 3GPP2 standard to perform spectrum inversion in the physical layer before transmission and after reception. With todays vast selection of radio frequency (RF) transceivers and baseband processors, it is easy to imagine how one could come across a set of RF transceiver and baseband processor that have mismatched spectrum in the transmit and receive paths. This simple oversight will result in noncompliance to the 3GPP2 standard and failure to demodulate. However, there are a few simple techniques that can help determine if spectrum inversion has been performed on a signal. A similar version of this article appears on microwaves&rf , October 11, 2013.

    Introduction
    This tutorial will help design engineers manage spectrum inversion Click here for an overview of the wireless to comply with the 3GPP2 standard. It is important for system components used in a typical radio integrators to remember that the 3GPP2 standard requires NCDMA, transceiver. unlike many other cellular standards, to perform spectrum inversion in the physical layer (generally within the radio frequency (RF) IC) prior to transmission and after reception. With todays vast selection of RF transceivers and baseband processors, it is easy to imagine how one could find a set of a RF transceiver and baseband processor that has mismatched spectrum in the transmit and receive paths. This simple oversight will result in noncompliance with the 3GPP2 standard and failure to demodulate. However, there are a few simple techniques that can help determine if spectrum inversion has been performed on a signal. This tutorial presents three techniques that perform spectrum inversion on RF transceivers that do not have built-in spectrum inversion.

    How to Detect Spectrum Inversion


    In a transmitter, the easiest way to determine if the spectrum has been inverted is by comparing a single-tone continuous wave (CW) with a nominally positive frequency to the local oscillator (LO) frequency. If the RF CW output frequency is greater than the LO frequency (positive offset), then no

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    spectrum inversion has happened. But if the LO frequency is greater than the RF output frequency, then the spectrum has been inverted. In the receive path, if a positive offset RF input frequency produces an I output that leads the Q output by 90, then no spectrum inversion was done by the RF demodulator. Generally, the modulation format of the RF demodulator follows the modulator. To demonstrate these points, lets examine the uplink and downlink paths of a WCDMA system, as specified in the 3GPP standard TS 25.213 ( Figure 1 ).

    Figure 1. WCDMA I/Q modulation and demodulation format. Note that the Q channel is multiplied by a negative phase LO, i.e., -sin( LOt), as shown in red.

    Transmitter Signals
    For simplicity, assume that the transmitter baseband I and Q signals are represented by: Vm = e jmt = cos(m t) + jsin(m t) (Note that this is a positive frequency, complex tone at baseband.) The transmitter I and Q LOs are represented by: LO ITX = cos(LOt) and LO QTX = -sin( LOt) Now notice the negative polarity of the Q LO: VTX = cos(m t)cos(LOt) - sin( m t)sin( LOt) VTX = cos((m - LO)t) + cos((m + LO)t) - cos((m - LO)t) + cos((m + LO)t) VTX = cos(( m + LO)t) As shown in the equations above, a positive modulation baseband signal, in combination with a negative phase LO frequency, produces an RF output frequency which resides above the LO frequency. The

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    result is no spectrum inversion.

    Received Signals
    On the receiving end, assume that the same transmitted RF signal is received and demodulated with the same LO format as the transmitter: VRX = cos(RX t), with RX = m + LO VLO = e -j LO t = cos(LOt) - jsin(LOt) VBB = cos(RX t)cos(LOt) - jcos( RX t)sin( LOt) After multiplying out the terms and applying lowpass filtering to remove the higher frequencies: VBBI = cos((RX - LO)t) and VBBQ = sin(( RX - LO)t) Substituting RX with m + LO, the I and Q baseband outputs are the same as the I and Q of the TX baseband inputs: Im = cos(m t) and Q m = sin( m t)

    Perform Spectrum Inversion


    Now that we have a clear understanding of how to detect spectrum inversion, we turn our attention to the available methods of achieving it on purpose. As mentioned earlier, the 3GPP2 standard requires that the signal spectrum of NCDMA be inverted prior to transmission and after reception. Following are three simple methods that can be used for spectrum inversion.

    Method 1
    Spectrum inversion by adopting a positive phase LO. This is the modulation format recommended by the 3GPP2 standard ( Figure 2 ).

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    Figure 2. NCDMA I/Q modulation format. Note how the Q channel is multiplied by LO with positive phase, i.e., sin( m t), as highlighted in red. Im = cos(m t) and Q m = sin( m t) LO ITX = cos(LOt) and LO QTX = sin( LOt) VTX = cos(m t)cos(LOt) + sin( m t)sin( LOt) VTX = cos((m - LO)t) + cos((m + LO)t) + cos((m - LO)t) - cos((m + LO)t) VTX = cos(( m - LO)t) As shown here, the RF output frequency is lower than the LO frequency. Therefore, the spectrum has been inverted.

    Method 2
    Spectrum inversion by inverting the polarity of the Q baseband signal. Im = cos(m t) and Q m = -sin( m t) LO ITX = cos(LOt) and LO QTX = -sin( LOt) VTX = cos(m t)cos(LOt) + sin( m t)sin( LOt) VTX = cos(( m - LO)t)

    Method 3
    Spectrum inversion by swapping the I and Q transmit baseband signals. Im = sin( m t) and Q m = cos(m t)

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    LO ITX = cos(LOt) and LO QTX = -sin( LOt) VTX = sin( m t)cos(LOt) - cos(m t)sin( LOt) VTX = sin(( m + LO)t) + sin(( m - LO)t) - sin(( m + LO)t) + sin(( m - LO)t) VTX = sin(( m - LO)t)

    Conclusion
    Method 1 is the method for performing spectrum inversion recommended by the 3GPP2 standard. However, as shown above, other methods can achieve the same result and still be spec compliant. In all cases for parts derived from the MAX2553 WCDMA transceivers, the baseband input and output pins are labeled so that no spectrum inversion occurs in the transceiver, neither in the transmitter path nor in the receiver path. For compliance with the 3GPP2 standard, one should be aware of this and apply one of the above methods for inverting the transmit spectrum. For the receive path, a corresponding inversion is also required in most cases, unless the baseband is already programmed to accept inverted spectrum signals.

    Related Parts MAX2547 MAX2548 MAX2550 MAX2551 MAX2553 MAX2557 MAX2597 MAX2598 MAX2599 WCDMA/HSPA Band I RF-to-Bits Femto-Basestation Radio Receiver Quad-Band TDD-WCDMA RF-to-Bits Radio Receiver Band I, V, and VIII WCDMA Femtocell Transceiver with GSM Monitoring Band II and V WCDMA Femtocell Transceiver with GSM Monitoring Band Class 0, 1, and 10 cdma2000 Femtocell Transceiver Multiband, Multimode RF-to-Bits Femto-Basestation Radio Receiver Femto-Basestation Bits-to-RF Radio Transmitter Quad-Band TDD-WCDMA Bits-to-RF Radio Transmitter Femto Basestation Bits-to-RF Radio Transmitter Free Samples Free Samples Free Samples

    More Information For Technical Support:http://www.maximintegrated.com/support For Samples:http://www.maximintegrated.com/samples

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    Other Questions and Comments:http://www.maximintegrated.com/contact Application Note 5499: http://www.maximintegrated.com/an5499 TUTORIAL 5499, AN5499, AN 5499, APP5499, Appnote5499, Appnote 5499 2013 Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. Additional Legal Notices:http://www.maximintegrated.com/legal

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