Users Manual

MEASUREMENT OF SUSCEPTIBILITY OF A LIQUID OR A SOLUTION BY QUINCKES METHOD

Model : QTX-01

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MEASUREMENT OF SUSCEPTIBILITY OF A LIQUID OR A SOLUTION BY QUINCKES METHOD

INTRODUCTION The Quinckes method is used to determine magnetic susceptibility of diamagnetic or paramagnetic substances in the form of a liquid or an aqueous solution. When an object is placed in a magnetic field, a magnetic moment is induced in it. Magnetic susceptibility is the ratio of the magnetization I (magnetic moment per unit volume) to the applied magnetizing field intensity H. The magnetic moment can be measured either by force methods, which involve the measurement of the force exerted on the sample by an inhomogeneous magnetic field or induction methods where the voltage induced in an electrical circuit is measured by varying magnetic moment. The Quinckes method like the Gouys method belongs to the former class. The force f on the sample is negative of the gradient of the change in energy density when the sample is placed,
f = d 1 d 1 0 ( r ra ) H 2 = 0 ( a ) H 2 dx 2 dx 2 (1)

Here 0 is permeability of the free space and r and ra a are respectively relative permeability and susceptibility of the sample and the air which the sample displaces. The force acting on an element of area A and length dx of the liquid column is fAdx, so the total force F on the liquid is
F = A fdx = A0 ( a ) H 2 H 02 , 2

(2)

where the integral is taken over the whole liquid. This means that H is equal to the field at the liquid surface between the poles of the magnet and H 0 is the field at the other surface away from the magnet. The liquid (density ) moves under the action of this force until it is balanced by the pressure exerted over the area A due to a height difference h between the liquid surfaces in the two arms of the U-tube. It follows that

F = Ah ( a ) g
Or

= a +

g ( a )

h H H 02
2

(3)

In actual practice a , density of air a and H 0 are negligible and can be ignored and the above expression simplifies to 2 gh = . 0 H 2 (4)

This equation shows that by plotting h as a function of H2 , the susceptibility (called the volume susceptibility) can be determined directly from the slope of the straight line graph. It is a dimensionless quantity. This expression is in S.I. units in which , g , h and H are measured in kg/m 3, m/s 2, m and amp.turn/m respectively.
In C.G.S. units, Eqs.(3) and (4) are

= a + 2 g ( a )
=
2 gh , H2

h , H H02
2

(5) (6)

where , g , h and H are measured in g/cm3, cm/s2, cm and gauss respectively. The volume susceptibilities in the two systems of units are related as (SI units) = 4 (CGS units).

BRIEF DESCRITION OF THE APPARATUS 1. 2. 3. 4.

Quincks tube with stand. Sample : MnSO4. H2O. R.D. Bottle. Travelling Microscope, TVM-02 Horizontal scale : 180mm with screw gauge type motion. Vertical scale : 150mm with screw gauge type motion. Least count : 0.01mm on both scales. Electromagnet, EMU-50T Pole Pieces : 50mm tapered to 20mm. Field : 9.5 KG at 10mm air-gap. Constant Current Power Supply, DPS-50 Current : -0-4 A (Smoothly adjustable). Line sload Regulation : 0.1%. Digital Gaussmeter, DGM-102 Range : 0-2 KG & 0-20 KG Accuracy : 0.5%

5.

6.

7.

Detailed specifications are as per the datasheets. The apparatus is complete in all respect, except a Chemical Balance required for measuring weights.

MnSo4.H2O Solution

Fig. 1 : Schematic of Quincks Setup

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
A schematic diagram of Quinckes set up is shown in Fig.1. One limb of the glass U-tube is very narrow (about 2 - 3 mm in diameter) and the other one quite wide. The result is that a change in the level of the liquid in the narrow limb does not affect the level in the wider limb. The narrow limb is placed between the pole pieces of an electromagnet shown as N-S such that the meniscus of the liquid lies symmetrically between N-S. The length of the limb should be sufficient enough to keep the lower extreme end of this limb well outside the field of the magnet. The rise or fall h on applying the field is measured by means of a traveling microscope fitted with a micrometer scale of least count of order 10 -3 cm.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Test and ensure that each unit (Electromagnet and Power Supply) is properly. functioning

2. Measure the density of the specimen (liquid or solution) by specific gravity bottle. If the mass of empty bottle is w1, filled with specimen w2 and filled with water w3, then

= water

w2 w1 . w3 w1

(7)

3. Scrupulous cleaning of the tube is essential. Thoroughly clean the Quinckes tube, rinse it well with distilled water and dry it (preferably with dry compressed air). Do not use the tube for longer than one laboratory period without recleaning it. 4. Keep the Quinckes tube between the pole pieces of the magnet as shown in Fig.1. The length of the horizontal connecting limb should be sufficient to keep the wide limb out of the magnetic field. 5. Fill the liquid in the tube and set the meniscus centrally within the pole pieces as shown. Focus the microscope on the meniscus and take reading. 6. Apply the magnetic field H and note its value from the calibration, which is done earlier as an auxiliary experiment. Note whether the meniscus rises up or descends down. It rises up for paramagnetic liquids and solutions while descends down for diamagnetics. Readjust the microscope on the meniscus and take reading. The difference of these two readings gives h for the field H. The magnetic field between the poles of the magnet does not drop to zero even when the current is switched off. There is a residual magnetic field R which requires a correction. 7. Measure the displacement h as a function of applied field H by changing the magnet current in small steps. Plot a graph of h as a function of H 2.

RESULTS
The mass susceptibility is given by and the molar susceptibility by M where M is the molecular weight of the specimen. In the case of solutions, correction must be made for the diamagnetic contribution of water. If the number of water molecules per unit volume is not very different in the solution from that in pure water,

solution = salt + water .

In general if ms is the mass of the salt dissolved in mw of water, solution = ms mw + salt water . ms + mw ms + mw

(8)

(9)

can be obtained from this relation. Mass susceptibility of the salt, salt In a paramagnetic substance there are non-interacting permanent magnetic dipoles. The magnetizing field tends to align these parallel to the field. Thermal effects on the other hand tend to destroy this alignment. The result is that, for kT >>0B H, the volume susceptibility salt at temperature T is given by N 0 ( p B ) I C salt = = = , H 3kT T
2

(S.I. units)

(10)

salt =

N ( p B ) 3kT

C , T

(C.G.S. units)

where k is Boltzmann constant, N (= NA salt / M) is the number of ions per unit volume and B is Bohr magneton. p is the magneton number which may be calculated from the measured value of salt ( or salt = salt / salt ) and compared with the theoretical value depending on L, S and J of the magnetic ion as given in Appendix I. Eq.10 expresses Curie law and the constant C is called the Curie constant. The above expression assumes that the magnetic field acting on each ion is just the applied field and contributions due to neighbouring magnetic ions are neglected. For dilute paramagnetic materials this approximation is valid.

RECORD OF OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATION

(The following is a record of observations corresponding to an experiment performed with MnSO4.H2O in our laboratory).

1. Preparation of solution:(a) Mass of beaker (mb) Mass of beaker + water (mbw) Mass of beaker + water + salt (mbws) Mass of water (mw = mbw - mb) Mass of dissolved salt (ms = mbws - mbw) = 29.857 g = 62.585 g = 82.565 g = 32.728 g = 19.980 g

Table 1
8.8 8.4 8.0 7.6 7.2 6.8 6.4 6.0 5.6 5.2 4.8 4.4 4.0 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00

Magnetic Field (KG)

Current (A)

(b). Determination of density : Mass of specific gravity bottle (w1) = 19.698 g Mass of specific gravity bottle + water (w3) = 44.973 g Mass of specific gravity bottle + solution (w2) = 56.173 g

w2 - w1 36.475 = 1.443 g/cm3 = w3 - w1 25.275

2. Ambient Temperature 293 K 3. Calibration of magnetic filed as a function magnetizing current:Procedure:

1. Fix the air gap between the pole pieces of the electromagnet to the minimum distance required to insert Quincks tube without touching the pole pieces. 2. Measure the air gap. Each time the air gap changes, the graph will change. 3. Mount the Hall probe of the Digital Gaussmeter, DGM-102 in the wooden stand provided and place it at the centre of the air gap such that the surface of the probe is parallel to the pole pieces. The small black crystal in the probe is its transducer, so this part should be at the centre of the air gap. 4. Connect the leads of the Electromagnet to the Power Supply, bring the current potentiometer of the Power Supply to the minimum. Switch on the Power Supply and the Gaussmeter. 5. Slowly raise the current in the Power Supply and note the magnetic field reading in the Gaussmeter. 6. Plot the graph between the current and the magnetic field. This graph will be linear for small values of the current and then the slope will decrease as magnetic saturation occurs in the material of the pole pieces.

Table 1 S.No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Current (A)
0 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00

Magnetic Field (KG)

0.34 2.26 3.35 4.40 5.34 6.19 6.91 7.47

10.0 9.6 9.2 8.8 8.4 8.0 7.6 7.2 6.8 6.4 6.0 5.6 5.2 4.8 4.4 4.0 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
2

h (mm)

40
2

44

48

52

56

60

64

Mag. Field H (KG )

Fig.: Rise of solution level (h) as a function of magnetic field (H)

While performing the Quincks tube experiment, if the air gap is kept same as in the above experiment, you can determine the magnetic field at any specific current, just by looking at the graph. Note there may also be some magnetic hysteresis present and for a given current, the field may be slightly different, depending on whether the current is increasing or decreasing.

4. Rise of solution level (h) as a function of magnetic field (H):Table 2 S.No.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Current (A)
0.00 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00

H (KG)
0.34 2.26 3.35 4.40 5.34 6.19 6.91 7.47

H2 (KG2)
0.12 5.11 11.22 19.36 28.52 38.32 47.75 55.80

Height of liquid Rise of solution level (mm) h (mm)

10.14 10.81 11.78 13.09 14.53 16.12 17.57 18.38 0.00 0.67 1.64 2.95 4.39 5.98 7.43 8.74

5. From the graph of h vs H2

h H
2

7.5 x 10-1 47 x 10
6

=15.96 x 10-9

Calculation : (i).
Putting = 1.443, = , we get H2 = 45.14 x 10-6
'

g = 980,

h = 15.96 x 10 9 in H2 (6)

2gh

(ii). sol

45.14 x 10 -14 = = = 31.28 x 10 - 6 1.443

(iii). sol =

ms mw salt + ms + m w m s + m w water
sol

salt = (

mw m + mw ) s m s + m w water ms

Putting,

sol

= 31.28 x 10-6, = -0.72 x 10-6

mw = 32.728 g,

ms = 19.980 g,
salt

water

= 83.7 x 10-6

(iv).

salt

salt

x molecular weight of MnSO4.H2O

= 83.7 x 10-6x 169 = 14145 x 10-6 C.G.S. unit Internationally accepted value of for MnSO4.H2O at 293 K is 14200 x 10-6

APPENDIX I
Some constants and conversion factors:
Boltzmann constant k Avogadros number NA Bohr magneton B Permeability of free space 0 1 amp.turn/m Mass susceptibility of water Molecular weight of MnSO4 H2O Density of MnSO4 H2O 1.381 10 -23 Joule/ oK 6.0225 10 26 per kg mole 9.272 10 -24 A-m 2 9.272 10 -21 erg/gauss 4 10 -7 4 10 -3 gauss - 9.0 10 -9 m 3/kg 169 2.95 103 kg/m3