n. iosebaSvili z.

beriZe
n. murakaSvili
s t a t i s t i k a
ekonomikaSi, biznessa
da menejmentSi
Tbilisi - 2010
2 3
naSromi eZRvneba Cveni maswavleblis
profesor Saler benias naTel xsovnas.
naSromSi gaSuqebulia statistikis gamoyenebis
aqtualuri sakiTxebi. Teoriuli masala ganmtkicebulia
uaxlesi statistikuri informaciiT, amoxsnilia sanimuSo
magaliTebi da amocanebi.
wigni rekomendirebulia saxelmZRvanelod agraruli
universitetis biznesi da marTvis specialobis
studentebisaTvis.
redaqtori: sruli profesori l. CiburdaniZe
recenzenti: asoc. prof. l nozaZe
Sesavali
statistikuri mecnierebis Tanamedrove meTodebi farTod
gamoiyebneba biznesis marTvis sferoSi. amis gamo aucilebelia
statistikis zogadi Teoriis aTvisebasTan erTad studentebma
Seiswavlon konkretuli praqtikuli meTodebi, romelTa
gamoyenebiTac xdeba ekonomikisa da biznesis marTvis sferoSi
mimdinare movlenebisa da procesebis analizi.
statistika kacobriobis arsebobis aseulobiT wlebis
manZilze yovelTvis iTvleboda saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
ucilobel, efeqtur instrumentad.
sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvliT kidev ufro
gafarTovda misi gamoyenebis areali TiTeuli ojaxis,
biznesmenis, menejeris, mecnieris da mkvlevaris statistikuri
informaciis sxva momxmareblebis mier, sxvadasxva saxis
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas.
winamdebare damxmare saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsi da
struqtura srulad Seesabameba saswavlo disciplinis
`statistika ekonomikaSi, biznessa da menejmentSi~- moqmed
silabuss.
saxelmZRvanelos momzadebisas gamoyenebuli iqna bolo
wlebSi gamoqveynebuli statistikuri literatura da
uaxlesi statistikuri monacemebi.
imedi gvaqvs saxelmZRvanelo daxmarebas gauwevs
agraruli universitetis biznesi da marTvis specialobis
studentebs.
avtorTa koleqtivi siamovnebiT miiRebs da
gaiTvaliswinebs saxelmZRvanelos irgvliv gamoTqmul
SeniSvnebsa da winadadebebs.
4 5
Tema 1. mosaxleobis statistika
socialur-demografiuli statistika, rogorc statistikuri
mecnierebis uZvelesi dargi, Seiswavlis mosaxleobisa da misi
ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
konkretul pirobebSi.
mosaxleoba adamianTa erTobliobaa, romelic sazogadoebis
materialuri da sulieri cxovrebis erTerTi aucilebeli
elementia geografiul garemosa da materialuri dovlaTis
warmoebasTan erTad. mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobaze,
struqturasa da dinamikaze, jandacvis mdgomareobasa da ganaTlebis
doneze didadaa damokidebuli sazogadoebaSi materialuri da
sulieri dovlaTis warmoebis ganviTareba. amitom statistika
Seiswavlis mosaxleobis ricxovnobas, Semadgenlobas
(struqturas), agreTve, dinamikas drosa da sivrceSi.
mosaxleobis, rogorc rTuli erTobliobis Seswavla,
SeuZlebelia misi sxvadasxva niSniT dajgufebis gareSe.
mosaxleobis statistikis ZiriTadi maCveneblebidan gamoyofen
demografiuli procesebisa da situaciebis Sefasebisa (romelis
Seqmnilia konkretul teritoriaze, konkretul drosa da
sivrceSi) da maTi momavalSi ganviTarebis (prognozirebas) Semdeg
maxasiaTeblebs.
demografiuli situaciebis maxasiaTeblebia:
1. mosaxleobis kvlavwarmoebis maCveneblebi.
2. mosaxleobis Semadgenlobis (struqturis) maCveneblebi.
3. mosaxleobis ganaxlebisa da migraciis maCveneblebi.
calkeuli konkretuli kvlevebis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia
mosaxleobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva maCveneblebis miReba da sxvadasxva
amocanebis gadawyveta, magram, rodesac mosaxleobis statistikur
aRweras awarmoeben, gamoyofen mosaxleobis statistikuri
Seswavlis Semdeg ZiriTad amocanebs:
1. mosaxleobis ricxovnobisa da misi qveynis teritoriebis
mixedviT ganlagebis gansazRvra.
2. mosaxleobis ricxovnobisa da struqturis
(Semadgenlobis) sxvadasxva niSnebiT Seswavla:
a) demografiuli (sqesi, asaki, ojaxuri mdgomareoba),
b) eTnikuri (erovneba, mSobliuri ena),
g) ganaTlebis profesiuli saqmianobisa da sxva.
3. mosaxleobis migraciis Seswavlas.
4. mosaxleobis socialuri maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvras.
amrigad, mosaxleobis statistikur maCvenebelTa gaangariSebis
ZiriTadi mizania qveynis konkretul teritoriaze, konkretul
droSi formirebuli demografiuli situaciis, misi ganviTarebis
Seswavla.
ra saWiroa socialur-demografiuli garemos Seswavla
ekonomikis, biznesisa da menejmentis ganviTarebisaTvis? ekonomika,
biznesi da menejmenti mxolod xalxis normaluri cxovrebisa da
ganviTarebisaTvisaa saWiro. amitom mosaxleobis ricxovnobis,
Semadgenlobis, dinamikis, am safuZvelze moTxovna-miwodebis
ganviTarebis, agreTve, cxovrebis donis, Semosavlebis, danaxarjebis,
mecnierebis, kulturis, ganaTlebis, jandacvis da qveyanaSi
iuridiul-ekonomikuri samarTlianobis Seswavlis gareSe
SeuZlebelia nebismieri swori ekonomikuri politikis gatareba da
biznesmenuri, agreTve, menejmenturi gadawyvetilebis miReba.
amis garda, socialur-demografiuli situacia, biznes
garemos erTerTi mniSvnelovani indikatoria. aq ganixileba biznesis
ganviTarebis garemos ganmsazRvreli iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa
mosaxleobis bunebrivi da meqanikuri moZraoba, aqedan gamomdinare
biznesisaTvis saWiro SromiTi resursebi, cxovrebis done da
samuSao Zalis Rirebuleba, socialuri infrastruqtura
(ganaTleba, jandacva, sakanonmdeblo baza da samarTlianobis
statistikis indikatorebi) da sxv.
mosaxleobis statistikuri Seswavla misi ricxovnobis
SeswavliT iwyeba. mosaxleobis ricxovnobis informaciuli
wyaroebia, pirvel rigSi, sayovelTao aRwerebi da Semdgom,
aRweraTaSoris periodebSi, mosaxleobis bunebrivi da meqanikuri
moZraobis aRricxvis maCveneblebi. mosaxleoba xasiaTdeba iseTi
kategoriebiT, rogoricaa mudmivi, saxeze myofi, droebiT mcxovrebi
da droebiT wasuli mosaxleoba. mudmiv mosaxleobas miekuTvneba is
pirni, romlebic mudmivad cxovroben, xolo saxeze myofT - vinc
6 7
aRweris kritikul momentSi imyofebian (miuxedavad imisa, isini
cxovroben mudmivad Tu ara, mocemul dasaxlebul punqtSi).
droebiT macxovreblebs miekuTvneba saxeze myofi mosaxleobis
nawili, romlebic droebiT cxovroben mocemul teritoriaze,
magram mudmivi sacxovrebeli gaaCniaT sxva teritoriaze. maSasadame,
mudmiv sacxovrebelze isini CaiTvlebian droebiT wasul
mosaxleobad. Tu saxeze myofT davumatebT droebiT wasul da
gamovaklebT droebiT macxovreblebs, miviRebT mudmiv mosaxleobas.
mosaxleobis ricxovrobis safuZvelze statistika angariSobs
mosaxleobis saSualowliur sidides, agreTve, struqturas da
dinamikas.
Tu gvaqvs mosaxleobis ricxovnoba wlis dasawyissa da wlis
bolos, maSin saSualowliuri sidide SeiZleba martivad
davadginoT maTi jamis orze gayofiT.
magaliTi. mudmivi mosaxleobis ricxovnobam saqarTveloSi
2007 wlis dasawyisSi Seadgina 4394,7 aTasi, xolo wlis bolos
4371,3 aTasi kaci. maSasadame saSualowliuri ricxovnoba Seadgens:
kacs aTasi 4383
2
3 , 4371 7 , 4394
=
+
= y
Zalian xSirad mocemulia mosaxleobis ricxovnoba ramdenime
wlis pirveli ianvrisTvis. am SemTxvevaSi mosaxleobis
saSualowliuri ricxovnoba
y
dadgindeba saSualo
qronologiuris gamoyenebiT:
1
2
1
2
1
3 2 1

+ + +
=
n
y y y y
y
n

sadac
y
- aris saSualowliuri ricxovnoba;
n
y y y y , , , ,
3 2 1

- mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa TiToeuli
wlis pirveli ianvrisaTvis;
n
- welTa raodenoba.
magaliTi. saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis ricxovnobam 1
ianvrisaTvis aTas kacebSi Seadgina Sesabamisad 2003-2008 wlebSi:
wlebi 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
mosaxleobis
ricxvi
(aTasi kaci)
4342,6 4315,2 4321,5 4401,3 4394,7 4382,1
am monacemebiT 2003-2008 wlebSi saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis
saSualowliuri ricxovnoba Seadgenda:
kacs aTasi 01 , 4359
5
1 . 4382 5 . 0 7 . 4394 3 . 4401 5 . 4321 2 . 4315 6 . 4342 5 . 0
=
+ + + + +
= y
mosaxleobis ricxovnobis struqtura, anu Semadgenloba
Seiswavleba sxvadasxva niSniT. maT Soris mniSvnelovania eTnikuri
(erovneba, mSobliuri ena), demografiuli (sqesi, asaki, ojaxuri
mdgomareoba), socialuri (klasobrivi Semadgenloba), ekonomikuri
da profesiuli. struqturuli Semadgenloba gamoisaxeba CvenTvis
saintereso niSnis mqone (sqesi, asaki da a.S.) mosaxleobis
ricxovnobis procentuli SefardebiT mosaxleobis saerTo
ricxvTan.
8 9
magaliTi. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa bavSvebis da moxucebis
xvedriTi wili mTels mosaxleobaSi.
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
0 dan 15
wlamde mosaxleoba
(aTasi kaci)
957,3 926,5 905,7 889,4 855,2 824,8
65 wlis
zeviT mosaxleoba
(aTasi kaci)
711,2 706,4 703,4 716,0 722,0 724,9
sul mosaxleoba
(aTasi kaci)
4342,6 4315,2 4321,5 4401,3 4394,7 4382,1
15 wlamde asakis
mosaxl.
xvedriTi wili %
22.0 21.5 21.0 20.2 19.5 18.8
65 wlis
zeviT mosaxl.
xvedriTi wili %
16.4 16.4 16.3 16.3 16.4 16.5
15 wlamde asakis mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili (struqtura)
procentobiT Seadgens:
% 0 . 22 100
6 . 4342
3 . 957
2003 = wels
% 8 . 18 100
1 . 4382
8 . 824
2008 = wels
65 wlis zeviT mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili (struqtura)
procentobiT Seadgens:
% 4 . 16 100
6 . 4342
2 . 711
2003 = wels
% 5 . 16 100
1 . 4382
9 . 724
2008 = wels
sainteresoa agreTve mosaxleobis struqtura dasaqmebul
adamianebze damokidebuli adamianebis raodenobis mixedviT anu e.w.
damokidebulebis koeficienti.
2003-2008 wlebis monacemebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi
damokidebulebis koeficienti iqneba:
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
0 da 15 wlamde
da 65 wlis zeviT
(aTasi kaci)
1668,5 1632,9 1609,1 1605,4 1577,2 1549,7
15-64 wlamde
SromisunarianTa
ricxvi
(aTasi kaci)
2674,1 2682,3 2712,4 2795,9 2817,5 2832,4
damokidebulebis
koeficienti
0.62 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.55
mTeli msoflios ganviTarebad qveynebSi damokidebulebis
koeficienti klebulobs, asevea saqarTveloSic. damokidebulebis
maRali koeficienti niSnavs ekonomikuri zrdis nakleb potencials,
ganviTarebul qveynebSi damokidebulebis koeficienti mTeli
msoflios masStabiT zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba.
mosaxleobis dinamikas qronologiuri TariRebis (Tveebi,
kvartlebi, wlebi da a.S.) mixedviT statistika swavlobs dinamikis
SefardebiTi sidideebis gamoyenebiT. imave Cvens mier zemoT
mocemuli cifrebidan Cans, rom mosaxleobis ricxovnobis dinamikis
koeficientma 2003-2008 wlebSi Seadgina:
91 , 100 100
6 , 4342
1 , 4382
= = K
10 11
rac niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi am wlebSi mosaxleobis
raodenobam moimata TiTqmis 1 %-iT.
statistika Seiswavlis, agreTve, mosaxleobis bunebrivi da
meqanikuri moZraobis maCveneblebs.
mosaxleobis bunebrivi da meqanikuri moZraobis maCveneblebi
mosaxleobis bunebriv moZraobas ganekuTvneba Sobadoba,
sikvdilianoba, qorwineba, ganqorwineba da sicocxlis saSualo
xangrZlivobis cvlilebani.
bunebrivi moZraobisagan gansxvavdeba migracia. migracia
ewodeba mosaxleobis gadaadgilebas erTi teritoriuli adgilidan
meoreze xangrZlivi an xanmokle periodiT, romelsac Tan axlavs
mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla. sxvagvarad migracias
mosaxleobis meqanikur moZraobas uwodeben. zogjer saqme gvaqvs
e.w. qanqarisebur migraciasTan, romlis qveS igulisxmeba adamianebis
sistematuri wasvla da ukan dabruneba samuSaod an saswavleblad.
mosaxleobis bunebrivi da meqanikuri moZraoba rTuli
socialur-ekonomikuri procesia, romlis cifrobrivi daxasiaTebiT
statistika iZleva SromiTi resursebis raodenobis, urbanizaciis
(soflidan qalaqisaken mosaxleobis moZraoba) da sxva sakiTxebis
Seswavlis saSualebas qveynisa da regionebis mixedviT. mosaxleobis
bunebriv moZraobas axasiaTebs Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis, bunebrivi
matebis, qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis absoluturi da SefardebiTi
maCveneblebi. absoluturi maCveneblebia wlis manZilze
dabadebulTa, gardacvalebulTa da bunebrivi matebis (maT Soris
sxvaoba) ricxvi, xolo Tu am absolutur sidideebs aviRebT
SefardebiT mosaxleobis 1000 sulze gaangariSebiT (promilebSi
%0 ), miviRebT mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis koeficientebs. es
koeficientebi iZleva analizisa da sxvadasxva qveynebis, regionebis
urTierTSedarebis saSualebas.
Tu wlis manZilze dabadebulTa ricxvs aRvniSnavT
N
N-iT,
gardacvalebulTa ricxvs
M
- M-iT, bunebrivi matebis absolutur
mniSvnelobas
A
-Ti, xolo mosaxleobis saSualowliuri
ricxovnobas
S
-iT, maSin Sobadobis koeficienti (
S
K
)
ganisazRvreba formuliT:
1000
S
N
K =
S
mokvdaobis koeficienti:
1000
S
M
K =
m
bunebrivi moZraobis koeficienti:
1000 1000
S S
M N
K
A
=

=
A
bunebrivi moZraobis motanili SefardebiTi maCveneblebi
agebulia mosaxleobis saerTo saSualowliuri ricxovnobis mimarT.
amitom maT sxvagvarad uwodeben saerTo koeficientebs. cxadia,
isini gansxvavdeba calkeuli asakobrivi, socialuri, sqesobrivi da
sxva jgufebis mixedviT. Tu msgavs gaangariSebebs vawarmoebT
mosaxleobis aseTi struqturuli qvedanayofebis mixedviT,
miviRebT e.w. bunebrivi moZraobis specialur koeficientebs.
magaliTad, Sobadobis saerTo koeficientTan erTad metad
sainteresoa qalTa nayofierebis anu Sobadobis specialuri
koeficienti, romelsac angariSoben wlis manZilze dabadebulTa
ricxvis SefardebiT 15-49 (fertiluri) asakis qalTa
saSualowliur ricxvTan da 1000-ze gadamravlebiT. gamoyofen,
agreTve, bavSvTa sikvdilianobis specialur koeficients, romelic
sikvdilianobis saerTo koeficientebisagan gansxvavebiT
gaiangariSeba mocemul wels 1 wlamde asakis gardacvlil bavSvTa
ricxvis SefardebiT ara bavSvTa saSualo-wliur, aramed
dabadebulTa ricxvTan da 1000-ze gadamravlebiT. magram 1 wlamde
gardacvlilebidan nawili ekuTvnis mimdinare, nawili - gasul
wels dabadebulebs. xSirad dabadebulebidan 2 nawils miakuTvneben
mocemul wels dabadebulebs, maSin bavSvTa sikvdilianobis
specialuri koeficienti miiRebs aseT saxes:
12 13
1000
3
1
3
2
0 1
1
N N
m
K
M
+
=
sadac:
M
K
- bavSvTa sikvdilianobis specialuri koeficientia,
1
m
- 1 wlamde gardacvlil bavSvTa ricxvi,
1
N
- mocemul wels dabadebulTa ricxvi,
0
N
- gasul wels dabadebulTa ricxvi.
xSirad angariSoben, agreTve, ,,sicocxlianobis~ koeficients
dabadebulTa ricxvis SefardebiT gardacvlilTa ricxvTan,
romelic gamoisaxeba procentebSi.
absoluturi da SefardebiTi maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba,
agreTve, daqorwinebulTa da ganqorwinebulTa ricxvi. absoluturi
maCvenebelia daqorwinebulTa da ganqorwinebulTa ricxvi wlis
manZilze. Tu maT cal-calke gavyofT mosaxleobis saSualo
ricxvze da gavamravlebT 1000-ze, miviRebT daqorwinebis an
ganqorwinebis saerTo koeficients. magram aseTi SefardebiTi
maCveneblebis nakli isaa, rom ar iTvaliwinebs asakobriv da
sqesobriv gansxvavebas. amitom angariSoben specialur
koeficientebs cal-calke vaJebisa da qalebis, agreTve, fertiluri
asakisaTvis.
mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia, agreTve, qorwinebis saSualo
xangrZlivoba, romelic miuTiTebs ojaxis simtkiceze da SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes am movlenis saTanado analizisaTvis.
ZiriTadi demografiuli maCveneblebi
(koeficientebi)
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Sobadoba
(aTas kacze)
10,7 11,5 10,7 10,9 11,2
gardacvaleba
(aTas kacze)
10,6 11,3 9,9 9,6 9,4
1 wlamde
gardacvaleba
(aTas cocxlad
dabadebulze)
24,8 23,8 19,7 15,8 13,3
bunebrivi mateba
(aTas kacze)
0,0 0,2 0,8 1,3 1,8
mkvdradSobadoba
(aTas dabadebulze)
17,3 17,2 15,6 14,7 12,7
qorwineba
(aTas kacze)
2,9 3,4 4,1 5,0 5,7
ganqorwineba
(aTas kacze)
0,4 0,4 0,4 0,5 0,5
rogorc statistikuri monacemebidan irkveva bolo wlebSi
saqarTveloSi SeimCneva ZiriTadi demografiuli maCveneblebis
gaumjobeseba.
mosaxleobis bunebriv moZraobasTan erTad statistika
Seiswavlis, agreTve, migracias, anu mosaxleobis meqanikur
gadaadgilebas erTi qveynidan (regionidan) meore qveyanaSi
(regionSi). erTmaneTisagan ansxvaveben Siga (erTi qveynis an
regionis farglebSi) da gare (erTi qveynidan an regionidan
meoreSi) migracias. mosaxleobis moZraoba SeiZleba iyos ori
mimarTulebis: qveyanaSi an regionSi Camosvla (imigracia) da
14 15
qveynidan an regionidan wasvla (emigracia). maT Soris sxvaoba
warmoadgens migraciis saldos, romelic gansazRvravs mosaxleobis
meqanikur matebas an klebas mocemul regionSi.
weli gare migraciuli saldo
(aTasi kaci)
1991-1998 -790.2
1999 -36.1
2000 -35.2
2001 -32.6
2002 -27.8
2003 -27.5
2004 5.5
2005 76.3
2006 -12.1
2007 -20.7
2008 -10.2
2009 34.2
rogorc cxrilidan Cans saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis gare
migraciis saldo bolo wlebSi mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda, rac
uTuod metyvelebs cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebaze.
migraciis maCveneblebi aris absoluturi (CamosulTa da
wasulTa ricxvi) da SefardebiTi. es ukanaskneli gaiangariSeba
absoluturi maxasiaTeblebis SefardebiT mocemul teritoriaze
mcxovrebTa saSualo wliur ricxvTan da 1000-ze gadamravlebiT.
TiToeuli maTgani SeiZleba gaviangariSoT migraciis mizezebis
(axali mSeneblobisaTvis muSaxelis organizebuli Segroveba,
axalgazrdobis saswavleblad wasvla da sxv.), sqesis, asakis,
erovnebisa da sxva niSnebis mixedviT.
mosaxleobis perspeqtiuli ricxovnobis gaangariSebis
meTodebi
mosaxleobis zemoTmotanili statistikuri maCveneblebi
axasiaTebs mimdinare da wasul periodSi mosaxleobis moZraobis
suraTs. amasTan erTad biznesis, menejmentis da mTeli ekonomikis
ganviTarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba mosaxleobis
perspeqtiuli ricxovnobis gaangariSebas. mosaxleobis
perspeqtiuli ricxvonobis dasadgenad gvaqvs eqstrapolaciisa da
asakgadanacvlebis meTodebi. eqstrapolacia gulisxmobs warsul
periodSi mosaxleobis ricxovnobis cvalebadobis tendenciebis
gavrcelebas momavalze. aq SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes iseTi
maCveneblebi, rogoricaa mosaxleobis saSualowliuri zrdisa da
matebis tempebi da sxv.
mosaxleobis perspeqtiuli ricxovnoba saSualowliuri
absoluturi matebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba gaangariSebul iqnes
formuliT:
A + = t S S
t 0
xolo saSualowliuri zrdis tempis gamoyenebiT:
K S S
t 0
=
sadac,
t
S
- mosaxleobis perspeqtiuli ricxovnobaa;
0
S
- sawyisi ricxovnoba perspeqtiuli periodis
dasawyisisaTvis:
A
- mosaxleobis saSualowliuri absoluturi mateba
warsul periodSi;
K
- saSualowliuri zrdis tempi;
t
- perspeqtiuli periodis xangrZlivoba wlebSi.
asakgadanacvlebis meTodi gulisxmobs TiToeuli asakobrivi
jgufisaTvis Sobadobis da sikvdilianobis koeficientebis
safuZvelze momdevno asakis mqone mosaxleobis ricxvis dadgenas.
16 17
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis statistika
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Seswavlisas statistikis
winaSe dgas oTxi ZiriTadi amocana: 1) cxovrebis donis arsebuli
suraTis daxasiaTeba; 2) cxovrebis donis struqtura (adamianTa
calkeuli kategoriebis, socialuri jgufebis, regionebis, agreTve,
qalaqis, soflis da sxva niSnebis mixedviT); 3) mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis dinamika qronologiuri TariRebis (Tve, kvartali,
weli) mixedviT; 4) cxovrebis doneze moqmedi faqtorebis analizi.
ekonomikur literaturaSi ar arsebobs mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis erTmniSvnelovani ganmarteba, amasTan
dakavSirebiT sadiskusioa sakiTxi, Tu romeli maCveneblebis
gamoyenebaa mizanSewonili mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis
adekvaturi statistikuri asaxvisaTvis. analizis sawarmoeblad
gaiangariSeba mTeli rigi maCveneblebi, romlebic Semdeg ZiriTad
blokebSia dajgufebuli:
_ mosaxleobs Semosavlebis maCveneblebi;
_ mosaxleobis gasavlebis, materialuri keTildReobisa da
momsaxurebis moxmarebis maCveneblebi;
_ danazogebi;
_ dagrovili qonebis maCveneblebi da mosaxleobis binebiT
uzrunvelyofa;
_ mosaxleobis Semosavlebis diferenciaciis, siRaribis donisa
da sazRvrebis maCveneblebi;
_ socialur-demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi;
_ mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Semajamebeli maCveneblebi.
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Sesafaseblad zemoT moyvanili
statistikur maCvenebelTa sistemis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis
(Semosavali, moxmareba) gamoyeneba ver uzrunvelyofs Seswavlili
movlenebis Sesaxeb srul warmodgenas. aqedan gamomdinare,
samecniero wreebSi mimdinareobs diskusiebi erTiani Semajamebeli
maCveneblis gaangariSebis meTodologiis SemuSavebis
mizanSewonolobisa da aucileblobis Sesaxeb, romelTa Seqmnas
mravali mecnieri skepticizmiT uyurebs. bunebrivia, es ar aris
erT-erTi urTulesi problema, romlis gadawyvetac
uzrunvelyofda mosaxleobis keTildReobis ganzogadebuli
maCveneblebis formirebasa da praqtikaSi damkvidrebas.
ramdenime wlis winaT, gaeros ganviTarebis programaSi (1995w.)
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis erTiani agregatuli maCveneblis
gaangariSebis nimuSis saxiT SemoTavazebul iqna adamianis
potenciuri ganviTarebis indeqsi (apgi), romelic Seadgens krebsiT
indeqss da moicavs 3 ZiriTad maCvenebels, romlebic asaxaven
cxovrebis donis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs:
1. axalSobilTa mosalodneli sicocxlis saSualo
xangrZlivobis maCvenebeli;
2) ganaTlebulobis miRweuli donis maCvenebeli;
3) erT sul mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqciis (mSp)
realuri moculobis (dolarebSi, myidvelunarianobis
paritetis safuZvelze) maCvenebeli.
qvemoT ganvixilavT adamianis potenciuri ganviTarebis
indeqsis (apgi) Semadgeneli TiToeuli maCveneblis indeqsi
gaiangariSeba Semdegi formuliT:
min. maqs.
min.
i i
i i
i
X X
X X
I

=
,
sadac
i X
i

aris maCveneblis faqtobrivi mniSvneloba.
min i
X
da
maqs. i
X
- Sesabamisad i maCveneblis minimaluri
da maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebi.
kerZod:
1. axalSobilTa mosalodneli sicocxlis saSualo
xangrZlivobis maCveneblis indeqsis gamosaangariSeblad, sicocxlis
xangrZlivobis minimalur maCveneblad aiReba 25 weli, xolo
maqsimalur maCveneblad _ 85 weli. maSin sicocxlis indeqss
Semdegi formulis gamoyenebiT gamoiangariSeben:
25 85
25
1
1

=
X
I
.
18 19
2. ganaTlebulobis miRweuli donis indeqsi ganisazRvreba
rogorc ori sub-indeqsis Sewonili saSualo ariTmetikuli: 1)
srulasakovan mosaxleobaSi ganaTlebulobis indeqsi (
3
2
) 21
i
wiliT da 2) moswavleTa erToblivi wilis (dawyebiT, saSualo,
umaRles saswavlo dawesebulebebSi) indeqsi (
3
1
)
22
i
wiliT,
kerZod,
3
1
3
2
22 21 2
i i I + =
.
codnis indeqsis gamosaangariSeblad srulasakovan
mosaxleobaSi (15 wlisa da meti)
min. i
X
mniSvnelobad aiReba 0,
% 100 =
maqs. i
X
.
moswavleTa erToblivi wilis indeqsi gamoiangariSeba 24
welze naklebi pirebisaTvis, xolo wilis sazRvriTi mniSvneloba
aiReba rogorc codnis indeqsis gamoangariSebisas (e.i. 0 da
100%).
3. erT sul mosaxleze mSp-is realuri moculoba gaiangariSeba
dolarebSi myidvelobiTi unarianobis protestis gaTvaliswinebiT
(mup), romlis koreqtirebac xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qveyanaSi
faqtobrivi Semosavali 1 sul mosaxleze metia vidre sawyisi
maCvenebeli, romelic msoflioSi aRiarebulia rogorc saSualo
suladobrivi maCvenebeli. es maCvenebeli dReisaTvis Seadgens 5448
dolars, (e.i.
=
3
X
5448 dolari aris msyidvelobiTunarianobis
paridetis safuZvelze gaangariSebuli erT sul mosaxleze mSp-is
realuri moculoba. Tu mocemul qveyanaSi faqtobrivi Semosavali
(
'
3
X
) metia mis sawyis doneze (
3
X
), e.i Tu
'
>
3 3
X X
maSin
gadametebis diskontirebas awarmoeben Sesabamisi formulebis
gamoyenebiT. Tu
'
s
3 3
X X
, maSin realuri mSp-s moculobis
indeqsis gaangariSebisas aiReba am maCvenebelTa faqtobrivi
mniSvneloba. mSp-s realuri moculobis minimalur maCveneblad erT
sul mosaxleze aiReba 100 dolaris myidvelobiTunariani pariteti
(mup), xolo maqsimaluri diskontirebuli mniSvneloba aiReba 5448
dolaris myidvelobiTunariani pariteti.
maSasadame, erT sul mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqciis
realuri moculobis indeqsi gamoiangariSeba Semdegi maCvenebliT,
kerZod:
roca
5448
3
s X
dolarze, maSin
100 5448
100
3
3

=
X
I
b) roca
>
3
X
5448 dolarze, maSin
100 5448
100
'
3
3

=
X
I
zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, adamianis potenciuri
ganviTarebis indeqsi (apgi) Seadgens
.
3
3 2 1
I I I
I
+ +
=
ad.p.gan.
adamianis potenciuri ganviTarebis maCveneblis gaangariSebis
meTodologia mudmiv srulyofas ganicdis. masSi jer kidev bevri
sadiskusio sakiTxia. sxvadasxva qveynebSi es sakiTxebi
sxvadasxvanairad wydeba, ase magaliTad amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis cxovrebis donis maCvenebelTa sistema 13 ganyofilebas
moicavs. esenia: garemomcveli sfero, demografiuli situacia,
dasaqmeba, Sromis pirobebi, TviT cxovrebis makroekonomikuri
maCveneblebi (mTliani Sida produqti, erovnuli produqti da
sxva), socialuri uzrunvelyofa, jandacva, ganaTleba, sabinao
20 21
pirobebi, kultura, dasveneba da garToba, satransporto
uzrunvelyofa, erovnuli Tavdacva, moqalaqeTa samarTlebrivi
dacva.
amJamad yvela qveynisaTvis rekomendebulia gamosayeneblad
gaeros mier SemuSavebuli maCvenebelTa sistema, romelic moicavs:
1. mosaxleobis demografiul maxasiaTebels (Sobadoba,
sikvdilianoba da sxva); 2. sanitarul-higienur pirobebs; 3.
sasursaTo saqonlis moxmarebas; 4. sabinao pirobebs; 5. ganaTlebasa
da kulturas; 6. Sromis pirobebsa da dasaqmebas; 7. mosaxleobis
Semosavlebsa da danaxarjebs; 8. sacxovreblis Rirebulebas da
samomxmareblo fasebs; 9. satransporto saSualebebiT
uzrunvelyofas; 10. dasvenebis organizacias; 11. socialur
uzrunvelyofas; 12. adamianis Tavisuflebas.
gaeros mierkve gamoyofilia sainformaciao ekonomikuri
maCveneblebi, romlebic uSualod cxovrebis dones ar axasiaTeben,
magram gamoiyeneba am ukanasknelTa gasaangariSeblad. maT
ganekuTvneba: erovnuli Semosavali, mTliani Sida produqti
mosaxleobis erT sulze, socialuri momsyaxurebis raodenoba da
saxeebi, mosaxleobis simWidrove, kavSirgabmulobis saSualebebi,
beWdviTi sityva da sxva.
zemoT CamoTvlili maCveneblebidan SeiZleba gamovyoT zogadi
da kerZo indikatorebi. zogads SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT: 1. mTliani
Sida produqti an mTliani erovnuli Semosavali mosaxleobis erT
sulze; 2. cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsi; 3. mosaxleobis
msyidvelobiTi unarianobis indeqsi; 4. mosaxleobis potencialuri
ganviTarebis indeqsi; es maCveneblebi mTlei qveynisa da misi
calkeuli regionebis mixedviT zogadad axasiaTeben mosaxleobis
cxovrebis dones, xolo kerZo maCveneblebi (saSualo xelfasi,
saSualo Semosavlebi, saSualo danaxarjebi, kvebis produqtebis
moxmareba, jandacvis, ganaTlebis, kulturis, iuridiuli
samarTlianobis) calkeuli indikatorebis mixedviT axasiaTeben
cxovrebis donis ama Tu im mxares. mTliani Sida produqti,
romelic sabazro fasebSi gamosaxuli qveynis mocemul
teritoriaze warmoebuli produqciisa da momsaxurebis
Rirebulebaa Sualeduri moxmarebis gareSe anu damatebul
RirebulebaTa jami mosaxleobis erT sulze zogadad kargad
axasiaTebs cxovrebis dones. aseTnairad SeiZleba, agreTve
cxovrebis done, zogadad, qveynis masStabiT davaxasiaTod mTliani
erovnuli Semosavlis mixedviT mosaxleobis erT sulze.
cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsi SedarebiT Zveli maCvenebelia
da mas amJamad zomaven samomxmareblo fasebis harmoniuli indeqsiT:

=
1 1
1 1
1
p q
i
p q
I
sadac
1
q
- samomxmareblo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
fizikuri moculobaa saangariSo periodSi;
1
p
- samomxmareblo saqonlis an momsaxurebis erTeulis
sabazro fasi an tarifia saangariSo periodSi;
i
- calkeuli saxis samomxmareblo saqonlis fasis an
momsaxurebis tarifis individualuri indeqsia.
samomxmareblo saqonelSi gaerTianebulia ori jgufis
saqoneli: sasursaTo da arasasursaTo. pirvel jgufSi Sedis puri
da puris produqtebi, xorci da xorcis produqtebi, rZe da rZis
produqtebi, Tevzeuli, kartofili, xoli, bostneuli da sxva,
xolo meore jgufSi - fexsacmeli, tansacmeli, kulturul-
sayofacxovrebo da sameurneo saqoneli, msubuqi avtomanqanebi,
aveji da sxva.
momsaxurebaSi Seitaneba satransporto, sabinao-komunaluri,
kavSirgabmulobis, jandacvis, ganaTlebis da sxva uamravi saxis
momsaxurebani.
magaliTi. davuSvaT mocemul qveyanaSi, regionSi, qalaqSi da
sxva teritoriul erTeulSi saangariSo periodSi gayiduli
saqonlis da momsaxurebis saerTo Rirebulebam
1 1
p q
Seadgina
22 23
406 aTasi lari. maT Sorisaa sasursaTo saqonelbrunvis moculoba
- 200,0 aTasi, arasasursaTo - 180,0 aTasi, xolo momsaxurebis
Rirebuleba - 26,0 aTasi lari. sasursaTo saqonelze
samomxmareblo fasebi gaizarda 5%-iT, arasasursaToze - 20%-iT,
xolo momsaxurebis tarifebi ar Secvlila. rogor Seicvala
cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsi?
, ) , ) , )
105 . 1
0 . 1
1
0 . 26
20 . 1
1
0 . 180
05 . 1
1
0 . 200
0 . 26 0 . 180 0 . 200
1
1 1
1 1
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|

+ +
= =

p q
i
p q
I
maSasadame, saangariSo periodSi sabaziso periodTan
SedarebiT samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsma Seadgina 1,105, rac
mianiSnebs cxovrebis Rirebulebis 10,5%-iT gaZvirebaze.
mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTi unarianobis indeqsi
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis Sebrunebuli sididea da ase
gamoisaxeba:

=
1 1
1 1
1
p q
p q
i
I
Cvens zemoT motanil magaliTSi :
904 . 0
105 . 1
1
= = I
rac imas niSnavs, rom mosaxleobas fulis imave raodenobiT
saangariSo periodSi SeuZlia mxolod 9,6%-iT naklebi raodenobis
saqoneli da momsaxureba SeiZinos. esec cxovrebis saerTo donis
daqveiTebaze mianiSnebs.
zemoT CamoTvlili maCveneblebis garda, gaeros eqspert-
specialistebi sxvadasxva qveynebis cxovrebis donisa da sxva
miznebisaTvis, gvTavazoben integralur, sinTezur maCveneblebad
gamoviyenoT erovnuli Semosavali, 50 wlis zemoT asakSi
gardacvlilTa wili gardacvlilTa saerTo ricxovnobaSi da
SinameurneobebSi sursaTze danaxarjebis xvedriTi wili.
sociologiur gamokvlevebSi Zalian xSirad iyeneben e.w.
,,daZabulobis~ indikators, romelsac sami ZiriTadi maCvenebliT
angariSoben. esenia: samomxmareblo saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT
adamianTa moTxovnis dakmayofilebis xarisxi, danaSaulobaTa done,
social-politikuri, ekonomikuri, ekologiuri da sxva sakiTxebiT
ukmayofilo adamianTa wili. am maCvenebelTa (koeficientebis saxiT)
martivi saSualo ariTmetikulis gaangariSebiT adgenen
,,daZabulobis indikatoris~ koeficientebs. Tu es koeficienti 0,4-
0,8 farglebSia, eqspertebis azriT arsebobs socialuri
daZabuloba, 0,9-dan 1,4-mde, lokaluri konfliqtebia, 1,4-dan 2-mde
- regionSi socialuri afeTqeba, Tu 2-ze metia, maSin es
metyvelebs masobriv socialur afeTqebaze.
mosaxleobis Semosavlebi da xarjebi
cxovrebis donis erTerTi mniSvnelovani indikatoria
Semosavlebi, maTi struqtura da dinamika.
mosaxleobis Semosavlebi aris is maqsimaluri Tanxebi,
romlebic garkveul periodSi SeiZleba daixarjos moxmarebaze da
imave dros periodis bolosaTvis SenarCunebul iqnas periodis
dasawyisSi arsebuli raodenobis kapitali.
amJamad, statistika aRricxavs da aanalizebs Semdegi saxis
Semosavlebs: daqiravebuli Sromidan (xelfasi, premia, erTjeradi
daxmarebani da sxv.), TviT dasaqmebidan (mogeba da sxv.), soflis
meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan (sakuTar mamulSi moweuli
soflis meurneobis produqciis realizaciidan), qonebidan (qonebis
gaqiravebidan, procenti anabridan, wilidan, dividendebi aqciebidan,
procenti obligaciebidan, qira sakuTrebis gaqiravebidan da sxva).
24 25
ucxoeTidan miRebuli gzavnilebani (fuladi da arafuladi),
qonebis gayidvidan (binis, agarakis, sayofacxovrebo teqnikis,
manqanebis, miwis, pirutyvis da sxvaTa gayidvidan), axloblebisagan
miRebuli fuli, pensiebi, stipendiebi, daxmarebani, fulis sesxeba
an danazogebis gamoyeneba, arafuladi Semosavlebi (sakuTari
moxmarebisaTvis warmoebuli, humanitaruli daxmarebis an
axloblebisagan miRebuli produqtebis Rirebuleba).
cxovrebis doneze kargad metyvelebs saSualo Semosavlebi
mosaxleobis erT sulze (gaiangariSeba mTliani Semosavlebis
SefardebiT mosaxleobis ricxovnobaze), misi struqtura
(gaiangariSeba Semosavlebis TiToeuli saxelobis moculoba
SefardebiT saSualo suladobriv maCvenebelze da 100-ze
gadamravlebiT, da dinamika (gaiangariSeba dinamikis SefardebiTi
sidideebis gamoyenebiT).
Sinameurneobis saSualoTviuri suladobrivi Semosavlebi (lari)
saqarTveloSi
saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebis ganawileba erT Sinameurneobaze wlebis mixedviT
lari
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
fuladi Semosavlebi
da transfertebi 130,5 152,1 171,9 190,2 224,4 257,1 297,6 378,4
daqiravebuli
Sromidan 52,7 57,5 60,4 67,4 87,5 107,2 132,9 166,1
TviTdasaqmebidan
24,3 28,9 32,2 36,6 39,5 40,7 42,5 52,8
soflis meurneobis
produqciis
gayidvidan 21,4 28,9 30,8 34,3 32,1 32,2 27,2 30,4
qonebidan(gaqiravebidan,
procenti anabridan)
1,6 1,0 1,6 2,3 3,3 1,4 3,9 3,4
pensiebi, stipendiebi,
daxmarebebi 12,3 12,2 8,3 15,6 25,6 32,5 41,3 63,0
ucxoeTidan miRebuli
gzavnilebi 8,5 10,8 18,5 12,5 13,8 14,8 17,3 19,3
axloblebisagan
miRebuli fuli 9,6 12,8 20,1 21,6 22,7 28,2 32,7 43,4
arafuladi
Semosavlebi 92,8 92,4 88,0 87,5 79,1 81,7 74,1 86,7
Semosavlebi, sul 223,3 244,4 259,9 277,7 303,5 338,7 371,8 465,1
sxva fuladi
saxsrebi 18,6 44,4 41,7 42,7 43,2 46,7 50,4 72,2
qonebis gayidva 7,0 8,8 8,3 9,3 5,3 6,9 5,8 10,4
fulis sesxeba an
danazogis gamoyeneba
11,5 35,6 33,4 33,4 37,9 39,8 44,7 61,8
fuladi saxsrebi, sul 149,0 196,5 213,6 232,9 267,6 303,7 348,1 450,6
fuladi da
arafuladi saxsrebi,
sul 241,8 288,8 301,6 320,4 346,7 385,4 422,2 537,4
fuladi Semosavlebis
xvedr.wili % 58.43 62.2 66.2 68.5 73.9 75.9 80.06 81.35
arafuladi Semosavl.
xvedr.wili % 41.57 37.8 33.8 31.5 26.1 24.1 19.94 18.65
26 27
am maCveneblebis Sedareba saarsebo minimumTan gvaZlevs
warmodgenas cxovrebis doneze. Tu am absoluturi
maCveneblebiT gaviangariSebT struqturas, miviRebT, rom fulad
Semosavlebs saerTo SemosavlebSi eWira 2001 wels 58.43%,
xolo 2009 wels 81.35 % amave wesiT dadgindeba arafuladi
Semosavlebis xvedriTi wili. miviRebT Sesabamisad 41,57% 2001
w. 18,65% - 2009 w. am safuZvelze SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna
imis Sesaxeb, rom izrdeba fuladi Semosavlebis xvedriTi wili
da mcirdeba arafuladi Semosavlebis xvedriTi wili
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saSualosuladobriv Tviur
SemosavlebSi, rac saqarTveloSi sabazro movlenebis
ganviTarebiT aixsneba. dinamikis SefardebiTi sididis
gamoyenebiT 2001-2009 wlebSi Semosavlebi saqarTvelos
SinameurneobebSi gaizarda 465.1/223.3=2.08 -jer anu 208 %-iT.
es ki metyvelebs cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebaze.
SemosavlebTan erTad cxovrebis dones axasiaTebs, agreTve,
mosaxleobis danaxarjebi, maTi struqtura da dinamika.
mosaxleobis xarjebSi Tanamedrove periodSi aRiricxeba,
rogorc fuladi (sursaTis, sasmelis, Tambaqos nawarmis,
tansacmlis, fexsacmlis, saojaxo momsaxurebis, jandacvis,
saTbobisa da eleqtroenergiis, transportis, ganaTlebis,
kulturisa da dasvenebis, transfertis, danazogis, sasoflo-
sameurneo qonebis SeZenis), ise arafuladi (naturiT
momsaxurebis) xarjebi.
xarjebis moculoba mosaxleobis erT sulze, misi
struqtura da dinamika metyvelebs cxovrebis doneze.
saSualo Tviuri xarjebis ganawileba erT Sinameurneobaze wlebis mixedviT
lari
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
samomxmareblo
fuladi xarjebi
201,8 216,7 219,8 245,7 265,4 289,6 322,6 386,2
sursaTze, sasmelze,
Tambaqos nawarmze
106,7 113,0 116,8 131,6 133,9 146,6 155,7 177,5
tansacmelsa da
fexsacmelze 12,2 12,4 13,3 14,5 14,9 15,1 15,3 17,7
saojaxo moxmarebis
saqonelze 25,6 7,6 7,6 9,1 9,7 10,3 12,3 13,8
janmrTelobis dacvaze
11,5 15,7 13,8 15,3 19,5 23,4 27,6 38,2
saTbobsa da
eleqtroenergiaze 17,1 20,0 20,0 21,8 26,1 29,9 36,3 46,6
transportze
12,4 25,7 22,2 23,5 27,0 26,8 30,0 39,5
ganaTleba, kulturasa
da dasvenebaze
7,3 13,3 6,2 6,6 7,9 9,4 12,8 13,5
sxva samomxmareblo
xarjebi 9,2 9,1 19,9 23,1 26,5 28,1 32,6 39,3
arafuladi xarjebi
92,8 92,4 88,0 87,5 79,1 81,6 74,1 86,6
samomxmareblo xarjebi,
sul 294,6 309,1 307,8 333,2 344,6 371,2 396,8 472,8
arasamomxmareblo
fuladi xarjebi
27,2 50,1 49,7 45,9 38,0 42,1 46,6 62,9
sasoflo-sameurneo
xarjebi 5,8 7,1 6,6 6,5 7,3 6,8 8,5 9,3
transfertebze
0,7 5,7 9,1 9,4 9,4 10,3 12,4 12,6
dazogvaze an gasesxebaze
20,6 23,2 26,1 22,7 13,7 19,1 21,3 31,5
qonebis SeZenaze
0,0 14,2 7,9 7,4 7,6 6,0 4,4 9,5
fuladi xarjebi, sul
228,9 266,8 269,5 291,6 303,4 331,7 369,2 449,0
xarjebi, sul
321,7 359,1 357,5 379,1 382,6 413,4 443,4 535,7
28 29
saqarTvelos SinameurneobebSi erT Sinamerneobaze
Tviuri danaxarjebi 2001-2008 wlebSi gaizarda mTlianad
294.6 laridan 472.8 laramde anu 1,605-jer (60.5%-iT).
zemoT CamoTvlili maCveneblebi axasiaTeben cxovrebis
dones saerTod qveyanasa da mis calkeul regionebSi. magram
isini warmodgenas ver gviqmnian calkeuli fenebis cxovrebis
doneTa Soris gansxvavebebze. amitom statistika swavlobs
Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis diferenciaciis anu cxovrebis
doneebis (mdidrebis, saSualo macxovreblebis, Raribebisa da
Ratakebis) mixedviT am indikatorebis gansxvavebulobis
process.
gansxvaveba ekonomikurad metad da naklebad
uzrunvelyofili mosaxleobis cxovrebis doneTa Soris
kontrastuli rCeba, agreTve, ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis
mqone qveynebSic. amJamad, mdidarTa 20%-is Semosavlebis
moculoba naklebad uzrunvelyofili mosaxleobis 20%-is
Semosavlebs aWarbebs TurqeTSi 16-jer, avstraliaSi, axal
zelandiasa da portugaliaSi - 8-9-jer, amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, italiaSi, safrangeTSi, fineTsa da daniaSi -
saSualod 7-jer, belgiaSi, iaponiaSi, niderlandebSi, did
britaneTsa da espaneTSi - saSualod 5-jer da ufro metad.
saqarTveloSi mdidrebis bolo deciluri jgufis
Semosavlebi da danaxarjebi daaxloebiT 40-jer aWarbebs
Raribebis pirveli deciluri jgufis Sesabamis maCvenebels. es
imas niSnavs, rom jerjerobiT saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis
mdidarTa ekonomikuri mdgomareoba Seudareblad gansxvavebulia
RaribTa mdgomareobisagan.
mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis
diferenciaciis gasazomvad msoflio statistikur mecnierebaSi
mravali indikatoria SemuSavebuli. aqedan yvelaze
gavrcelebulia koncentraciis korado jinis koeficienti. is
gaiangariSeba formuliT:
+ +
=
i i i i
q p q p K
1 1
sadac:
i
p
im mosaxleobis xvedriTi wilia (nazardi
koeficientebis saxiT), romlebsac gaaCniaT mocemuli
i
-uri
jgufis araumetes maqsimaluri mniSvnelobis toli Semosavali;
i
q
-uri jgufis Semosavlebis xvedriTi wilia
mosaxleobis mTlian SemosavlebSi (nazardi koeficientebis
saxiT).
magaliTi (cifrebi pirobiTia).
saSualoTviuri
Semosavlebi erT
sulze (lari)
mosaxleobis
ricxvi
mln. kaci
xvedriTi wili
%
300 -mde 1.9 42.22
300-350 1.4 31.11
350-400 0.9 20.00
400-zevi 0,3 6.67
sul 4.5 100,0
SevadginoT saangariSo cxrili.
30 31
mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da ricxovnobis xvedriTi
wilebis nazardi jamebi
saSualo-
Tviuri
Semosavlebi
erT sulze
(lari)
m
o
s
a
x
l
e
o
b
i
s
r
i
c
x
v
i
m
l
n
.

k
a
c
i
mosaxleobis
mTliani
Semosavlebi
jgufebis da
saerTo
ricxovnobis
mixedviT
lari
m
o
s
a
x
l
.
r
i
c
x
o
v
n
o
b
i
s
x
v
e
d
r
i
T
i

w
i
l
i
S
e
m
o
s
a
v
l
e
b
i
s
x
v
e
d
r
i
T
i

w
i
l
ixvedriTi wilebis
nazrdi jami
mosaxl.
ricxvis
mixedviT
Semosavle-
bis
mixedviT
275.0
325.0
375.0
425.0
1.9
1.4
0.9
0.3
522.5
455.0
337.5
127.5
0.42
0.31
0.20
0.07
0.36
0.32
0.23
0.09
0.42
0.73
0.93
1.0
0.36
0.68
0.91
1.0
sul 4.5 1442.5 1.0 1.0 - -
maSasadame
42 . 0
1
= p 73 . 0
2
= p 93 . 0
3
= p
0 . 1
4
= p
36 . 0
1
= q 68 . 0
2
= q 91 . 0
3
= q 0 . 1
4
= q
CavsvaT zemoT motanil formulaSi miRebuli sidideebi.
gveqneba
, ) , ) , ) j
, ) , ) , ) j 075 . 0 91 . 0 0 . 1 68 . 0 93 . 0 36 . 0 73 . 0
0 . 1 93 . 0 91 . 0 73 . 0 68 . 0 42 . 0
1 1
= + +
+ +
= =
+ + i i i i
q p q p K
jinis koeficienti (Semosavlebis koncentraciis
maCvenebeli) gviCvenebs Semosavlebis faqtobrivi ganawilebis
gadaxras maTi Tanabari ganawilebis xazidan. Tanabari
ganawilebisas jinis indeqsi nulis tolia, absoluturi
uTanabrobisas ki erTis.
saqarTveloSi ukanasknel periodSi jinis koeficienti
mTliani Semosavlebis (da agreTve mTliani xarjebis) mixedviT
izrdeba 2005 w.-0,44 2006 w.-0,45 2007 w.-0,46 da 2008
w.-0,48 rac cxadia cxovrebis uTanabrobaze metyvelebs.
cxovrebis donis maCveneblebidan mniSvnelovania, agreTve,
siRaribis indikatorebi. maTgan aRsaniSnavia siRaribis done,
siRrme da simwvave.
siRaribis maCvenebelTa garkvevamde, saWiroa vicodeT
cneba sasursaTo minimumi (kalaTa), samomxmareblo minimumi
(kalaTa) da sacxovrebeli minimumi anu saarsebo minimumi,
medialuri da modaluri moxmareba. am ukanaskneli
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi msoflio ekonomikur-statistikur
literaturaSi siRaribis cnebis mravalnairi ganmarteba
ganixileba. aqedan yvelaze gavrcelebulia ganmarteba, romelic
siRaribis qveS ara marto materialur, aramed sulier
faqtorebsac gulisxmobs.
am safuZvelze ganmarteba SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT:
siRaribe aris Semosavlebis (fuladi da arafuladi) ukmarisoba
adamianis fiziologiuri da sulieri arseboba-ganviTarebisaTvis
saWiro minimalurad aucilebel materialur RirebulebaTa da
momsaxurebis moxmarebisaTvis.
am ganmartebidanac Cans, rom siRaribe SefardebiTi
kategoriaa da gansxvavebulia qveynebis mixedviT. magaliTad,
msoflio bankis monacemebiT, Raribad iTvleba pirovneba,
romelsac dReSi 4 dolarze naklebi Semosavali gaaCnia.
saqarTveloSi ki amJamad aseTi Semosavali didad aWarbebs
saarsebo minimums da saTanado pirovnebac saSualo
macxovreblad iTvleba.
sasursaTo minimumi (kalaTa) ewodeba kvebis produqtebis
im nakrebs, rac fiziologiuri normebis, maTi kaloriulobisa
da sabazro fasebis mixedviT, minimalurad mainc saWiroa
adamianis fizikuri arsebobisa da sicocxlisunarianobis
SesanarCuneblad. kvebis produqtebze anu sursaTze (puri da
puris produqtebi, xorci da xorcis produqtebi, rZe da rZis
produqtebi, Saqari, xili da baRCeuli) moxmarebis
fiziologiur normebs gansazRvravs samedicino samecniero-
32 33
kvleviTi institutebi mocemul qveyanaSi adamianTa asakobrivi,
sqesobrivi, cxovrebis bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis, zne-
Cveulebebis, tradiciebis, kulturisa da sxvaTa
gaTvaliswinebiT. sasursaTo minimumis (kalaTas) mimatebuli
arasasursaTo saqonlis moxmareba da gaweuli momsaxurebis
Rirebuleba Seadgens samomxmareblo kalaTas (minimums), xolo
amas damatebuli sxvadasxva gadasaxadebi da Sesatanebi, miviRebT
sacxovrebel anu saarsebo minimums. saarsebo minimums xSirad
siRaribis absolutur zRvarsac uwodeben.
statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri moxmarebis
fiziologiuri normebis safuZvelze, pirvel rigSi, angariSobs
sasursaTo minimums, xolo danarCens saarsebo minimums
(arasasursaTo saqonlis, agreTve, momsaxurebis, gadasaxadebis
da sxvaTa moculobas) adgens im Tanafardobidan gamomdinare,
romelic ukve praqtikulad Camoyalibebulia mocemul
periodSi. magaliTad, dRes saqarTveloSi sursaTisa da sxva
samomxmareblo RirebulebaTa Soris Tanafardoba saqarTveloSi
Seadgens 0,4 : 0,6-s. es imas niSnavs, rom SinameurneobaTa
SerCeviTi gamokvlevebiT mosaxleobis mTliani danaxarjebis
40% sursaTze modis. magaliTi: Tu sasursaTo kalaTis
Rirebulebam Seadgina TveSi 100 lari, maSin danarCeni
Rirebulebis moculoba saarsebo minimumamde, gaiangariSeba
martivi proporciiT:
0,4 - 100 lari
0,6 - X lari
lars 150
4 . 0
6 . 0 100
=

= X
aqedan cxadia, rom saarsebo minimumi Seadgens
100+150=250 lars.
aseTnairad, pirvel rigSi, angariSoben Sromisunariani
mamakacis saarsebo minimums, xolo danarCeni kategoriisaTvis
gamoiyeneba Sromisunariani mamakacis mimarT dadgenili
normativebi koeficientebis mixedviT. magaliTad, qalebisaTvis
es koeficientia 0,84. amis msgavsad gvaqvs bavSvebisaTvis,
moxucebisaTvis da a.S. am indikatorebis safuZvelze dgindeba,
agreTve, sxvadasxva suladobis ojaxebis saarsebo minimumebi.
amis garda siRaribis gasazomvad gamoiyeneben, agreTve,
medianur da modalur moxmarebasac, romlebsac siRaribis
SefardebiT zRvars uwodeben.
medianuri moxmareba moxmarebis sididea, romlis zemoT
moxmareba gaaCnia mosaxleobis 50%-s, xolo qveviT, agreTve,
50%-s.
modaluri - yvelaze gavrcelebuli moxmarebaa mocemuli
qveynis mosaxleobaSi.
siRaribis statistikuri maCveneblebia: siRaribis done,
siRrme da simwvave.
siRaribis done ewodeba Raribi mosaxleobis xvedriTi
wils mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobaSi. es SeiZleba
gaviangariSoT formuliT:
n
q
K =
K
- siRaribis done anu RaribTa xvedriTi wilia mTels
mosaxleobaSi;
q
- Raribebis ricxovnoba;
n
- mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnoba;
amasTan Raribad iTvleba mosaxleobis is kategoria,
romelsac saarsebo minimumze naklebi Semosavali aqvs.
siRaribis done zogadad axasiaTebs mocemul qveyanaSi
RaribTa xvedriT wils. magram Raribebis mTeli kontigentidan
yvela erTnairi cxovrebis donis araa. zogierTi maTgani
axlosaa Tavisi SemosavlebiT siRaribis zRvarTan. isini
SesaZlebelia sul mokle xanSi gadascildes mas da saSualo
macxovrebelTa zonaSi gadavidnen. amitom statistika
34 35
angariSobs, agreTve, siRaribis siRrmes. es maCvenebeli
axasiaTebs siRaribis zRvridan (saarsebo minimumidan)
Semosavlebis mixedviT Raribebis daSorebis saSualo manZils
da gaiangariSeba formuliT:
, )
nz
y z
p
q
i
i
=

=
1
1
sadac
1
p
- siRaribis siRrme;
z
- saarsebo minimumia mocemul periodSi;
i
y
- Raribi mosaxleobis
i
-iuri wevris moxmarebis (an
Semosavlis sidide);
n
- mosaxleobis ricxovnoba mocemul qveyanaSi,
regionSi.
formulis mricxveli asaxavs Raribebis moxmarebis
saerTo moculobas, rac maT saarsebo minimumamde anu siRaribis
zRvramde misaRwevad sWirdebaT, xolo mniSvneli - mTeli
mosaxleobis saarsebo minimumis donis saerTo moxmarebaa.
es maCvenebelic araa srulyofili indikatori, imdenad,
ramdenadac gamokvlevis miRma rCeba TviT RaribTa Soris
cxovrebis donis gansxvavebuli suraTi. amsitom statistikis
Teoriasa da praqtikaSi SemoRebulia mesame maCvenebeli -
siRaribis simwvave
2
p
is gaiangariSeba Semdegi formuliT:
2
1
2
1

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
q
i
i
z
y z
n
p
siRaribis ufro Rrma analizisaTvis am maCveneblebs
angariSoben ara marto saarsebo minimumis anu siRaribis
absoluturi zRvris mimarT, aramed medianuri moxmarebis
(SefardebiTi zRvris) 60 da 40 procentis mimarT. es
ukanasknelni gviCvenebs RaribTa qveda fenebis (Ratakebis)
ekonomikur mdgomareobas, rac socialuri politikis
gatarebis safuZvelia.
siRaribis statistikis maCveneblebi saqarTveloSi
siRaribis maCveneblebi %
2005 2006 2007 2008
siRaribis done
medianuri moxmarebis 40 %-is
mimarT
24.1 23.3 21.3 22.1
medianuri moxmarebis 60 %-is
mimarT
10.1 9.4 9.2 9.5
siRaribis siRrme
medianuri moxmarebis 40 %-is
mimarT
7.6 7.2 6.9 7.0
medianuri moxmarebis 60 %-is
mimarT
3.1 2.8 2.7 2.7
siRaribis simwvave
medianuri moxmarebis 40 %-is
mimarT
3.6 3.3 3.2 3.2
medianuri moxmarebis 60 %-is
mimarT
1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2
saqarTveloSi 2005-2008 wlebSi, rogorc, siRaribis
saerTo done aseve siRaribis siRrme da siRaribis simwvave
36 37
medianuri moxmareba 40%-is da 60%-is mimarT SesamCnevad
klebulobs. rac niSnavs cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas.
jandacvis (samedicino) statistika
cxovrebis donisa da siRaribis portretis maCvenebelia,
agreTve, janmrTelobis dacvis mdgomareoba qveyanasa da mis
calkeul regionebSi. zogjer samedicino statistikas
sanitarul statistikasac uwodeben. statistikis es dargi
samedicino movlenebisa da procesebis raodenobriv mxares
Seiswavlis Tvisebriv mxaresTan mWidro kavSirSi konkretul
drosa da sivrceSi. mis amocanebSi Sedis mosaxleobis
daavadebaTa, sikvdilianobis, invalidobis, adamianis fizikuri
ganviTarebis, jandacvis dawesebulebebisa da samedicino
kadrebis moculobis, struqturis, dinamikisa da maTze moqmedi
faqtorebis statistikuri Seswavla. amisTvis statistika
iyenebs mis xelT arsebul mosaxleobis janmrTelobis,
jandacvis, klinikuri statistikis, garemo samyaros
mdgomareobisa da sxva maCveneblebs.
mosaxleobis jandacvis mdgomareobas axasiaTebs rogorc
demografiuli (sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba, mokvdaobis
saerTo da specialuri koeficientebi da sxv.), ise sakuTriv
avadobis maCveneblebi. amJamad sicocxlis mosalodneli
saSualo xangrZlivoba saqarTveloSi Seadgens mamakacebisaTvis
69, xolo qalebisaTvis 75 wels, rac garkveulwilad adamianTa
janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze metyvelebs. samedicino
statistika gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs 1 wlamde
bavSvebisa da 1-14 wlebSi mozardTa sikvdilianobis Sesawvlis
(sikvdilianobis anu mokvdaobis absoluturi da SefardebiTi
maCveneblebis gaangariSebis meTodebi ukve cnobilia wina
masalidan). samedicino statistika mokvdaobis saerTod da
kerZo maCveneblebs ganixilavs sikvdilianobis mizezebTan
(sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemis, sasunTqi gzebis, saWmlis
momnelebeli organoebis daavalebebi, agreTve, ubeduri
SemTxvevebi da mowamlva, infeqciuri da parazituli daavadebebi
da sxva) mWirdro urTierTkavSirSi. ganixileba TiToeuli
daavadebis mixedviT gardacvlilTa ricxvi, maTi dinamika
wlebis mixedviT da struqtura calkeuli mizezebis mixedviT.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saerTaSoriso statistikis mixedviT 1
wlamde bavSvTa asakis kontigentSi CaiTvleba yvela bavSvi
(miuxedavad wonisa, sigrZisa da dedis fexmZimobis
xangrZlivobisa), romelmac dedis organizmidan sruli
mocilebis Semdeg gamoavlina sicocxlisunarianobis Tvisebebi
(ara marto sunTqva, aramed sicocxlis yovelgvari sxva niSnebi:
guliscema, pulsacia da sxva). bavSvTa asakSi sivdilianobis
mizezebSi statistika sxva saerTo faqtrebTan erTad gamoyofs,
agreTve, anomaliurad dabadebulebs da ganixilavs maT rogorc
saerTo ricxovnobis, agreTve, struqturisa da dinamikis
mixedviT.
samedicino statistikis erTerTi mniSvnelovani ubania
jandacvis, samedicino momsaxurebis, sawarmoo travmatizmisa da
klinikuri procesebis raodenobrivi Seswavla. jandacvasa da
samedicino momsaxurebas axasiaTebs samedicino momsaxurebasTan
dakavSirebuli Semosavlebi da danaxarjebi, samedicino
momsaxurebiT mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofa da samedicino
dawesebulebebis gamoyenebis maCveneblebi. maCvenebelTa pirvel
jgufSi Sedis jandacvaze gaweuli danaxarjebis moculoba,
maTi Sefardeba mTlian Sida produqtTan da mosaxleobis
ricxovnobasTan, samedicino personalis xelfasi, danaxarjebi
samedicino aparaturis SeZena-eqsploataciaze da a.S.
maCvenebelTa meore jgufs ganekuTvneba stacionaluri
(saavadmyofoebis, sawolTa raodenobis, eqimTa raodenobis)
dawesebulebebiT, agreTve, ambulatoriul-poliklinikuri
(dawesebulebebis saerTo raodenoba, maTi Sefardeba
mosaxleobis ricxovnobasTan, am dawesebulebebSi eqimTa
raodenoba, maT mier avadmyofebis miReba da a.S.) momsaxurebiT
mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofis xarisxi. maCvenebelTa mesame
38 39
jgufs axasiaTebs jandacvis dawesebulebebSi avadmyofTa movla
da mkurnaloba (hospitalizebul avadmyofTa saSualowliuri
ricxovnoba, stacionarSi avadmyofis yofnis xangrZlivoba,
poliklinikuri mkurnalobisaTvis avadmyofTa saSualowliuri
ricxvi da sxva). statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris
informaciia:
janmrTelobis dacvis ZiriTadi maCveneblebi
saqarTveloSi
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
eqimebis ricxovneba
(aTasi kaci)
21.0 21.4 20.3 20.6 20.0 20.3
mosaxleobis 10000
kacze
48.4 49.6 46.6 46.7 45.5 46.3
saavadmyofoTa ricxvi 248 246 242 244 245 244
saavadmyofoSi
sawolebis
ricxvi (aTasi)
18.2 17.8 17.1 16.5 14.6 14.1
erTi avadmyofis
saavadmyofoSi
yofnis xangZlivoba
(dRe)
9.2 8.6 7.7 7.4 7.3 6.8
poliklinikebis ricxvi 1100 1113 1123 1124 1140 1090
poliklinikebSi erT
cvlaSi avadmyofTa
miRebis ricxvi (aTasi)
94.4 94.3 92.1 88.0 84.8 87.4
samedicino statistika swavlobs, agreTve, warmoebaSi
profesionalur daavadebaTa raodenobas mizezebis mizedviT,
warmoebaSi ubedur SemTxvevebs momuSaveTa 1000 sulze
gaangariSebiT da a.S. amasTan statistika daavadebaTa mizezebis
kvlevisas aanalizebs ara marto warmoebis kulturas da mavne
pirobebs, aramed avadmyofTa qcevis wesebs da maT mier Tambaqos,
narkotikuli nivTierebebisa da alkoholuri sasmelebis
moxmarebis SemTxvevebs. mniSvnelovani amocanebi dgas, agreTve,
klinikuri statistikis winaSe, romelic korelaciur-
regresiuli analizis safuZvelze miznad isaxavs daadginos
mkuvrnalobis Catarebuli cdebi ramdenad sakmarisia miRebuli
Sedegebis mixedviT kanonzomierebaTa dasadgenad da Sesabamisi
meTodis gasavrceleblad.
moraluri statistika
cxovrebis doneze metyvelebs, agreTve, moraluri
statistikis maCveneblebic. igi Seiswavlis rogor sasamarTlo
(danaSaulebani, samoqalaqo an administraciuli
samarTaldarRvevebi, kanondarRvevebi da sxv.), ise
samarTalgareSe, moraluri movlenebis (alkoholizmi,
narkomania, prostitucia da sxv.) raodenobriobas Tvisebriv
mxaresTan mWidro kavSirSi konkretul drosa da sivrceSi.
moraluri statistikis amocanebia Seiswavlos yvela
samarTlebrivi, agreTve, arasamarTlebrivi-moraluri
movlenebisa da procesebis saerTo raodenoba, maTi struqtura
danaSaulobaTa an adamianTa socialuri jgufebis mixedviT,
dinamika da ganviTarebis kanonzomierebani, agreTve, moraluri
movlenebis sxva movlenebTan urTierTkavSiri.
moraluri statistikis amocanebSi Sedis ganixilos
moraluri movlenebis ara marto negatiuri (danaSaulobani,
kanondarRvevani da a.S.), aramed pozitiuri (Sromis, ojaxur-
sayofacxovrebo, samSoblos dacvis, sponsoruli daxmarebisa
da sxva sferoebSi) gavlenis statistikuri maCveneblebi.
moraluri statistikis amocanaTa gadawyvetis mizniT
farTod gamoiyeneba absoluturi da SefardebiTi sidideebi,
saSualo sidideebi, SerCeviTi dakvirveba, variaciis
maCveneblebi, dinamikis mwkrivebi, korelaciur-regresiuli
analizis meTodebi da sxva. aucilebelia, magaliTad, iseTi
mZime sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulobani, rogoricaa mkvleloba,
40 41
gaupatiureba, yaCaRoba, qurdoba, sxeulis mZime dazianeba da
sxva ganvixiloT ara marto saerTo raodenobis, aramed
SefardebiT mosaxleobis 10000 sulze, dinamikaSi
qronologiuri TariRebis mixedviT, maT gamomwvev mizezebTan
(SurisZieba, siZulvili, anerviuleba, xulignoba, wakamaTeba,
Cxubi da sxv.) mWidro kavSirSi. es maCveneblebi saSualebas
iZleva am danaSaulTa mixedviT erTmaneTs SevadaroT sxvadasxva
regioni, qveyana, wlebi da gavakeToT saTanado daskvnebi
saxelmwifos mier Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis gasatareblad
kriminologiuri situaciis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebiT.
registrirebuli danaSaulebi saqarTveloSi
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
sul registrirebuli
danaSauli
17397 24856 43266 62283 54746 44644
maT Soris:
mZime danaSauli
10326 17833 24320 29249 13158 13028
ganzrax mkvleloba
499 538 697 640 741 653
janmrTelobis mZime
dazianeba
253 371 368 271 157 200
gaupatiureba
52 62 141 167 156 100
Zarcva
556 1316 2087 2751 1615 1167
yaCaRoba
1013 1733 1925 2160 1208 1008
qurdoba
5593 10634 16256 27657 18586 14814
narkotikebis Senaxva
gasaReba
1945 1941 2074 3542 8493 8699
avtoavariebi, romlebmac
gamoiwvia dazaralebulTa
sikvdili
308 385 445 499 511 551
arasrulwlovanTa mier
Cadenili danaSauli
617 557 755 997 674 759
aseTive WrilSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT pozitiuri
moraluri movlenebi da procesebi. magaliTad, sponsoroba
mosaxleobis socialurad daucveli fenebis dasaxmareblad
unda ganvixiloT rogorc saerTo raodenobis, ise calkeulis
moculobis, agreTve, SefardebiT donori organizaciebisa da
socialurad daucveli mosaxleobis ricxovnobis mimarT (10000
sulze gadaangariSebiT) da a.S.
amasTan moraluri statistika gaiangariSebs rogorc
individualur, ise krebsiT maCveneblebs. magaliTad, Tu
samarTlebrivi statistika TiTeuli sisxlis an samoqalaqo
samarTlis danaSauls ixilavs individualurad misi
gaxsnadobis procentis, saerTo raodenobis, mosaxleobis
ricxovnobis an kidev calkeuli asakobrivi (mcirewlovanebSi,
mozardebSi da a.S.), sqesobrivi (mamakacebi, qalebi) da sxva
jgufebis 100000 sulze, maSin saqme gvaqvs individualur
statistikur maCveneblebTan. magram Tu gaviangariSebT ama
Tu im saxis maCvenebels (gaxsnadobis procenti, mcirewlovanTa
asakSi an mozrdilebSi, qalebSi an mamakacebSi) yvela
danaSaulis mixedviT, gveqneba krebsiTi maCvenebeli, romelic
gviCvenebs rogoria regionSi, qalaqSi an mxareebSi mdgomareobis
saerTo suraTi.
danaSaulTa gaxsnis procenti (gaxsnil danaSaulTa
raodenoba Sefardebuli registrirebul danaSaulTa ricxvze
da gamravlebuli 100-ze) an kidev damnaSaveobis koeficienti
calkeul danaSaulTa mixedviT aris individualuri, xolo
yvela danaSaulis mixedviT - krebsiTi statistikuri
maCveneblebi. amasTan krebsiT maCvenebels angariSoben saSualo
Sewonili ariTmetikulis gamoyenebiT, sadac wonebad
gamoyeneulia registrirebul danaSaulTa ricxvi. qveyanaSi da
calkeul regionebSi damnaSaveobis dasaxasiaTeblad sasamarTlo
statistika iyenebs kriminogenurobis koeficients, rasac
angariSoben gamovlenil damnaSaveTa ricxvis SefardebiT 14-dan
60 wlamde (qalebisaTvis) da 65 wlamde (mamakacebisaTvis)
mosaxleobis ricxovnobasTan da 100000-ze gadamravlebiT. Tu,
42 43
magaliTad is Seadgens 500-s, niSnavs imas, rom yoveli 100000
kacidan mocemul teritoriaze 500 damnaSavea. maSasadame, am
maCveneblis gadideba mianiSnebs kriminogenuri situaciis
gauaresebaze da piriqiT.
ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, xelovnebisa da kulturis
statistika
mosaxleobis cxovrebis done aisaxeba, agreTve,
ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, xelovnebisa da kulturis sistemaSi.
ganaTleba TavisTavad saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa farTo
sistemas moicavs. maT Sorisaa skolamdeli asakis bavSvTa
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi (baga, baRi, baga-baRi da sxv.),
romelTa ZiriTadi movaleobebia aRzardos da moamzados 3-6(7)
wlebis bavSvebi skolisa da cxovrebisaTvis, zogadi
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi (dawyebiTi skolebi, saSualo
skolebi, liceumebi, gimnaziebi, skola-internetebi da sxv.),
saSualo da umaRlesi profesionaluri ganaTlebis saswavlo
dawesebulebebi. saSualo specialuri profesionaluri
ganaTlebis sistema moicavs sxvadasxva saxis saswavleblebs,
teqnikumebs, kolejebs. umaRlesi saswavleblebi sxvadasxva
specialobis bakalavrebs, magistrebsa da doqtorantebs
amzadeben. aqedan gamomdinare ganaTlebis statistikis
maCvenebelTa pirveli jgufi axasiaTebs ganaTlebis sistemis
dawesebulebaTa raodenobas, struqturas da dinamikas wlebis
mixedviT, agreTve, maT raodenobas 10000 macxovrebelze
gaangariSebiT, rac ganaTlebis Seqmnil pirobebze metyvelebs
mocemul qveyanasa da mis calkeul regionebSi.
ganaTlebis sistemis statistikur maCvenebelTa meore
jugfi axasiaTebs moswavle axalgazrdobis kontigentis saerTo
raodenobas, maT struqturas ganaTlebis saxeebis mixedviT da
dinamikas.
ganaTlebis statistikis krebsiTi maCveneblebia calkeul
specialobaTa mixedviT umaRles damTavrebulTa raodenoba
mosaxleobis 10,0 aTas macxovrebelze, maTi struqtura da
dinamika.
movitanoT statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris informacia
saqarTveloSi studentTa ricxvis Sesaxeb dargebis mixedviT
bakalavriati magistratura
da
rezidentura
umaRlesi
profesiul
i
sul studenti: 74900 9664 9073
maT Soris:
pedagogiuri 2407 361 57
humanitaruli da
xelovneba
17618 1865 781
biznesi
da samarTalmcodneoba
30820 5002 1137
sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebani
6488 845 673
sainJinro 6672 1233 1702
soflis meurneoba 3754 130 141
samedicino 7141 228 4582
kulturisa da xelovnebis statistika swavlobs
xelovnebisa da kulturis (muzeumebis, Teatrebis,
biblioTekebis, klubebis, dawesebulebebis) raodenobas,
Semadgenlobas, dinamikas da sxva maCveneblebs.
44 45
Tema 2. SromiTi resursebisa da Sromis bazris
statistika
SromiTi resursebisa da Sromis bazris statistika
ekonomikuri statistikis erT erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia,
romelic Seiswavlis SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobisa da
Semadgenlobis , dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis, SromisanazRaurebis
donisa da dinamikis, momuSaveTa Sromis pirobebis sakiTxebs.
produqciis warmoebisa da momsaxurebis sferoSi mudmivad
funqcionirebs sami ZiriTadi elementi: Sroma, ZiriTadi
kapitali, anu Sromis iaraRebi da sabrunavi kapitali (Sromis
sagnebi). aqedan mTavaria Sroma da masTan dakavSirebuli Sromis
bazari. am sferoebSi moizideba muSaxelis ZiriTadi nawili da
aq SemuSavdeba personalis marTvis ekonomikuri biznesmenuri da
menejmenturi politika SromiTi resursebis maRalefeqtiani
gamoyenebis mimarTulebiT. Sromis saerTaSoriso standartebis
mixedviT, Sromis bazarSi ganixileba aqtiuri mosaxleoba,
dasaqmeba da umuSevroba, mosaxleobis klasifikacia statusis
mixedviT, samuSao Zalis moZraoba, Sromis nayofiereba, samuSao
Zalis Rirebuleba, SromiTi konfliqtebi.
biznes garemos mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs SromiTi
resursebis, ekonomiurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis, dasaqmebulebis,
agreTve umuSevrobis situaciuri movlenebi da procesebi
qveyanasa da mis calkeul regionebSi.
SromiTi resursebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
Sromisunarian mosaxleobasTan. Sromisunariani mosaxleoba
Sromisunariani asakis, fizikurad janmrTel adamianTa
erTobliobaa. Sromisunariani asaki wesdeba Sromis
kanonmdeblobiT. saerTaSoriso statistikaSi Sromisunarian
asakad iTvleba 15-dan 65 wlamde asakis mqone mosaxleoba.
Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleoba iyofa or nawilad:
Sromisunariani da araSromisunariani (fizikurad
arajanmrTeli adamianebi, invalidebi da sxv.) mosaxleoba.
swored Sromisunariani mosaxleoba warmoadgens SromiTi
resursebis ZiriTad wyaros, magram garkveuli nawili
(warmoebisagan mowyvetiT moswavle axalgazrdoba, diasaxlisebi,
CvilbavSviani dedebi, saSinao meurneobaSi dasaqmebulni da sxv.)
ar monawileobs warmoebaSi. amitom Sromisunariani asakis mqone
mosaxleobisagan unda ganvasxvaoT e.w. dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba,
romelic moicavs meurneobaSi momuSave Sromisunarian, agreTve,
sapensio asakis mqone adamianTa erTobliobas, I da II jgufis
invalidebs da gamonaklisis saxiT arasrulwlovanebs,
romelTaTvisac dawesebulia araumetes 4 saaTiani samuSao dRe.
rogorc Cans, SromiTi resursebis raodenobrivi da
xarisxobrivi Semadgenloba damokidebulia ara marto
mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobaze, aramed mis asakobriv,
sqesobriv da sxva struqturaze. aseTi niSnebis mixedviT
statistikam unda Seiswavlos SromiTi resursebis
Semadgenloba da moZraoba, gamoyenebis efeqturoba,
perspeqtiuli ricxovnoba, ganlageba qveynis calkeuli
teritoriuli erTeulebisa da regionebis mixedviT da a.S.
SromiTi resursebis ricxovnoba da Semadgenloba
xasiaTdeba rogorc absoluturi, aseve SefardebiTi da
saSualo sidideebiT.
absoluturi maCveneblebia: SromiTi resursebis
ricxovnoba mimdinare da perspeqtiuli periodisaTvis (yoveli
wlis dasawyissa da bolosaTvis), absoluturi mateba,
gamouyenebeli SromiTi resursebi, migraciis saldo.
SromiTi resursebis gaangariSebis amosavali baza
Sromisunariani mosaxleobaa, risTvisac saWiroa Sromisunariani
asakis mqone mosaxleobis ricxovnobas gamovakloT imave asakis
mqone araSromisunariani pirebis (I da II jgufis invalidebi,
SeRavaTiani sapensio asakis mqoneni) ricxvi.
SromiTi resursebis absoluturi mateba miiReba sxvaobiT
periodis (Cveluberivad aiReben wels) bolosa da periodis
dasawyisis absolutur monacemTa Soris. es sxvaoba
gamowveulia rogorc bunebrivi, aseve meqanikuri moZraobiT.
bunebriv moZraobas TavisTavad gansazRvravs bunebrivi mateba da
46 47
kleba. bunebrivi matebaa SromiTi resursebis Sevseba mozardi
Taobis gadasvliT Sromisunarian asakSi, xolo kleba
ganpirobebulia Sromis unariani asakidan gamosvliT,
dainvalidebiT, saSeRavaTo pensiaze gadasvliTa da
sikvdilianobiT.
meqanikur matebasa da klebas gansazRvravs Sesabamisad
Sromisunariani mosaxleobis imigracia (Camosvla) da emigracia
(wasvla).
gamouyenebeli SromiTi resursebis ricxovnoba
ganisazRvreba, rogorc sxvaoba Sromisunariani mosaxleobis
(potencialuri SromiTi resursebis) da dasaqmebulTa
ricxovnobas Soris. igi Seswavlil unda iqnes mizezebisa da
faqtorebis mixedviT, rac statistikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
amocanaa.
migraciis saldo, anu sxvaoba CamosulTa da wasulTa
Soris, teritoriuli erTeulebisa da regione:bis mixedviT
metad mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia SromiTi resursebis moZraobis
dasaxasiaTeblad.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa aRniSnuli maCveneblebis
gaangariSeba Sromisunariani asakobrivi jgufebis (magaliTad 16-
25, 25-50, 50-59) mixedviT. SromiTi resursebis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani nawilia 25-50 wlis Sromisunariani mosaxleoba,
radgan igi iTvleba kvalificiurad pirvel jgufTan da meti
energiis mqoned mesame jgufTan SedarebiT.
mimdinare periodisaTvis, am absoluturi maCveneblebis
dadgena warmoebs mosaxleobis aRweris, mimdinare statistikis
(mosaxleobis bunebrivi da meqanikuri moZraobis) masalebis
gamoyenebiT. SedarebiT rTulia SromiTi resursebis dadgena
perspeqtiuli periodisaTvis. mas miaxloebiT angariSoben
(mTeli qveynis masStabiT migraciis saldos
gauTvaliswineblad) Semdegi formuliT:
. Sr.Sr.asak Sr.asak. bunebr
K d K N N
t
t
+ = ) 1 (
0
sadac
t
N - mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa perspeqtiuli
periodis bolosaTvis;
0
N - mosaxleobis ricxovnoba amosavali wlis
dasawyisisaTvis;
bunebr.
K - mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis koeficienti;
t - perspeqtiuli periodis welTa raodenoba;
Sr.asak
d - Sromisunariani asakis mqone mosaxleobis
xvedriTi wili mosaxleobis mTlian ricxovnobaSi;
Sr.Sr.asak
K
- Sromisunariani mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili
Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobaSi.
SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobis saSualo
maCveneblebidan ZiriTadia SromiTi resursebis saSualowliuri
ricxovnoba. igi gaiangariSeba mosaxleobis saSualowliuri
ricxovnobis gaangariSebis msgavsad da gamoiyeneba SromiTi
resursebis zrdisa da matebis tempebis dasadgenad.
SromiTi resursebis kvlavwarmoebis dasaxasiaTeblad
gamoiyeneba specialuri SefardebiTi maCveneblebi. maT
ganekuTvneba:
a) SromiTi resursebis bunebrivi matebis koeficienti
bun.mat.
N
romelic iangariSeba wlis ganmavlobaSi SromiTi
resursebis absoluturi matebis
abs.mat.
A
SefardebiTi SromiTi
resursebis saSualowliur ricxvTan
Sr.r. T
gamosaxuls
promilebSi:
1000
A
=
Sr.r.
ab.mat.
bun.mat.
T
K
48 49
TavisTavad bunebrivi mateba miiReba SromiTi resrusebis
bunebrivi Sevsebisa da bunebrivi klebis sxvaobiT. aqac
mosaxleobis Sobadobisa da sikvdilianobis, koeficientebis
msgavsad SeiZleba dadgindes SromiTi resursebis bunebrivi
Sevsebisa da bunebrivi klebis koeficientebi promilebSi.
b) SromiTi resursebis meqanikuri moZraobis
koeficientebi (meqanikuri Sevsebis klebisa da matebis
koeficientebi). es SafardebiTi maCveneblebi calkeuli
regionebisa da teritoriuli erTeulebisaTvis dgindeba,
vinaidan aq adgili aqvs mosaxleobis migracias.
g) Sromisunariani asakis mqone mosaxleobis xvedriTi
wili mosaxleobis mTlian ricxovnobaSi;
d) Sromisunariani mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili
Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis ricxovnobaSi.
e) mosaxleobis dasaqmebulobis koeficienti, romelic
SeiZleba dadgindes ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTa SefardebiT
mosaxleobis mTlian ricxovnobasTan gamosaxuls promilebSi.
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Sromis bazarze ganisazRvros
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnoba.
ekonomikurad aqtiuria 15 da meti wlis mosaxleoba,
romelic dasaqmebulia ekonomikuri saqmianobiT an umuSevaria.
statistika angariSobs ekonomikurad aqtiuri
mosaxleobis xvedriT wils mTels mosaxleobaSi ama Tu im
konkretuli momentisaTvis.
dasaqmebuli ewodeba 15 da meti xnis mosaxleobas,
romelic dakavebulia ekonomikuri saqmianobiT. amasTan
pirovneba miekuTvneba dasaqmebuls Tu saangariSo periodSi is
erTi saaTiT mainc iyo dakavebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobiT.
statistika angariSobs dasaqmebulTa xvedriT wils 15 da
meti asakis mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobis mimarT (zogierT
qveyanaSi Zalian maRalia araSromisunarian asakSi dasaqmebulTa
ricxovnoba. amitom dasaqmebulTa xvedriT wils angariSoben,
agreTve 10 da meti asakis mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobis
mimarTac). Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier umuSevroba
mkacri kriteriumebiT ganisazRvreba 15 da meti wlis asakis
mqone im mosaxleobis raodenobiT, romlebic gamosakvlevi
kviris ganmavlobaSi ar eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas, mzad aris
daiwyos muSaoba da eZebs samuSaobs, xolo Serbilebuli
kriteriumiT - gansxvavebiT mkacri kriteriumisagan, ar eZebs
samuSaos, radgan xeli aqvs Caqneuli da imedi ara aqvs
samuSaos Sovnisa.
statistika umuSevrobis dones (rogorc Serbilebuli
ise mkacri kriteriumiT) swavlobs Sesabamisi kategoriis
umuSevarTa ricxovnobis SefardebiT ekonomikurad aqtiuri
mosaxleobis ricxovnobasTan.
bizness garemos mimzidvelobas didaT gansazRvravs
samuSao Zalis ricxovnoba, Semadgenloba, moZraobisa da
gamoyenebis situacia qveyanasa da mis calkeul regionebSi.
farTo gagebiT samuSao Zala adamianis Sromis unaria,
xolo viwro gagebiT - SromiTi resursebis nawilia, rac
dasaqmebulia warmoebaSi. magram SromiTi resursebis
dasaqmebuli nawili, samuSao Zala ar niSnavs am ukanasknelis
srulyofilad efeqturad gamoyenebas. amitom samuSao Zalis
gamoyenebis efeqturobis dasaxasiaTeblad statistikur
praqtikaSi SemoRebulia samuSao dro. samuSao drois raodenoba
warmoadgens potencialuri SromiTi resursebisa da samuSao
Zalis gamoyenebis mniSvnelovan maCvenebels. samuSao Zala
pirvel yovlisa dasaqmebulobis statusis mixedviT
Seiswavleba. amisaTvis iyenebs mosaxleobis ekonomikurad
aqtiuri nawilis (dasaqmebulebi da umuSevrebi) saerTaSoriso
klasifikacias.
gamoiyofa ori msxvili saklasifikacio jgufi:
daqiravebulebi da TviTdasaqmebuli. daqiravebulia muSakTa is
kategoria, romlebTanac kapitalisa da sxva aqtivebis
mflobelebs gansazRvruli samuSaos Sesrulebis mixedviT
saTanado anazRaurebaze gaformebuli aqvs SromiTi
xelSekruleba. TviTdasaqmebulebia pirebi (samuSaos mimcemi,
individualurad momuSaveni, koleqtiuri sawarmoebis wevrebi,
50 51
araanazRaurebad samuSaoebze momuSave Sinameurneobis muSakebi),
romlebic iReben sammarTvelo gadawyvetilebebs an am funqciebs
andoben (delegireba) sxva pirovnebebs. daqiravebulni
TavisTavad daiyofa samoqalaqo da samxedro samuSao Zalad (am
ukanasknelSi ar aRiricxeba miliciis, saSinao jarebisa da
iusticiis samxedro nawilebi), agreTve, mudmiv, droebiT,
sezonur muSakebad.
TviTdasaqmebulebi, rogorc zemoTaa naCvenebi, sxvadasxva
kategoriisaa. maT Soris:
1. samuSaos mimcemni is muSaknia, romlebic mudmivad
muSaoben sakuTar sawarmoSi da iyeneben daqiravebul Sromas;
2. individualurad momuSaveni (erTi ojaxis an
Sinameurneobis wevrebi), garkveuli Semosavlis miRebis mizniT
muSaoben mudmivad TavianT sawarmoSi da, rogorc wesi, ar
iyeneben daqiravebul Sromas (cxadia, saWiroebisa da
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi SeuZliaT gamoiyenon daqiravebuli
Sroma sezonur an SemTxveviT samuSaoebze);
3. koleqtiuri sawarmos wevrebi (daqiravebuli muSakebis
garda) is pirnia, romlebic rogorc koleqtiuri sawarmos
mewileebi, muSaoben mocemul koleqtiur sawarmoSi;
4. araanazRaurebad samuSaoze momuSaveni, romlebic
Sromas ewevian naTesavebis ojaxur meurneobebSi.
amis msgavsad xdeba, agreTve, umuSevrebis statusis
gansazRvra wina periodSi ukanaskneli dasaqmebis xasiaTis
mixedviT.
amis garda 1988 wlidan arsebobs, agreTve, ekonomikaSi
dasaqmebulTa saerTaSoriso standartuli klasifikacia (dssk-
88), romelic gamoyofs momuSaveTa 10 saklasifikacio jgufs.
es kategoriebia:
1. marTvis organoebis xelmZRvanelebi;
2. umaRlesi donis kvalifikaciis specialistebi;
3. saSualo donis kvalifikaciis specialistebi;
4. mosamsaxureebi (aRricxvisa da momsaxurebis,
informaciis momwodeblebi, gamformeblebi da sxv.);
5. momsaxurebis sferos (vaWrobis, sabinao-komunaluri da
sxv.) muSakni;
6. soflis meurneobis, xetyis da samonadiro meurneobis
kvalificiuri muSakni;
7. samrewvelo, samSeneblo, satransporto,
kavSirgabmulobis, samxatvro, geologiuri da wiaRiseuli
sawarmoebis kvalificiuri muSakni;
8. operatorebi, memanqaneebi da sxv.;
9. kvalificiuri muSebi;
10. samxedro Zalebi.
esaa dasaqmebulTa dargobrivi klasifikacia. amasTan
erTad sawarmoebisa da organizaciebis doneze gamoiyofa
xelmZRvanelebis (marTvis Tanamdebobis pirni), specialistebis
(sainJinro-teqnikuri, ekonomikuri da sxva msgavsi samuSaoebis),
momsaxureebis (dokumentebis gamformeblebis, informaciis
momzadebis, aRricxva-kontrolis da sxv.) da muSebis (uSualod
sawarmoo, satransporto, teqnologiuri operatorebis
Semsrulebelni da sxv.) kategoriebi.
statistika Seiswavlis, agreTve, samuSao Zalis
moZraobas, Semadgenlobas sqesis, asakis, profesiebis,
ganaTlebisa da sxva niSnebis mixedviT.
samuSao Zalis moZraobasa da gamoyenebas axasiaTebs
siobrivi, saSualo siobrivi, samuSaoze gamocxadebulTa,
faqtobrivad momuSaveTa ricxvi, cvladobis, cvlis reJimis
gamoyenebis, samuSao Zalis brunvis intensivobis koeficientebi.
siobriv ricxvSi Seitaneba samuSaoze erT dReze meti
xniT miRebuli yvela (mudmivi, sezonuri da droebiTi)
momuSave. amrigad, am siaSi moxvdeba rogorc samuSaoze
gamocxadebulni, aseve sxvadasxva mizeziT (mivlineba,
avadmyofoba) samuSaoze aragamocxadebulebi, sxva sawarmodan
mivlinebulni da a.S.
siobrivi ricxvi ganisazRvreba drois ama Tu im
momentisaTvis, magaliTad 1 ianvrisaTvis. raodenobrivad igi
dadgindeba Semdegnairad: wina dRis siobriv ricxvSi myofT,
52 53
mimatebuli mocemul dRes siobriv ricxvSi CarTuli da
gamoklebuli siobrivi ricxvidan amoRebuli.
saSualo siobrivi ricxvi ganisazRvreba saangariSo Tvis
yvela kalendaruli dRis siobrivi jamis (gamosasvlel da uqme
dReebSi siobriv ricxvad CaiTvleba wina samuSao dRis siobrivi
ricxvi) gayofiT Tvis kalendarul dReTa ricxvze (28, 29, 30
an 31). aseTi meTodi gamoiyeneba maSinac, roca sawarmo axalia
da ar umuSavnia srul Tves.
magram aseTi wesiT gaangariSebuli saSualosiobrivi
ricxvi ar gamogvadgeba saSualo xelfasisa da Sromis
nayofierebis gaangariSebisaTvis, vinaidan masSi moxvda is
pirebic, romlebic xelfass ar Rebuloben mocemul sawarmoSi
(damatebiT SvebulebaSi myofi dedebi, studentebi, romlebic
imyofebian sawarmoo praqtikaze da sxv.), amitom aseTi
kategoriis muSakebi unda gamoiTiSnon siobrivi ricxvidan da
Semdeg imave wesiT davadginoT saSualosiobrivi ricxvi.
Tveebis mixedviT saSualosiobrivi ricxvis safuZvelze
(martivi saSualo ariTmetikulis gamoyenebiT) ganisazRvreba
kvartalis an wlis saSualosiobrivi ricxvi.
samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
maCvenebelia cvladobis koeficienti. igi gaiangariSeba samive
cvlaSi namuSevari (Tu muSaobis reJimi samcvliania)
kaccvlebis ricxvis gayofiT umaRles cvlaSi gamomuSavebuli
kaccvlebis ricxvze (rogorc wesi umaRlesia pirveli cvla,
romelSic yvelaze meti muSa gamodis samuSaoze). Tu
cvladobis koeficients SeufardebT cvlis reJimiT dawesebuli
cvlebis raodenobas, miviRebT cvlis reJimis gamoyenebis
koeficients.
samuSao Zalis brunvis intensivobas gansazRvravs samuSao
Zalis brunva miRebisa da daTxovnis mixedviT, denadobis
koeficienti, kadrebis mudmivobisa da cvalebadobis
koeficientebi. Tu samuSaoze miRebulTa da samuSaodan
daTxovnilTa ricxvs cal-calke SevufardebT mocemul
periodSi saSualosiobriv ricxvs, miviRebT samuSao Zalis
brunvis koeficientebs Sesabamisad miRebisa da daTxovnis
mixedviT. samuSaodan wasulTa erTi nawili (samxedro
savaldebulo samsaxurSi, saswavlebelSi wasvla da a.S.)
gansazRvravs aucilebel brunvas, xolo meore (sakuTari
nebasurviliT, Sromis disciplinis darRveviT,
kvalifikaciisadmi SeufereblobiT da sxv.) - zedmet brunvas
anu denadobas. Tu zedmeti brunvis ricxvs SeufardebT
saSualosiobriv ricxvs, miviRebT denadobis koeficients. misi
gadideba metyvelebs kadrebian arasakmao muSaobaze da iwvevs
mraval urayofiT movlenas.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs agreTve kadrebis mudmivobisa da
cvalebadobis maCveneblebis gaangariSebas biznesSi. samuSao
Zalis erTi nawili mudmivad muSaobs mTeli saangariSo
periodis ganmavlobaSi. Tu maT ricxvs gavyofT saSualo
siobriv ricxvze, miviRebT mudmivobis koeficients. samuSao
Zalis meore nawili cvalebadia. Tu miRebis raodenobas
gamovaklebT wasulTa raodenobas da gavyofT saSualosiobriv
ricxvze, miviRebTa kadrebis cvalebadobis koeficients. am
koeficientis gadideba dadebiTad moqmedebs sawarmos muSaobaze,
vinaidan sawarmos rekonstruqcia-gafarToeba moiTxovs axali
samuSao Zalis miRebis aucileblobas da saTanadod aisaxeba
produqciis gamoSvebis gadidebaSi.
kadrebis moZraobas Tvis, kvartlisa da wlis
ganmavlobaSi asaxavs samuSao Zalis balansebi. balansi moicavs
samuSao Zalis raodenobas periodis dasawyisSi, mis matebasa da
klebas periodis ganmavlobaSi da raodenobas periodis bolos.
amasTan, mateba da kleba unda gaiSifros wyaroebisa da
mizezebis mixedviT. matebis wyaroebia: organizebuli Segroveba,
umaRlesi da saSualo specialuri saswavleblebidan miRebulni,
sxva sawarmodan gadmoyvanili da a.S. klebas gansazRvravs
gaTavisufleba xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlis gamo, samxedro
savaldebulo samsaxurSi wasvla da sxv.
balansis TiToeul muxlSi SeiZleba gamoiyos sqesi,
asaki, kvalifikacia, staJi, ganaTleba da sxva niSnebi.
54 55
soflis meurneobaSi samuSao Zalis balansebi moicavs
mozardebs 12-11 wlamde, sapensio asakis mqone da sxva pirebs,
romlebic muSaoban agrofirmebSi. amitom am balansebSi samuSao
Zalis raodenoba ara marto fizikur erTeulebSi gamoisaxeba,
aramed pirobiT srul Sromis unarianTa raodenobaSic.
samuSao Zalis statistikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
maCvenebelia kadrebis momzadeba da kvalifikaciis amaRleba.
kadrebis momzadeba sawarmoebSi warmoebs, rogorc
individualuri ise brigaduli formiT, agreTve kvalifikaciis
amaRlebis skolebSi da a.S. statistikam unda daadginos
momzadebuli kadrebis ricxvi profesiebis momzadebis
wyaroebis, kvalifikaciisa da sxva niSnebis mixedviT.
sawarmoebSi muSaTa kvalifikaciis doneze msjeloben saSualo
Tanrigis mixedviT. mas angariSoben saSualo Sewonili
ariTmetikulis gamoyenebiT, sadac variantebis mniSvnelobaa
Tanrigebi, xolo wonebi - TiToeuli Tanrigis muSaTa
raodenoba. saSualo Tanrigis amaRleba niSnavs kvalifikaciis
donis amaRlebas biznesSi, rac ganapirobebs Sromis
nayofierebis zrdas.
samuSao Zalis gamoyenebas axasiaTebs samuSao drois,
agreTve, Sromis pirobebisa da maTi dacvis statistika.
arsebobs kalendaruli, satabelo, maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli,
gamocxadebuli da faqtiurad namuSevari drois fondebi.
samuSao drois balanss biznesSi aqvs Semdegi tolobis
forma:
a) muSaobis faqtobrivi drois fonds + mTliani
mocdenebi = gamocxadebuli muSaobis drois fonds;
b) gamocxadebuli muSaobis drois fonds +
aragamocxadebani = maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli muSaobis drois
fonds;
g) gamocxadebuli muSaobis drois fonds + morigi
Svebulebani = satabelo drois fonds;
d) satabelo drois fonds + gamosasvleli da uqme
dReebi = kalendaruli drois fonds.
samuSao drois balansebi moicavs, rogorc sasargeblo
muSaobas, aseve danakargebs. es maCveneblebi unda Seudardes
gegmurs da miviRebT samuSao drois gamoyenebis maCvaneblebs.
amisaTvis xSirad angariSoben erTi muSis an muSakis mier
gamomuSavebuli dReebis raodenobas mocemul periodSi.
magaliTad, Tu weliwadSi mTlianad gamomuSavebulia 22000
kacdRe da saSualosiobrivma ricxvma Seadgina 1000 kaci, maSin
erT kacze modis 220 dRe. Tu gegmuri maCvenebeli Seadgenda
260 dRes, maSin samuSao drois gamoyeneba udris:
% 6 . 84 100
260
220
=
analizisaTvis mniSvnelovania, agreTve, biznesSi samuSao
dRis saSualo xangrZlivobis maCvenebeli, romelsac
angariSoben mocemul periodSi gamomuSavebuli kacsaaTebis
SefardebiT erTi muSis mier faqtobrivad namuSevari dReebis
ricxvze. es maCvenebeli gaiangariSeba ori wesiT. Tu
mxedvelobaSi miviReT, rogorc ganakveTuri, ise zeganakveTuri
saaTebis raodenobas, maSin gaangariSebuli maCvenebeli
warmoadgens samuSao dRis srul xangrZlivobas, xolo Tu
gamovTiSavT sazeganakveTo saaTebs, maSin ganakveTuri samuSao
dRis xangrZlivobas. swored es ukanaskneli unda SevudaroT
Sesabamis gegmur xangrZlivobas da miviRebT samuSao dRis
gamoyenebis koeficients, romlis gadideba Sromis nayofierebis
amaRlebisa da TviTRirebulebis Semcirebis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani faqtoria.
samuSao Zalis statistikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
maCvenebelia biznesSi Sromis pirobebisa da dacvis
statistikuri maxasiaTeblebi. is moicavs Sromis meqanizaciisa
da muSebis spectansacmliT, specfexsacmliT, profilaqtikuri
miznebisaTvis sawarmoebis xarjze muSebis kvebis produqtebiT
(rZe, qoni da sxv.) momaragebas, travmatizmis, daavadebaTa
gavrcelebis Sesabamis maCveneblebs. magaliTad, travmatizmis
Seswavlis mizniT statistika adgens sikvdilianobis, droebiT
Sromis unaris dakargvis, mudmivad dainvalidebis da sxvaTa
56 57
SemTxvevebs 1000 kacze procentobiT momuSaveTa
saSualosiobrivi ricxvis mimarT da a.S.
daavadebaTa Seswavla mizezebis mixedviT miuTiTebs
sanitarul-higienuri pirobebis doneze biznesSi, rac Sromis
dacvis pirobebis gaumjobesebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
winapirobaa.
biznesSi samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia Sromis nayofiereba. is konkretuli
Sromis Sedegianobaa, romlis amaRlebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs
sameurneo mSeneblobisa da mravali socialur-ekonomikuri
amocanis gadasaWrelad. misi gadideba gulisxmobs muSis
(muSakis) mier gamomuSavebuli produqciis erTeulze
daxarjuli drois Semcirebas.
statistika swavlobs biznesSi Sromis nayofierebis
dones, dinamikas, maszed moqmed faqtorebs raodenobrivi
TvalsazrisiT da sxva sakiTxebs.
Sromis nayofierebis done gaizomeba drois erTeulSi
gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobiT an piriqiT, gamoSvebuli
produqciis erTeulze daxarjuli drois raodenobiT. Tu
gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenobas aRvniSnavT
q
-iT,
daxarjuli drois raodenobas
T
-iT, Sromis nayofierebis done

gamoisaxeba Semdegi formuliT:

T
q
=
sadac
q
T
t =
produqciis erTeulis Sromatevadobaa.
erTimeorisagan asxvaveben saaTobriv, dRiur, Tviur,
kvartalur da wliur Sromis nayofierebas.
saaTobrivi Sromis nayofiereba gaiangariSeba mocemul
periodSi gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenobis SefardebiT amave
periodSi ZiriTadi da damxmare muSebis mier daxarjuli
kacsaaTebis raodenobasTan. es maCvenebeli ar moicavs gacdenebs,
mocdenebs da drois sxva danakargebs. amitom is Sromis
nayofierebis yvelaze zusti maCvenebelia.
dRiuri Sromis nayofiereba gaizomeba gamoSvebuli
produqciis SefardebiT muSebis mier gamomuSavebuli
kacTdReebis raodenobasTan. am maCveneblebze ukve gavlenas
axdens Sigacvlis mocdenebi.
Tviur Sromis nayofierebas angariSoben TveSi
gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenobis gayofiT muSebis (miiReba
erTi muSis Sromis nayofiereba) an muSakTa (miiReba erTi
muSakis Sromis nayofiereba) saSualosiobriv ricxvze. es
maCvenebeli ukve damokidebulia Tvis ganmavlobaSi samuSao
drois gamoyenebaze. gaangariSebis msgavsi meTodi gamoiyeneba
saSualokvartaluri da saSualowliuri Sromis nayofierebis
gasaangariSeblad.
Sromis nayofierebis dinamika izomeba naturaluri,
SromiTi da RirebulebiTi indeqsebiT.
naturaluri indeqsi gamoiyeneba biznesSi erTsaxeliani
produqciis warmoebis SemTxvevaSi. igi aris cvalebadi,
fiqsirebuli da struqturuli Semadgenlobis.
statistikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa gaarkvios
calkeuli faqtoris (am SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli firmis
Sromisnayofierebisa da xvedriTi wilis anu struqturuli
cvalebadobis) gavlena saerTo maCveneblis cvlilebaze.
swored am amocanis gadasawyvetad gamoiyeneba
statistikaSi cvalebadi, fiqsirebuli da struqturuli
Semadgenlobis indeqsebi.
Sromisnayofierebis gaangariSebis zogadi principi
erTnairia meurneobis yvela dargSi. magram gamoSvebuli
produqciisa da Sesrulebuli samuSaos gazomvis specifika
ganapirobebs Sromisnayofierebis donisa da dinamikis dadgenis
Taviseburebebs mrewvelobaSi, soflis meurneobaSi,
mSeneblobaSi, transportsa da vaWrobaSi.
58 59
mrewvelobaSi Sromis nayofiereba SeiZleba gaangariSebul
iqnes warmoebuli an realizebuli sabazro produqciis
Rirebulebis mixedviT.
soflis meurneobaSi Sromis nayofierebis gaangariSebis
specifika isaa, rom aq cocxali Sroma ixarjeba ara ubralod
mza produqciis Seqmnaze, rogorc mrewvelobasa da
mSeneblobaSi, aramed miwis, mravalwliani nargavebisa da
pirutyvis movlaze. amitom aq jer iangariSeba Sromis
nayofierebis arasruli maeCveneblebi - cocxali Sromis
danaxarjebi erTi ha naTes farTobze an erT sul pirutyvze
T
da Semdeg sruli maCveneblebi (1 ha naTesi farTobidan an 1
suli pirutyvidan miRebuli produqciis moculobaze
q
gayofiT):
q
T
t =
sadac
t
produqciis erTeulis Sromatevadobaa.
maSasadame, Sromis nayofierebis dinamika soflis
meurneobaSi gaiangariSeba sabaziso periodis Sromatevadobis
0
0
q
T
SefardebiT saangariSo periodis Sromatevadobaze
1
1
q
T
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
:
q
q
T
T
q
T
q
T
j = =
maSasadame, Sromis nayofierbis indeqsi soflis
meurneobaSi gaizomeba Sromatevadobisa
1
0
T
T
da mosavlianobis an
produqtiulobis
0
1
q
q
indeqsebis namravliT.
mSeneblobaSi gamoSvebuli produqcia da Sromis
nayofierebac izomeba Sesrulebuli samSeneblo-samontaJo
samuSaoebis saxarjTaRricxvo RirebulebiT.
transportSi Sromis nayofierebis gasazomad gadaziduli
tvirTi (tona-kilometrebi) da gadayvanili mgzavrebi (mgzavr-
kilometrebi) gadaiyvaneba erT pirobiT - naturalur
erTeulSi. gadayvanisaTvis praqtikaSi miRebulia, rom 1 t/km
tolia erTi mgzavr-kilometrisa. gansxvavebulia mxolod
sahaero transportze, sadac 1 t/km-is TviTRirebuleba etoleba
11,12 mgzavr/kilometrs. yvela saxis transportis muSaobis
moculoba, gadayvanili pirobiT naturaluri zomis erTeulSi
gaiyofa muSakTa saSualo ricxvze da miiReba Sromis
nayofierebis done. am doniT xdeba, agreTve, misi dinamikis
gazomvac.
vaWrobaSi Sesrulebuli samuSaos moculoba gamoisaxeba
saqonelbrunviT (realizacia, Sesyidva an miwodeba) naturalur
an RirebulebiT zomis erTeulebSi. am maCvenebliT gaizomeba
Sromis nayofierebis done da dinamika wlebis mixedviT.
60 61
samuSao Zalaze danaxarjebisa da SromiTi konfliqtebis
statistika
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi biznesmenebs da menejerebs
ainteresebT ara marto xelfasis, aramed samuSao Zalis
daqiravebaze mTliani danaxarjebis moculoba, struqtura da
dinamika. Sromis statistikosebis me-11 saerTaSoriso
konferenciis rezoluciaSi Cawerilia: ,,samuSao Zalaze
danaxarjebi aris samuSao Zalis daqiravebasa da Senaxvaze
gaweuli xarjebi, kerZod:
1. pirdapiri xelfasi
2. gamoumuSavebuli drois anazRaureba (Svebuleba,
sadResaswaulo dasvenebis dReebi)
3. premiebi da fuladi jildoebi
4. kveba, sawvavis xarji da sxva naturaluri
danaxarjebi
5. binis danaxarjebi
6. danaxarjebi socialur uzrunvelyofaze
7. profesiuli kvalifikaciis amaRlebisTvis swavlis
xarjebi
8. kulturul-sayofacxovrebo xarjebi
9. da sxva.
10. gadasaxadebi, rogorc Sromis Rirebuleba.
amitom statistikam unda Seiswavlos zemoT CamoTvlili
danaxarjebis moculoba, struqtura da dinamika, rac
biznesmenebs, ekonomistebs, menejerebs miscems swori
strategiisa da taqtikis SemuSavebis saSualebas adamianTa
resursebis marTvis saqmeSi.
Sromis anazRaureba firmebSi, organizaciebsa da
dawesebulebebi warmoebs ori formiT: droiTi da sanardo.
sanardo formis dros anazRaurebis sidides gansazRvravs
Sesrulebuli samuSaos an momsaxurebis moculoba da xarisxi.
misi sistemebia: pirdapiri sanardo, sanardo-premiuli, sanardo-
progresuli, akordul-premiuli. pirdapiri sanardos pirobebSi
anazRaurebis sidide gamoSvebuli produqciis an Sesrulebuli
samuSaos erTeulisaTvis ar icvleba. sanardo-premiulis dros
amasTan erTad miRweuli xarisxobrivi maCveneblebisaTvis
gaicema premiac. sanardo-progresulis SemTxvevaSi winaswar
dadgenili gamomuSavebis normis gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebis
TiToeuli procentisaTvis Sefaseba anu anazRaureba
produqciis, an Sesrulebuli samuSaos erTeulisaTvis
progresulad diddeba. akordulis dros Sesrulebuli
samuSaosaTvis anazRaureba gaicema winaswari SeTanxmebis
mixedviT, xolo akordul-premiulis dros, garda amisa emateba
premiebic xarisxobrivi maCveneblebisaTvis.
sanardo anazRaureba 2 saxisaa: individualuri da
koleqtiuri anu brigaduli. individualuris dros TiToeuli
muSakis anazRaureba damokidebulia piradad misi Sromis
Sedegebze, xolo brigadulis pirobebSi - brigadis, koleqtivis
Sromis saerTo Sedegebze. es ukanaskneli misi efeqturobis
gamo ufro met gavrcelebas poulobs Tanamedrove pirobebSi.
droiTi forma gulisxmobs anazRaurebis gacemas
gamomuSavebuli droisa da kvalifikaciis mixedviT. mas ori
sistema gaaCnia: martivi droiTi da droiTi premiuli. martivi
droiTi xelfasis pirobebSi anazRaurebis moculoba
ganisazRvreba satarifo ganakveTiTa (ama Tu im kvalifikaciis
muSis erTi saaTis anazRaureba) da namuSevari drois
namravliT, xolo droiTi premiulis SemTxvevaSi masTan erTad
gaicema premiebic raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi
maCveneblebisaTvis.
firmebSi, sawarmoebsa da dawesebulebebSi aRiricxeba
xelfasis saaTobrivi, dRiuri da Tviuri fondebi.
saaTobriv fondSi Sedis anazRaureba satarifo
ganakveTebis mixedviT, premiebi, anazRaureba ZiriTadi
Sefasebebis mixedviT, danamatebi monarde muSebisaTvis
progresuli SefasebebiT, danamatebi Ramis saaTebSi
muSaobisaTvis, danamatebi brigadirobisaTvis da sxva.
62 63
saaTobrivi fondi SeiZleba gaangariSebul iqnes Tviurad,
kvartalurad da wliurad.
dRiur fondSi Seitaneba saaTobrivi fondi da agreTve,
CvilbavSviani dedebis anazRaureba damatebiTi SvebulebisaTvis,
cvlisSiga mocdenebisaTvis muSisagan damoukidebeli mizezebiT,
zeganakveTuri muSaobisaTvis da sxv.
Tviuri fondi moicavs dRiur fonds da agreTve,
anazRaurebas kvalifikaciis asamaRleblad mivlinebulTaTvis,
morigi damatebiTi SvebulebisaTvis, warmoebisgan mowyvetiT
moswavle axalgazrdebisaTvis, ufaso komunaluri momsaxurebis
Rirebulebas da sxvas.
xelfasis analizi warmoebs absoluturi da SefardebiTi
maCveneblebiT.
absoluturi gadaxra (gadaxarjva an ekonomia)
gamovlindeba faqtobrivad daricxuli xelfasis donis
SedarebiT absolutur fondTan. magram es maCvenebeli ar iZleva
xelfasis fondis xarjvis swor suraTs. es gamowveulia imiT,
rom xelfasis absoluturi fondi mocemulia produqciis 100-
iT Sesrulebis pirobebisaTvis. magram faqtobrivad daricxuli
xelfasi Seesabameba sawarmoo davalebaTa Sesrulebis
faqtobriv maCveneblebs. amasTan, produqciis gadaWarbebiT
gegmis Sesrulebis 1%-ze ar ixarjeba xelfasis 1%, vinaidan
yvela kategoriis muSakTagan mxolod erTi nawilis (sanardo
anazRaurebaze myofi muSakis an sxv. kategoriis) xelfasi
diddeba produqciis gamoSvebis pirdapirproporciulad. es
garemoebani gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas biznesSi xelfasis
analizis dros.
Sromis anazRaurebis statistikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
maCvenebelia Sromis saSualo anazRaureba.
Sromis saSualo anazRaurebis gasaangariSeblad saWiroa
gaviTvaliswinoT, rogorc xelfasi, aseve sxva saxis
gacemulobani. wliurad maTi jamis Sefardeba muSakTa
saSualowliur ricxvTan mogvcems saSualowliur anazRaurebas.
erTimeorisagan ansxvaveben saSualo saaTobriv, saSualodRiur
da saSualoTviur xelfass. pirveli gaiangariSeba xelfasis
saaTobrivi fondis SefardebiT namuSevari kacsaaTebis ricxvTan,
meore - xelfasis dRiuri fondiT SefardebiT namuSevari
kacdReebis raodenobasTan, xolo mesame - xelfasis Tviuri
fondis gayofiT muSakTa saSualosiobriv ricxvze. am
maCveneblebis mixedviT SeiZleba gaizomos saSualo xelfasis
dinamikac.
Sromisa da anazRaurebis pirobebis gauareseba biznesSi
Zalian xSirad iwvevs SromiT konfliqtebs damqiravebelTa da
daqiravebulTa Soris. amitom statistikam unda Seiswavlos,
agreTve, SromiTi konfliqtebis raodenoba, struqtura da
dinamika. am SeswavlaSi unda gaiTvaliswinos 1993 wlis Sromis
statistikosTa saerTaSoriso konferenciis mier miRebuli
normebi.
statistikosebi Seiswavlian biznesSi konfliqtebis
(warmoebis SeCerebiTa da SeCerebis gareSe), gaficvlebis,
lokautebis (ramdenime samuSao adgilis sruli an nawilobrivi
daxurva) saerTo raodenobas mizezebis (xelfasis, premiis
Semcireba, Tavisdroze gaucemloba, Sromis pirobebis Secvla
sxva muSebisadmi mxardaWera da a.S.) mixedviT, warmoebis
danakargebs, konfliqtSi monawileTa xvedriT wils da sxva
maCveneblebs, rac biznesmenebisa da menejerebisaTvis
aucilebeli informaciaa biznesis marTvis saqmeSi.
statistikaSi ganasxvaveben SromiTi konfliqtebis Semdeg
saxeobebs:
1. samuSaoebis Sewyvetis gareSe SromiTi konfliqtebi. aseT
SemTxvevaSi sakonfliqto mxareebis mier wamoyenebuli
moTxovnebis gadawyvetas molaparakebiT axorcieleben an
warmarTaven iseT saqmianobas arasamuSao drois monakveTSi,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen konfliqtis mogvarebas.
2. samuSaoebis SewyvetiT SromiTi konfliqtebi, romelTa
or saxeobas gamoyofen:gaficvebi da lokautebi.
gaficvebi aris mSromelTa erTi an ramdenime jgufis mier
samuSaoebis droebiTi Sewyveta Tavis moTxovnebis SeTavazebis
64 65
mizniT, an win aRudgebian, gamoxaton TavianTi ukmayofileba
administraciis gadawyvetilebaze an mxari dauWiron danarCeni
mSromelebis moTxovnebsa da ukmayofilebas.
lokauti moicavs warmoebis gaCerebas da xelfasebis
gacemis Sewyvetas, raTa profesiuli kavSiri iZulebuli gaxdes
daTanxmdes damqiraveblis (administraciis) mier SeTavazebul
pirobebs.
statistikis praqtikaSi gamoyofen konfliqtebis or fgufs:
konfliqtebis pirvel jgufs miakuTvneben konfliqtebs,
romlebic warmoiSvnen koleqtiuri SromiTi xelSekrulebis
SedgenisaTvis, mewarmeebis warmomadgenlebsa da mSromelTa
profesiul organizaciebs Soris warmarTuli molaparakebis
procesSi, Semdegi sakiTxebis ganxilvisas:
- dasaqmebuloba(sakadro politika, personalis
gadaadgileba, sawarmos daxurva, personalis kvalifikacia),
- xelfasebi, premiebi da Sromis anazRaurebis danarCeni
sakiTxebi,
- Sromis pirobebi (samuSao drois xangrZlivoba, Sromis
organizacia da Sromis usafrTxoeba),
- profesiuli kavSirebis saqmianoba.
- mSromelTa sxva jgufebisadmi mxardaWera samuSaos
momcemTaTvis moTxovnebis wayenebis gareSe,
- mTavrobis ekonomikuri da socialuri politikisadmi
protestis gamoxatva an politikuri moTxovnebis wamoyeneba,
- danarCeni mizezebi, romlebmac molaparakebani CixSi
moamwyvdies da sxva.
meore jgufis konfliqtebi warmoSobilia ara koleqtiuri
SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sedgenisas, aramed Sromis
anazRaurebis pirobebiT (Sromis anazRaurebis vadebis darRveva,
xelfasis gadideba, inflaciebi).
SromiTi konfliqtebis Sesaxeb informaciebs agroveben
yovelTviurad. maTi detaluri analizis sawarmoeblad
monacemebis dajgufebas awarmoeben Semdegi mimarTulebebiT:
SromiT konfliqtebSi monawileTa jgufebis ricxovnobis
dadgena, konfliqtebis raodenobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
mosaxleobis ricxovnoba, romlebic monawileobdnen
konfliqtebSi, samuSao drois danakargebis raodenoba, erTi
gaficvis saSualo xangrZlivoba da a.S. es maCveneblebi
muSavdeba calkeuli dargebis, regionebisa da qveynis masStabiT.
SromiTi konfliqtebis saerTaSoriso SedarebebisaTvis
rekomendebulia Semdegi maCveneblebis gamoyeneba:
1. yovel 1000 muSakze konfliqtebis Sedegad samuSao
drois danakargebi:
; 1000
ricxovnoba siobrivi saSualo muSakebis
dro samuSao dakarguli Sedegad is konfliqteb
2. mSromelTa konfliqtSi monawileTa ricxvi yovel 1000
mSromelze:
. 1000
ricxovnoba siobrivi saSualo muSakebis
ricxvi monawileTa konfliqtSi mSromelTa
rogorc analizi uCvenebs, Cvens qveyanaSi gaficvebs da sxva
saxis samuSaos Sewyvetis procesebs ara aqvT masStaburi
xasiaTi, es im azrs adasturebs, rom saqarTvelos ekonomika
jerjerobiT muSaobs arasruli dasaqmebis reJimSi, miuxedavad
amisa, mSromelTa mxridan ukmayofilebis gamoxatvis mizezad
rCeba Sromis anazRaurebis gadaxdis vadebis uxeSi darRvevebi,
fasebis zrdis pirobebSi Semosavlebis indeqsebis
gamouyenebloba, xelfasebis dabali done da a.S.
66 67
Tema 3. sabanko da sadazRvevo statistika
ekonomikuri Teoriis ganmartebiT krediti (laT.
Credirum sesxi, vali) droebiT Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebis
an saqonlis gacema valad gansazRvruli vadiT fiqsirebuli
procentis safasurad.
ganasxvaveben moklevadian (erT wlamde), saSualovadian
(erTi wlidan sam wlamde) da grZelvadian (sam welze meti
xangrZlivobiT) kreditebs. sakredito urTierTobebs bankebi
(ZiriTadad komerciuli) awarmoeben kreditorebTan. amitom
statistika sabanko-sakredito saqmianobas swavlobs qveyanaSi an
regionSi bankebis saWiroebis, TviT bankebis funqcionirebis da
bankebis sakredito maCveneblebis mixedviT.
bankebis saWiroebis statistikuri maCveneblebis
safuZvelze gaiangariSeba mocemul qveyanaSi biznesis da
mewarmoebis ganviTarebis mixedviT organizaciebisa da
mosaxleobis Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebis nakadis saerTo
moculoba. am maCveneblisa da erTi bankis momsaxurebis
moculobis safuZvelze SeiZleba dadgindes bankebis saWiro
raodenoba mocemul periodSi. aq gaiangariSeba, agreTve,
bankebisa da maTi filialebis saerTo qselis sidide, maTi
raodenoba 100,0 aTas macxovrebelze da Sefardeba bankebis
siWarbe an nakleboba mocemul regionSi. sxvadasxva
statistikur maCvenebelTa safuZvelze angariSoben sabanko
saqmianobis pirobebis SefardebiTi mimzidvelobis indeqss
Semdegi formulis daxmarebiT:
5
5
4
3 2 1
1
I
I
I I I I =
sadac I - sabanko saqmianobis pirobebis SedarebiTi
mimzidvelobis indeqsia;
1
I - safinanso nakadebis moculobis indeqsia mocemul
qveyanaSi an regionSi;
2
I - safinanso nakadebis koncentraciis indeqsia;
3
I - bankebis an filialebis raodenobis indeqsia;
4
I - arasafinanso operaciebis xvedriTi wilis indeqsi;
5
I - realuri aqtivebis dinamikis indeqsi.
formulaSi motanili pirveli indeqsi gviCvenebs sabanko
saqmianobisaTvis saWiro fuladi resursebis dinamikas (Tu
izrdeba indeqsi, mimzidveloba matulobs an piriqiT). safinanso
nakadebis koncentracia anu moculoba erT moqmed bankze an
filialze bankTaSorisi konkurenciis maCvenebelia imdenad,
ramdenadac dabali koncentraciis SemTxvevaSi bankTaSorisi
konkurencia maRalia, xolo maRali koncentraciis SemTxvevaSi
sabanko saqmianobisadmi mimzidvelobis xarisxi dabalia da
konkurenciac klebulobs.
mesame indeqsi gviCvenebs bankebis raodenobis zrdis an
klebis tendencias (zrdis SemTxvevaSi - mimzidveloba izrdeba,
xolo klebis SemTxvevaSi - mcirdeba).
meoTxe indeqsi arasafinanso operaciebis anu sxva saxis
biznesiT (samrewvelo, samSeneblo da a.S.) bankis dakavebuloba
amcirebs bankebis zrdisadmi interess anu mimzidvelobas.
bolos realuri aqtivebis zrda adidebs sabanko biznesisadmi
mimzidvelobis xarisxs.
aqve saWiroa ganvmartoT ra aris realuri aqtivebi.
sabanko aqtivebisa da pasivebis absoluturi anu normaluri
moculoba ver daaxasiaTebs srulyofilad bankebis gaxsnisadmi
mimzidvelobis xarisxs. amitom statistikaSi gamoiyeneba
realuri aqtivebi. zemoT motanili mizidulobis indeqsis
safuZvelze biznesmenebsa da moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT airCion esa
Tu is banki regionSi da masTan awarmoon urTierTobani.
68 69
sakredito Tanxebis gamoyenebis maCveneblad statistikaSi
cnobilia sami ZiriTadi indikatori:
kreditis brunvis ricxvi ( K), kreditis brunvadoba
dReebSi ( t ), produqciis gamoSvebis moculoba sakredito
resursebis erT larze. brunvaTa ricxvi ( K ) ganisazRvreba
Semdegi formuliT:
S
Q
K =
sadac, K - brunvaTa ricxvia mocemul periodSi (Tve,
kvartali, weli);
Q- kreditis brunva gacemis an dafarvis mixedviT;
S - kreditis saSualo naSTebi.
kreditis saSualo naSTi TveSi ganisazRvreba Tvis
dasawyissa da Tvis bolos sakredito davalianebaTa jamis orze
SefardebiT, saSualokvartaluri naSTi sami Tvis saSualos,
xolo saSualowliuri - oTxi kvartlis saSualos mixedviT.
Tu gvaqvs mocemuli ramdenime Tvis dasawyisisaTvis sakredito
davalianebaTa naSTebi, maSin saSualoTviuri naSTi gaiangariSeba
saSualo qronologiuris daxmarebiT.
kreditis dReebSi brunvadobis gasaangariSeblad saWiroa
mocemuli periodis kalendaruli dReebis ricxvis ( T )
Sefardeba brunvadobis koeficientTan:
K
T
t =
sadac, T - kalendaruli dReebis ricxvia mocemul
periodSi. gacemuli kreditis erT larze damatebiT
gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenoba gaiangariSeba gamoSvebuli
produqciis (gacemuli kreditis gamoyenebis xarjze)
SefardebiT gacemuli kreditis moculobasTan. Tu izrdeba am
maCveneblisa da agreTve, brunvadobis koeficientis mniSvneloba
da mcirdeba brunvadoba dReebSi, umjobesdeba kreditis
gamoyenebis efeqtianoba.
magaliTi. komerciuli bankis sakredito davalianebam
2009 wlis pirveli ianvrisaTvis Seadgina 9.2 mln lari,
xolo wlis bolos anu 2010 wlis dasawyisSi 12,8 lari.
kreditis brunvam dabrunebadobis mixedviT Seadgina 40,0 mln
lari.
amoxsna
saSualowliuri sakredito naSTebi Seadgens:
11
2
8 . 12 2 . 9
=
+
= S mln lars.
brunvadobis koeficienti: 64 . 3
11
0 . 40
= = =
S
Q
K
brunvadoba dReebSi: 99
64 . 3
360
= = =
K
T
t dRe
Tanamedrove sabanko sistemaSi erTerTi mniSvnelovani
adgili uWiravs mosaxleobis Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebis
mobilizacias da miznobriv gamoyenebas. amis garda bankebi
awarmoeben, agreTve, sakredito operaciebs, mosaxleobidan
sabinao qiris, sayofacxovrebo da kavSirabmulobis momsaxurebis
gadaxdisa da sxva operaciebs, rac afarToebs maTi moqmedebis
sferos da pasuxismgeblobas Tavisufali fuladi Tanxebis
efeqturad gamoyenebis saqmeSi.
mosaxloebis Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebi, rac bankebSi
Seitaneba anabrebis saxiT, SeiZleba iyos mokiTxvamde, vadiani
da momgebiani, xolo gacemuli krediti SeiZleba iyos rogorc
moklevadiani, ise grZelvadiani.
statistika calkeuli regionebis mixedviT bankebis
saerTo qseliTa da maTi raodenobiT mosaxleobis saSualo
wliuri ricxovnobis 1000 sulze, axasiaTebs macxovrebelTa
uzrunvelyofis xarisxs saSemnaxvelo saqmis organizaciiT,
xolo meanabreTa saerTo ricxviT, maTi struqturiT qalaqisa
70 71
da soflis mcxovrebTan, agreTve, socialuri niSnebiT,
axasiaTebs anabrebis ganawilebas da a.S.
TviT anabrebs statistika swavlobs maTi saSualo
sididiT erT meanabreze (naSTebis jami gayofili meanabreTa
ricxvze) anabrebis saSualo sididiT erT mcxdovrebze, wlebis
mixedviT anabrebis absolutur matebas, zrdisa da matebis
tempebsa da sxva.
saanabro operaciebs statistika axasiaTebs Senatanebis
(mokiTxvamde, vadiani, momgebiani) saerTo brunvis, anabrebis
raodenobis, anabrebis naSTebis, dinamikis, mogebaTa raodenobis,
maTi Rirebulebis, Senaxvis saSualo vadis, brunvaTa ricxvis,
anabrebis mozidvisa da Cawolis koeficientebisa da sxva
maCveneblebis mixedviT.
am maCvenebelTa statistikur gaangariSebebSi
mniSvnelovania anabrebis saSualo naSTis gaangariSeba.
statistika mas angariSobs saSualo qronologiuris
daxmarebiT.
1
5 . 0 5 . 0
3 2 1

+ + +
=
n
S S S S
S
n

sadac
n
S S S S , , ,
3 2 1
- qronologiuri periodebis
dasawyisSi anabrebis naSTebia, xolo n qronologiuri
periodebis ricxvi.
Tu Senatanebi wlis manZilze Zalian mkveTrad icvleba,
maSin umjobesia gamoviyenoT saSualo Sewonili ariTmetikulis
formula:

=
f
Sf
S
sadac S - larebis raodenoba, romlebic inaxeboda ama
Tu im periodiT;
f - Senaxvis periodis dReebis ricxvi.
Tu am formulas SevabrunebT, miviRebT Senaxvis saSualo
vadas.
wlis manZilze saSemnaxvelo bankSi sabrunavi uwyisiT
cnobilia anabrebis ukan dabrunebis Tanxa (

S ). Tu am Tanxas
SevufardebT anabrebis saSualo naSTs ( S ), miviRebT
brunvadobis koeficients.
Tu wlis manZilze kalendaruli dReebis raodenobas
SevufardebT brunvadobis koeficients, miviRebT brunvadobas
dReebSi.
periodis ganmavlobaSi anabrebis Semosvlasa da gasvlas
Soris sxvaoba anabrebis mozidvis absolituri maCvenebelia.
miTi SefardebiT periodis dasawyisSi anabrebis naSTan miReba
anabrebis mozidvis koeficienti, xolo periodis ganmavlobaSi
anabrebis SemosavlobaTa jamTan - anabrebis Cawolis xarisxi.
anabrebis Cawolis koeficientisa da Senaxvis vadis mixedviT
SeiZleba vimsjeloT mosaxleobis danazogebis stabilurobaze,
rac cxovrebis donis erTerTi statistikuri maCvenebelia.
biznesisa da menejmentis saqmianobaSi mniSvnelovani
adgili uWiravs aradeterminirebul, SemTxveviT, stoqastur
movlenebsa da procesebs. amaTgan garkveuli nawili (stiqiuri
ubedurebani, avadmyofobani, avariebi, travmatizmi, ubeduri
SemTxvevebi, sikvdilianoba, mousavlianoba gvalvebis gamo da
sxva) zogjer masobriv xasiaTs Rebulobs.
amitom qveyanaSi arsebobs sadazRvevo sistema, romelic
iTvaliswinebs calkeuli pirebis socialuri dacvisa da qonebis
anazRaurebis safinanso uzrunvelyofas. statistika, rogorc
masobrivi socialur-ekonomikuri movlenebisa da procesebis
raodenobriobis Semswavleli mecniereba, farTod gamoiyeneba am
tipis safinanso-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa Seswavlis saqmeSiac.
dazRvevis sistema SeiZleba iyos saxelmwifoebrivi da
kerZo. orive maTgani SeiZleba moicavdes socialur, pirad da
qonebriv dazRvevas.
sazogadoebaSi yvelaze adre warmoiSva qonebrivi
dazRveva, rac Tavidanve dakavSirebuli iyo avariebTan, stiqiur
ubedurebasTan da qurdobasTan. statistika Seiswavlis am
72 73
movlenebis raodenobriobas rogorc absoluturi, ise
SefardebiTi maCveneblebiT. absoluturi an moculobiTi
maCveneblebia: saerTo sadazRvevo Tanxa, sadazRvevo mindori,
sadazRvevo obieqtebis ricxvi, dazaralebuli obieqtebis
ricxvi, sadazRvevo SemTxvevaTa raodenoba da sxva. saerTo
sadazRvevo Tanxa ganisazRvreba avariebis, stiqiuri ubedurebisa
da qurdobis albaTobis mixedviT. vinaidan
urTierTdamoukidebeli SemTxveviTi sidideebia, amitom maTi
albaTobis jami udris calkeuli SemTxveviTi sididis
albaTobaTa jams;
soflis meurneobaSi qonebrivi dazRveva xSirad
vrceldeba mousavlianobis SemTxvevebze (setyva, gvalva,
stiqiuri ubedureba da sxva). Tu magaliTad, dazRveva 50%-
iania, maSin saxelmwifo aanazRaurebs saSualo saheqtaro da
faqtiur mosavlianobaTa Soris sxvaobis naxevars da a.S.
yvelaze gavrcelebuli da didmasStabiania socialuri
dazRveva. saxelmwifo institucionaluri erTeulebis
miznobrivi socialuri anaricxebis xarjze qmnis biujets,
romelsac Semdeg iyenebs moqalaqeTa dazRvevisaTvis
avadmyofobis, travmatizmis, sapensio, mSobiarobis, Cvili
bavSvebis da sxvaTa uzrunvelsayofad. statistika Seiswavlis
araSromisunarianTa saerTo ricxovnobas, maT struqturas,
sqesis, asakis, socialuri da sxva niSnebis mixedviT,
daavadebaTa saerTo ricxovnobas, dedebis da Cvili bavSvebis
saerTo ricxovnobas, romelsac gaeweva ufaso samedicino
momsaxureba, daxmarebani fexmZimobisa da mSobiarobis dros,
Svebulebis anazRaureba, Seiswavlis pensionerTa saerTo
ricxovnobas da maT struqturas moxucebulobis, avadmyofobis,
marCenalis dakargvis gamo, invalidobis da sxva niSnebis
mixedviT. aqve gamoiyofa invalidebi 100%-iani (I jgufi). 50%-
iani (II jgufi) da 25%-iani (III jgufi) Sromis unarianobis
dakargviT.
statistika angariSobs agreTve, socialuri dazRvevis
SefardebiT maCveneblebs. aqedan mniSvnelovania daavadebaTa da
travmatizmis SemTxvevaTa koeficienti (am mizezebiT gamowveul
araSromisunarianTa ricxvi 10000 momuSaveze), daavadebis
sirTulis koeficienti (erTi daavadebis saSualo
xangrZlivoba), daavadebis da travmatizmis saSiSroebis
koeficienti (daavadebiT an travmatizmiT dakargul dReTa
raodenoba 10000 momuSaveze) da a.S.
dazRvevis erTerTi saxeobaa agreTve, piradi dazRveva.
piradi dazRvevis saxeebia ubeduri SemTxvevebisa sicocxlis
dazRveva. ubeduri SemTxvevebi (sikvdili an Sromisunarianobis
dakargva) savsebiT albaTur xasiaTs atarebs da dazRvevis
gadaxda warmoebs maSin, Tu SemTxvevebi moxda afeTqebiT,
transportSi iaraRis gamoyenebiT, sidamwvris, daxrCobis,
cxovebis Tavdasxmisa da sxva SemTxvevebiT. ubeduri
SemTxvevebis dazRveva umTavresad erTi wlis vadiT xdeba.
2009 wlis 31 dekembris mdgomareobiT saqarTvelos
sadazRvevo bazarze moqmedebda 14 sadazRvevo kompania.
mzRvevelebis mier mowodebuli monacemebidan gamomdinare,
moziduli premiis mixedviT, romelic sadazRvevo
xelSekrulebebSi dafiqsirebul jamur sadazRvevo premias
warmoadgens, sadazRvevo bazris koncentracia 83.6 procentiT
xuT sadazRvevo kompaniaze modis.
2009 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaformda 1,832,453 sadazRvevo
polisi. moqmedi polisebidan 116,568 Seadgenda fizikur pirebze
gacemul polisebs, 2009 wlis ganmavlobaSi dazRveuli
saxmeleTo satransporto saSualebaTa raodenoba 29,936
Seadgens, xolo sahaero da mcuravi satransporto saSualebaTa
raodenoba, Sesabamisad 43-is da 17-is tolia.
statistikuri angariSgebis mixedviT 2009 wlis ganmavlobaSi
mozidulma jamurma premiam 372.4 mln lari Seadgina, xolo
mzRvevelebis mier sakuTari riskebis gadanawilebis mizniT
gaformebuli gadazRvevis xelSekrulebebis Sesabamisma
gadazRvevis premiam 48.6 mln lari Seadgina. moziduli jamuri
premia 2008 wlis Sesabamis maCvenebels 34 procentiT, xolo
2007 wlis maCvenebels 213 procentiT aRemateba. rogorc
74 75
monacemebidan Cans, 2009 wels moziduli premiebis zrdis
tendencia Semcirebulia 2008 welTan SedarebiT, radgan 2008
wlis moziduli premia 135 procentiT aRemateboda 2007 wlis
monacems. aRniSnuli maRali zrdis tempi mniSvnelovanwilad
ganapiroba janmrTelobis dazRvevis saxelmwifo programis
amoqmedebam, romelsac sadazRvevo bazarze sakmaod didi wili
uWiravs. 2009 wels wina welTan SedarebiT zogierT saxeobaSi
SeiniSneboda moziduli premiis Semcirebac (sicocxlis
dazRveva, tvirTebis dazRveva, qonebis dazRveva, saxmeleTo
satransporto saSualebaTa dazRveva), Tumca saerTo jamSi,
bazris moculoba 1/3-iT aris gazrdili. aRniSnuli zrda
didwilad ganapiroba
samedicino dazRvevis saxeobaSi (54 procenti) moziduli
premiis zrdam, radgan es saxeoba ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens
jamur monacemebSi da misi cvlileba mniSvnelovnad aisaxeba
saerTo monacemebze.
moziduli jamuri premiis maCveneblebis mixedviT SeiZleba
gamovyoT qonebis (8.2 procenti), saxmeleTo satransporto
saSualebaTa (7.6 procenti) da valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis (5.4
procenti) dazRveva. dazRvevis sxva saxeobebi metnaklebad
Tanabari TanafardobiT monawileoben mozidul premiaSi. aqve
unda gamovyoT dazRvevis 2 saxeoba, sadac saqmianoba saerTod
ar ganxorcielebula, es saxeobebia: sarkinigzo satransporto
saSualebaTa dazRveva da iuridiuli xarjebis dazRveva. 2009
wlis sadazRvevo Semosavlis 77.9 procents samedicino
dazRveva Seadgens, xolo 8.1 procentiT meore adgilze
saxmeleTo satransporto saSualebaTa dazRveva modis. aseve
dazRvevis sxva saxeobebidan sadazRvevo SemosavalSi SedarebiT
maRali wiliT SeiZleba gamovyoT qonebis (3.7 procenti) da
valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis (3.2 procenti) dazRveva.
sadazRvevo kompaniebis 2009 wlis sadazRvevo zaralis
odenoba 173.1 mln lars Seadgens. aqedan 155.1 mln lari
samedicino dazRvevaze modis. sxva saxeobebTan SedarebiT
sadazRvevo
zaralebSi 6.5 procentiT mniSvnelovani wili uWiravs
saxmeleTo satransporto saSualebaTa dazRvevas, aseve SeiZleba
gamovyoT valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis dazRveva 1.5 procentiT.
Ffulis Rirebulebis zrda procentis daricxvisas.
investirebuli an nasesxebi fuli warmoadgens anabris an
valis ZiriTad Tanxas da mas uwodeben prinsipals.
investirebuli fuli sargeblis saxiT gamoimuSavebs
procents, anu mas ericxeba procenti, romelsac investori
iRebs da piriqiT, nasesxeb fulze msesxebeli ixdis procents.
martivi procentis SemTxvevaSi, wlis ganmavlobaSi
procentis saxiT daricxuli Tanxa ar emateba ZiriTad
kapitals (prinsipals.) mag: 100 l.-ze gadasaxdeli (an
misaRebi) 15%-iani martivi saprocento ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi
daricxuli Tanxebi pirvel, meore da mesame wels Sesabamisad
iqneba 15 l., 30 l, da 45 l.
martivi procentis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba Semdegi
formulebi:
100
PRT
I =
an
RT
I
p
100
=
an
PR
I
T
100
=
sadac:
P = prinsipali (ZiriTadi Tanxa)
R = wliuri saprocento ganakveTi %
T = dro (wlebis raodenoba)
I = procentis saxiT dagrovili Tanxa
magaliTi:
pirovneba yoveli wlis pirvel ianvars awarmoebs 160l.-
is investicias, xolo 31 dekembers investirebul Tanxas
wliuri 12%-iana ganakveTiT ericxeba sargebeli, romelic
grovdeba calke angariSze. mas, Tavis mxriv, ar ericxeba
aranairi procenti. gamoTvaleT mTliani Tanxa, romelic
investors unda daubrundes 31 dekembers mexuTe 160 l.-is
Setanis Semdeg.
76 77
weli(1 ianvari) investireba (l.) procenti (31 dekemberi)
1. 160
20 . 19 160
100
12
= lari
2. 160+160=320
40 . 38 320
100
12
= lari
3. 160+320=480
60 . 57 480
100
12
= lari
4. 160+480=640
80 . 76 640
100
12
= lari
5. 160+640=800
00 . 96 800
100
12
= lari
sul mTliani Tanxa mexuTe wlis 31 dekembrisaTvis =
(800+288) l. (prinsipali da martivi procenti jamSi) = 1088
lars
rTuli procentis SemTxvevaSi, yovelwliurad daricxuli
procenti emateba ZiriTad Tanxas da momdevno wells procentis
daricxva warmoebs jamur Tanxaze.
magaliTad, 1,000l-ze daricxuli 10%-iani wliuri, rTuli
saprocento ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi
dagrovili Tanxa gamoiTvleba Semdegnairad:
weli prinsipali(l) procenti(l) mTliani Tanxa(l)
1. 1000
100 1000
100
10
=
1000+100=1100
2. 1100
110 1100
100
10
=
1100+110=1210
3. 1210
121 1210
100
10
=
1210+121=1331
4. 1331
1 . 133 1331
100
10
=
1331+133.1=1464.1
amocanis amoxsnis alternatiuli Canaweri iqneba:
weli prinsipali(l) mTliani Tanxa(l)
1. 1000 1000(1+0.1)=1100
2. 1000(1+0.1) 1000(1+0.1)(1+0.1)=1000(1+0.1)2=1210
3. 1000(1+0.1)2 1000(1+0.1)2(1+0.1)=1000(1+0.1)3=1331
4. 1000(1+0.1)3 1000(1+0.1)3(1+0.1)=1000(1+0.1)4=1464.1
amrigad, rTuli procentis SemTxvevaSi, mTliani (A) Tanxa
n_uri wlis bolosaTvis gamoisaxeba formuliT:
n
r P A ) 1 ( + =
sadac 100r = procentis (%) saxiT warmodgenil wliur
saprocento ganakveTis (sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, am formulaSi
procenti warmodgenilia aTwiladis saxiT. magaliTad, 12%-s
formulaSi CavwerT, rogorc 0,12).
rTuli procentebi, ZiriTadad, gxvdeba Semnaxvel anabrebze.
momavali Rirebuleba gviCvenebs mocemuli momentisaTvis
investirebuli Tanxis Rirebulebas momavalSi.
78 79
magaliTi
a) gamoTvaleT 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi procentis saxiT
dagrovili Tanxa, Tu wliuri rTuli saprocento ganakveTi = 4%-s,
ZiriTadi Tanxa = 624l.
b) gansazRvreT is Tanxa, romlis investireba saWiroa dRes
5%-iani wliuri, rTuli saprocento ganakveTiT imisaTvis, rom 10
wlis mere miviRoT 10,000l.
amoxsna
a) gamoviyenoT
n
r P A ) 1 ( + = formula, sadac: P=624l, r=0.04
da n=10
maSin: A=624(1+0.04)
10
=624(1.04)
10
=923/67
amrigad, dagrovili rTuli procenti = (923.67-624)l =
299.67l.
b)
n
r P A ) 1 ( + = formulaSi SevitanoT A=10000l, r=0.05 da
n=10
gveqneba:
10000=P(1+0.05)
10
10
(1.05)
10000
P = P=6139.13l.
amrigad, 6,139.13 aris investirebisTvis saWiro Tanxa.
anuiteti aris yovelwliurad erTi da imave Tanxebis
regularulad miReba (gadaxda). anuiteti fuladi nakadia. anuitetis
momavali Rirebuleba (anu gadaxdisas dagrovili mTliani Tanxa)
SegviZlia gamovTvaloT Semdegi formuliT:
momavali Rirebuleba n-uri wlisaTvis
r
r P
n
1 ) 1 ( +
=
anuitetis amocana SegviZlia amovxsnaT formulis gamoyenebis
gareSec anuitetis cxrilebis saSualebiT. cxrilebSi mocemulia
koeficientebi anuitetis saprocento ganakveTisa da gadaxdis
periodebis mixedviT.
magaliTi
mocemulia xuTwliani anuiteti yovelwliurad 100l-is
gadaxdiT. anuitetis saprocento ganakveTi Seadgens 10%-s. ra iqneba
am anuitetis saboloo anu momavali Rirebuleba? (am anuitetis
koeficienti cxrilidan = 6.1051).
anuitetis momavali Riurebuleba formulis saSualebiT
Semdegnairad gamoiTvleba: FV(momavali Rirebuleba) me-5 wels =
100l x 6.1051 = 610.51l
moyvanil magaliTebSi procentebis daricxva simartivisaTvis
xdeboda weliwadSi erTxel. magram, SesaZlebelia, procentis
daricxva xdebodes yovelkvartalurad, yovelTviurad da
yoveldRiuradac ki. am SemTxvevebSic igive formula gamoiyeneba,
mxolod erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT wliuri da nominaluri
saprocento ganakveTebi.
finansuri institutebi, ZiriTadad, iyeneben or saprocento
ganakveTs: pirvelia nominaluri ganakveTi, xolo meore wliuri
(moqmedi) saprocento ganakveTi da aRiniSneba (APR) simboloTi.
magaliTi
sakredito baraTebiT operaciebis warmoebisaTvis kompania
yovelTviurad iRebs sakomisios 3.5%-is odenobiT. davuSvaT, rom
klientma sakredito baraTiT SeiZina 100l-is Rirebulebis saqoneli
da mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi ar gadaixada sakomisio. gamoTvaleT
klientis davalianeba wlis bolosaTvis da wliuri saprocento
ganakveTi (APR).
amoxsna
12 Tvis bolosaTvis davalianebis Tanxa iqneba:
n
r
P a |
.
|

\
|
+ =
100
1
sadac:
P=sawyisi Tanxaa
80 81
r=saprocento ganakveTia
n=drois periodia
a=dagrovili Tanxaa periodis bolosaTvis
amrigad, 11 . 151
100
5 . 3
1 100
12
= |
.
|

\
|
+
APR,Sesabamisad, gamoiTvleba Semdegi formuliT:
11 . 151
100
1 100 = |
.
|

\
|
+
r
aqedan:
11 . 51
100
100 = |
.
|

\
| r
r=51.11% APR=51.11%
arsebobs formulebi martivi da rTuli procentebis
gamosaTvlelad.
fuladi nakadebis diskontirebisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba maTi
droiTi Rirebuleba. diskontirebis procesSi momavali fuladi
nakadebis Rirebuleba daiyvaneba axlandel Rirebulebaze, rac
TavisTavad niSnavs Semdegs: ra Rirs dRes is Tanxa, romelsac
miviRebT momavalSi.
ori sainvesticio proeqtis Sedarebis umartives meTods
warmoadgens maTi fuladi nakadebis Sedareba. upiratesoba mieniWeba
im proeqts, romelsac gaaCnia ufro didi sufTa fuladi nakadi
(yvela amonagebisa da xarjis gaTvaliswinebiT). Tumca, es martivi
meTodi ar iTvaliswinebs fulis droiT Rirebulebas.
cxadia, investirebuli Tanxis miReba umjobesia moxdes droSi
adre, xolo nasesxebi Tanxis dabruneba _droSi gvian. dro
gansazRvravs fulis droiTRirebulebas.
martivad rom vTqvaT, visurvebdiT migveRo 100l axla vidre
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. amis asaxsnelad SeiZleba ramdenime mizezi
arsebobdes:
Tanxebis gadavadebis, TavisTavad, axlavs riski SesaZloa
fondma, sadac investireba ganxorcielda, ver aanazRauros Tanxebi
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.
100l-is tolia Tanxis miRebiT dRes, Sansigvaqvs miviRoT am
Tanxaze sargebeli procentis saxiT. magaliTisaTvis, usafrTxoa
sabanko depozitze Tanxis ganTavsebis Semdeg, erTi wlis vadaSi,
procentis saxiT miviRebT10l. xolo Tu Cven erTi wlis Semdeg
miviRebdiT 100l, Cvens davkargavdiT procentebs,romlebic SegveZlo
migveRo sabanko depozitidan.
inflacia amcirebs 100l-is Rirebulebas.sxva sityvebiT rom
100l-iT dRes SevisyidiT ufro met produqts,vidre imace TanxiT
erti wlis Semdeg.
gansxvavebul situaciebSi fuls gaaCnia gansxvevebuli droiTi
Rirebuleba. magaliTad: is, visTvisac fulis droiT Rirebulebas
didi mniSvneloba aqvs, ar daTanxmdeba 100l-is miRebis gadavadebas,
Tu sargebeli misgan ar eqneba maRali, dauSvaT 50l erTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi. sxvisTvis, visTvisac fulis droiT Rirebulebas
arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, SesaZlebelia misaRebi iyos wlis
ganmavlobaSi mxolod 1l-iani sargeblis miRebac ki. am meorisTvis
fulis droiTi Rirebuleba dabalia. pirvelisTvis dRevandeli 100l-
is Rirebuleba tolia 150l-is erTi wlis Semdeg, xolo meorisaTvis
101l-is. Tumca orive SemTxvevaSi 150l-is da 101l-is mimdinare
Rirebuleba erTi da igivea da tolia 100l.
fulis droiTi Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba fuladi nakadebis
diskontirebiT.
diskontirebis meTodi, romelic fundametnaluria fuladi
nakadebis mimdinare Rirebulebis daTvlisas, warmoadgens rTuli
procentis gamoTvlis piruku meTods.
magaliTi
klientma bankSi Seitana anabari 2,000l-is odenobiT, 5%-iani
wliuri rTuli saprocento sargebelis ganakveTis sargeblis qveS.
mogeTxovebaT, gamoTvaloT:
a) Tanxa, romelic dagrovili iqneba klientis angariSze
erTi wlis Semdeg
82 83
ori wlis Semdeg
sami wlia Semdeg
b) Tanxa, romelic saWiroa depozitze Sesatanad, rom miviRoT
2,500l
erTi wlis Semdeg
ori wlis Semdeg
sami wlia Semdeg
amoxsna
a) dagrovili Tanxa
cxadia, momavalSi misaRebi Tanxebi SeiZleba davadginoT
ariTmetikuli gamoTvlebis saSvalebiT, magram ufro mosaxerxebelia
formulis gamoyeneba:
sabolood dagrovili Tanxa
n
r P S ) 1 ( + =
sadac,
P = prinsipali
r = wliuri saprocento ganakveTi (warmodgenili aTwiladis
saxiT)
n= wlebis raodenoba, romlis ganmavlobaSic deponirebulia
prinsipali
1-li wlis Semdeg S=2,000lx(1.05)=2,100l
me-2 wlis Srmdeg S=2,000lx1.05x1.05=2,000lx1.052=2,205l
me-3 wlis Semdeg S=2,000lx 1.053= 2,315.25l
B
b) momdinare Rirebuleba
am SemTxvevaSi saboloo Tanxa, S cnobilia da unda vipovoT
prinsipali P. kvlav viyenebT formulas, saidanac gvaqvs:
n
r
S
P
) 1 ( +
=
1-li wlis Semdeg rom miviRoT 2,500l, dRes unda moxdes
Semdegi Tanxis investireba:
Px1.05=2,500l 2.380.95
05 . 1
1
2,500x P = = l
2,381l-is investireba wliuri 5%-is SemTxvevaSi mogvcems
119.05l, rac jamSi udris 2,500l)
me-2 wlis Semdeg rom miviRoT 2,500l dRes unda moxdes
Semdegi Tanxis investireba:
Px1.052=2,500l 2.267.57
05 . 1
1
2,500x P
2
= = l
(Semowmeba advilia, radgan 2,267.57 ori wlis Semdeg
procentebis daricxvis Sedegad gaizrdeba 2,500l-mde)
me-3 wlis Semdeg 2,500l-is misaRebad dRes gvWirdeba:
2.159.59
05 . 1
1
2,500 P
3
= =
zemoT moyvanili magaliTis b) punqtSi gamovTvaleT momavali
Tanxebis mimdinare Rirebulebebi. axla ukve Segvizlia gavakeToT
aseTi daskvna: 5%-iani investirebisas, 1 wlis Semdeg miRebuli Tanxa-
2,500l ekvivalenturia DdRevandeli 2,380.95l-isa, miuxedavad imisa,
rom es Tanxebi sididiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. 2,380.95 l-s
ewodeba 2,500l-is mimdinare Rirebuleba erTi wlis vadiTa da 5%-
iani ganakveTiT.
fuladi nakadebis Semcveli produqtis Sesafaseblad
aucilebelia ganisazRvros gasuli da Semosuli fuladi nakadebis
( romelTac momavalSi eqneba adgili) mimdinare Rirebulebebi.
Cven mier zemoT ganxiluli diskontirebis analiziT
ganisazRvreba, ramdenad SesaZlebelia proeqtebSi Tanxebis investireba
an sesxad aReba, procentebis miReba an gadaxda, amave dros fulis
droiTi Rirebulebac.
Tu gasul fulad nakadebs aviRebT uaryofiTi niSniT, xolo
Semosul nakadebs dadebiTi niSniT, maSin proeqtis wminda mimdinare
Rirebuleba (NPV) iqneba fulis yvela nakadis diskontirebul
RirebulebaTa jami.
84 85
r wliuri saprocento ganakveTis (diskontirebis ganakveTi)
pirobebSi, n raodenobis wlis Sermdeg misaRebi S Tanxis mimdinare
Rirebuleba PV gamoiTvleba formuliT:
n
r
S PV
) 1 (
1
+
=
ipoveT qvemoT moyvanili Tanxebis mimdinare Rirebulebebi:
a) 1,000l-is, romelsac miviRebT 1 wlis Semdeg
diskontirebis 10%-iani ganakveTisas.
b) 4,000l-is, romelsac miviRebT 2 wlis Semdeg
diskontirebis 5%-iani ganakveTisas.
g) 10,000l-is, romelsac miviRebT 5 wlis Semdeg
diskontirebis 8%-iani ganakveTisas.
mimdinare Rirebulebis moZebna rTuli procentis
gamoTvlis Sebrunebuli procesia.
a) 09 . 909
10 . 1
1
1000 PV = =
(dRevandeli 909.09l tolfasia erTi wlis Semdeg
misaRebi 1,000l-is. xolo wlis ganmavlobaSi procentis
saxiT daricxuli Tanxa tolia 90.91l)
b) 12 . 3628
05 . 1
1
4000 PV
2
= = (SeamowmeT Tavad, rom
3,628.12l rTuli, 5% daricxviT ori wlis Semdeg mogvcems
4,000l-s)
g) 6806
08 . 1
1
10000 PV
5
= =
sainvesticio proeqtebis SefasebisaTvis saWiro gaangariSebis
gasamartiveblad Seqmnilia mimdinare Rirebulebis koeficientebis
(diskontirebis koeficientebi) cxrilebi. sadac koeficientebi
miTiTebulia proeqtis vadisa da saprocento ganakveTebis mixedviT,
xolo Tavad koeficientebi warmoadgenen fulis erTeulis
diskontirebul Rirebulebebs, Sesabamisi procentiTa da
vadiT.magaliTad: cxrilSi 10% wliuri diskontirebis ganakveTis da
2 wlis Sesabamisi koeficienti tolia 0.826-is. es niSnavs, rom ori
wlis Semdeg 10 %-iani diskontis ganakveTisas misaRebi 1l-is
mimdinare Rirebuleba tolia 0.826l-is. mimdinare Rirebulebis
koeficientebis cxrilebi msgavsia anuitetis koeficientebis
cxrilebisa.
magaliTi
ganixileba danadgaris Sesyidvis sakiTxi imavdroulad sakiTxi
1.5 mln l-is gadaxdis pirobiT. mosalodneli Semosavali iqneba: 0.9
mln l pirveli wlis bolos, 0.6 mln l meore wlis bolos da 0.5
mln l mesame wlia bolos. gamoiyeneT diskontirebis koeficientebis
cxrilebi da gamoTvaleT am proeqtis wminda mimdinare Rirebuleba.
amoxsna
NPV(000l)= -1,500+[900x0.909]+[600x0.826]+[500x0.751]=189
rogorc ukve avRniSneT, aniuteti- aris yovelwliurad
erTidaigive Tanxebis regularuli gadaxda.
magaliTi
diskontirebis 10%-iani ganakveTisas sami wlis ganmavlobaSi
warmoebs 500l-is toli Tanxebis gadaxda yovelwliurad. ipoveT
mocemuli anuitetis mimdinare Rirebuleba.
mimdinare (diskontirebuli) Rirebuleba PV SegviZlia
davTvaloT rogorc 500l-is diskontirebul RirebulebaTa jami sami
sxvadasxva periodis mixedviT:
1244 376 413 455
) 10 . 1 (
1
500
) 10 . 1 (
1
500
) 10 . 1 (
1
500 PV PV
3 2
= + + =
(

+
(

+
(

= =
86 87
SevniSnoT, rom diskontirebisas mimdinare momenti Seesabameba
drois nulovan periods. maSin, drois pirveli periodi Seesabameba
mimdinare momentidan aTvlil pirveli wlis bolos da ase Semdeg.
vTqvaT erTi da igive fuladi nakadisaTvis wminda mimdinare
Rirebuleba diskontis 12%-iani ganakveTisaTvis aris uaryofiTi _
97l, xolo 8%-iani ganakveTisas, dadebiTi+108l. am faqtis axsna
mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
sesxi 12%-iT rom yofiliyo aRebuli, saprognozo varaudi
iqneba, rom investori dakargavs daaxloebiT 97l-s.
sesxi 8%-iT rom yofiliyo aRebuli, saprognozod ivaraudeba,
rom investori gamoimuSavebs damatebiT daaxloebiT 108l-s.
amrigad, proeqtis wminda mimdinare Rirebulebis dadebiTi
mniSvneloba miuTiTebs proeqtis momgebianobaze.
zogjer saWiroa iseTi anuitetis mimdinare Rirebulebis
gamoTvla, romelic droSi usasrulod didxans grZeldeba, anu
Tanxebis gadaxda warmoebs ganusazRvreli drois ganmavlobaSi. aseT
anuitets ewodeba usasrulo anuiteti. mimdinare Rirebuleba n-uri
raodenoba wlebis ganmavlobaSi gadaxdili A anuitetisa r
diskontirebis ganakveTisas moicema Semdegi formuliT:
mimdinare Rirebuleba
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
n
r r
A
) 1 (
1
1
1
ra moxdeba,Tu am formulaSi n gaxdeba usasrulod didi?
roca n miiswrafvis usasrulobisken, maSin (1+r)
n
-is mniSvnelobac
miiswrafvis usasrulobisaken da maSin
n
r) 1 (
1
+
wiladi miiswrafvis
nulisken. aqedan gamomdinare, diskontirebis koeficienti miiswrafvis
r
1
sken.
uwyveti A anuitetis mimdinare Rirebuleba r
diskontirebis ganakveTisas, gamoisaxeba formuliT:
R
A
PV = .
magaliTi
5,000l-is mimdinare Rirebuleba, romelic yovelwliurad
miiReba diskontirebis 8%-iani ganakveTiT, udris: 62500
08 . 0
5000
Tema 4. monetaruli da fiskalur-sagadasaxado
statistika
fuli da fuladi mimoqceva
Tanamedrove ekonomikur sistemaSi fuladi nakadebi
fulis raodenoba aqtiur rols TamaSoben da iTvlebian mTeli
ekonomikuri procesebis mTavar regulatorad.
saqarTvelos realobaSi istoriulad Camoyalibda da
erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicda fuladi mimoqcevis
organizaciis forma, romelsac Tanamedrove terminologiiT
ewoda fuladi sistema, xolo aRniSnuli sistemis Semadgeneli
elementebia: fuladi erTeuli, fulis emisiis sesxebi da
Tanmimdevroba. Cveni qveynis mTavroba yvelanairad uwyobs xels
mimoqcevaSi fulis raodenobis regulirebas, ayalibebs
saxelmwifos fulad-sakredito politikas, romelic SeiZleba
ganvixiloT or aspeqtSi.
farTo gagebiT fulad- sakredito politikis
funqciaSi Sedis: fuladi reformis gatareba, naRdi fulis
emisia, mTavrobis mier sxvadasxva obligaciebis gamoSveba, xolo
viwro gagebiT fulad-sakredito politika moicavs fulis
mimoqcevaze mxolod iribi zedamxadvelobis normebs. fuladi
reforma tardeba fuladi mimoqcevis mosawesrigeblad da igi
iTvaliswinebs fuladi sistemis srul an nawilobriv
gardaqmnas.
xolo rac Seexeba uSualod fulisa da fuladi
mimoqcevis statistikas, igi warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes
meqanizms radgan swored misi meSveobiT xdeba fuladi
88 89
mimoqcevis sferoSi mimdinare masobrivi movlenebis
raodenobrivi mxaris Sefaseba.
Cveni qveynis fulad-sakredito sistemaSi fuladi
mimoqcevis statistikis obieqtad iTvleba fuladi sistemis
obieqtebi: oficialuri fuladi erTeuli, fulis emisiis
saxeebi da Tanmimdevroba, fuladi mimoqcevis organizaciis
formebi da regulirebis meTodebi.
fulisa da fuladi mimoqcevis statistikis mizania
fulad-sakredito sistemis maregulirebeli organoebis
uzrunvelyofa Sesabamisi utyuari informaciiT, fuladi
sistemis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
fuladi mimoqcevis statistikis ZiriTadi amocanebia:
fuladi masis zomebis, struqturis da dinamikis
gamoTvla, da misi ganawileba regionebSi da mosaxleobis
jgufebSi;
naRdi da unaRdo emisiis parametrebis gansazRvra;
naRdi fulis kupiurebis gansazRvra;
im raodenobrivi parametrebis gamovlineba, romlebic
asaxaven fulis mimoqcevis gavlenas ekonomikaze da inflaciis
doneze.
fulisa da fuladi mimoqcevis statistikis
maCveneblebi Seadgenen sam urTierTdakavSirebul bloks:
makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis bloks, romelic
gansazRvravs fulisa da fuladi mimoqcevis kavSirs ekonomikis
realur seqtorTan.
fulis saxeebis bloki;
fulis masis maCveneblebis bloki anu fuladi
agregatebis bloki.
am blokebidan TiToeuli Seicavs maCvenebelTa
garkveul nakrebs.
makroekonomikuri bloki moicavs Semdeg
maCveneblebs :
fulis nominaluri masa;
fulis brunva;
fulis mimoqcevis siCqare;
fulis realuri masa;
nominaluri da realuri fuladi masebis indeqsi;
fulis brunvis siCqaris indeqsi;
ekonomikis monetarizaciis done;
fulis msyidvelobiTi unari;
fulis saxeebis bloki ki moicavs:
naRdi fuli mimoqcevaSi;
naRdi fuli ara sabanko sistemaSi;
naRdi fuli sabanko salaroebSi;
unaRdo fulis masa;
fuladi multiplikatori;
fuladi baza;
fasiani qaRaldebi fulad mimoqcevaSi;
msoflio fuli;
fuladi masis maCveneblebis bloki axasiaTebs
fulis masis gamoTvlis sxvadasxva tipis midgomas da Seicavs:
fuladi agregatebis tradiciul sistemas:
fuladi agregati
0
M
fuladi agregati
1
M
fuladi agregati
2
M
fuladi agregati _ es aris iseTi likviduri
finansuri aqtivebis moculobis maCvenebeli, romelic
gamoiyeneba fulis nacvlad. maCveneblebis nacionaluri sistema
Seicavs Semdegi saxis fulis agregatebs:
fulis agregati
0
M
_ Seicavs absoluturad
likvidur aqtivebs, naRd fuls mimoqcevaSi.
fuladi agregati
1
M
(saxsrebi romlebic arsebobs
dawesebulebebis da organizaciebis angariSebze) + (saxelmwifo
dazRvevis saxsrebi) + (mosaxleobis depozitebi Semnaxvel
90 91
bankebSi moTxovnamde) + (mosaxleobis da sawarmoebis
depozitebi komerciul bankebSi)
fuladi agregati
2
M
mosaxleobis vadiani
depozitebi Semnaxvel bankebSi. aRniSnuli agregati
2
M
aris
ZiriTadi maCvenebeli statistikaSi.
fuladi agregati
3
M
=
2
M
+ (depozituri
serTifikatebi) + (saxelmwifo obligaciebi).
3
M
agregats xSirad uwodeben erTobliv fulad
masas. Anu farTo fuli.
amasTanave ssf-is meTodologiis Tanaxmad fuladi
masis dasaxasiaTeblad miRebulia Semdegi agregatebi:
agregati fuli moicavs bankebis da moTxovnamde
anabrebis gareT arsebul fuls. e.i. igi warmoadgens faqtiurad
qveynis gankargulebaSi arsebul mTel fulad saxsrebs da igi
1
M
-is analogiuria.
agregati kvazi fuli warmoadgens fuladi
sistemis likvidur depozitebs da moicavs vadian da Semnaxvel
depozitebs, aseve depozitebs ucxour valutaSi.
agregati farTe fuli es aris fuli da kvazi
fuli agregatebis jami.
agregatebis aseTi klasifikacia saSualebas iZleva
gakontroldes da gaanalizdes ekonomikaSi fulis wyaroebis
miwodebis struqtura da dinamika.
saqarTveloSi erovnuli bankis monacemebiT agregatebis
mixedviT (milion larebSi) fulis masis dinamika 2004-2008
wlebSi Semdeg suraTs iZleva:
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
farTo fuli
3
M
1521.6 1924.9 2689.9 4027.5 4305.1 4656.8
fulis masa
2
M
847.2 1071.0 1392.8 2149.3 1862.5 2139.5
bankebs gareT
arsebuli
naRdi fuli
0
M
616.0 736.3 827.4 1152.1 1082.6 1186.8
sadepoziti
valdebulebebi
(erovnul valutaSi)
231.2 334.8 565.5 997.2 779.9 1035.8
sadepoziti
valdebulebebi
(ucxour valutaSi)
674.4 853.9 1297.0 1878.2 2442.6 2517.3
0
M -is wili
2
M -Si
%
79.8 75.8 66.7 61.0 69.3 57.5
2
M -is wili
3
M -Si
%
55.7 55.6 51.8 53.4 43.3 45.9
lari mimoqcevaSi 676.2 811.4 929.5 1310.5 1290.7 1457.9
cxrilidan Cans, rom Zalian swrafi tempebiT gaizarda
fulis masa saqarTveloSi 2004-2009 wlebSi, gaizarda
sadepozito valdebulebebi erovnul valutaSi, xolo
SedarebiT naklebi tempebiT gaizarda sadepozito
valdebulebani ucxour valutaSi. Semcirda bankebs gareT
arsebuli naRdi fulis wili fulis masaSi, rac miuTiTebs
saqarTvelosi sabanko sistemis ganviTarebaze.
fulis ZiriTadi masa qveyanaSi mimoiqceva sabanko
sistemis meSveobiT. amitom saxelmwifo sabanko kreditis
statistikur Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba qveynis
sabanko politikis SemuSavebis saqmeSi. sabazro ekonomikis
pirobebSi sakredito operaciebs bankebis orsafexuriani sistema
92 93
anxorcielebs. am sistemis pirvel safexurze dgas qveynis
mTavari, erovnuli banki, xolo meoreze - komerciuli bankebi.
fiskaluri ekonomikuri politikis statistika
saxelmwifo banki qveyanaSi atarebs ekonomikis
regulirebis fulad-sakredito politikas. amisaTvis awesebs
komerciuli bankebisaTvis moziduli Tanxebis savaldebulo
rezervebis normebs, maT mier gacemuli kreditebisaTvis da
fasiani qaRaldebis SeZenisaTvis saWiro da savaldebulo
normativebs. saxelmwifo banki gascems, agreTve, kreditebs
saerTod da komerciuli bankebis refinansirebisaTvis.
saxelmwifo sabanko politikis meSveobiT anxorcielebs,
agreTve, qveyanaSi sakredito urTierTobaTa regulirebas da
amiT xels uwyobs erovnuli valutis kursis ganmtkicebas.
saxelmwifo, safinanso ekonomikuri politikis erTerTi
Semadgeneli nawilia, agreTve, fiskaluri ekonomikuri, anu
sabiujeto-sagadasaxado politika, rasac is anxorcielebs
fiskaluri statistikis meSveobiT.
fiskaluri statistika Seiswavlis sabiujeto
Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis (maT Soris sagadasaxado
Semosavlebis) dones anu moculobas, struqturas, dinamikas da
maTze moqmedi faqtorebis korelaciur-regresiul analizs.
sityva biujeti inglisuri warmoSobisaa (Budget) da
niSnavs CanTas. cnobilia, rom me-17 saukunis inglisSi lordTa
palatis winaSe moxsenebiT gamomsvlel xazinis kanclers win
fuliT savse tomara edo, romelsac tribunis nacvlad
dasayrdnoblad iyenebda. ase warmoTqvamda kancleri sityvas
qveynis finansebis wyaroebisa da xarjebis Sesaxeb, romelsac
,,biujets~ uwodeben. amis Semdeg dRemde biujeti yvela qveynis
fuladi resursebis warmoqmnisa da ganawilebis gegmis saxiTaa
cnobili da centralur adgils iWers fiskaluri politikis
SemuSavebis saqmeSi.
arsebobs biujetis sxvadasxva saxeebi. maT Sorisaa naerTi
(konslidirebuli) biujeti, saxelmwifo biujeti da
teritoriuli erTeulebis biujetebi. naerTi biujti moicavs
saxelmwifo da teritoriuli erTeulebis biujetebs. Tavis
mxriv, saxelmwifo biujeti moicavs centralur biujetsa da
specialuri saxelmwifo fondebis biujetebs. ekonomikuri
Teoriis mixedviT biujetis Semsavlebis xuTi wyaroa
dasaxelebuli: gadasaxadi Semosavalze, gadasaxadi moxmarebaze,
gadasaxadi sakuTrebaze, arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi da sxva
gadasaxadebi.
amis garda Semosavlebi moicavs, agreTve, oficialur
transpertebsac, romlebic aris araanazRaurebadi,
aradabrunebadi, araaucilebeli Semosavlebi.
maT gaaCniaT nebayofobiTi xasiaTi Cuqebis, reparaciebis
(gamarjvebuli qveynis mier omiT miyenebuli zaralis
anazRaureba damarcxebuli qveynisaTvis), subvenciebis
(centraluri organoebis mier miznobrivi dafinansebisaTvis
qvemdgomi organoebisaTvis Tanxebis gamoyofa) da sxvaTa saxiT.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis mier rekomendirebulia
saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebis Semdegnairi klasifikacia:
I. saerTaSoriso Semosavlebi da miRebuli oficialuri
transpertebi (II + VII);
II. saerTaSoriso Semosavlebi (III + V);
III. mimdinare Semosavlebi (IV + V);
IV. sagadasaxado Semosavlebi (maT Soris: saSemosavlo,
mogebis, kapitalis sabazro Rirebulebis gadidebis,
socdazRvevis anaricxebis, xelflasis fondisa da samuSao
Zalis, sakuTrebis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis, sagareo
vaWrobisa da sagareo operaciebis da sxva gadasaxadebi);
V. arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi;
VI. Semosavlebi kapitalis operaciebidan;
VII. miRebuli oficialuri transpertebi.
arsebobs, agreTve, sabiujeto xarjebis saerTaSoriso
klasifikaciebi. maT Soris ZiriTadi funqcionaluri
94 95
(saxelmwifos Sesasrulebeli funqciebis mixedviT) sabiujeto
xarjebis klasifikaciaa, romlis mixedviTac gamoiyofa:
1. saerTo xasiaTis saxelmwifo momsaxurebis xarjebi;
2. Tavdacvis xarjebi;
3. saxelmwifo wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis xarjebi;
4. ganaTlebis xarjebi;
5. jandacvis xarjebi;
6. socdazRvevisa da socuzrunvelyofis xarjebi;
7. sabinao-komunaluri xarjebi;
8. dasvenebis organizaciis, kulturisa da religiis
xarjebi;
9. saTbob-energetikuli kompleqsis xarjebi;
10. soflisa da xe-tyis meurneobis, TevzWerisa da
samonadireo xarjebi;
11. samTomopovebuli mrewvelobisa da sasargeblo
wiaRiseulis (saTbobis gamoklebiT), gadamamuSavebeli
mrewvelobisa da mSeneblobis xarjebi;
12. transportisa da kavSirgabmulobis xarjebi;
13. sxva saxis momsaxurebis xarjebi, romlebic
dakavSirebulia ekonomikis saqmianobasTan;
14. xarjebi, romlebic ar miekuTvneba ZiriTad jgufebs.
biujetis Semosavlebsa da danaxarjebs Soris sxvaoba
gvaZlevs deficits (xarjebi Warbobs Semosavlebs) an
proficits (xarjebi naklebia Semosavlebze). saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondis mier rekomendirebulia deficitis Sesavsebad
saSinao (Tanxebi miRebuli saxelmwifos sxva seqtoridan) da
sagareo (Tanxebi miRebuli ucxoeTidan) dafinanseba.
saqarTvelos biujetis Semosavlebi da xarjebi agebulia
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis rekomendaciebis mixedviTa da
adgilobrivi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. SemosavlebSia
sagadasaxado (saSemosavlo, mogebis, damatebuli Rirebulebis,
aqcizis, sabaJo da sxva gadasaxadebi), saxelmwifo fondebis
(dasaqmebis, socuzrunvelyofis, sagzao da sxva saxelmwifo
fondebi) Semosavali, arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi (Semosavlebi
privatizaciidan da sxv.) da grantebi.
2001-2007 wlebSi saqarTvelos naerTi biujetis
mixedviT Semosavlebi Semdeg suraTs iZleva:
saqarTvelos naerTi biujetis Semosavlebi (mln lari)
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Semosavlebi da
grantebi
739.7 817.4 933.1 1773.7 2607.8 3773.2 5158.6
Semosavlebi
sul:
691.6 794.8 884.6 1649.0 2503.3 3579.2 4935.1
maT Soris:
sagadasaxado
Semosavlebi
630.5 722.6 806.6 1322.1 1836.0 2633.1 3732.6
arasagadasaxado 61.1 72.1 78.1 259.9 280.4 482.5 753.4
ucxouri
grantebi
48.1 22.6 48.4 124.7 104.5 194.0 223.5
cxrilSi mocemuli absoluturi sidideebi TavisTavad
ver axasiaTeben raime kanonzomierebas.
amitom saWiroa struqturis, dinamikis da sxva saxis
SefardebiTi sidideebis gaangariSeba. 2001 wels naerTi
biujetis mTlian SemosavlebSi sagadasaxado Semosavlebs eWira
% 2 . 85 100
7 . 739
5 . 630
=
arasagadasaxado Semosavlebs
% 3 . 8 100
7 . 739
1 . 61
=
xolo grantebs
96 97
% 5 . 6 100
7 . 739
1 . 48
=
2007 wels es maCveneblebi Seadgenda Sesabamisad 72.4 %-
s, 14.6 %-s, 4.3 %-s, rogorc Cans, Semcirda sagadasaxado
Semosavlebis xvedriTi wili da gaizarda arasagadasaxado
SemosavlebiT xvedriTi wili. es niSnavs qonebis privatizaciis
tempebis daCqarebas saqarTveloSi.
Semosavlebis dinamika 2001-2007 gviCvenebs, rom mkveTrad
gaizarda biujetis Semosavlebi vardebis revoluciis Semdgom
periodSi, rac gadasaxadebis amoRebis administrirebis
gaZlierebasa da Crdilovani ekonomikis Semcirebaze mianiSnebs.
saxelmwifos fiskaluri ekonomikuri politikis
gatarebis ZiriTadi instrumenti sagadasaxado sistemaa.
ekonomikuri Teoriis ganmartebiT gadasaxadi savaldebulo
mosakrebia, romelsac mTliani erovnuli produqciis
ganawilebisa da gadanawilebis gziT qveynis iuridiuli da
fizikuri pirebi uxdian saxelmwifos, Sesabamisi
kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili sagadasaxado ganakveTebis mixedviT.
iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebia sawarmoebi, firmebi,
organizaciebi da moqalaqeebi, romlebic ewevian ama Tu im saxis
saqmianobas. arsebobs saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi da adgilobrivi
gadasaxadebi. saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadebi, romlebic
amoiReba centraluri sagadasaxado organoebis mier da avsebs
federaluri (centraluri) biujetis saSemosavlo nawils.
aseTia: saSemosavlo gadasaxadi, mogebis gadasaxadi, damatebuli
Rirebulebis gadasaxadi, aqcizi, sabaJo gadasaxadi, socialuri
gadasaxadi.
adgilobrivia gadasaxadi, romelic amoiReba adgilobrivi
organoebis mier da avsebs adgilobrivi (municipaluri)
biujetis saSemosavlo nawils. aseTia qonebis gadasaxadi da
saTamaSo biznesis gadasaxadi.
ekonomikuri Teoria gadasaxadebis klasifikacias
awarmoebs sxvadasxva niSnebiT. maT Soris gamoiyofa: piradpiri,
romliTac uSualod pirdapir ibegreba gadamxdelis Semosavali
da qoneba (saSemosavlo gadasaxadi, miwis gadasaxadi,
socialuri dazRveva, ekologiuri gadasaxadi da sxv.)
arapirdapiri, romelic wesdeba saqonlis fasze, agreTve
momsaxurebis tarifze wanamatis saxiT da romlis uSualo
gadamxdelia momxmarebeli. magram vinaidan is fasSi Sedis,
biujetSi gadaixdeba gamyidvelis mier (damatebuli
Rirebulebis gadasaxadi, saaqcizo gadasaxadi, sabaJo
gadasaxadi, saqmianobis monopoliur saxeebze gadasaxadi da
sxv.).
gamoyenebis niSniT gadasaxadebi ori saxisaa: saerTo (Tavs
iyris erTian saxelmwifo xazinaSi da gamoiyeneba saerTo
miznebis dasafinanseblad) da specialuri (socialuri
dazRvevis Tanxa, sagzao fondi, da sxv.), romlis Tanxebi
miznobrivia da gamoiyeneba mxolod specialuri daniSnulebiT.
sagadamxdelo ganakveTebis mixedviT SeiZleba gvqondes
fiqsirebuli (dabegvris erTeulze dawesebuli myari,
fiqsirebuli sagadasaxado ganakveTi, romelic ar icvleba
dabegvris obieqtis cvalebadobasTan dakavSirebiT), progresuli
(progresulad izrdeba sagadasaxado ganakveTebi) da
regresiuli (dabegvris obieqtis gadidebasTan erTad ki ar
diddeba, aramed mcirdeba sagadasaxado ganakveTebi) gadasaxadebi.
sagadasaxado statistikis amocanebia gadasaxadebis
moculobis, struqturis, dinamikis, gadasaxadebze moqmedi
faqtorebis Seswavla da prognozireba.
sagadasaxado statistikis winaSe arsebuli amocanebis
gadawyvetisaTvis aucilebelia gadasaxadebis amosavali xazis
Seswavla, rasac safinanso-sagadasaxado mecniereba iZleva.
aseTia gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi, dabegvris obieqti da
sagadasaxado ganakveTebi. marTlac SeuZlebelia sagadasaxado
statistikam Seiswavlos gadasaxadebis moculoba, struqtura
sxvadasxva niSnebis mixedviT da maT Soris gadamxdelebis
mixedviTac, an kidev gadasaxadebis dinamika, zemoTaRniSnuli
parametrebis codnis gareSe.
98 99
rogorc saqarTvelos sagadasaxado moqmedi kodeqsiTaa
dafiqsirebuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi arian
rezidenti da ararezidenti fizikuri pirebi.
moqmedi sagadasaxado kodeqsiT ganmartebulia, rom
,,rezidentad iTvleba fizikuri piri, romelic faqtobrivad
imyofeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze 182 dReze met xans
nebismier 12-Tvian periodSi, romelic mTavrdeba sagadasaxado
wels, an igi sagadasaxado wlis ganmavlobaSi imyofeba
ucxoeTSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo samsaxurSi~. amave
sagadasaxado kodeqsiT ganmartebulia, rom saqarTveloSi
yofnis dRed iTvleba dRe, romlis ganmavlobaSiac fizikuri
piri imyofeboda saqaraTvelos teritoriaze, miuxedavad am
yofnis xangrZlivobisa. fizikur pirs ar miekuTvneba
diplomatiuri statusis mqoneni da maTi ojaxis wevrebi, ucxo
qveynis saxelmwifoSi myofi pirebi da maTi ojaxis wevrebi
(saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis garda), saqarTvelos teritoriaze
ucxoeTis erTi saxelmwifodan meoreSi gamvleli piri.
ararezidenti aris piri, romelic ar aris saqarTvelos
rezidenti.
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis dabegvris obieqtad, moqmedi
sagadasaxado kodeqsis mixedviT, miCneulia Semosavali, romelic
miiReba erTobliv (mTlian) Semosavlebsa da sagadasaxado
kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul gamoqviTvebs Soris sxvaobiT.
mTliani Semosavlebi rezidentisaTvis moicavs rogorc
saqarTveloSi, aseve mis farglebs gareT miRebul Semosavlebs,
xolo ararezidentisaTvis saqarTvelos wyaroebidan miRebul
Semosavlebs. maT miekuTvneba ekonomikuri saqmianobiT miRebuli
yvela Semosavali, maT Soris xelfasi, premia, samewarmeo
saqmianobiT saqonlis realizaciidan an momsaxurebis,
samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis gamoyenebuli aqtivebis
realizaciis, agreTve arasamewarmeo saqmianobiT miRebuli
Semosavlebi (dividendebi, procentebiT miRebuli Semosavlebi,
qonebis ijariT gacemis, valebis CamoweriT da sxva Semosavlebi
yovelTviuri daubegravi minimumis jamis, winaT dabegrili
dividendebisa da procentebis Semosavlis gamoklebiT).
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTia 25%.
saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan Tavisufalia ucxoeTis
diplomatis an sakonsulos TanamSromlis daqiravebuli Sromis
Sedegad miRebuli Semosavali, granti, saxelmwifo pensia,
memkvidreobamde miRebuli qonebis realizaciiT miRebuli
Semosavali, alimenti da sxv.
mogebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelebia saqarTvelosa da
ucxouri sawarmoebi. dabegvris obieqtia mogeba, romelic
ganisazRvreba gadamxdelis mTlian Semosavalsa da am
Semosavlis miRebasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs Soris sxvaobiT
(garda aqtivebis Rirebulebisa, romelSiac Seitaneba ZiriTadi
saSualebebis SeZenis, damontaJebisa da sxva kapitaluri
xarjebi, agreTve garda im xarjebisa, romlebic dakavSirebuli
ar aris ekonomikur saqmianobasTan: fizikuri piris mier piradi
moxmarebisaTvis gaweuli xarjebi, maT Soris xelfasis saxiT
miRebuli Semosavali, garTobaze gaweuli xarjebi finansTa
saministros normis zeviT da a.S.). aq ar unda gavigoT ise, rom
ZiriTadi saSualebebis Rirebulebis nawili ar gamoiqviTeba
mTliani Semosavlidan amortizaciis saxiT. piriqiT,
amortizaciis Rirebuleba mTliani Rirebulebidan gamoiqviTeba
normatiuli procentebis saxiT. amasTan amortizacia ar
daericxeba araamortizirebad saSualebebs, rogoricaa miwa,
xelovnebis nimuSebi da sxv.
sawarmos mogebis sagadasaxado ganakveTi moqmedi
kodeqsiT Seadgens 15%-s
damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi, rogorc
arapirdapiri gadasaxadi, aris ,,saqarTvelos teritoriaze
saqonlis, samuSaos, momsaxurebis, warmoebisa da mimoqcevis
procesSi Seqmnili Rirebulebis nawili, agreTve saqarTvelos
teritoriaze Semotanili yvela dasabegri saqonlis
Rirebulebis nawilis biujetSi savaldebulo Senatani.
100 101
damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi saqarTveloSi 1992
wlidan dainerga (1958 wels pirvelad frangebma SemoiRes da
Semdeg swrafad gavrcelda sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi).
ekonomikuri statistikis ganmartebiT damatebuli
Rirebuleba aris ,,warmoebuli saqonlisa da gaweuli
momsaxurebis Rirebulebasa da warmoebis procesSi mTlianad
moxmarebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis (Sualeduri moxmareba)
RirebulebaTa Soris sxvaoba.
amasTan warmoebuli saqonlisa da gaweuli momsaxurebis
RirebulebaSi Seitaneba:
a) yvela saxis saqoneli maTi gamoyenebis miuxedavad, maT
Soris sxva momxmareblebisadmi miwodebuli, aseve TviT
mwarmoeblis mier sakuTari saboloo moxmarebis, agreTve
dagrovebisa da materialuri saSualebebis maragTa SevsebisaTvis
gankuTvnili;
b) sxva institucionaluri erTeulebisaTvis, kerZod
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebis da komerciuli
organizaciebisaTvis gaweuli arasabazro momsaxureba;
v) SinamosamsaxureTa mier anazRaurebadi momsaxureba
(ojaxis wevrebis mier urTierTaraanazRaurebadi) momsaxureba,
rogoricaa sarecxis recxva, kerZebis momzadeba da sxv. ar
Seitaneba produqciisa da momsaxurebis saerTo RirebulebaSi.
ekonomikuri statistika miuTiTebs agreTve, Sevides
warmoebis moculobaSi Crdilovani ekonomikis (arakanonieri),
agreTve, kanonieri, magram gadasaxadebisagan Tavis aridebis
mizniT maluli ekonomikis (maluli warmoeba) mier warmoebuli
produqciisa da gaweuli momsaxurebis Rirebulebac.
Sualeduri moxmareba, romelic gamoiyeneba damatebuli
Rirebulebis gasaangariSeblad, aris saqonlisa da sabazro
momsaxurebis Rirebuleba (ZiriTadi fondebis gamoklebiT),
romelic mocemul periodSi gamoyenebul iqna sxva saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad. is moicavs:
a) Sromis sagnebs (nedleulsa da ZiriTad masalebs),
eleqtroenergias, saTbobs, Tesls, sakvebs, sakuTari warmoebisa
da nayid naxevarfabrikatebs, medikamentebs, kvebis produqtebs,
spectansacmels, sakancelario sagnebs da a.S.
b) sxva sawarmoebisa da pirebis mier Sesrulebuli
samuSaosa da gaweuli momsaxurebis anazRaureba (transportiT
momsaxureba, remonti, kavSirgabmulobisa da gamoTvliTi
centrebis momsaxureba, komunaluri momsaxureba,
konsultaciebis, iuristebis, bankebis, reklamisa da sxvaTa
momsaxureba da a.S.);
v) samivlinebo Tanxebis anazRaureba.
aqedan cxadia, rom damatebuli Rirebulebis
gadamxdelebad iTvleba yvela pirovneba, vinc eweva raime saxis
saqmianobas, romelsac moaqvs Sesabamisi Rirebuleba, xolo
dabegvris obieqtad unda miviCnioT ara ,,dasabegri operacia da
dasabegri importi~, rogorc es saqarTvelos sagadasaxado
kodeqsSia aRniSnuli, aramed damatebuli Rirebuleba da
importi, romelic warmoiSoba Sesabamisi ekonomikuri
saqmianobiT.
damatebuli Rirebulebis sagadasaxado ganakveTebi
gansxvavebulia qveynebis mixedviT. misi ganakveTebi metwil
qveynebSi meryeobs 20-30%-is farglebSi. igi Seadgens,
magaliTad, aaS-ebSi 11%-s, inglisSi 15%-s, gfr-Si daaxloebiT
6%-s, SvedeTSi 7%-s, safrangeTSi 8%-s, saqarTveloSi Tavidan
28%-s Seadgenda, SemdegSi 14%-mde davida, amJamad 18%-ia.
aqcizi, rogorc arapirdapiri gadasaxadi wesdeba iseTi
masobrivi moxmarebisa da ganusazRvreli raodenobiT
realizebad produqtebze, rogoricaa, Saqari, Cai, marili,
benzini, asanTi, Tambaqo da alkoholuri sasmelebi. aqciziT
saxelmwifo anxorcielebs optimalur-fiskalur politikas,
zogjer zRudavs zogierTi saqonlis moxmarebas da xels
uwyobs antimonopoluri kanonis qmediTunarianobas. zogierT
qveyanaSi aqcisze modis sagadasaxado Semosavlebis 20-25%.
saqarTveloSi aqcizuri gadasaxadi arc Tu didi xnis
winaTaa SemoRebuli, Tumca misi moqmedebis areali
TandaTanobiT farTovdab.
102 103
aqcizis gadamxdelebia aqcizuri saqonlis mwarmoeblebi
an importiorebi saqarTveloSi. aqciziT dabegvris obieqtia
aqcizuri saqonlis miwodeba saqarTveloSi ar sawyobidan
gatana (maT Soris damkveTis nedleuliT damzadebuli) an
importi ucxoeTidan.
aqcizis sagadasaxado ganakveTebi wesdeba rogorc
individualuri wesiT, mtkice odenobiT saqonlis erTeulze,
ise universaluri anu procentobiT saqonlis Rirebulebisadmi.
saqarTveloSi moqmedi sagadasaxado kodeqsiT, magaliTad,
msubuqi avtomobilebisadmi dawesebulia 15%-iani aqcizi, xolo
yurZnis 1 litra Rvinoze fiqsirebuli 50 TeTri erT litrze
da a.S.
sabaJo gadasaxadis gadamxdelebia iuridiuli da
fizikuri pirebi, romlebic awarmoeben eqsport-importis
operaciebs. misi sagadasaxado bazaa eqsport-importis
moculoba, xolo ganakveTi 12%.
socialuri gadasaxadi, gankuTvnilia socialuri
uzrunvelyofisaTvis, romelsac gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi
ixdian Sromis anazRaurebisa da masTan gaTanabrebul Tanxebze.
aseTi saxis gadasaxadis gadamxdelia damqiravebeli
mewarme, fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi, romlebic Sromas
unazRaureben daqiravebulebs da TviT daqiravebuli pirebi,
dasabegravi obieqtia mewarmesa da raime saqonlis mqone
Semosavali da daqiravebulebis xelfasi.
ukanasknel periodamde misi ganakveTi iyo 20%. amJamad es
gadasaxadi gauqmebulia da dawesebulia erTiani 25%-iani
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi.
qonebis gadasaxadi ori saxisaa: fizikuri pirebis qonebis
gadasaxadi da sawarmoTa qonebis gadasaxadi. fizikuri qonebis
gadasaxadis gadamxdelebia qonebis gadasaxadiT dasabegravi
obieqtebis mesakuTre fizikuri pirebi, dabegvris obieqti
saqarTvelos urbanul teritoriaze arsebuli, xolo
araurbanul teritoriaze ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis
gamoyenebuli iseTi uZravi qoneba (miwis garda), rogoricaa
Senoba-nagebobani an maTi nawilebi, xolo sagadasaxado
ganakveTia maTi sabuRaltro Rirebulebis 0,1 procenti.
sawarmoTa qonebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelebia sawarmoebi
(maT Soris samamulo da ucxouri, agreTve, maTi damoukidebel
angariSze myofi da bankSi angariSsworebis angariSis mqone
filialebi da organizaciebi, romelTa qonebis nawili
gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis). sawarmoTa qonebis
gadasaxadis dabegvris obieqtia sawarmos balansze ricxuli
ZiriTadi saSualebebi, daumontaJebeli mowyobiloba,
daumTavrebeli dabandebani da aramaterialuri aqtivebi.
dasabegravi Rirebuleba gaiangariSeba CamoTvlili aqtivebis
narCeni saSualowliuri Rirebulebis 1 procentiani ganakveTiT.
saTamaSo biznesis gadasaxadis gadamxdelebad iTvlebian
pirebi, romlebic ewevian sawarmeo saqmianobas latariebiT,
kazinoebiT, azartuli da sxva saTamaSo miznebiT. dabegvris
obieqtia latariis bileTebis realizaciidan miRebuli
amonagebi, TamaSebisaTvis gamoyenebuli magidebi, saTamaSo
aparatebi, totalizatorebi, bingos salaroebi da sxv.
sagadasaxado ganakveTebia latariis bileTebis
realizaciidan miRebuli amonagebis ara umetes 20%-isa,
kazinos, samorines TiToeuli magididan TveSi 5000-dan 10000
laramde, totalizatoris, bingos, lotos salaroebze TveSi
300-dan 600 laramde da a.S. axal sagadasaxado kodeqsSi,
romelic amJamad ganxilvis procesSia ormagdeba
totalizatoris, kazinoebis da bingos gadasaxadi.
sagadasaxado politikis gatarebisaTvis saWiroa gvqondes
Semosavlebis indikatorebis statistikuri suraTi, rac iZleva
am movlenebisa da procesebis droSi ganviTarebis
kanonzomierebebs.
104 105
Tema 5. fasebisa da inflaciis statistika
fasi aris saqonlis Rirebulebis fuladi gamoxatuleba.
gegmuri ekonomikis pirobebSi fasi warmoadgenda produqciisa
da momsaxurebis Rirebulebis fulad sazom indikators.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi mas gansazRvravs ara produqciisa
da momsaxurebis warmoebaze gaweuli danaxarjebi da aqedan
gamomdinare Rirebuleba, aramed bazarze arsebuli moTxovna-
miwodeba. amitom sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi fasi SeiZleba
ganisazRvros Semdegnairad: fasi aris yidva-gayidvis procesSi
saqonlis (produqciis) an momsaxurebis erTeulisaTvis,
moTxovna-miwodebis Sesabamisad, gadasaxdeli Tanxa. fasebi
Tavad moqmedebs moTxovna-miwodebis regulirebaze, gamoiyeneba
makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis (mTliani Sida produqtis,
erovnuli Semosavlis, erovnuli sisdidris da sxva)
gasaangariSeblad, mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTi unarianobis,
cxovrebis donis dasadgenad da sxva mravali makroekonomikuri
problemis gadasaWrelad. biznesSi, menejmentSi, marketingSi da
sxva sferoebSi is adamianTa yoveldRiuri saqmianobis mZlavri
instrumentia.
yvela am sferoSi fasebi asrulebs saaRricxvo
(produqciisa da momsaxurebis moculobis, mogebisa da
rentabelobis dadgena da sxv.), mastimulirebel (maRali fasis
produqciisa da momsaxurebis meti raodenobis warmoeba,
nedleulis, saTbobis, masalebis, eleqtroenergiis da sxva
danaxarjebis ekonomia da a.S.) da ganmanawilebel (mis
SemadgenlobaSi ara marto danaxarjebis, aramed saxelmwifo
biujetSi gadasaxadebis da sxvaTa gaTvaliswineba) funqciebs.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi fasebi aris sxvadasxva saxis.
amaTgan qveyanaSi dominirebs sabazro fasebi. sabazro fasebi
aris Tavisufali fasebi, romlebic yalibdeba bazarze moTxovna-
miwodebis, agreTve, myidvelisa da gamyidvelis interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. igi moicavs, agreTve, damatebuli
Rirebulebisa da aqcizis gadasaxadebs.
sabazro fasebi qveyanaSi yalibdeba moqmedi fasebis
bazaze. maT Sorisaa gamyidvelis, myidvelisa da ZiriTadi
sacalo fasebi, momsaxurebis fasebi da tarifebi.
gamyidvelis fasi ewodeba im fass, romliTac gamyidveli
yidis saqonels da momsaxurebas. gamyidvelis fasis erTerTi
nairasaxeobaa mwarmoeblisa da ZiriTadi fasebi. mwarmoeblis
fasia is fasi, romelsac Rebulobs mwarmoebeli produqciis an
momsaxurebis erTi erTeulis gayidviT. is moicavs
TviTRirebulebas anu warmoebisa da momsaxurebis danaxarjebs
(nedleuli da ZiriTadi masalebi, saTbobi da eleqtroenergia,
naxevarfabrikatebi, ZiriTadi kapitalis amortizacZia, xelfasi,
socdazRvevis anaricxebi socdazRvevaze da sxv.), gadasaxadebs
(aqcizis, damatebuli Rirebulebis da importze gadasaxadebis
garda) produqtebze da importze subsidiebis gamoklebiT.
ZiriTadi fasi aris mwarmoeblis mier produqciisa da
momsaxurebis erTeulze miRebuli fasi, produqtebze yvela
saxis gadasaxadis gamoklebiT da subsidebis CaTvliT (garda
importze subsidisa).
aqedan cxadia, rom mwarmoeblis fassa da ZiriTad fass
Soris aseTi damokidebula aris:
mwarmoeblis fasi - mwarmoeblis fasSi CarTuli
produqtebze gadasaxadebi + produqtebze subsidiebi = ZiriTad
fass.
myidvelis fasi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saboloo
moxmarebis fasia, romelic moicavs mwarmoeblis fass, agreTve,
satransporto-savaWro daTbobas da wminda gadasaxadebs
(mwarmoeblis fasSi gaTvaliswinebuli gadasaxadebis gareSe).
sabiTumo fasi ewodeba im fass, romliTac samomxmareblo
saqoneli biTumad gadaecema msxvili partiebiT mwarmoeblidan
savaWro qsels an teqnikuri daniSnulebis nawarmi - uSualo
momxmarebels.
rogorc wesi, sabiTumo fasSi SeaqvT warmoebis
danaxarjebi da mogeba. masSi ar Seitaneba aqcizisa da
damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi.
106 107
sacalo fasebi ewodeba im fasebs, romliTac saqoneli da
momsaxureba uSualod mieyideba mosaxleobas. masSi Seitaneba
sabiTumo fasi, savaWro daTboba (mimoqcevis xarjebi da mogeba),
agreTve, damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi da aqcizi.
momsaxurebis fasebi da tarifebi gamoiyeneba momsaxurebis
(satransporto, kavSirgabmulobis, sabinao-komunaluri,
sanitaruli da sxv.) sferoebSi.
sabazro, Tavisufali fasebis garda zogierT gardamavali
ekonomikis qveyanaSi moqmedebs, agreTve, saxelmwifo fasebi,
romlebic wesdeba im dargebis produqtebze, romlebsac
monopoliuri mdgomareoba uWiravT bazarze (eleqtroenergia,
airi da sxv.) saxelmwfio fasi SeiZleba iyos zRvruli
(magaliTad, saafTiaqo medikamentebze) fasi, romlis zeviT ar
SeiZleba dawesdes fasi, fiqsirebuli (saxelmwifos mier
mkacrad gansazRvruli fasi mosaxloebisaTvis) da
regulirebadi (romelic SeiZleba saxelmwifos mier Seicvalos
calkeuli regionebisa da periodebis mixedviT).
fasebis statistikis winaSe dgas Semdegi amocanebi:
bazarze saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebze dakvirveba.
fasebis klasifikacia
fasebis struqturis analizi
fasebia variaciis analizi
mosaxleobis cxovrebios doneze fasebis moqmedebis
gazomvis maCvenebelTa sistemis SemuSaveba da gaangariSeba
inflaciis donis gansazRvris meTodebis SemuSaveba da
misi gavlenis Seswavla ekonomikis ganviTarebaze.
fasebis statistikis winaSe dasmuli amocanebis
realizeba xorcieldeba Sesabamisi maCvenebelTa sistemis
safuZvelze, romelic SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT:
fasebis donis maCveneblebi
fasebis struqturis maCveneblebi
fasebis variaciis maCveneblebi
fasebis elastiurobis maCveneblebi
fasebis dinamikis maCveneblebi
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi (sfi) asaxavs fasebis
saSualo cvlilebas saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fiqsirebul
kalaTaze, romelsac moxmarebisaTvis SeiZens qalaqis
mosaxleoba. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebi, romlebic
gamoiyeneba samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis gamosaTvlelad,
grovdeba saqarTvelos xuTi qalaqis (Tbilisi, baTumi, quTaisi,
gori, Telavi) sacalo vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis obieqtebSi
maRaziebSi, bazrebSi, benzingasamarT sadgurebSi, vaWrobisa da
momsaxurebis sxva obieqtebSi. samomxmareblo kalaTaSi Semavali
282 dasaxelebis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sewonvis
struqtura Camoyalibebulia SinameurneobaTa gamokvlevis
safuZvelze sfi-is gaangariSebis bazaa 2006 wlis dekemberi.
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi iTvleba mniSvnelovan
ekonomikur maCveneblad, romelic axasiaTebs inflaciis dones
da gamoiyeneba ekonomikaSi fasebis cvlilebis donesTan
dakavSirebuli procesebis analizisa da prognozirebisTvis.
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi gaiangariSeba laspeiresis
indeqsiT:

=
0 0
0 1
q p
q p
I
sadac:
1
p
- konkretuli saqonlis (momsaxurebis) fasia
(tarifia) saangariSo periodSi.
108 109
0
p
- konkretuli saqonlis (momsaxurebis) fasia
(tarifia) sabaziso periodSi periodSi.
0
q
- konkretuli saqonlis (momsaxurebis) fizikuri
moculobaa sabaziso periodSi.
procentuli cvlileba wina TvesTan gaiangariSeba
formuliT:
100
1
1

= A

t
t t
t
I
I I
I
sadac:
t
I A
aris sfi-is procentuli cvlileba wina
TvesTan,
t
I
- saangariSo Tvis sfi,
1 t
I
- wina Tvis sfi.
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris
informaciiT, samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi 2002-2008 wlebSi
ase gamoiyureba.
samomxmareblo
fasebis indeqsi
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
saSualo
wliuri wina
wlis
saSualo
wliurTan
105.6 104.8 105.7 108.2 109.2 109.2 110.0
dekemberi wina
wlis
dekemberTan
105.4 107.0 107.5 106.2 108.8 111.0 105.5
saSualo
wliuri 1995
wlis saSualo
wliurTan
211.9 222.0 234.6 253.9 277.2 302.8 333.1
rogorc cxrilidan Cans samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi yovel
wels wina welTan SedarebiT umniSvnelod izrdeba, xolo 1995
welTan SedarebiT Zalzed didia zrda.
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inflatio- , . ,
1861-1865
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17,3%- 20-
110 111
25 .
1992-1995 .

,
. ,
. , ,
.
.
.
,
,
, ,
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,
, ,
,
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,

.
inflacias iwvevs fulis mimoqcevis arxebis Warbi,
zedmeti fulis masiT avseba Sesabamisi sasaqonlo
uzrunvelyofis anu sasaqonlo masis adeqvaturi zrdis gareSe.
Sedegad izrdeba fasebi rogorc samomxmareblo, ise sawarmoo
daniSnulebis saqonelze, Zvirdeba mosaxleobis saarsebo
saSualebebi, biznessa da menejmentSi produqciisa da
momsaxurebis TviTRirebuleba, ecema mogeba. mTavroba rig
SemTxvevebSi, iZulebulia gaataros dezinflaciuri
RonisZiebani mimoqcevidan fulis masis amoRebis politika
gadasaxadebis gazrdis, Sromis anazRaurebis Semcirebis,
sakredito restriqciis anu sakredito Tanxebis Semcirebis,
saxelmwifo biujetidan ekonomikis, agreTve, socialur-
kulturuli RonisZiebebis dafinansebis Semcirebisa da sxva
RonisZiebebis gatarebis gziT.
inflaciuri movlenebi mravali, sxvadasxva niSniT
SeiZleba davajgufoT anu movaxdinoT maTi klasifikacia. am
niSnebidan yvelaze mTavaria inflaciis siswrafe. am niSniT
inflacia SeiZleba iyos ,,mcocavi~ (mJRavndeba fasebis
TandaTanobiT zrdaSi xangrZlivi periodis manZilze),
,,Wenebadi~ (mJRavndeba fasebis naxtomisebur zrdaSi) da
hiperinflacia (berZnuli hnper - zeviT) (mJRavndeba fasebis
Zalze maRali zrdis tempebSi). miRebulia, rom TveSi 50%-mde
fasebis zrda Wenebadia, xolo 50%-ze zeviT hiperinflaciaa.
amis garda inflacia SeiZleba iyos Ria (romelic kargad Cans
samomxmareblo saqonelsa da sawarmoo resursebze fasebis
zrdiT) da daxuruli (rac gamowveulia sasaqonlo deficitiT
da Cans arapirdapir, warmoebis danaxarjebis gadidebiTa da
mogebis TandaTanobiTi SemcirebiT biznesSi).
inflaciis sidides (dones) statistikaSi zomaven
procentulad saangariSo da sabaziso periodebis
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsebis safuZvelze Semdegi
formulis gamoyenebiT:
100
0
0 1
.

=
p
p p
I
I I
I
infl
sadac
. infl
I
- inflaciis done procentulad;
1
p
I
- saangariSo periodis fasebis indeqsi;
0
p
I
- sabaziso periodis fasebis indeqsi.
mocemuli formala asedac SeiZleba Caiweros:
112 113
100 1
0
1
.

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
p
p
I
I
I
infl
magaliTi. rogorc zemoT mocemuli cxrilidan Cans,
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsma saqarTveloSi 2007 wels
Seadgina:
2 . 9
0
=
p
I
, xolo 2008 wels
0 . 10
1
=
p
I
cxadia am periodSi inflaciis done Seadgens:
% 7 . 8 100
2 . 9
2 . 9 0 . 10
100
0
0 1
.
=

=
p
p p
I
I I
I
infl
e.i. saqarTveloSi inflaciis procenti 2007-2008
wlebSi Seadgenda: 8.7 %
cxadia, inflaciis es maCveneblebi asaxulia Sesabamisi
wlebis mixedviT gaangariSebuli iseTi mniSvnelovani
makroekonomikuri indikatoris sidideebSi, rogoricaa mTliani
Sida produqti. 2003 w., magaliTad, saqarTveloSi mTliani
Sida produqtis Rirebulebam mimdinare fasebSi (nominaluri
sidide) Seadgina 8564 mln lari, xolo 2007 da 2008 wlebSi,
Sesabamisad 16994 mln da 19070 mln lari. maSasadame 2008
wels saqarTveloSi nominaluri mTliani produqti gaizarda
2007 wlis mimarT 1,12-jer anu 12%-iT, xolo 2003 wlis
mimarT 2,23-jer, anu 123%-iT. magram es maCveneblebi araa
realuri, vinaidan maTi nawili gadidebulia ara realurad
qveyanaSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis, aramed
inflaciis xarjze. rogor gamovTiSoT inflaciis gavlena
makroekonomikur maCveneblebze da davadginoT maTi dinamikis
realuri suraTi?
amisaTvis msoflio statistikur Teoriasa da praqtikaSi
gamoiyeneba e.w. deflilirebis meTodi. deflilireba ewodeba
ekonomikuri maCveneblebidan inflaciis gavlenis gamoTiSvis
process, romlis ganxorcielebis miznebisaTvis gamoiyeneba
deflatorebi.
deflatori (laT. deflecto) ewodeba koeficients,
romelic gamoiyeneba fulad gamosaxulebaSi gaangariSebuli
ekonomikuri maCveneblebis gadasaangariSeblad, wina periodis
donesTan maTi saerTo mniSvnelamde dayvanis mizniT.
ricxobrivad igi udris fasebis zrdis indeqss. msoflio
statistikur Teorias da praqtikaSi defliatirebis procesis
sami ZiriTadi meTodia gamoyenebuli.
erTmagi defliatirebis, ormagi defliatirebisa da
ekonomikuri maCveneblis fizikuri moculobis dinamikis
defliatirebis meTodi.
erTmagi deflirebis procesSi defliatorebad gamoiyeneba
samomxmareblo fasebis an mTliani Sida produqtis indeqsi
(mTliani Sida produqtis indeqsia am maCveneblis saangariSo
periodis anu mimdinare fasebiT gamosaxuli sididisa da imave
maCveneblis sabaziso periodis fasebSi gamosaxuli sidideebis
ganayofi). samomxmareblo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
Rirebulebis indeqs-defliatorisagan gansxvavebiT, mTliani
Sida produqtis indeqs-defliatori asaxavs, agreTve, Sromis
anazRaurebis, ZiriTadi kapitalis amortizaciis da wminda
gadasaxadebis nominaluri masis cvalebadobas, rac gamowveulia
fasebis cvalebadobiT.
indeqs-defliatori mTels msoflioSi iangariSeba paaSes
fasebis indeqsiT:

=
1 0
1 1
q p
q p
I
defl.
114 115
sadac, wiladis mricxveli mTliani Sida produqtis
Rirebulebaa saangariSo periodis fasebiT, xolo mniSvneli
igive mTliani Sida produqtis Rirebulebaa sabaziso periodis
fasebiT.
nebismieri ekonomikuri maCveneblis (am SemTxvevaSi
mimdinare fasebiT gamosaxuli mTliani Sida produqtis
deflireba) warmoebs mimdinare periodSi amave mimdinare
periodis fasebiT gamosaxuli nominaluri sididis indeqs-
deflatorze gayofiT

=
defl.
I
p q
p q
1 1
0 1
magaliTi. saqarTveloSi mTliani Sida produqtis
Rirebulebam, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, 2003 wels Seadgina
8564 mln lari, xolo 2008 wels 19070 mln lari. zrdam
222.7%, anu moimata 122.7%-iT. am wlebSi samomxmareblo
fasebi gaizarda 1,05-jer, rac SeiZleba gamoviyenoT indeqs-
defliatorad. maSasadame 2008 wlis mTliani Sida produqti
2003 wlis fasebSi Seadgens:
lars mln.
defl.
9 . 18161
05 . 1
19070 1 1
0 1
= = =

I
p q
p q
maSasadame, am wlebSi mTliani Sida produqtis realuri
moculoba gaizarda 2,12-jer.
ormagi defliatirebis meTodi gulisxmobs mTliani Sida
produqtis sawamroo meTodiT gaangariSebis kvalobaze TviT
warmoebis doneze ekonomikis dargebis mixedviT. dargebis
mixedviT warmoebs rogorc produqciisa da momsaxurebis
mTliani gamoSvebis, aseve Sual3gamoSvebisaTvis defliatorad
gamoiyeneba mTliani gamoSvebis fasebis paaSes indeqsi, xolo
Sualeduri moxmarebisaTvis - moxmarebuli nedleulis,
masalebis, saTbobis, naxevarfabrikatebisa da sxvaTa fasebis
defliatori).
maSasadame, pirvel etapze ekonomikis calkeuli dargebis
mixedviT gaiangariSeba gamoSveba Sesadaris fasebSi (mimdinare
fasebSi mTliani gamoSvebis fasebis indeqsze anu defliatorze
gayofiT), meore etapze - Sualeduri moxmareba Sesadaris
fasebSi (Sualeduri moxmareba mimdinare fasebSi gayofili
Sualeduri moxmarebis elementebis fasebis defliatorze anu
indeqsze), xolo mesame etapze - maTi sxvaobiT (gadafasebul
mTlian gamoSvebas gamoklebuli gadafasebuli Sualeduri
moxmareba) miiReba damatebuli Rirebuleba sabazro periodis
fasebiT. dargebis mixedviT gaangariSebul damatebul
RirebulebaTa jami gvaZlevs mTliani Sida produqtis realur
Rirebulebas.
defliatirebis mesame meTodi gulisxmobs sabaziso
periodis damatebuli Rirebulebis
0 0
p q
eqstrapoliacias produqciisa da momsaxurebis fizikuri
moculobis indeqsis gamoyenebiT.
es ase SeiZleba Caiweros:

=
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 1
p q
p q
p q
p q
sadac,
0 1
p q
produqciis damatebuli Rirebulebaa Sesadaris fasebSi;
116 117

0 0
0 1
p q
p q
produqciis fizikuri moculobis indeqsia;
0 0
p q
sabaziso periodis damatebuli Rirebulebaa.
inflaciuri movlenebi da procesebi ekonomikisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli inerciis kanonebis ZaliT didxans inarCuneben
ganviTarebis Camoyalibebul tendenciebs. amas kargad
iTvaliswineben biznesmenebi da awarmoeben nedleulis, saTbobis,
eleqtroenergiis, naxevarfabrikatebis an mTlian mza
produqciis winaswar Sesyidvas, riTac fasTasxvaobiT
Rebuloben mogebas. aseT mogebas dasavleTis ekonomistebi
holdingur mogebas uwodeben. aseTi saqmiTaa dakavebuli ara
marto calkeuli biznesmenebi, aramed specialuri msxvili
holdinguri kompaniebic da korporaciebic. es kompaniebi,
umetes SemTxvevebSi, ar floben raime saxis TavianT sawarmoo
potencials da holdinguri operaciebiT mniSvnelovani wili
uWiravT calkeuli firmebis aqciaTa sakontrolo paketSi.
saqarTvelos statiatikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebiT
inflaciis maCvenebeli Semdeg suraTs iZleva:


(


), %

(12
), %
-96
42,9 127,6
-97 11,8 36,3
-98 6,7 6,7
-99 13,2 4,1
-00 8,5 18,6
-01 4,9 3,8
-02 4,7 4,7
-03 5,5 5,6
-04 5,2 4,8
-05 9,3 6,1
-06 5,2 7,9
-07 10,4 9,6
-08 10,7 9,3
-09 4,4 9,4
-10 2,7 1,6
-10 5,6 1,9
-10 5,8 2,2
10 5,6 2,6
10 4,0 2,7
-10 3,7 2,8
118 119
Tema 6. safondo birJebis da fasiani qaRaldebis
statistika
fasiani qaRaldebiT vaWroba mimdinareobs saerTaSoriso
safinanso bazrebze, iseTi msxvili finansuri centrebis
birJebze, rogoricaa niu-iorki, londoni, parizi, frankfurti,
tokio, ciurixi. SegaxsenebT, rom garda safondo (savaluto)
birJebisa (Stock Exchanges) arsebobs aseve sasaqonlo birJebi
(Commodity Exchanges),sadac mimdinareobs vaWroba garkveuli
saqonliTa da produqtebiT (feradi liTonebiT, bambiT, SaqriT
da a.S.).
birJebi viTardebian ramdenime aswleulis ganmavlobaSi. pirveli
maTgani
Camoyalibda antverpenSi 1531 wels, Semdeg londonSi 1561
wels, niuiorkSi uol tritze 1792 wels. birJa uol stritze
niu-iorkSi warmoadgens kerZo sazogadoebas, romelic erTianebs
daaxloebiT 1500 wevrs. am birJis romelime wevris sikvdilis
SemTxvevaSi, ms adgils yidian auqcionze masze, vinc mets
gadaixdis. dasavleTis yvela qveyanaSi birJebs akontrolebs
specialuri saxelmwifo organo, agaliTad, aSS-Si safondo
birJebis saqmeebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis komisia. ResdReobiT
msoflios udidesi birJa tokioSia. masSi xdeba 1520 sawarmos
qciis kotireba.
fasiani qaRaldebiT vaWroba warmoebs e.w. sabirJo dros,
magaliTad, niuiorkis birJaze: 812-mde da 13.3016 saaTamde.
myidvelisa da gamyidvelis saxiT birJaze SeiZleba
mogvevlinos mxolod brokeri makleri) (Broker), romelic
asrulebs Tavisi kllientebis SekveTebs da amisaTvis Rebulobs
brunvidan garkveul procents.
arsebobs e.w. sabrokero firmebi an samaklero kantorebi.
amerikuli firmebidan msxvilesia `meril linCi~, romlis
qonebac Sefasebulia 55 miliard dolarad. masSi dasaqmebulia
44 aTasi adamiani, romlebic mudmivad emsaxurebian 5 milion
klients.
bazarze arsebuli fasebis moZraobis tendenciebis
mixedviT ganasxvaveben
xarebis an daTvebis bazars.
xarebis bazars (Bull Market) adgili aqvs, rodesac
fasebi izrdeba aqciebis aqtiuri Sesyidvis Sedegad.
daTvebis bazris (Bear Market) dros, aqciebis fasebi
iklebs am aqciebze dabali moTxovnis arsebobis gamo, rac
niSnavs, rom SeTavazebuli aqciebi ar gaiyideba fasis daklebis
gareSe.
rodesac vsaubrobT birJebze, fasiani qaRaldebiT
vaWrobaze, unda vicodeT ramdenime terminis mniSvneloba.
safondo birJa organizacia, romlis wevrebsac aqvT
ufleba iyidon da gayidon fasiani qaRaldebi sxva pirebisaTvis.
sasaqonlo birJa specializirebulia operaciebze,
romelic dakavSirebulia Zvirfas liTonebTan, saTbobTan,
ucxour valutasTan da
sasoflo-sameurneo produqciasTan (marcvleuli,
saqoneli,
Saqari)
marJa (marJiT vaWroba) es aris aqciebis yidva fuliT,
romlis nawilic
sesxis saxiT aRebulia brokerTan.
marJis ganakveTi winaswar aris gansazRvruli (magaliTad,
aSS-Si is ganisazRvreba federaluri sarezervo sistemiT).
fuli, romelic
brokerTan iyo aRebuli sesxis saxiT, ukan unda
daubrundes
mas procentebiT. marJiT nayidi aqciebi brokerTan inaxeba
garantis saxiT.
aqciis danawevreba rodesac aqcionerebs erTi aqciis magivrad
aZleven 2 da met aqciebs. magaliTad, Tu I-is aqcia Rirda 150
dolari, xolo
120 121
firmam moaxdina aqciis danawevreba 51-Tan mimarTebaSi,
maSin I-is erTi aqciis mflobeli avtomaturad gaxdeba 5
aqciis mflobeli. magram erTi aqciis Rirebuleba iqneba ara
150 dolari, aramed 30 dolari. umTavresad es keTdeba imis
gamo, rom investorebs gauadvildeT mTliani lotis (100
aqciis) SeZena.
loti romelime kompaniis 100 aqcia.
jeradi loti aqciaTa partia, romelic aris 100-is jeradi.
diversifikacia ewodeba process, romlis drosac kapitalis
Cadeba xdeba sxvadasxva faseulobebSi (Cvens SemTxvevaSi, fasian
qaRaldebSi),
raTa SevamciroT investiciis riski. magaliTad, investorma
SeiZleba Cados Tavisi kapitalis 30% swrafad zrdad aqciebSi,
romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia maRali riski. kidev 30%
konservatorul saxelmwifo obligacieb- Si. 15%
Semosavlian aqciebSi, xolo danarCeni Tanxa ganaTavsos bankSi
gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebisaTvis da SemdgomSi ufro kargi
(perspeqtiuli) fulis ganTavsebis (investiciis)
molodiniT. imis gamo, rom kapitalis gadanawileba xdeba
sxvadasxva seqtorebSi, misi mTlianad dakargvis albaToba
dayvanilia minimumamde. investiciuri strategiis es tipi,
rogorc wesi, iwodeba investiciuri strategiis portfelad.
hedjireba investicia, romelic icavs investors
danakargebisagan sxva
investiciaze. hedjireba aris umniSvnelovanesi instrumenti,
raTa Seamciron TavianTi riskebi mwarmoeblebma,
gadamamuSaveblebma
da gamyidvelebma, radgan sufTa saxiT hedjireba niSnavs
saqonlisa da produqciis yidvas da gayidvas fiuCersul
bazarze mimdinare situaciidan da samomavlo moTxovnebidan
gamomdinare.
aqciebis kotirebis (kursis) indeqsi (Quotation Index)
es aris birJebze umniSvnelovanesi kursis maCvenebeli. is,
rogorc wesi, aerTianebs umsxvilesi sawarmoebis aqciebis
kurss. aqciebis kotirebis indeqsi warmoadgens birJaze
klimatis Tavisebur indikators.
sabirJo indeqsebi warmoadgenen safondo vaWrobisa da calkeul
dargebSi mdgomareobis statistikuri ganzogadebis, kvlevisa da
prognozirebisaTvis sakvanZo maCvenebels. zogierTi maTgani
warmoadgens aqciis kursis cvlilebis ubralo saSualo
ariTmetikuls, zogi ki warmoadgens indeqss am sityvis
tradiciuli mniSvnelobiT, anu saSualo Sewonil sidides.
bevri indeqsi gamodis, rogorc safondo vaWrobis
damoukidebeli obieqti: am indeqsebis mixedviT formdeba
fiuCersuli
kontraqtebi, gamoiwereba ofcionebi da ofcionebi fiuCersul
kontraqtebze. dou-jonsis indeqsi Seqmnes 1884 wels Carlz
doum (Charles Dow) da eduard jonsma (Eduard Jones)
(aqedan Semoklebulia dou-jonsi). Tavdapirvelad maT aiRes
imdroindeli 11 mTavari korporaciis aqciebis Rirebuleba. maT
Sekribes am aqciaTa fasi da gayves 11-ze. indeqsi modernizebuli
iqna 1928 wels. igi ganisazRvreba dRis ganmavlobaSi
yovel saaTSi. arsebobs dou-jonsis oTxi indeqsi:
1. dou-jonsis samrewvelo indeqsi ( DJIA) aris 30
msxvili samrewvelo korporaciis aqciebis kursis cvlilebis
saSualo maCvenebeli (maT Soris ori kompania `ameriken
eqspres~ da `ameriken telefon end telegraf~ ar SeiZleba
CaiTvalos samrewvelod, magram isini Sedian am indeqsSi).
dou-jonsis samrewvelo indeqsi warmoadgens safondo bazrebis
yvela maCvenebelTa Soris yvelaze Zvelsa da yvelaze metad
gavrcelebuls. misi Semadgenloba ar aris ucvleli, misi
komponentebi SeiZleba Seicvalos aSS-s ekonomikisa da bazarze
msxvili samrewvelo korporaciis mier dakavebuli poziciidan
gamomdinare, Tumca Tanamedrove pirobebSi aseTi SemTxvevebi
iSviaTia.
McDonalds Corporation aris pirveli sacalo vaWrobis
firma, romelic vaWrobs kvebis produqtebiT da moxvda dou-
jonsis samrewvelo indeqsSi
122 123
im 30 kompaniis aqciaTa CamonaTvali, romelic CarTulia dou-
jonsis samrewvelo indeqsSi
Alcoa, Exxon-Mobil, McDonald's, American Express,
General Electric, Merck, AT&T Corp, General Motors,
Microsoft, Boeing, Hewlett-Packard, MN Mining
Manufacturing (3M), Caterpillar, Home Depot, Morgan
JP, Citigroup, Honeywell, Philip Morris, Coca Cola, IBM,
Procter & Gamble, Disney, Intel, SBC Communications,
DuPont, International Paper, United Technologies,
Eastman Kodak, Johnson & Johnson, Walmart.
2. dou-jonsis satransporto indeqsi ( DJTA)
aris saSualo maCvenebeli, romelic axasiaTebs 20
satransporto korporaciis (aviakompaniis, sarkinigzo
korporaciisa da saavtomobilo gzebis kompaniis) aqciebis
fasebis moZraobas.
3. dou-jonsis komunaluri indeqsi ( DJUA) saSualo
maCvenebeli, romelic axasiaTebs gazisa da
eleqtromommaragebeli 15 kompaniis aqciebis kursis
cvlilebebs.
4. dou-jonsis krebiTi indeqsi (The Dow Jones Composite)
(cnobilia agreTve dasaxelebiT indeqs-65) maCvenebeli,
romelic dgeba samrewvelo, satransporto da komunaluri
indeqsebis bazaze.
dou-jonsis indeqsis garda aSS-Si gavrcelebulia iseTi
indeqsebi, rogoricaa: indeqsi `sTendard end fuarz-500~
(warmoadgens 500 korporaciis aqciebis sabazro Rirebulebis
saSualo Sewonils. masSi Sedis 400 samrewvelo korporacia,
20 satransporto, 40 safinanso da 40 komunaluri kompania),
indeqsi `sTendard end fuarz-100~, niu-iorkis safondo birJis
indeqsi, amerikis safondo birJis ZiriTadi sabazro indeqsi
(warmoadgens 20 wamyvani samrewvelo korporaciis aqciebis
fasis
cvlilebis saSualo maCvenebels), amerikis safondo birJis
sabazro Rirebulebis indeqsi (warmoadgens maCvenebels,
romelic ganisazRvreba masSi komponentebis saxiT CarTuli
korporaciebis mier gamoSvebuli yvela aqciis sabazro
Rirebulebis mixedviT. pirvelad igi gamoqveynebuli iyo 1973
wels da 1983 wlis ivlisamde aerTianebda
100 punqts. 1993 wlis ivlisSi moxda misi kotireba. igi
moicavs komponentebis saxiT 800 gamoSvebis aqciebs). rodesac
vsaubrobT fasian qaRaldebsa da safondo birJebze, aucileblad
unda vaxsenoT NASDAQ-i.
aSS-is safondo birJebis Sesaxeb 1934 wels miRebul kanonSi
1938 wels Setanili iqna sayovelTaod cnobili e.w. melonis
Sesworebebi, romlis Sesabamisad, daarsda fasiani qaRaldebis
dilerTa nacionaluri asociacia (NASD)
NASD-s zedamxedvelobs fasiani qaRaldebisa da birJebis
komisia. igi aris uzarmazari TviTregulirebadi organizacia,
romlis wevrebs aqtiurad warmoadgenen aSS-s yvela is broker-
dilerebi, romlebic dakavebulni arian fasiani qaRaldebis
biznesiT.
NASDAQ-is aqciebis bazari aris yvelaze ufro mowinave
fasiani qaRaldebis bazari, romelic imarTeba da regulirdeba
NASD-is mier. igi warmoadgens uzarmazar eleqtronul,
demonstrirebul (ekranul) aqciebis bazars. iyenebs ra mowinave
kompiuterul da telekomunikaciur teqnologiebs, sadac
CarTulni arian monawileebi, NASDAQ-i aZlevs uflebas
monawile firmebs sakuTari da investorebis xarjze realur
droSi Seasrulon garigebebi. NASDAQ-i tradiciuli
birJebisagan gamoirCeva bazris Semqmnelebis (Market Makers)
mravalferovnebiT, romlebic Ria konkurencias uweven
erTmaneTs investorebis davalebebis Sesrulebaze. daarsda ra
1970 wels, dResdReobiT NASDAQ-ze xdeba amerikis bazarze
aqciebiT Sesrulebuli garigebebis naxevarze meti da igi
warmoadgens msoflioSi meore bazars vaWrobis moculobiT.
NASDAQ-Si ufro meti adgilobrivi da sazRvargareTuli
kompaniaa listingSi Setanili, vidre aSS-is yvela sxva fasiani
qaRaldebis bazarze erTad aRebuli. yovelwliurad NASDAQ-
ze aqciebis wliuri brunva miaxloebiT Seadgens 100- 102
124 125
miliard cals, rac Tanxobrivad udris 2,4-2,5 trilion
dolars. aqciebis saSualo dRiuri brunva Seadgens 400-402
milion cals, xolo Tanxobrivad 9,4-9,6 miliard dolars.
NASDAQ-is listingSi CarTulia miaxloebiT 5200 kompaniis
aqciebi da registrirebulia miaxloebiT 520 bazris Semqmneli.
sxva qveynebis indeqsebidan aRsaniSnavia inglisSi:
`FT-30~ uZvelesi indeqsia inglisSi (1935 w.);
`FT-100~ yvelaze popularuli indeqsi inglisSi,
iangariSeba 100 kompaniis aqciis kursidan;
`FT-250~ gamoiTvleba saSualo sididis kompaniebis aqciebis
kursidan, es is Semdegi 250 kompaniaa, `FT-100~-Si Semaval
kompaniebs rom mosdevs.
`FT-350~ aerTianebs indeqss `FT-100~ da `FT-250~.
saerTo indeqsi FT did britaneTSi yvelaze ufro momcveli
indeqsia, iangariSeba 750 kompaniis aqciaTa kursis mixedviT
dReSi erTxel.
iaponiis ZiriTadi indeqsebia:
nikei (Nikkei) 1950 wlidan iangariSeba tokios birJis erTi
seqciis 225 aqciis bazaze dou-jonsis indeqsis msgavsad.
klasikuri indeqsi TOPIX 1968 wlidan iangariSeba tokios
birJis erTi seqciis yvela aqciidan.
germaniaSi ZiriTadi safondo indeqsia DAX iangariSeba 30
aqciis bazaze. iangariSeba agreTve kompozituri indeqsi CDAX
320 aqciis bazaze. safrangeTSi ZiriTadi safondo indeqsi
CAC-40 da generaluri indeqsi CACGeneral, igive SBF 250.
CAC-40 iangriSeba safrangeTis birJebis sazogadoebis
mier 40 umsxvilesi kompaniis aqciebis bazaze.
1993 wlidan `uol sTriT jornel~ aqveynebs `dou-
jonsis~ msoflio indeqss, (Dow Jones World Stock
Index), romelic iTvleba 13 qveynis 2200 kompaniis aqciebiT.
fasiani qaRaldebis bazari saqarTveloSi jer kidev
ganviTarebis Canasaxobriv stadiaSia. saqarTvelos safondo
birJa~ aris saaqcio sazogadoeba da moqmedebs mewarmeTa
Sesaxeb da `fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
kanonebis Sesabamisad. misi sruli saxelwodebaa: qarTulad _
saaqcio sazogadoeba `saqarTvelos safondo birJa~; inglisurad
GSE.
bolo dros ganviTarebulma movlenebma (finansuri krizisi,
agvistos movlenebi) mkveTrad Seamcira aqtivoba safondo
bazarze da Seaferxa mimdinare ganviTarebis procesebi.
miuxedavad sirTuleebisa safinanso zedamxedvelobis saagento
saangariSo periodSi ganagrZobda aqtiur TanamSromlobas
bazris monawileebTan da atarebda RonisZiebebs bazris
ganviTarebis xelSewyobisaTvis.
birJis saqmianobis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens saqarTveloSi
fasiani qaRaldebis gamWvirvale da likviduri organizebuli
bazris Camoyalibeba, sicocxlisunariani savaWro meqanizmis
Seqmna da misi funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa. birJis
saqmianobis sagania:
a) fasiani qaRaldebisa da sxva finansuri instrumentebis
yidvisa da gayidvis Sesaxeb winadadebebis Segroveba;
b) fasiani qaRaldebis sajaro vaWrobis organizeba sabirJo
wesebis da procedurebis Sesabamisad;
g) sabirJo vaWrobebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb da safondo bazarTan
dakavSirebuli sxva informaciis gavrceleba.
d) kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva saqmianoba. birJis sawesdebo
kapitali Seadgens 30 000 (ocdaaTi aTas) lars.
sawesdebo kapitali dayofilia 3 000 000 (sam milion) cal
aqciad, romelTagan TiToeulis nominaluri Rirebuleba
Seadgens 0.01 (erT meased) lars.
GSX indeqsi (SemdgomSi - `indeqsi~) warmoadgens birJis
savaWro sistemis oficialur indikators da misi gaangariSeba
da gamoqveyneba xdeba qvemoT moyvanili wesebis mixedviT.
indeqsis portfeli, an indeqsis baza warmoadgens fasiani
126 127
qaRaldebis nusxas, romlis safuZvelzec dgeba indeqsi.
indeqsis bazaSi, ZiriTadad, Sedis savaWro sistemis listingSi
arsebuli fasiani qaRaldebi.
saqarTvelos fasiani qaRaldebis bazari 2009 wlisTvis
warmodgenili iyo bazris Semdegi licenzirebuli monawileebis
saxiT: 1 safondo birJa, 1 fasiani qaRaldebis centraluri
depozitari, 10 sabrokero kompania da 8 registratori.
saqarTvelos safondo birJis mier mowodebuli
informaciiT, 2009 wlis 31 dekembris monacemebiT saqarTvelos
safondo birJis sistemaSi daSvebuli iyo 146 emitentis fasiani
qaRaldi. mocemuli periodisTvis fasiani qaRaldebis garigebaTa
saerTo moculobam Seadgina: 98.9 mln laris Rirebulebis 3
mlrd cali fasiani qaRaldi. aqedan birJis savaWro sesiaze
dadebul garigebaTa moculobaa 12.7 mln erTeuli,
RirebulebiT _ 3.1 mln lari, xolo birJis gareT dadebul
garigebaTa moculoba _ 3 mlrd erTeuli, RirebulebiT _ 95.8
mln lari. dafiqsirebul garigebaTa saerTo moculobaSi
registratorebis mier birJaze dafiqsirebul garigebaTa
moculobas 98.3 procenti, xolo Rirebulebas 94.1 procenti
uWiravs (moculobiT 2,9 mlrd cali, RirebulebiT _ 90.1 mln
lari). sabrokero kompaniebis mier birJaze dadebul da
dafiqsirebul garigebaTa raodenobam Seadgina 3,186, fasiani
qaRaldebis moculobam _ 126.1 mln erTeuli, xolo
Rirebulebam _ 17.6 mln lari.
fasiani qaRaldi ewodeba fulad an sasaqonlo dokuments,
romelic mflobels gansazRvruli qonebis an fuladi
Semosavlis miRebis uflebas aZlevs.
misi saxeebia:
obligacia (obligatio) niSnavs valdebulebas da
erTerTi gavrcelebuli fasiani qaRaldia. obligaciis
mflobelma Seitana fuladi saxsrebi mocemuli fasiani
qaRaldis SesaZenad da obligaciis gamomSvebi (anu emitenti),
rogorc emisioneri, valdebulia warmodgenisTanave gaanaRdos
is nominaluri Rirebulebis mixedviT, rasac dafarvas uwodeben.
aqcia (action) - fasiani qaRaldia, romelic adasturebs
misi mflobelis mier wilis Setanas aqcioneruli sazogadoebis
sawesdebo kapitalSi. aqcioners ufleba aqvs miiRos
aqcioneruli sazogadoebidan wili dividendis saxiT an kidev
gayidos safondo birJaze Sesabamisi saaqcio kursis mixedviT.
Tamasuqi (wechsel gacvla) grZelvadiani fasiani
qaRaldia, romelic Sedgenilia werilobiTi formiT. Tamasuqi,
am fasiani qaRaldis mflobels aZlevs kanoniT aRiarebul
uflebas, miiRos fuladi vali gasazRvruli pirobebiT
dafiqsirebuli vadis ganmavlobaSi.
depozituri sertifikati (depoziti warmoSobilia
laTinuri sityva depositum-isagan, rac niSnavs Sesanaxad
datovebuls, magaliTad, fuladi anabrebi bankSi - sabanko
depozitebi, xolo sityva sertifikati laTinuri sityva
certifico-isaganaa warmoSobili da niSnavs ,,vamowmeb~) fasiani
128 129
qaRaldi, romelic adasturebs serTifikatis mflobelis mier
fuladi saxsrebis bankSi Cadebas.
Ceki dadgenili formis fuladi fasiani qaRaldia. is
upiro gankargulebaa imis Taobaze, rom Cekis mlobelze
(pirovnebaze, romelzedac gaica Ceki) Sesabamisma sakredito
dawesebulebam unda gasces Sesabamisi Tanxa. ,,bankSi es Tanxa
Camoiwereba Cekis gamcemis saCeko angariSebidan da gadaigzavneba
an uSualod gaicema bankis mier Cekis mflobelze. aseTi saCeko
operacia winaswaraa gaTvaliswinebuli saCeko xelSekrulebaSi
banksa da Cekis gamcems Soris~.
statistika safondo birJasa da fasian qaRaldebs
Seiswavlis rogorc moculobiTi, ise xarisxobrivi
maCveneblebiT. TiToeuli maTgani ganixileba fasiani qaRaldebis
pirveladi da meoradi bazrebis mixedviT.
pirvelad bazarze xdeba fasiani qaRaldebis emisia
(gamoSveba) da maTi ganTavseba safondo birJaze, xolo meoard
bazarze - garigebani da gayidvebi.
orTave bazarze moqmedebs rogorc saxelmwifo, ise kerZo
biznesi da menejmenti. saxelmwifo uSvebs, magaliTad,
saxelmwifo moklevadian obiligaciebs da federaluri sesxebis
obligaciebs. fasiani qaRaldebi SeuZlia gamouSvas, agreTve,
adgilobrivi, municipaluri TviTmmarTvelobis organoebmac.
pirveladi bazris moculobiTi statistikuri
maCveneblebia: fasiani qaRaldebis gamoSvebis (emisiis)
moculoba, bazarze ganTavsebis moculoba, gayidvidan amonagebis
moculoba, saxelmwifo biujetSi (Tu es exeba saxelmwifosa da
adgilobrivi organoebis mier gamoSvebul fasian qaRaldebs)
Tanxebis mozidvis moculoba.
emisiis anu gamoSvebis moculoba ganisazRvreba
gamoSvebuli fasiani qaRaldebis gadamravlebiT nominalur anu
sabazro Rirebulebaze.
fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze ganTavsebis saerTo moculoba
ganisazRvreba auqcionebze investorebis raodenobis
gadamravlebiT nominalur fasze.
fasiani qaRaldebis gayidvebisagan miRebuli amonagebi
ganisazRvreba gayiduli fasiani qaRaldebis raodenobis maT
faqtiur fasebze gadamravlebiT.
biujetSi gayidvebisagan moziduli Tanxebi ganisazRvreba
mTliani saxelmwifos mier gamoSvebuli fasiani qaRaldebis
gayidvis Rirebulebasa da dafarvis Tanxebis Soris sxvaobiT.
statistika Seiswavlis, agreTve, TviT safondo birJis
muSaobis safinanso-ekonomikur rogorc moculobriv, ise
xarisxobriv maCveneblebs.
safondo birJis, rogorc organizebuli erTeulis
saerTo xasiaTis safinanso-ekonomikuri maCveneblebi iseTivea,
rogoricaa Cveulebrivi rogorc safinanso ise arasafinanso
seqtoris maCvenebelTa sistema (gamoSvebuli produqciis an
momsaxurebis saerTo moculoba, momuSaveTa ricxovnoba,
ZiriTadi da sabrunavi kapitali, mogeba-zarali, rentabeloba da
sxv.). safondo birJis specifikuri ekonomikur-statistikuri
maCveneblebia:
birJis tevadoba, likviduroba, koncentracia,
,,Sefasebadoba~, struqtura, Semosavlianoba da sxv.
birJis tevadoba anu bazris moculoba aris listing
gavlili emitetentebisa (aqciebis, obligaciebis da sxv.) da
kapitalizaciis (bazris masStabis - aqciebis Rirebulebis)
saerTo moculoba. am maCvenebliT SeiZleba SevadaroT
erTmaneTs sxvadasxva qveynis safondo birJebi. msoflioSi
gamoirCeva yvelaze didi tevadobis 10 safondo birJa.
maT Sorisaa:
niu-iorkis (aSS) (10,0 trilion dolarze meti
moculobis)
nasdakis (aSS) (5,0 trilionze meti tevadobis)
tokio (iaponia) (2,4 trilionze meti tevadobis)
londonis (inglisi) (2,3 trilionze meti tevadobis)
germaniis (1,0 trilionze meti)
parizis (safr.) (991,0 mlrd dolarze meti)
Sveicariis (689,0 mlrd dolarze meti)
130 131
amsterdamis (603,0 mlrd dolarze meti)
italia (569 mlrd dolarze meti)
toronto (543,0 mlrd dolarze meti)
birJis likviduroba niSnavs birJis mTliani sabrunavi
kapitalis gadaqcevis siswrafes fulad kapitalSi, anu
vaWrobis siswrafes. misi pirdapiri maCveneblebia brunvadobis
koeficienti
K
da brunvadobis dReebi
t
S
Q
K =
sadac,
Q
- birJaze garigebaTa mTliani Rirebuleba
sabazro fasebSi;
S
- birJaze sabrunavi kapitalis (fasiani qaRaldebis)
saSualo naSTi mocemul periodSi:
K
T
t =
sadac,
T
- kalendaruli dReebis ricxvia mocemul
periodSi.
safondo birJis koncentraciis maCvenebelia birJis
kapitalis xvedriTi wili saerTo sabirJo kapitalis
moculobaSi qveyanaSi da msoflioSi. magaliTad, zemoTmotanili
10 msxvili safondo birJidan niu-iorkis birJas uWiravs
24,0%-ze meti, nasdakis birJas 22,0%-ze meti da a.S.
safondo birJis ,,Sefasebadobas~ angariSoben aqciis
sabazro fasis SefardebiT mogebasTan da msjeloben aqciis
kursis cvalebadobaze mogebasTan mimarTebaSi.
safondo birJis mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia, agreTve,
struqtura fasiani qaRaldebis mixedviT. aq CvenTvis cnobili
struqturis SefardebiTi sidideebis gamoyenebiT gaiangariSeba
fasiani qaRaldebis xvedriTi wili da am safuZvelze birJis
cvalebadi, fiqsirebuli da struqturuli Semadgenlobis
indeqsebi. struqturuli cvalebadobani gavlenas axdens birJis
safinanso-ekonomikuri maCveneblebis cvalebadobaze (maRali
mogebis fasiani qaRaldebis xvedriTi wilis gadideba saerTo
garigebaTa moculobaSi adidebs birJis Semosavlianobasa da
mogebas, an kidev piriqiT).
safondo birJis saerTo Semosavlebi Semosavlis sami
sxvaobiT ganisaRzvreba:
1. Semosavlebi safondo birJis saerTo momsaxurebidan
(fasiani momsaxurebis gavrceleba, sakliringo da sadepozito
momsaxureba, sawevro Senatanebi da sxv.);
2. treidingis gadasaxadebi. treideri (ing. trade-
vaWroba) pirovnebaa, romelic monawileobs sabrokero da
sadilero vaWrobaSi birJaze. treidingis gadasaxadebSi Sedis
sabirJo mosakreblebi sabirJo garigebaTa mixedviT, saarendo
terminalebiT momsaxureba da sxv.
3. listingze gadasaxadebi. listingi (ingl. list-sia)
niSnavs kompaniis aqciebis siaSi Setanas. aqciebis siaSi
Seitaneba is aqciebi, romelTa kotireba warmoebs mocemul
birJaze. kotireba fasebis dadgenas gulisxmobs fasiani
qaRaldebze, valutasa da sxva saqonelze birJaze moqmedi
sakanonmdeblo wesebisa da normebis mixedviT. sruli kotireba
gulisxmobs fasebis dadgenas, romelsac sTavazoben birJis
gamyidvelebi da myidvelebi.
ukanaskneli periodis monacemebiT saSualod msoflios
safondo birJebze swrafad izrdeba treidingidan Semosavlebis
xvedriTi wili (31,2%-dan 42,7%-mde) da mcirdeba listingisa
da saerTo momsaxurebidan safondo birJebis Semosavlebis
xvedriTi wili.
biznesmenebi, investorebi da menejerebi safondo birJaze
fasiani qaRaldebis yidva-gayidvis garkveuli qcevis wesebsa da
struqturas emorCilebian. pirvel yovlisa, gaiTvaliswineba
bankebis depozitebze sabanko procenti, romelsac isini
132 133
miiReben Tavisufali fuladi Tanxebis bankebSi ganTavsebisas.
cxadia, fasiani qaRaldis yidvisas biznesmenma, investorma da
menejerma unda miiRos meti ekonomikuri sargebeli, vidre am
Tanxis bankebSi depozitebze ganTavsebis pirobebSi miiReben.
amitom statistikaSi dadgenilia meTodologia, romliTac
gaiangariSeba fasiani qaRaldebidan Semosavlis sidide.
magaliTad, obligaciisagan mosalodneli Semosavlebi ori
nawilisagan Sedgeba: obligaciis arsebobis mTliani periodis
manZilze procentuli Semosavlebi da sesxis (anu obligaciis
nominalis ganaRdebis Tanxa). ama Tu im periodSi obligaciis
Rirebulebas gansazRvraven Semdegi formulis gamoyenebiT:
, ) , )
N
n
t
t
E
Q
E
Q
P
+
+
+
=

= 1 1
1
1
sadac
t
,
t
-iuri sakupone procentuli gadaxdis
nomeria; (kuponi fasiani qaRaldis nawilia mosaxevi talonis
saxiT, romelic saTanado dros moexeva fasian qaRalds da
banks gadaecema gasanaRdeblad)
n
- sakupone gadaxdebis raodenoba;
E
- mimdinare saganakveTo kursia, romelsac uwodeben,
agreTve, ganTavsebis ganakveTs da Cveulebrivad refinansirebis
(axali fasiani qaRaldebis gamocemis) ganakveTis tolia;
1
Q
- obligaciis nominaluri Rirebulebaa;
N
- obligaciis dafarvamde darCenili wlebi;
Q
- sakupone Semosavali anu procentuli
gadasaxdelebi;
(
K Q Q =
1
, sadac
K
- sakupone ganakveTia).
obligaciis gamoSvebis momentSi sakupone da mimdinare
saganakveTo kursebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. amasTan rogorc
formulidan Cans:
a) Tu
E K <
maSin obligaciis
fasi nominalur Rirebulebaze dabalia da amboben, rom
obligacia iyideba diskontiT;
b) Tu piriqiTaa,
E K >
maSin obligaciis fasi ufro
maRalia, vidre misi nominaluri Rirebuleba da amboben, rom
obligacia iyideba premiiT. aqedan ekonomikuri daskvna:
Tu refinansirebis ganakveTi (
E
) mcirdeba, obligaciidan
miRebuli Semosavlebi diddeba da aWarbebs im Tanxebs,
romlebic SeiZleboda biznesmenebs mieRoT am Tanxebis bankebSi
sadepozito angariSebze ganTavsebiT, amitom aseT SemTxvevaSi
investorebi upiratesobas aniWeben obligaciebis SeZenas.
analogiuri gaangariSebani SeiZleba vawarmooT aqciis
fasis gansazRvrisaTvis. sabolood miviRebT, rom aqciis fasi
pirdapirproporciulia dividendisa da ukuproporciulia
aqciis Semosavlianobis procentisa anu igive refinansirebis
koeficientisa (
E
), rac Cven gamoviyeneT obligaciis
Rirebulebis gansazRvrisaTvis.
savaluto gacvliTi kursi ewodeba erTi qveynis valutis
fass, rac gamosaxulia sxva qveynis valutiT anu fuladi
erTeulebiT.
ase xdeba, magaliTad, ucxouri investiciebis dabandebisas
sxva qveyanaSi, saerTaSoriso kreditebis miRebisas,
saerTaSoriso savaWro garigebisas turistuli da samivlinebo
mogzaurobisas da sxv.
savaluto bazari ewodeba savaluto birJaze an birJis
gareT bankTaSorisi da savaluto jixurebis meSveobiT valutis
yidva-gayidvis urTierTobebs. valuta, romelic gamodis da
mimoiqceva bazarze, SeiZleba iyos konventirebadi an
arakonvertirebadi. rTuli konventirebadi ewodeba valutas,
romlis mixedviT sabazro garigebebs araviTari winaRobani ar
gaaCnia, xolo arakonvertirebadi valutis mimarT TiTqmis
yvela operaciazea dawesebuli garkveuli sakanonmdeblo
SezRudvebi. arsebobs, agreTve, nawilobriv konvertirebadi
134 135
valuta, romlis mixedviT mxolod zogierT operaciazea
dawesebuli garkveuli SezRudvebi.
msoflioSi arsebobs rogorc regionaluri (evropaSi -
londonis, ciurixis, frankfurtis, aziaSi - tokios, hinkongis,
singapuris, amerikaSi - niuiorkis, losanJelesis, Cikagos) ise
erovnuli savaluto bazrebi. regionalur bazrebze warmoebs
msoflios ZiriTadi savaluto erTeulebis kotireba, xolo
erovnul bazrebze rogorc Tavisufali konvertirebadi
msoflio valutis ise erovnuli valutebis operaciebi.
savaluto kotireba ewodeba valutis kursis dadgenas
savaluto bazrebze (sityva kotireba warmoSobilia franguli
sityva koter-isagan), rasac awarmoeben Sesabamisi kotirebis
komisiebi da aqveyneben biuletenebSi. savaluto kursi
savaluto bazarze yalibda moTxovna-miwodebis mixedviT. amas
ewodeba Tavisuflad mcocavi savaluto kursi. xSir
SemTxvevaSi aseTi stiqiuri procesis mosawesrigeblad
erovnuli bankis meSveobiT TviT mTavroba axdens intervencias
bazarze, ris Sedegadac yalibdeba SedarebiT gawonasworebuli,
gamoTanabrebuli savaluto kursebi. swored aseTi kursebis
formirebis proceduraa savaluto kotireba.
savaluto kursi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva saxis:
pirdapiri, Sebrunebuli, kros-kursi, forvarduli, fiuCersuli,
myidvelis, gamyidvelis, gacvliTi da sxv.
pirdapiri kursi ewodeba mocemuli qveynis savaluto
erTeulze sxva qveynis savaluto erTeulebis raodenobriobas,
xolo arapirdapiri, Sebrunebuli, ki piriqiT, sxva qveynis
savaluto erTeulis gamosaxvaa ama Tu im qveynis valutis
raodenobiT.
magaliTad, 2010 wlis pirveli ivlisisTvis 1 larze
modioda 0,537 aSS dolari (pirdapiri kursi), xolo 1
dolarze - 1,863 lari (Sebrunebuli kursi).
kros - kursi or savaluto erTeulTa Soris
urTierTSefardebaa, rac gansazRvrulia maTi mesame savaluto
erTeulTan SefardebiT. magaliTad, 2010 wlis 1 ivlisisTvis:
1 aSS dolari = 1,863 lars,
1 aSS dolari = 28.936 rusul maneTs,
1 rusuli maneTi = 532 . 15
863 . 1
936 . 28
= lars.
forvarduli kursi ewodeba arasabirJo garigebidan,
saswrafod ori samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi angariSsworebas.
gamyidvelis kursi aris is kursi, romliTac banki hyidis
valutas, xolo myidvelis kursi - romliTac banki yidulobs
valutas.
saerTaSoriso saxelmwifoebriv da biznesmenur
saqmianobaSi erTob mniSvnelovania valutis gacvliTi kursi.
gacvliTi kursi aris ori sxvadasxva qveynis valutris is
raodenoba, romliTac SeiZleba iyido saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis erTnairi moculoba.
magaliTi. 1 kg. Zroxis xorci = 9,5 lars,
1 kg. Zroxis xorci = 90 maneTs.
aqedan cxadia, rom 1 maneTi = 1055 . 0
90
5 . 9
= lars.
maSasadame, Tu Cveulebrivi kursis mixedviT 1 maneTi
0,0519 lars Seadgens, zemoTmotanili magaliTis mixedviT
Zroxis xorcis gacvliTi kursis 1 maneTi = 0,1055 lars.
sxvagvarad amas uwodeben valutis msyidvelobiTi unarianobis
paritets.
saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi msyidvelobiTi unarianobis
paritets angariSoben ara mxolod erTi saxis saqonlis, aramed
saqonelTa jgufebisa da mTeli sasaqonlo nomenklaturis
mixedviT. msyidvelobiTi unarianobis paritetis indeqsi aseTi
saxisaa:

=
b a
a a
arit. msy.unar.p
p q
p q
I
136 137
sadac,
a
q - aris ,,a~ qveynis saqonlis jgufis an mTeli
sasaqonlo produqciis fizikuri moculoba;
a
p da
b
p - Sesabamisad ,,a~ da ,,b~ qveynebis fasebia
mocemul periodSi. es sxva araferia Tu ara samomxmareblo
fasebis teritoriuli indeqsi.
ase angariSoben, magaliTad, kvebis produqtebis
moxmarebas fiziologiur normebis mixedviT jer ,,a~ qveynis
fasebiT, Semdeg ,,b~ qveynis fasebiT da Sefardeba gvaZlevs
msyidvelobiTi unarianobis paritetis indeqss kvebis
produqtebis mixedviT.
magaliTad, saqarTveloSi 2004 wlamde moqmedebda kvebis
produqtebze Semdegi odenobis moxmarebis fiziologiuri
normebi (saSualowliuri moxmareba kg-obiT erT sulze).
puri da purproduqtebi 115
kartofili 53
bostneuli da baRCeuli 107
xili, kenkra, yurZeni 90
Saqari 40
xorci da xorcis produqtebi 78
rZe da rZis produqtebi 405
kverci (calobiT) 210
aseT normativebs amravleben Sesyidvis anu sabazro
fasebze, gamosaxuls jer erovnuli valutiT, Semdeg ki im
qveynis valutiT, romlis mimarT undaT daadginon mocemuli
qveynis valutis paritetuli kursi da jamSi Rebuloben
mocemuli saxis kvebis produqtebis mixedviT sasursaTo
kalaTis Rirebulebas. vTqvaT, saqarTvelosa da aSS qveynebis
mixedviT davuSvaT, rom qarTul valutaSi (larobiT) aseTi
saxis kvebis produqtebze sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebulebam
Seadgina 700 lari, xolo aSS dolarobiT - 400 dolari.
maSasadame 75 . 1
400
700
= lari erTi dolaris mimarT. es imas
niSnavs, aSS dolari paritetulia 1,75 larisa, xolo 1 lari
571 . 0
700
400
= dolarisa.
aseTi gacvliTi kursiT iwarmoebs savaluto
kavSirurTierTobani amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da
saqarTvelos Soris.
arsebobs gacvliTi kursis sxvadasxva saxeobani. maT
Sorisaa nominaluri savaluto gacvliTi kursi, realuri
savaluto gacvliTi kursi, realuri efeqturi gacvliTi kursi
da nominaluri efeqturi gacvliTi kursi.
nominaluri savaluto gacvliTi kursi araa
damokidebuli inflaciur procesebze, xolo danarCeni - asaxavs
inflaciuri procesebis zemoqmedebas savaluto gacvliT
kursze. nominalur gacvliT kurss sxvagvarad SeiZleba
vuwodoT faqtiuri gacvliTi kursi.


,
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(RExR)
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j
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CPIj
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In
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1
138 139


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magaliTi. saqarTveloSi laris nominalurma kursma 2010

wlis ianvarSi Seadgina 1,8125, anu 1 aSS dolari udrida 1,8125
lars. 2010 wlis ivnisis bolos Seadgina 1,7430.
zrdis tempi: 9617 . 0
8125 . 1
7430 . 1
= = In
anu daiklo (1-0,9617)X100=3.83 procentuli punqtiT.
magaliTi. saqarTveloSi nominaluri gacvliTi kursis
indeqsma 2010 wlis ivnisis bolos Seadgina 142,1.
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsebma saqarTveloSi 220,3%,
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 142,2%.
0109023 . 0
2 . 142
3 . 220
1 . 142
1
1
= = - =
CPIj
CPIgeo
In
RExR
anu 109.02 %
es maCvenebeli ianvris TvesTan SedarebiT gaizarda
9.02%-iT.
maSasadame, Tu saqarTveloSi laris nominaluri gacvliTi
kursi aSS dolaris mimarT Semcirda 3.83%-iT, realuri,
piriqiT - gaizarda 9.02%. es gamoiwvia iman, rom inflaciis
tempebi ufro maRali iyo saqarTveloSi, vidre amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi.
140 141
Tema 7. mewarmeobis statistika
saqarTvelos kanoni mewarmeTa Sesaxeb samewarmeo
saqmianobas gansazRvravs rogorc marTlzomier da araerTjerad
saqmianobas, romelic orientirebulia mogebaze da xorcieldeba
damoukideblad da organizebulad. sawarmo aris ekonomikuri
erTeuli, romelic awarmoebs saqonels an eweva momsaxurebas,
damoukideblad iRebs ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs sakuTari
resursebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb (flobs gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebaSi Tavisuflebis gansazRvrul xarisxs).
sawarmo axorcielebs erT an ramodenime saqmianobis
saxes, erTi an meti adgilmdebareobis mixedviT. praqtikaSi,
subieqtTa umravlesoba dakavebulia Sereuli xasiaTis
saqmianobiT (erTdroulad axorcielebs erTze met saqmianobis
saxes). Sesabamisad ganasxvaveben: ZiriTadi saqmianoba
warmoadgens saqmianobas, romelic gamoirCeva konkretuli
ekonomikuri
subieqtis mier mTliani damatebuli Rirebulebis SeqmnaSi
udidesi wiliT.
amgvarad, ar aris aucilebeli ZiriTadi saqmianobis wilad
modiodes ekonomikuri subieqtis mier Seqmnili mTliani
damatebuli Rirebulebis 50 procenti an meti. damxmare
saqmianoba warmoadgens saqmianobis saxeebs, romlebic qmnian
pirobebs subieqtis mier ekonomikuri saqmianobebis (ZiriTadi da
araZiriTadi) gansaxorcieleblad (sabuRaltro aRricxva,
transportireba, Senaxva, yidvebi, reklama, remonti da
teqnikuri ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeebi gansazRvrulia
saqarTvelos erovnul klasifikatorSi `ekonomikuri
saqmianobis saxeebi~ (sek 001-2004), romelic efuZneba
ekonomikur saqmianobaTa saxeebis evropul klasifikators
NACE (Nomenclature des Activities de Communaute
Europeenne) [damtkicebulia 2004 wlis 22 dekembers,
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ministris brZanebiT].
sawarmo SeiZleba iyos individualuri (fizikuri) an
iuridiuli piri. saqarTvelos kanoni mewarmeTa Sesaxeb
gansazRvravs sawarmos organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis
Semdeg tipebs:
individualuri sawarmo (fizikuri piri);
solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba;
komandituri sazogadoeba;
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba;
saaqcio sazogadoeba;
kooperativi.
individualuri sawarmos mflobeli aris fizikuri piri,
romelsac aqvs samewarmeo wesiT mowyobili organizacia,
mowesrigebuli sakaso da sabuRaltro saqme. samarTlebriv
urTierTobebSi igi gamodis Tavisi saxeliT.
solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba,
romelSic ramdenime fizikuri piri erToblivad, erTiani
safirmo saxelwodebiT eweva samewarmeo saqmianobas da
partniorebi sazogadoebis valdebulebebisaTvis kreditorebis
winaSe pasuxs ageben rogorc solidaruli movaleebi: uSualod,
pirdapir mTel valdebulebebze, SeuzRudavad mTeli Tavisi
qonebiT. solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis
partniorebi SeiZleba iyvnen mxolod fizikuri pirebi.
komandituri sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba, romelSic
ramdenime piri erToblivad, erTiani safirmo saxelwodebiT
eweva samewarmeo saqmianobas. amasTan, erTi an ramdenime
partnioris (komanditebi) pasuxismgebloba Semoifargleba
sazogadoebis kreditorebis winaSe gansazRvruli sagarantio
Tanxis gadaxdiT, xolo sxva partniorebis (personalurad
pasuxismgebeli partniorebi komplementarebi)
pasuxismgebloba SezRuduli ar aris. komplementarebi SeiZleba
iyvnen mxolod fizikuri pirebi.
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba,
romlis pasuxismgebloba misi kreditorebis winaSe
Semoifargleba mTeli Tavisi qonebiT, xolo partnioris
142 143
pasuxismgebloba - sawesdebo kapitalSi misi wilis odenobiT.
aseTi sazogadoebis dafuZneba SeuZlia erT pirsac.
saaqcio sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba, romelsac aqvs erTi da
igive nominaluri Rirebulebis mqone aqciebad dayofili
sawesdebo kapitali. sawesdebo kapitali unda Seadgendes sul
mcire 15000 lars.
kooperativi aris wevrTa SromiT saqmianobaze dafuZnebuli
sazogadoeba, romlis mizania wevrTa interesebis dakmayofileba
da igi mimarTuli ar aris upiratesad mogebis miRebaze.
sawarmoebi zomis mixedviT daiyofa Semdegnairad:
msxvili, saSualo da mcire. mcire da saSualo sawarmoebs
ganekuTvneba yvela organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis
sawarmo, romelSic dasaqmebulTa saSualo wliuri raodenoba
da romlis wliuri brunva ar aRemateba Semdeg zRvrul
odenobebs:
mcire sawarmoebisaTvis - 20 dasaqmebulsa da 0.5 milion
lars;
saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis - 100 dasaqmebulsa da 1.5 milion
lars;
msxvil sawarmoebs ganekuTvneba sawarmo, sadac dasaqmebulTa
raodenoba aRemateba 100 kacs da wliuri brunvis moculoba 1.5
milion lars. sawarmoTa zemoT aRniSnuli gradacia moqmedebs
2002 wlidan.
iuridiul pir sawarmos miekuTvneba: solidaruli
pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, komandituri sazogadoeba,
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, saaqcio sazogadoeba
da kooperativi.
ekonomikur saqmianobad iTvleba nebismieri saqmianoba,
romelic warimarTeba mogebis, Semosavlis an kompensaciis
misaRebad, miuxedavad aseTi saqmianobis Sedegebisa. ekonomikuri
saqmianobis saxeebi gansazRvrulia saqarTvelos erovnuli
klasifikatoris mixedviT.
brunva aris saangariSi periodSi ekonomikuri
saqmianobis maCvenebeli, romelic Seesabameba mocemuli
erTeulis mier ganxorcielebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
gayidvis moculobas. brunva moicavs yvela gadasaxadsa Tu baJs
saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze (garda dRg-isa da brunvasTan
pirdapir kavSirSi myofi sxva gadasaxadebisa). masSi CairTveba
agreTve yvela xarji (satransporto, SefuTvis da a.S.),
romlebic daekisreba myidvels. fasTa daweva, fasdaklebebi Tu
fasdaTmobebi, agreTve dabrunebuli taris Rirebuleba SeiZleba
gamoiricxos brunvidan (naRdi angariSsworebisas mxolod
fasdaklebebis
gamoricxviT). brunvaSi ar CairTveba ZiriTadi kapitalis
gayidva, agreTve subsidiebi warmoebaze, romlebic miRebulia
saxelmwifo organoebidan.
produqciis gamoSveba gansazRvravs ekonomikuri erTeulis mier
faqtobrivad warmoebuli produqciis raodenobas da
realizebuli produqciis moculobas, gadayidvisaTvis SeZenili
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis, agreTve materialuri sabrunavi
saSualebebis maragebis cvlilebebis CaTvliT.
gamoSvebuli produqcia ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:
brunva
+ kapitalizebuli saqoneli da momsaxureba
+ usasyidlod gacemuli sakuTari warmoebis mza produqcia
+ Sromis anazRaureba, romelic gaica dasaqmebul personalze
naturaluri saxiT
- gadasayidad gankuTvnili saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yidvebi
+/- daumTavrebeli warmoebis moculobis cvlileba (+ zrda, -
kleba)
+/- mza produqciis maragebis cvlileba (+ zrda, - kleba)
+/- gadasayidad gankuTvnili saqonlis maragebis cvlileba (+
zrda, - kleba)
= gamoSvebuli produqcia
kapitalizebuli produqcia (sakuTari sargeblobisaTvis
warmoebuli produqcia) gulisxmobs im saqonlis Rirebulebas,
romelic warmoebulia sakuTari ZalebiT da rCeba mwarmoeblebs
sakuTari saboloo moxmarebisa Tu investirebisaTvis.
144 145
ukanasknelSi moiazreba rogorc ZiriTadi materialuri, ise
aramaterialuri aqtivebis (programuli uzrunvelyofis
Seqmna da a.S.) warmoebas. sakuTari sargeblobisaTvis Seqmnili
produqcia is produqciaa, romelic ar iyideba da misi
Rirebuleba Sefasdeba ZiriTadi fasebis mixedviT, romelic
arsebobs msgavs produqciaze. Tu es SeuZlebelia, maSin
Sefaseba moxdeba warmoebis xarjebis mixedviT. unda aRiniSnos,
rom kapitalizebuli saqoneli SeiZleba CarTuli iqnes
investiciebSic.
damatebuli Rirebuleba ZiriTad fasebSi eyrdnoba
gamoSvebul produqcias, romelsac emateba subsidiebi
produqtebze, akldeba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yidvebi
(garda ucvlelad gadayidvisaTvis SeZenili produqtisa),
agreTve akldeba an emateba nedleulis, masalebisa da sxva
Sromis sagnebis maragebis cvlileba. aRniSnuli sidide
warmoadgens damatebul Rirebulebas, romelic Sefasebulia
ekonomikuri erTeulis warmoebiTi saqmianobis sxvadasxva
faqtoruli xarjebis Rirebulebis mixedviT. damatebuli
Rirebuleba ZiriTad fasebSi ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:
brunva
- saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yidvebi
+/- saqonlisa da momsaxurebis maragebis cvlileba
+ kapitalizebuli produqcia (anu sakuTari sargeblobisaTvis
warmoebuli produqcia)
+ subsidiebi produqtebze
..........................
= damatebuli Rirebuleba ZiriTad fasebSi
Sualeduri moxmareba ganisazRvreba rogorc im saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis moculoba, romelic moxmarebulia danaxarjebis
saxiT warmoebis procesSi. am SemTxvevaSi gamoricxulia
ZiriTadi kapitali, romlis moxmareba ganixileba rogorc
ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmareba. saqoneli da momsaxureba
warmoebis procesSi SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli an
transformirebuli.
Sualeduri moxmareba ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yidvebi
- saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yidvebi ucvlel mdgomareobaSi
gadayidvisaTvis
+/- nedleulis da masalebis, sxva Sromis sagnebis maragebis
cvlileba
..........................
= Sualeduri moxmareba
wliuri mogeba an zarali warmoadgens sawarmos saqmianobis
buRaltruli balansis Sedegs. igi gvevlineba rogorc
warmoebiTi, finansuri da eqstraordinaruli saqmianobebidan
miRebuli mogebebis an zaralis jami, romlis gaangariSebisas
gaiTvaliswineba gadaxdili gadasaxadebi da RirebulebiTi
koreqtirebebi.
mTliani mogeba warmoadgens mogebas, romelic miiReba sawarmos
saqmianobis Sedegad, moicavs mTlian mogebas warmoebidan da
mogebas finansuri operaciebidan. mTliani mogeba warmoadgens
sawarmos rentabelobis maCvenebels da gamoiyeneba wliuri
mogebis an zaralis gamosavlenad.
mTliani mogeba gaiangariSeba Semdegnairad:
mTliani mogeba warmoebidan
+ finansuri Semosavlebi
- finansuri xarjebi
+ sxva Semosavlebi warmoebiTi saqmianobidan
- sxva warmoebiTi xarjebi
..........................
= mTliani mogeba
mTliani mogeba warmoebidan warmoadgens mogebas, romelic
miiReba warmoebiTi saqmianobidan Sromis faqtoruli
danaxarjebis anazRaurebis Semdeg.
Sromis mwarmoebluroba, kapitalis mwarmoebluroba,
kapitalaRWurviloba gansazRvraven ama Tu im saqmianobis
ekonomikur efeqturobas.
146 147
Sromis mwarmoebluroba (erT dasaqmebulze) = produqciis
gamoSveba /
dasaqmebulTa raodenoba.
kapitalis mwarmoebluroba = produqciis gamoSveba / ZiriTadi
kapitali.
kapitalaRWurviloba = ZiriTadi kapitali / dasaqmebulTa
raodenoba.
ZiriTadi kapitali (fiqsirebuli aqtivebi) ganisazRvreba
rogorc warmoebiTi aqtivebi, romlebic mravaljer an
xangrZlivad (erT welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi) gamoiyeneba
warmoebis procesSi.
ZiriTadi kapitali moicavs ara mxolod mowyobilobebs,
manqanebs, nagebobebs, aramed rogorc zrdad aqtivebs, rogoricaa
cxovelebi da mcenareebi, romlebic mravaljer da xangrZlivad
qmnian produqtebs (xili Tu rZis produqtebi); aseve
warmoebaSi gamoyenebul iseT aramaterialur aqtivebs,
rogoricaa programuli uzrunvelyofa da mxatvrul
nawarmoebTa originalebi.
dasaqmebulebad iTvlebian is pirebi, romlebic muSaoben
konkretul sawarmoSi (igulisxmeba momuSave mesakuTreebic,
regularulad momuSave partniorebic da saojaxo sawarmoTa
araanazRaurebadi muSakebic), agreTve is pirebi, romlebic
muSaoben am sawarmos gareT, magram miekuTvnebian mas da
Sesabamisad anazRaurebasac misgan iReben (e. i. savaWro
warmomadgenlebi, momwodeblebi, SekeTebis (saremonto) da
saeqsploatacio brigadebi).
erTiani saxelmwifo registri aris saqarTveloSi mTavari
kompleqsuri registri, romelic identifikaciis erTiani
principebis safuZvelze afiqsirebs qveynis teritoriaze
sazogadoebrivi an samewarmeo saqmianobiT dakavebul yvela
iuridiul da fizikur pirs da Seicavs reglamentirebul
cnobebs maT Sesaxeb. monacemebi ZiriTadad efuZvneba
adgilobrivi sagadasaxado samsaxurebis monacemebs.
mewarmeobis statistikam unda aRweros ekonomikuri
saqmianobiT dakavebuli subieqtebi da mogvces maTi saqmianobis
statistikuri maCveneblebi.
statistikis amocanebi samewarmeo saqmianobis ekonomikis,
biznesisa da menejmentis sferoSi mdgomareobs samewarmeo
saqmianobis moculobis, struqturis, dinamikisa da movlenebs
Soris korelaciur-regresiuli urTierTkavSiris SeswavlaSi.
mewarmeoba, biznesi da menejmenti moicavs ekonomikuri
saqmianobis TiTqmis yvela sferos. saqarTvelos erovnuli
klasifikatori, romelic saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli
samsaxuris mieraa SemuSavebuli, ekonomikuri saqmianobis
Semdeg ZiriTad seqciebs ganixilavs: saqmianobis saxeebis
mixedviT, 2010 wlis 1 aprilis mdgomareobiT.
148 149

307628
,

3896
, 173
569
15061
,

541
5761
, ,

235397
4643
7973
1777
,

8309
1989
2545

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17
TiToeuli seqcia moicavs qveseqciebs, dargebsa da
qvedargebs.
ekonomikuri saqmianobis yvela saxis mewarmeoba da
Sesabamisi sawarmoebi SeiZleba dajgufdes kapitalis
kuTvnilebadobis niSniT. es niSani miuTiTebs Tu vis ekuTvnis
mewarmeobis Sesabamisi sawarmoo erTeulis (sawarmos anu
damoukidebeli meurne-subieqtis, romelic awarmoebs saqonels,
momsaxurebas, asrulebs samuSaoebs, eweva sxvadasxva saxis
ekonomikur saqmianobas) sawarmoo kapitali, qoneba, aqtivebi da
Semosaval-gasavali. am niSniT gamoiyofa saxelmwifo,
municipaluri, koleqtiuri, kerZo da kerZo Sereuli
sawarmoebi.
saxelmwifo sawarmos sawesdebo kapitalis 50 %-ze meti
saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSia, misi xelmZRvaneloba iniSneba
saxelmwifo organoebis mier, dafinansebac biujeturi
saxsrebidan warmoebs da amitom maT zogjer saxazino
sawarmoebsac uwodeben.
municipaluri sawarmos (municipaliteti - germanuli
munizipaliacet - adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sistemaSi
arCeviTi organo. municipalitets ufleba aqvs SemoiRos
adgilobrivi gadasaxadebi da sakuTrebaSi iqonios kanoniT
daSvebuli municipaluri qoneba; mTeli kapitali municipaluri
sakuTrebaa.
koleqtiuri sawarmos qoneba sxvadasxva pirTa
koleqtiuri sakuTrebaa. koleqtiuri sawarmoebis tipuri
formebia saaqcio sazogadoeba, erToblivi sawarmoebi
(sxvadasxva qveynis firmebis erTiani, saerTo sawarmo, romelic
Seqmnilia sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ganlagebul organizaciaTa
ZalisxmeviT produqciis warmoebis, momsaxurebisa da
realizaciis warmarTvis mizniT), korporaciebi, kooperativebi
da sxv.
150 151
kerZo piri aris ekonomikuri subieqti, romlis
sawesdebo kapitalis 50 %-ze meti kerZo piris sakuTrebaSia,
sawarmoebis qoneba ekuTvnis erT an ramdenime kerZo pirs. misi
nairsaxeobaa nebismieri individualuri sawarmo, romlebic
kerZo kapitaliT awarmoeben raime saxis Rirebulebas
(produqcias an momsaxurebas, ewevian markentingul da sxva
saxis saqmianobas), kerZo, ojaxuri mewarmeoba da sxv.
kerZo Sereuli aris subieqti, romlis sawesdebo
kapitalSi saqarTvelos moqalaqisa da ucxoeli kerZo piris
wilobrivi monawileobaa.
sabazro ekonomikaze gardamavalma, Seuqcevadma procesebma
mniSvnelovani biZgi misca mewarmeobis ganviTarebas
saqarTveloSi. oficialuri statistikuri monacemebiT 2003-
2009 wlebSi mniSvnelovnad amaRlda samewarmeo saqmianoba.
brunva gaizarda 5523.0 mln laridan 2003 wels, 16475,7
2238,6 mln laramde 2009 wels, anu gaizarda 198.3%-iT,
gamoSvebuli produqcia gaizarda 156.5 %-iT, dasaqmebulTa
saSualo Tviuri anazRaureba gaizarda 139,4 laridan 564.9
laramde, anu 305.2 %-iT.

(2010 1 )

307628
287646
- 282390
2777
2479
7776
1493
10713
152 153

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
, . 5523.0 7248.4 10076.3 13090.3 17544.4 19650.7 16475.7

, .
3492.6 4374.8 5838.3 7412.6 9645.4 10248.4 8960.1

,
.
1773.3 2238.6 2796.8 3479.4 4541.8 5162.6
,
.
1719.3 2136.2 3041.5 3933.1 5103.7 5085.8
,
.
4364.8 4942.8 5415.1 6040.5 7935.9 9257.1

297795 322779 388946 360987 361209 349250 316553

139.4 161.6 204.5 285.8 381.6 519.8 564.9

statistikuri informaciis mopovebis miznebisaTvis
saqarTveloSi tardeba mewarmeobis rogorc specialuri
(erTjeradi, perioduli), ise mimdinare (yovelwliuri)
gamokvlevebi. specialuri gamokvlevebidan farTod gamoiyeneba
SerCeviTi dakvirvebani.
saqonelwarmoebis dargTa produqcia
saqonelwarmoebis dargTa produqcia ewodeba TiToeuli
dargis saqmianobis pirdapir da sasargeblo Sedegs.
esaa mrewvelobaSi samrewvelo-sawarmoo saqmianobis
pirdapiri da sasargeblo Sedegi, soflis meurneobaSi -
sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoo saqmianobis pirdapiri da
sasargeblo Sedegi, mSeneblobaSi - saamSeneblo-sawarmoo
saqmianobis pirdapiri da sasargeblo Sedegi. rogorc Cans
TiToeuli dargis produqcia xasiaTdeba sami ZiriTadi niSniT
da amitom sxva, ara am dargis profilis saqmianobis Sedegi ar
CaiTvleba mocemuli dargis produqciis saerTo moculobaSi.
magaliTad, nebismieri organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis
sawarmoSi mxolod samrewvelo-sawarmoo da ara sasoflo-
sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegebi CaiTvleba mrewvelobis dargis
produqciad, agreTve, mxolod sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoo
saqmianobis Sedegebi CaiTvleba sasoflo-sameurneo poroduqciad
da a.S.
TiToeuli dargis produqciaSi CaiTvleba, saqmianobis ara
arapirdapiri Sedegebi (narCenebi da sxv.), aramed pirdapiri
Sedegebi, agreTve ara wundebuli, anu arasasargeblo
produqcia, aramed mxolod vargisi produqcia. aqedan
gamomdinare TiToeuli dargis produqciis saerTo moculoba
ganisazRvreba ara marto am dargSi, aramed sxva ara am dargis
profilis sawarmoTa Sesabamisi Sedegebis SejamebiT. magaliTad,
mrewvelobis produqciis RirebulebaSi Seitaneba rogorc TviT
mrewvelobis, ise sxva dargebis, agreTve SinameurneobaTa
samrewvelo-sawarmoo saqmianobis pirdapiri da sasargeblo
Sedegebi, soflis meurneobis produqciaSi - rogorc TviT
soflis meurneobaSi, aseve, ara sasoflo-sameurneo dargebSi
154 155
ganxorcielebuli sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoo saqmianobis
pirdapiri da sasargeblo Sedegebi da a.S.
samrewvelo produqciis SemadgenlobaSi aRiricxeba:
1. realizebuli produqciis Rirebuleba;
2. Tavisi ZiriTadi kapitalis kapitaluri remonti da
arasamrewvelo dawesebulebaTaTvis (magaliTad, sabavSvo baga-
baRebisaTvis, dasasvenebeli saxlebisaTvis) gadacemuli
samrewvelo saqoneli;
3. Tavisi muSa-mosamsaxureebisaTvis Sromis
asanazRaureblad gadacemuli produqciis Rirebuleba;
4. sxva sawarmoebisaTvis humanitaruli daxmarebisaTvis
gadacemuli produqciis Rirebuleba;
5. daumTavrebeli warmoebis, agreTve, mza produqciis
naSTebis sxvaoba (mateba+, kleba-).
imisaTvis, rom SevadaroT samrewvelo produqciis
moculoba danaxarjebs da gavigoT mogeba-zarali, yvela saxis
zemoTCamoTvlili produqciis saxeobani (maT Soris samrewvelo
xasiaTis samuSaoebi) aRiricxeba moqmed mimdinare fasebSi. amis
garda, produqciis fizikuri moculobis dinamikis dasadgenad,
gamoiyeneba, agreTve, ucvleli anu Sesadari fasebic.
dasavleTis zogierT qveyanaSi, samrewvelo produqciis
saerTo moculoba, mxolod damatebuli RirebulebiT
ganisazRvreba, rac qveyanaSi iZleva iseTi makroekonomikuri
maCveneblis gaangariSebis saSualebas, rogoricaa mTliani Sida
produqti.
soflis meurneobis produqciis RirebulebaSi aRiricxeba
memcenareobisa da mecxoveleobis mza produqtebis Rirebuleba,
agreTve, daumTavrebeli warmoebis naSTebis mateba an kleba. es
ukanaskneli gaiangariSeba am wlisa da momavali wlis
mosavlianobis misaRebad gaweuli samuSaoebis RirebulebaTa
sxvaobiT memcenareobaSi, xolo mecxoveleobaSi suladobis
mixedviT.
rogorc statistikosebi ityobinebia, soflis meurneobis
produqciis moculobis gaangariSebis mowinave meTodologiuri
gamocdilebis gaziarebis miznebisaTvis sayuradReboa
evrokavSiris qveynebis praqtika. am qveynebSi soflis meurneobis
produqciis moculobas angariSoben e.w. ,,erovnuli fermis~
meTodiT. am meTodiT qveynis soflis meurneoba ganixileba
rogorc erTiani erovnuli ferma da amitom misi produqciis
Rirebulebiadan unda gamoiTiSos produqciis fermebs Sorisa
da fermis Sida urTierTmiwodebani. aqedan gamomdinare soflis
meurneobis produqciaSi unda aRiricxos:
1. savaWro organizaciebisadmi soflis meurneobis mza
produqciis miwodebani saboloo moxmarebisaTvis
mosaxleobisaTvis misasyidad;
2. sasoflo-sameurneo nedleulis miwodebani samrewvelo
sawarmoebisaTvis gadasamuSaveblad;
3. miwodebani eqsportSi;
4. fermebis mier saboloo moxmarebani;
5. daumTavrebeli warmoebisa da mza produqciis naSTebis
cvlilebani (zrda+, kleba-).
soflis meurneobis damatebuli Rirebulebis
gasaangariSeblad evropis rig qveynebSi gamoiyeneba Semdegi
saxis sabalanso gaangariSeba: ??
TiToeuli maCveneblis gasaangariSeblad dgeba
ekonomikuri angariSebi, romlebic xasiaTdeba sabalanso
principiT da sabolood gamoiyeneba qveynis masStabiT soflis
meurneobis produqciis moculobis dadgenis miznebisaTvis.
mSeneblobis produqciad iTvleba Senobebisa da
nagebobebis, agreTve, individualuri saxlebis mSeneblobis iseT
samuSaoTa Rirebuleba, rogoricaa samSeneblo-samontaJo,
geologiur-saZiebo, saproeqto-saZiebo, miwis sairigacio-
samelioracio samuSaoebi, agreTve, Senobebisa da nagebobebis
mimdinare da kapitaluri remonti, individualuri binebis
mSenebloba da sxv.
transportis dargis produqciad iTvleba yvela saxis
transportis (saavtomobilo, sarkinigzo, sahaero, sazRvao-
samdinaro, samilgayvano da sxv.) mier tvirTis gadazidvisa da
156 157
mgzavrebis gadayvaniT miRebuli Semosavlebi, agreTve, sagzao
meurneobaSi gzebis mimdinare da kapitaluri remontis
samuSaoTa Rirebuleba.
vaWrobis produqciis RirebulebaSi aisaxeba rogorc
saSinao, ise sagareo bazrobebis saqonlis yidva-gayidviT
miRebuli Semosavlebi. es Semosavlebi warmoiqmneba saqonlis
Sesasyid da gasayid fasTa Soris sxvaobiT anu savaWro
daTmobiT da sxva araferia Tu ara mimoqcevis xarjebisa da
savaWro mogebis jami.
momsaxurebis sferos statistika
mewarmeoba, biznesi da menejmenti Zalian farTodaa
fexmokidebuli momsaxurebis bazarze. ra aris momsaxureba?
momsaxureba (inglisuri sityva servise-ganaa warmoSobili)
SromiTi saqmianobis iseTi sferoa, romlis drosac ar iqmneba
nivTobrivi produqti, aramed warmoiqmneba raime sasargeblo
efeqti, riTac kmayofildeba adamianis esa Tu is moTxovnileba.
momsaxureba Tanamedrove msoflio statistikis Teoriasa
da praqtikaSi miCneulia sawarmoo sferod, romlis
ganviTarebis did perspeqtivebze isic metyvelebs, rom amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis mTlian Sida produqtSi mas uWiravs
75%, inglisSi 64% da a.S.
momsaxurebis saxeebi
momsaxureba sxvadasxva saxisaa. Tanamedrove pirobebSi
momsaxurebis Zveli, tradiciuli dargebis (satransporto,
safinanso, samedicino, sayofacxovrebo, kavSirgabmulobis,
savaWro, religiuri, saeklesio da sxv.) gverdiT swrafad
viTardeba axali (sainformacio, kompiuteruli, samecniero,
sabirJo da sxv.) dargebi. momsaxureba SeiZleba iyos
materialuri da aramaterialuri, sawarmoo da samomxmareblo,
anazRaurebadi da araanazRaurebadi, sabazro da arasabazro da
sxva.
materialur momsaxurebas ganekuTvneba manqanebis
SekeTebani, individualuri samkervalo mewarmeoba, samedicino
momsaxureba, samrecxaoebi, qimwmenda da sxva, xolo
aramaterialurs - iuridiuli konsultaciebi, saaudito,
saganmanaTleblo da sxva saxis momsaxurebani.
rogorc materialuri ise aramaterialuri momsaxurebani
SeiZleba iyos sawarmoo da arasawarmoo (piradi,
samomxmareblo) momsaxureba. sawarmoo momsaxureba, magaliTad,
sawarmoTa ZiriTadi kapitalis mimdinare, saSualo da
kapitaluri remonti, xolo samomxmarebloa ganaTleba, radio
da tele momsaxureba da a.S.
saerTaSoriso statistikuri praqtika da gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis rekomendaciebiT sabazro anu
(anazRaurebadi) momsaxurebas iseTi saxis momsaxurebas
miakuTvneben, romlebic finansirdeba biujetidan an
sazogadoebrivi da politikuri organizaciebis mier.
rogorc sabazro, ise arasabazro momsaxurebis
statistikuri saerTaSoriso klasifikaciebis mixedviT SeiZleba
gamovyoT Semdegi saxis segmentebi:
sayofacxovrebo, satransporto, kavSirgabmulobis,
sabinao-komunaluri, kulturuli, turistul-saeqskursio,
fizkulturisa da sportis, samedicino, veterinaluri,
sanitarul-ganmajansaRebeli, samarTlebrivi xasiaTis, sabanko-
safinanso, saganmanaTleblo, savaWro da sxva saxis
momsaxurebani.
TiToeuli saxis momsaxureba xasiaTdeba sxvadasxva
servisiT magaliTad, sabinao-komunaluri momsaxurebis ekonomika
da biznesi moicavs daqiravebuli da saarendo sacxovrebliT,
Senobebisa da mowyobilobis mimdinare, saSualo, agreTve,
kapitaluri SekeTebis, eleqtroenergiiT, gaziT, wyliT,
gaTbobiT, sakanalizacio, satelefono, radiosa da teleqseliT
158 159
momsaxurebis, agreTve, sanitaruli dasufTavebis biznes-
servisiT uzrunvelyofas.
turistul-saeqskursio biznesSi Sedis turistTa
ganTavsebis, kvebis, satransporto, sayofacxovrebo,
saeqskursio, kulturul-masobrivi sportuli, gamajansaRebeli
da sxva servisuli biznes-momsaxureba. am servisul
momsaxurebaTa Sesabamisad evrosabWos qveynebSi moqmedebs
turistul momsaxurebaTa statistikuri klasifikacia. maT
Sorisaa: sastumroebiT momsaxureba, kvebiT momsaxureba,
sasmelebis gayidviT momsaxureba, sasadilo da binaze mza
sakvebis mitaniT momsaxureba, turistul momsaxurebaTa biuros
mier momsaxureba, kulturis, religiis da organizebuli
dasvenebis sferoSi administraciuli momsaxureba da sxv.
satransporto-kavSirgabmulobis biznes-servisi moicavs
yvela saxis satransporto-kavSirgabmulobis transportis
(sarkinigzo, saavtomobilo, samilgayvano, sazRvao, samdinaro,
sahaero gadayvanis da satvirTo gadazidvebis, agreTve,
kavSirgabmulobis) momsaxurebis serviss. am dargis produqcia
gaizomeba mgzavr-kilometrobiT da tona-kilometrobiT.
gamoiyeneba momsaxurebis tarifebi (fuladi anazRaurebis
ganakveTi satransporto momsaxurebis erTeulisaTvis) an
fraxtebi (wylis transportiT gadaziduli tvirTis erTeulis
anazRaureba).
kulturisa da sportis samomsaxureo biznes-servisSi
Sedis Teatrebis, kinoTeatrebis, filarmoniebis, muzeumebis,
biblioTekebis, samkiTxveloebis, klubebis, kulturis saxlebis,
sportuli sanaxaobebis, fizkulturisa da sportul-
gamajansaRebeli organizaciebis samomsaxureo servisi.
sasamarTlo momsaxurebis biznes-servisi moicavs
sanotaro, saadvokato, sadamcvelo firmebis samosamsaxureo
serviss.
sabanko-safinanso biznes-servisSi Sedis rogorc
anazRaurebadi, ise araanazRaurebadi operaciebi.
anazRaurebadia xelfasis gadaricxvebi, seifebis arendiT
momsaxureba, Zvirfas faseulobaTa Senaxva, valutis gacvla,
angariSebis gaxsna da warmoeba, sadazRvevo momsaxureba da sxv.
araanazRaurebadia sadepozito angariSebis gaxsna, warmoeba da
sxv.
saaudito momsaxurebis biznes-servisma didi gavrceleba
hpova sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi. auditi (laTinuri sityva
audio-msmeneli, Zvel sasuliero saswavleblebSi mowinave,
maRali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebs andobdnen sxva
moswavleebis gamocdas. isini usmendnen maT da Rebulobdnen
informacias Tu rogor aiTvises ganvlili saswavlo masala da
Seasrules saTanado davalebani. saWiro SemTxvevaSi aseTi
mowinave mowafeebi konsultaciebsac utarebdnen CamorCenil
moswavleebs) aris mewarmis, biznesmenis safinanso
angariSgebianobis damoukidebeli eqspertiza sameurneo-safinanso
operaciebis moqmedi kanonmdeblobisadmi, agreTve, sabuRaltro
aRricxvianobis sisrulisa da sizustisadmi Sesabamisobis
Sesaxeb. auditi SeiZleba iyos gare (rodesac auditorul
mewarmeobas, sawarmoebisa da organizaciebis winaswari dakveTis
safuZvelze, anxorcielebs gare auditoruli forma, kompania)
da Sida (rodesac auditorul eqspertizas anxorcielebs TviT
organizaciis, firmis, kompaniis specialuri funqcionaluri
ganyofileba, biuro, samsaxuri, romlebic administraciulad
emorCilebian mocemuli dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelobas).
saaudito biznes-servisi moicavs sawarmos finansuri
mdgomareobis gacnobas, gasinjvas, Sedarebas moqmedi
kanonmdeblobisadmi, daskvnas da rekomendaciebs.
momsaxurebis raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi
statistikuri maCveneblebi qveyanaSi da mis calkeul
regionebSi ganisazRvreba momsaxurebis bazris socialur-
ekonomikuri potencialis (SromiTi, finansuri da materialuri
resursebis moculoba, maTi xarisxi da balansireba),
moTxovnisa da miwodebis mdgomareobis (moTxovna, miwodeba,
maTi urTierTSefardeba, tevadoba da momsaxurebiT
160 161
uzrunvelyofa), realizaciis (moculoba, struqtura, dinamika
rogorc mTlianad aseve mosaxleobis erT sulze
gaangariSebiT), fasebisa da tarifebis (fasebisa da tarifebis
done, struqtura, fasebisa da tarifebis msyidvelobiTi
unarianobis indeqsebi), infrastruqturis (momsaxurebis
sawarmoTa ricxvi, maTi struqtura, sawarmoo simZlavre,
teqnikuri aRWurviloba, satransporto, kavSirgabmulobisa da
da sxva saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofa), momsaxurebis gawevis
ekonomikuri Sedegebis maCveneblebis (realizaciidan amonagebi
anu saoperacio Semosavlebi, mogeba, damatebuli Rirebulebis
gadasaxadi) da efeqturobis (mogeba, resursebis mimarT,
danaxarjebis mimarT, rentabeloba da sxv.) da sxva saxis
indikatorebi.
marketingis statistika
sityva marketingi warmoSobilia inglisuri sityva
market-isagan da bazars, gasaRebas niSnavs. amitom marketingi
yovelgvari komerciuli saqmianobis nebismier etapze (warmoeba,
gacvla, moxmareba) gamoiyeneba da xorcieldeba saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis gasaRebis, gacvlis ganviTarebis, daCqarebis,
moTxovnilebis ukeT dakmayofilebisa da saboloo jamSi
mogebis miRebis stimulirebisaTvis. marketinguli servisi
moicavs bazrebis analizs, moTxovna-miwoebis gansazRvras,
bazrebis segmentirebas, fasebis politikas, strategias,
reklamas da sxv.
bazari sazogadoebis ganviTarebis adreuli
safexurebidanve, saqonelwarmoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad,
yovelTvis warmoadgenda adamianTa urTierTobis erTerT
mniSvnelovan sferos. bazarze upirispirdeboda erTmaneTs
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moTxovna-miwodeba. magram bazris
Seswavla rogorc ekonomikurad ise statistikurad
gansakuTrebul rols sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi iZens. aq
unda movixsenioT bazarTa sxvadasxva saxeobani. maT Soris:
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazari, investiciebis bazari, Sromis
bazari, fasiani qaRaldebis bazari da sxva. isini mWidro
urTierTkavSirSi arian da erTmaneTs ganapirobeben. maTi
ganviTarebis zogadi kanonzomierebani moTxovna-miwodebis
TvalsazrisiT daaxloebiT erTnairia. amitom aq da SemdgomSic
ganixileba mxolod saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazris
statistika, romelic ganapirobebs sxva saxis bazrebis
statistikur maCvenebelTa sistemasac.
bazari aris Tavisufali partniorebis, gamyidvelebisa da
myidvelebis yidva-gayidvis urTierTobaTa sistema, rasac
ZiriTadad gansazRvravs moTxovna-miwodebis raodenobrivi
Tanafardobani. sabazro statistikam unda Seiswavlos bazris
tevadoba anu moTxovna-miwodebis moculobani, moTxovna-
miwodebis struqtura, dinamika qronologiuri TariRe;bis
mixedviT da sxva movlenebTan korelaciur-statistikuri
urTierTkavSiri.
sabazwro statistikis Seswavlis obieqtia bazari, anu
sabazro-ekonomikuri movlenebi da procesebi, xolo sagani - am
movlenebisa da procesebis raodenobrivi mxare Tvisebriv
mxaresTan mWidro kavSirSi konkretul drosa da sivrceSi.
winamdebare naSromSi sabazro statistikaSi ganixileba bazris
koniuqturis marketinguli gamokvlevis da sasaqonlo birJis
statistika.
sityva koniuqtura warmoSobilia laTinuri sityva
conjungo-sagan, rac niSnavs SeerTebas. bazris koniuqtura aris
bazarze arsebuli situacia, romelsac gansazRvravs moTxovna-
miwodebis urTierTSefardebani, maTi ganviTarebis tendenciebi,
konkretuli brZolis masStabebi, Zala, komerciuli riskis
done da sxva faqtorebi. maSasadame, koniuqtura am faqtorTa
urTierTzemoqmedebis SeerTebis saerTo Zalis ganmsazRvreli
fenomenia, rac erTob saWiroa sabazro ekonomikis marTvisa da
regulirebisaTvis. konuqturis Seswavla aucilebeli pirobaa
marketingisa da komerciuli saqmianobis warmarTvisaTvis,
162 163
agreTve, socialur-ekonomikuri, sagadasaxado da sakanonmdeblo
politikis gasatareblad bazris saxelmwifo regulirebis
mizniT.
bazris koniuqtura xasiaTdeba variaciiT, ciklurobiT,
sezonurobiTa da dinamiurobiT. koniuqturis variacias anu
cvalebadobas gansazRvravs rogorc mudmivad moqmedi ise
SemTxveviTi xasiaTis faqtorebi, maT Soris SeiZleba iyos
socialur-ekonomikuri, bunebriv-klimaturi, demografiuli,
sazogadoebriv-politikuri, organizaciuli da sxva saxis
faqtorebi.
koniuqturis ciklurobas ganapirobebs moTxovnis
(bazarze wayenebuli moTxovnileba, romelsac gansazRvravs
adamianTa fuladi Semosavlebi da aqedan gamomdinare
msyidvelobiTi unarianoba) an miwodebis Semcireba an gadideba,
Semdeg stabilizacia da isev gadideba an Semcireba. sezonur
cvalebadobas gansazRvravs saqonlis damzadebis sezonuroba an
sxva msgavsi faqtori.
bazari cvalebadia droSi, misi sazRvrebi diddeba an
mcirdeba qronologiuri TariRebis mixedviT. aqedan gamomdinare
koniuqturis statistikam unda Seiswavlos moTxovna-miwodebis
Tanafardobani, koniuqturis cikluroba, sezonuroba, dinamika,
konkurenciuli brZolis, komerciuli riskis, agreTve, bazris
monopolizaciis xarisxi, bazris regionaluri gansxvavebani,
koniuqturis saprognozo parametrebi da sxva.
bazarze arsebuli situaciis daxasiaTeba da
prognozirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba rogorc sistematuri ise
perioduli informaciuli masala. sistematuri xasiaTis
masalas iZleva e.w. sasignalo informaciebi, romlebic dRiuri,
dekaduri, Tviuri da sxva qronologiuri TariRebis mixedviT
moedineba qvemdgomi (samrewvelo, savaWro, samarketingo da sxv.)
rgolebidan. es informacia exeba warmoebis, saqonelbrunvisa da
sasaqonlo maragebis moculobas, fasebs, finansebs, socialur-
demografiul sakiTxebs da sxva saxis masalas.
sistematuri xasiaTis masala zogjer ver axasiaTebs
CvenTvis saintereso yvela sakiTxs da ar iZleva koniuqturis
prognozirebis saSualebas. es ki aucilebelia sabazro
ekonomikis marTvisa da organizaciis aqtualuri sakiTxebis
gadawyvetisaTvis. amitom saWiro informaciis misaRebad
periodulad awarmoeben bazarze momuSave muSakebis, warmoebis
dargTa specialistebis, agreTve, mecnier-eqspertebis
gamokiTxvas. gamokiTxva warmoebs rogorc anketis meSveobiT,
ise intervius saxiT, specialurad Sedgenil kiTxvarebze
pasuxebis gacemis gziT.
mTavari maCveneblebi, romlebic erTmaneTs upirispirdeba
bazarze da gansazRvravs koniuqturas aris moTxovna da
miwodeba. momxmarebelTa survili sawonelsa da momsaxurebaze
gansazRvravs moTxovnilebas, xolo moTxovnileba fuladi
resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT ayalibebs bazarze moTxovnas.
miwodebas warmoqmnis warmoebisa da momsaxurebis sferos
ganviTareba. moTxovnisa da mowodebis urTierTSefardebiT
yalibdeba bazarze saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gansazRvruli,
gamawonasworebeli fasebi, romelTa meSveobiT xdeba
konkretuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesyidva da
momxmarebelTa dakmayofileba. moTxovna SeiZleba iyos
potencialuri an daxuruli (yalibdeba saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis bazarze gamosasvlelad momzadebis stadiaSi),
Camoyalibebuli (formirdeba moTxovna-miwodebis
urTierTSefardebiT), alternatiuli (yalibdeba momxmareblis
mier sxva saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZenis survilis
gamomJRavnebisas), spontanuri (gamomJRavneba uecrad
momxmareblis mier bazarze misTvis sasurveli saqonlis an
momsaxurebis saxeobis aRmoCenisas), gadadebuli (rodesac
myidveli fuls TandaTanobiT agrovebs ama Tu im
moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad), daukmayofilebeli
(rodesac bazarze myidveli ver poulobs Sesabamis saqonels)
da sxva. TavisTavad moTxovna-miwodebis maCveneblebi SeiZleba
164 165
iyos moTxovnisa da miwodebis moculoba, struqtura,
elastiuroba, dinamika da sxva.
koniuqturis maCveneblebs miekuTvneba, agreTve,
proporciuloba (moTxovnisa da miwodebis urTierTSefardeba),
bazris struqtura (saqonelbrunvis, gamyidvelebisa da
myidvelebis, agreTve, regionaluri Wrilisa da sxva
maCveneblebis mixedviT), komerciuli riski (sainvesticio riski,
marketingul gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis riski da sxv.),
koniuqturis cvalebadoba (variaciis maCveneblebi), saqmiani
aqtiuroba (dakveTebis portfeli, garigebaTa raodenoba da
dinamika da a.S.). es maCveneblebi gansazRvravs bazarze
situacias da amiT iZleva Sesabamis marketingul
gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis saSualebas.
sabazro situaciis koniuqturuli Sefasebani warmoebs
xarisxobrivi da atributuli, agreTve, raodenobrivi
maCveneblebiT. bazarze situacia an keTilmyofeli anu maRali
koniuqturis an kidev arakeTilmyofeli anu dabali konuqturis
SeiZleba iyos. maRali koniuqturuli situaciis niSnebia:
balansirebuli moTxovna-miwodeba, gawonasworebuli fasebi,
stabiluri an mzardi realizacia da a.S. dabali koniuqturis
niSnebia: bazris disproporcia, moTxovnis mkveTri Semcireba,
saqonlis deficiti, fasebis cvalebadoba, maragebis
gaumarTlebeli zrda da a.S.
xSirad situacias bazarze axasiaTebs sami saxis
indikatori: saqonelbrunvis, fasebisa da maragebis indeqsebi. am
indikatorebis cvlilebas ganixilaven qronologiuri TariRebis
dinamikaSi. cnobili dinamikuri mwkrivebis damuSavebis
analizuri xerxebis gamoyenebiT daadgenen indikatorebis
ganviTarebis tendenciebs. aq rogorc cnobilia, SeiZleba
gvqondes sami SemTxveva: indikatoris zrdis tendencia, klebis
tendencia an stabiluri mdgomareoba. Cvens magaliTze anu
motanili sami indikatoris gamoyenebiT maRali koniuqturis
maCveneblebia saqonelbrunvis gadideba, fasebisa da maragebis
Semcireba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs dabali
koniuqturis SemTxvevasTan bazarze.
dabali koniuqturis Sesacvlelad saWiroa Sesabamis
marketingul RonisZiebaTa gatareba. TiToeuli marketinguli
gadawyvetileba garkveuli riskis tolfasia, ris gamo pirvel
rigSi unda Sefasdes riski. riskis Sefaseba damokidebulia misi
saxeobisagan: dabandebuli kapitalis nawilobrivi an mTlianad
dakargvis, gakotrebis, kreditis dakargvis, inflaciis,
konkurentis mier bazridan gamodevnis da sxva saxeobis riski.
riskis Sefasebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodia saeqsporto
meTodi, rac TavisTavad eyrdnoba koniuqturis Sefasebis
mdidar statistikur masalas.
sabazro statistikis Seswavlis erTerTi mniSvnelovani
sakiTxia moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastiurobis anu
cvalebadobis raodenobrivi Seswavla. am cvalebadobas
raodenobrivad gamosaxaven elastiurobis koeficientiT.
elsatiurobis koeficienti zogadad gviCvenebs saSedego
faqtoris procentul cvalebadobas faqtoruli niSnis erTi
procentis cvalebadobisas..
Tu elastiurobis koeficienti erTze metia, maSin saqme
gvaqvs pirdapir kavSirTan da Tanac ultra anu Zlier
elastiurobasTan. aseTi kavSiri SeiZleba gamovlindes
moTxovnisa da fuladi Semosavlebis urTierTkavSiris analizis
pirobebSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTis toli an erTze naklebia
elastiurobis koeficienti, maSin saqme gvaqvs mcire anu infra
elastiurobasTan (unitaruli moTxovna).
Tu faqtoruli niSnis gadidebisas moTxovna mcirdeba
(magaliTad, fasebis cvalebadobasTan urTierTkavSirSi), maSin
saqme gvaqvs Sebrunebul anu ukukavSirTan. me-19 saukunis 80-ian
wlebSi germanelma ekonomistma da sociologma e. engelma
daadgina, rom ojaxis Semosavlebis zrdasTan erTad mcirdeba
kvebis produqtebze danaxarjebis xvedriTi wili (da ara
absoluturad) da diddeba fufunebis sagnebze danaxarjebis
xvedriTi wili. es kanoni atarebs engelis kanonis
166 167
saxelwodebas da farTod gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis saojaxo
biujetur gamokvlevebSi.
bazarze moTxovnis elastiurobis ufro dawvrilebiTi
daxasiaTebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqonelisa da
momsaxurebis urTierTSemcvlelobis faqtorTa gaTvaliswinebas.
fasebis gadidebisas moTxovna ufro metad mcirdeba maRali
xarisxisa da metad ZviradRirebul saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze.
magaliTad, purze fasebis momatebisas Tavs iCens jifenis
paradoqsi: rac ufro Zvirdeba puri, miT metad yidulobs mas
momxmarebeli. magram puris moxmarebis struqturaSi mcirdeba
maRali xarisxisa da ZviradRirebuli puris moxmareba da
diddeba dabali xarisxis da SedarebiT naklebfasiani puris
moxmareba. aq gamovlindeba nivTis sargeblianobis xarisxi:
maRali xarisxis saqonlis SedarebiT naklebi raodenobaa
saWiro adamianis moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad da amitom
misi Semcvleli xarisxis saqonlis meti masa esaWiroeba
momxmarebels ama Tu im saWiroebisaTvis.
bazarze moTxovnis Seswavlisas vlindeba, agreTve,
veblenis paradoqsi, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom fufunebis
sagnebs momxmareblebi iZenen ara imdenad maTi samomxmareblo
TvisebebisaTvis, ramdenadac socialuri daniSnulebisaTvis
(prestiJuloba, moda da a.S.). amitom zogjer jifenis
paradoqss ewodeba - siRaribis efeqti, xolo vebleris
paradoqss - simdidris.
elastiurobis zemoTmotanili Teoriuli koeficientis
formuliT SeiZleba davadginoT moxmarebis mgrZnobianobis
xarisxi maszed moqmedi romelime faqtoris cvalebadobis
mimarT mosaxleobis calkeuli jgufebis mixedviT. aseTi
jgufebi SeiZleba gamoiyos ojaxis erT sulze Semosavlis
mixedviT. magaliTad, ojaxis raodenoba, romelTagan TiToeul
ojaxis wevrs TveSi aqvs Semosavali 50-dan 100-laramde da a.S.
bazari Tavisi bunebiT stiqiuri xasiaTisaa, rasac
zogjer kapitalis koncentraciisa da saqonlis masis gadidebis
kvalobaze Tan sdevs stagnaciisa da sazogadoebisaTvis sxva,
metad arasasurveli movlenebi. amitom, Tavidanve, mowinave
maRalganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis mqone qveynebSi,
mecnierebis winaSe daiasaxa sabazro procesebis ganviTarebis,
prognozirebisa da regulirebis gadaudebeli amocanebi. am
amocanebis gadawyvetas emsaxureba sabazro ekonomikis Tanmdevi
mecnieruli codnis dargi - marketingi. marketingi nebismieri
moTxovna-miwodebis Seswavlis gziT miznad isaxavs bazris
marTvisa da regulirebis sistemis SemuSavebas, xolo
marketinguli gamokvleva, rogorc misi erTerTi Semadgenli
nawili - bazris ganviTarebis winaswarSecnobas da am
safuZvelze prognozirebas gulisxmobs.
marketinguli gamokvlevis ZiriTadi etapebia sakiTxis
ekonomikuri dasma, informaciis mopoveba, informaciis
damuSaveba da analizi, prognozireba da rekomendaciebis
SemuSaveba. sakiTxis ekonomikuri dasma bazris marTvisa da
regulirebis amocanebis gansazRvras gulisxmobs, rasac unda
mohyves marketinguli informaciis - cifrebis, faqtebis,
cnobebisa da sxva saanalizo da saprognozo monacemebis
Segroveba. rogorc Cans marketinguli gamokvlevis yvela etapze
statistikas, rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri Semecnebis mZlavr
iaraRs, gansakuTrebuli roli da niSvneloba eniWeba. mis
amocanebSia: bazarze moTxovna-miwodebis, konkurenciuli
brZolisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb utyuari, saimedo, mecnieruli
informaciis Segroveba, informaciis damuSaveba da analizi.
Sesabamisi mecnieruli, statistikuri meTodebiT,
konkurenciuli brZolis, agreTve bazris ganviTarebis
parametrebis mecnieruli winaswarxedva da Sesabamisi
sarekomendacio prognozebis SemuSaveba.
sabazro procesebis regulirebisaTvis saWiro cifrebi,
faqtebi, monacemebi unda Segrovdes saqonlisa da momsaxurebis,
miwodebis, moTxovnis, realizaciis, fasebis, konkurenciis
Sesaxeb. am informaciis matarebeli anu wyaroebia momxmareblebi
(individualuri, koleqtiuri), mosaxleoba, firmebi, sawarmoebi,
organizaciebi da dawesebulebebi. am monacemebis mopovebisaTvis
168 169
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas marketinguli samsaxurebi da misi
calkeuli qveganyofilebani an kidev komerciul sawyisebze
Seqmnili specialuri marketinguli firmebi. es ukanasknelni
valdebulni arian saTanado anazRaurebiT moipovon
marketinguli informacia, gadaamuSaon, gaukeTon mas saTanado
mecnieruli analizi da Sesabamisi rekomendaciebi warudginon
damkveTs maTi qcevisa da momavalSi gasatarebel marketingul
gadawyvetilebaTa Sesaxeb. mowinave qveynebSi (magaliTad,
safrangeTSi da sxv.) saqonlis momxmareblebsa da mwarmoeblebs
Soris informaciis urTierTgacvla gaTvaliswinebulia
Sesabamisi kontraqtebiTa da sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT. am
SemTxvevaSi mwarmoebeli Tavis Tavze iRebs, miawodos
momxmareblebs informacia produqciis warmoebisa da
moxmarebis, agreTve, sakuTari informacia bazris Sesaxeb
(bazris tevadoba mTlianad calkeuli segmentebis mixedviT,
momxmareblis anketirebis monacemebi, bazris koniuqturuli
Sefasebani), demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi, monacemebi
konkurent-mwarmoebelTa da maTi qmedebis Sesaxeb, sruli
informacia SeTavazebul saqonelze (serTifikaciisa da
testirebis monacemebi, konkurentunarianoba da a.S.).
momxmareblebi, Tavis mxriv, valdebulni arian miawodon
mwarmoeblebs informacia sacalo momxmareblebis (klienturis),
materialur-teqnikuri bazis (sasawyobo meurneobis,
satransporto qselis da sxv.), momxmarebelTa Sexedulebebis,
qcevis, reklamis, efeqturobis, adgilobrivi bazris tevadobisa
da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. xSirad araoficialuri monacemebis
mosapoveblad ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi
mimarTaven e.w. marketinguli dazvervis gamoyenebas, rac
uzrunvelyofs konfidencialuri da naxevrad konfidencialuri
informaciis mopovebas da gadamuSavebas.
msxvil marketingul firmebsa da samecniero-kvleviT
organizaciebs, agreTve, saxelmwifo statistikis organoebs
gaaCniaT SerCeviTi dakvirvebis gziT miRebuli informaciis
saSualebani (panelebi). magaliTad, saxelmwifo statistikis
paneli moicavs 60,0 aTas SerCeviT ojaxs, romlebsac evalebaT
sistematurad miawodon informacia statistikis organoebs
sakuTar biujetze (wliur Semosavlebsa da gasavlebze) da
yvela im sakiTxze, rasac moicavs programa. gamoiyeneba, agreTve,
savaWro korespondentebi, romlebic ganlagebulni arian
sayrden punqtebSi da sistematurad awvdian bazris Sesaxeb
informacias savaWro firmebs.
marketinguli informaciis mopovebisa da SegrovebisaTvis
farTod gamoiyeneba gamokiTxvebi, romlebic SeiZleba iyos
zepiri da werilobiTi. gamokiTxvis obieqtia individualuri
momxmareblebi an msxvili savaWro firmebi. xSirad gamosakiTx
pirs (respodents) saubars utareben teqstirebis anu
urTierTgamomricxav kiTxvebze pasuxebis lmixedviT.
gamokiTxvisaTvis xSirad iyeneben anketebs, romlebic moicavs
gamokiTxvis miznebsa da amocanebs, respodentis anu
gamosakiTxavi piris Sesaxeb saWiro cnobebs, saprogramo
kiTxvarebis CamonaTvals bazris Sesaxeb, romlebsac unda gaeces
pasuxebi da a.S.
gamokiTxvis erTerTi gavrcelebuli saxeobaa saeqsperto
gamokvleva, romelSic monawileobs kvalificiuri, didi
codnisa da gamocdilebis mqone specialistebi. maTi pasuxebis
ganzogadeba iZleva bazris marTvisa da regulirebis metad
saWiro da saimedo, sarekomendacio masalas. am saqmeSi did
gamoyenebas poulobs saeqsperto SefasebaTa delfis meTodi,
tvinis Setevis meTodi da sxva, romlebsac warmatebiT iyeneben
bazris ganviTarebis prognozirebis saqmeSi.
mopovebuli informaciis damuSavebis, dajgufebis,
Tavmoyrisa da saanalizo maCveneblebis gaangariSebis Sedegad
iqmneba sami marketinguli banki: informaciis banki, romelic
formdeba cxrilebis, disketebis, magnituri lentebisa da
sxvaTa saxiT, rac warmoadgens sistematizebuli informaciis
Senaxvisa da gamoyenebis saSualebas: statistikuri banki -
monacemebis Tavmoyrisa da dajgufebis, agreTve analizis
statistikuri meTodebis erToblioba; modelebis banki -
170 171
marketinguli modelebis erToblioba, romlebic iZleva
optimaluri gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas. es masalebi
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas bazris
regulirebisa da marTvis saqmeSi.
marketinguli gamokvleva farTo speqtris praqtikuli da
samecniero xasiaTis samuSaoebs moicavs. amitom mis safuZvlad
gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva saxis mecnieruli gamokvlevani
rogorc raodenobrivi, formaluri (avtorebi: f. kotleri, d.
koksi, r. bazeli, f. bikekeri, p. maslovi da sxv.), ise
araformaluri (avtori k. simmondsi da sxv.) analizis
meTodebi.
marketpnguli gamokvlevis meTodologiaSi farTo adgils
iWers statistikuri dakvirvebis, dajgufebis, Tavmoyris,
saSualoebisa da dispersiuli analizis, dinamikuri mwkrivebis,
saindeqso, SerCeviTi dakvirvebis, korelaciur-regresiuli da
sxva saxis meTodebi. statistikuri Sefasebis gamoyenebis gareSe
warmoudgenelia optimalur, marketingul gadawyvetilebaTa
miReba da mis safuZvelze bazris marTva da regulireba.
mniSvnelovan gamoyenebas poulobs, agreTve, wrfivi da
arawrfivi programirebis, TamaSTa Teoriis, stoxasturi
programirebis, masobrivi momsaxurebis, imitaciuri modelirebis
da sxva meTodebi.
maSasadame, marketingul gamokvlevaSi gamoiyeneba yvela is
meTodi, romelic uzrunvelyofs gadawyvetilebaTa
mecnierulobas (mecnierulad dasabuTebuli masalis
uzrunvelyofa), kompleqsurobas (bazris muSaobis yvela
aspeqtis gamokvleva), sistemurobas (moqmedebaTa logikuri
Tanmimdevroba), operatiulobas (Tavisdroul gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebas), perspeqtiulobas (dasabuTebuli, saimedo prognozebis
miReba), efeqturobas (naklebi danaxarjebis maRali saSedego
maCveneblebis miReba).
marketinguli strategia principul, prioritetul da
sabazro gadawyvetilebaTa kompleqsia, rac ganapirobebs savaWro
firmis bazarze xvedriTi wilis zrdas, saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis gadidebas, axali saqonlis warmoebasa da bazarze
gatanas, mogebis gadidebas da sxv.
savaWro firmis strategia bazarze SeiZleba iyos
SeteviTi, TavdacviTi da ukandaxeviTi. strategia ganisazRvreba
bazarze Zlieri, TavdacviTi - saSualo, xolo ukandaxeviTi -
araxelsayreli, susti poziciebiT. amasTan savaWro firmis
pozicias gansazRvravs ori jgufis faqtorebi: sabazro da
sakuTar SesaZleblobaTa faqtori: bazris situacia da sakuTar
SesaZleblobaTa faqtorebi. bazris situacias gansazRvravs
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saerTo moculobis zrdis teompebi,
sasaqonlo maragebi, fasebis cvalebadoba, konkurenciis
intensiuroba, bazris tevadoba, mogebis saSualo norma da sxva.
sakuTar SesaZleblobebs - firmis xvedriTi wili bazarze,
saqonlis konkurentunarianobis done, firmis safinanso-
sakredito potenciali, firmis imiji da a.S. SesaZlebelia am
faqtorebis mixedviT ganisazRvros mravalganzomilebiani
saSualo bali calcalke rogorc bazris situaciisaTvis, aseve
savaWro firmis sakuTari SesaZleblobebis, anu
konkurentunarianobisaTvis. amisaTvis saeqsperto wesiT
TiToeul faqtors mianiWeben misi moqmedebis siZlieris
mixedviT balur Sefasebas, xolo im rolis mixedviT, rasac is
imsaxurebs faqtorTa kompleqsSi - rangis mniSvnelobas.
faqtorTa TiToeuli kompleqsisaTvis ganisazRvreba saSualo
bali saSualo Sewonili ariTmetikulis gamoyenebiT.
am reitingis (Tu aseT saSualo balebs gamoviangariSebT
calcalke faqtorTa TiToeuli jgufisaTvis, maSin maTi
saSualo geometriuli daaxasiaTebs savaWro firmis reitings)
mixedviT (maRali, saSualo da dabali) savaWro firmas SeuZlia
ganaxorcielos Sesabamisad SeteviTi, TavdacviTi an
ukandaxeviTi strategia, rac erTob saWiroa gakotrebis Tavidan
acilebisa da mdgomareobis gajansaRebis miznebisaTvis. rogorc
Cans TavdacviTi strategia firmas SeuZlia airCios or
SemTxvevaSi (orive SemTxvevaSi pozicia saSualoa): sabazro
situacia xelsayrelia, magram firmis konkurentunarianoba
172 173
dabalia an piriqiT - sabazro situacia araxelsayrelia, magram
firmis konkurentunarianoba maRalia.
bunebrivia, rom savaWro firmis mier gatarebuli
marketinguli gadawyvetilebani SeteviTi strategiis dros
iqneba dabali, Tavdacvis dros saSualo, xolo ukandaxeviTi
strategiis dros - maRali riskis matarebeli. xSirad
statistika bazarze savaWro firmis reitingis dadgenis
gaangariSebaTa rTul kompleqss amartivebs da mimarTavs
mxolod firmis xvedriTi wilis gaangariSebas. Tu bazarze
yvela firmis mier realizebuli saqonlis saerTo masaSi
izrdeba mocemuli savaWro firmis xvedriTi wili, maSin firmis
xelmZRvaneloba mimarTavs SeteviT strategias. Tavis dazRvevis
mizniT, amasTan erTad, aumjobesebs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
dizainur (nakeTobis esTetikur ier-saxes), stailingur
(stilisa da modisadmi Sesabamisobis xarisxi) da ergonomikur
(produqciis gamoyenebisa da momsaxurebis moxmarebisas
komfortuloba da siamovneba) Tvisebebs. savaWro firmebis
marketinguli strategiis SemuSavebis saqmeSi statistika
iTvaliswinebs, agreTve, saqonlis moTxovnisadmi simwifis
fazas. rogorc cnobilia saqoneli da momsaxureba sul xuT
fazas gaivlis: Seqmna, bazarze gatana, zrda, simwife da dacema.
am fazebis mixedviT statistika agebs mrudebs (abscisTa RerZze
gadizomeba fazebi xangrZlivobaTa mixedviT da ordinatTa
RerZze saqonlisa da momsaxurebis realizaciis moculoba) da
mis safuZvelze iZleva marketingul gadawyvetilebaTa
rekomendaciebs.
sasaqonlo birJis statistika
sabazro statistikis erTerTi mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia
sasaqonlo birJis statistika.
sasaqonlo birJa sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis
erTerTi mniSvnelovani institutia. is aris iuridiulad da
organizaciulad gaformebuli, mudmivmoqmedi, saqonlis biTumad
gacvlis garigebaTa bazari, romlis elementebia saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis moTxovna-miwodebis,f asebis, komerciul
garigebaTa maRalorganizebuli regulireba. sasaqonlo birJa
SeiZleba iyos specializebuli romelime saxeobis saqonlis
(xorblis, navTobproduqtebis, Saqris, kauCukis, Savi da feradi
liTonebis, xe-tyis masalebis da a.S.) da universaluri,
sxvadasxva saqonlis yidva-gayidvis garigebaTa sfero.
sasaqonlo birJaze sabiTumo garigebani SeiZleba iyos
realuri saqonliT, forvarduli, fiuCersuli, opcionuri,
xejirebuli da spredinguli. realuri saqonlis garigeba
gulisxmobs, rom birJas gaaCnia sasawyobo Senobebi, sadac
arsebul realur saqonelze xdeba sabiTumo garigebani. am saxis
garigebisagan gansxvavebiT forvarduli garigeba marTalia
realur saqonelze warmoebs, magram gadaxdis ganvadebas
gulisxmobs garigebis momentSi arsebuli fasebiT. aseTi
garigeba fasebis Semcireba an gadidebazea navaraudevi
(gamyidveli fiqrobs, rom fasebi mcirdeba da myidveli ki
piriqiT). zemoTCamoTvlili garigebebisagan gansxvavebiT
fiuCersuli garigebisas araa aucilebeli mocemul momentSi
realuri saqonlis arseboba. is qaRaldze garigebas gulisxmobs
sakontraqto wesiT, riTac dafiqsirdeba garkveuli vadis
gasvlis Semdeg Sesabamisi nomenklaturisa da asortimentis
saqonlis miwodebis aucilebloba.
zemoTCaTmoTvlili garigebani warmoSobs sabirJo
spekulaciis or sxvadasxva variants: sakaso da vadian
garigebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi pirJis muSakni yiduloben
saqonels fasebis gadidebis imediT da fasTa sxvaobiT moelis
mogebas, xolo vadiani garigebisas (romlis erTerTi saxeoba
fiuCersuli garigebaa) kontraqti daideba iseT saqonelze,
romelzedac birJis muSakni fasebis Semcirebas moelian.
xejirebuli garigeba igive fiuCersuli garigebaa,
mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom xdeba fasebis mosalodneli
cvlilebis winaswardazRveva. Cveulebrivad, imisaTvis, rom
174 175
saqonlis gamyidvelma daizRvios Tavi da SeinarCunos momavalSi
sakaso fasi, SeiZens fiuCersul kontraqts saqonlis gayidvaze.
Tu vadiani da sakaso fasebi icvleba erTi mimarTulebiT da
gansxvaveba maT Soris, e.i. bazisi, ar icvleba, maSin xejireba
iqneba idealuri, radgan gamyidveli arc igebs da arc agebs.
imave saqonlis Sesyidvaze myidveli SeiZens saqonlis Sesyidvis
fiuCersul kontraqts xejirebis mizniT.
opcionuri garigeba ewodeba iseT garigebas, rodesac
erTi pirovneba SeuTanxmdeba meores da garkveul periodSi
iZens am saqonlis Sesyidvis uflebas fiqsirebuli fasiT.
risTvisac meore pirovnebas uxdis premiis garkveul Tanxas.
spredinguli garigeba garigebis specifikuri formaa da
gulisxmobs sxvadasxva fiqsirebuli garigebisaTvis raime
mogebis miRebas.
statistikuri amocanebia Seiswavlos sabirJo moTxovna-
miwodebis moculoba, struqtura, dinamika, sxva movlenebTan
urTierTkavSiri, sabirJo koniuqtura da misi cvlilebani
faqtorTa zemoqmedebiT, garigebaTa raodenoba, maTi struqtura
saxeobaTa mixedviT, dinamika da sxva sakiTxebi.
sabirJo statistikis maCveneblebi uSualod
gamomdinareobs amocanebidan da moicavs: birJebis saerTo
raodenobas, maT struqturas saxeobaTa mixedviT da dinamikas,
sabirJo saqonelbrunvis saerTo moculobas, saqonelbrunvis
struqturas, dinamikas saqonelbrunvaze moqmedi faqtorebis
raodenobriv, korelaciur-regresiul analizs, fasebis dones,
dinamikas da urTierTkavSirs moTxovna-miwodebasTan, fasebis
kotirebas, garigebaTa raodenobas, maT struqturas da am
safuZvelze saqmian aqtivobas, sabirJo operaciebis warmoebiT
birJebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis maCveneblebs, maT Soris
mogebas, saerTo Semosavals, gadasaxadebs biujetSi da sxva
maCveneblebs.
sasaqonlo birJis saqmianobas asaxavs saqmiani aqtiuroba,
romlis maCveneblebia ganacxadTa ricxvi, ganacxadTa saSualo
sidide, sabiTumo saqonelbrunva, sabirJo fasebi da sxva. am
maCvenebelTa mixedviT aigeba rogorc naturaluri, ise
RirebulebiTi maCveneblebi da Sesabamisad naturaluri da
RirebulebiTi, individualuri da saerTo (agregatuli)
indeqsebi da a.S. naturaluri indeqsebi gamoiyeneba calkeuli
saxis saqonlis (Saqari, xorbali, Tevzi da sxv.) fizikuri
moculobis dinamikis gasazomavad saangariSo periodSi sabaziso
periodTan SedarebiT, xolo sxvadasxva saxis saqonlis birJaze
yidvis an gayidvis saerTo moculobis dinamikis
dasaxasiaTeblad gamoiyeneba RirebulebiTi indeqsebi, romlebic
miiReba sxvadasxva saqonlis Sesabamis fasobriv gamosaxulebaSi
gamosaxvis gziT. sabirJo saqmitanobis saqonelbrunvis, fasebis
(rogorc individualuri, ise saerTo), agreTve saSualo
Sewonili, saSualo ariTmetikuli, saSualo harmoniuli da
sxva saxis indeqsebi gaiangariSeba im meTodologiiT, rac
naCvenebi iyo indeqsebis Sesabamis TavSi.
sabirJo saqmianobis situacias anu koniuqturas
axasiaTebs moTxovna-miwodebis, fasebis, garigebaTa da sxva
maCveneblebis cvalebadobani drosa da sivrceSi. maT
Sesaswavlad farTod gamoiyeneba variaciis, saindeqso,
korelaciiT, SerCeviTi dakvirvebis da sxva saxis meTodebi.
saqonelbrunvis statistikis maCveneblebi da maTi
daxasiaTeba
saqonelbrunva savaWro samewarmeo saqmianobis erTerTi
ZiriTadi statistikuri indikatoria.
erTimeorisagan ansxvaveben ori saxis saqonelbrunvas:
sabiTumos da sacalos. sabiTumo saqonelbrunva ewodeba
savaWro organizaciebis mier saqonlis Sesyidvas Semdgomi
gayivdis mizniT. mas ekuTvnis, agreTve sawarmoebisa da sxva
sabiujeto organizaciebisadmi saqonlis miyidva. sacalo
vaWroba ewodeba saqonlis miyidvas uSualod mosaxleobisadmi.
sabiTumo da sacalo saqonelbrunvis jams ewodeba
saerTo saqonelbrunva. es maCvenebeli pirobiTia, vinaidan
176 177
moicavs ganmeorebiT aRricxvas. amitom angariSoben ufro
realur maCvenebels, romelsac ewodeba wminda saqonelbrunva.
mTeli qveynis masStabiT wminda saqonelbrunva emTxveava sacalo
saqonelbrunvas, xolo calkeuli regionebis da savaWro
organizaciebis mixedviT is amasTan erTad moicavs saqonlis
gayidvas regionisa da organizaciis farglebs gareT.
saqonelbrunvis erTerTi mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia
rgoladobis koeficienti, romelic gaiangariSeba saerTo
saqonelbrunvisa da wminda saqonelbrunvis moculobaTa
urTierTSefardebiT. igi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenrgoliania
sasaqonlo mimoqceva. amasTan dakavSirebiT icvleba mimoqcevis
xarjebis moculobac. magaliTad, orrgoliani sistemis dros
gvaqvs sasawyobo sabiTumo saqonelbrunva, rodesac saqoneli
jer Sedis sabiTumo organizaciebis sawyobebSi da Semdeg
gadaecema sacalo qsels, xolo erTrgoliania - satranzito
sabiTumo saqonelbrunva, roca saqoneli mwarmoeblidan
pirdapir egzavneba sacalo qselis savaWro organizaciebs
mosaxleobaSi sarealizaciod.
saqonelbrunva icvleba socialur-ekonomikuri,
demografiuli, savaWro-organizaciuli da sxva faqtorebis
gavleniT. misi Seswavla statistikis erTerTi ZiriTadi
amocanaa.
saqonelbrunvis saerTo moculoba calkeuli saqonlis
gayidvaTa jamia.
misi sidide gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis erT sulze
gaangariSebiT, mosaxleobis materialuri da kulturuli
cxovrebis donis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia da
amitomac mis dinamikaSi, wlebis mixedviT Seswavlas didi
mniSvneloba aqvs. es amocana wydeba saqonelbrunvis dinamikuri
mwkrivebis Sedgenisa da maTi korelaciur-regresiuli analizis
meSveobiT. saqonelbrunvis dinamikis Seswavla xdeba indeqsebis
gamoyenebiT. cnobilia saqonelbrunvis saerTo da fizikuri
moculobis indeqsebi, isini gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, roca
cnobilia saqonlis realizacia calkeuli jgufebisa da
dasaxelebis mixedviT. magram xSirad, gansakuTrebiT
arasasursaTo saqonlis sacalo vaWrobaSi, cnobilia gayidvaTa
raodenoba ara calkeuli nomenklaturuli poziciebis mixedviT,
aramed fulad formaSi. amitom am SemTxvevaSi saqonelbrunvis
dinamikis gasazomad viyenebT saqonelbrunvis fizikuri
moculobis indeqsis sxva formas, kerZod:

=
1 1
1 1
1
p q
p q
i
I
p
sadac,
p
i - fasebis jgufuri an individualuri indeqsi;
1 1
p q - calkeuli jgufis saqonlis gayidvaTa raodenoba
fuladi formiT saangariSo periiodSi.
sasaqonlo maragebis statistikis maCveneblebi
sasaqonlo maragebi vaWrobaSi saWiroa sasaqonlo
mimoqcevis uwyveti msvlelobisaTvis. gamoiyofa mimdinare,
sadazRvevo, sezonuri maragebi. amasTan ZiriTadia mimdinare
maragi, romelic saWiroa yoveldRiuri saWiroebisaTvis,
sezonuri maragi iqmneba xilze, kartofilze da sxva saxis
produqtze mosaxleobis momaragebisaTvis mTeli sezonis
ganmavlobaSi. miwodebis vadebis darRvevis, agreTve navigaciis
sezonurobis da sxva faqtorebis gavleniT zogjer Semoizideba
e.w. sadazRvevo maragi. es maragebi cal-calke ki ar inaxeba,
aramed erTad aris savaWro organizaciebSi da qmnian sasaqonlo
maragebs.
mimdinare maragebis moculoba damokidebulia saqonlis
realizaciis moculobaze. rac metia realizacia, miT metia
saWiro sasaqonlo maragebi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
saqonelbrunva unda iyos uzrunvelyofili sasaqonlo
178 179
maragebiT. xSirad es uzrunvelyofadoba gaiangariSeba dReebSi,
romlis normativebic arsebobs. igi dgindeba ama Tu im
TariRisaTvis sasaqonlo maragebis gayofiT dRiuri
realizaciis moculobaze. sasaqonlo maragebi aRiricxeba
periodis ama Tu im momentisaTvis (dasawyisSi da bolosaTvis).
garda amisa aucilebelia maTi saSualos gaangariSeba
(saSualoTviuri, saSualokvartaluri, saSualowliuri).
saSualoTviuri sasaqonlo maragi gaiangariSeba Tvis dasawyisisa
da bolos maragebis jamis orze gayofiT. saSualokvartaluri
sasaqonlo maragi dadgindeba sami Tvis saSualoTviuri
maragebis saSualos mixedviT. amave gziT, kerZod, oTxi
kvartlis saSualo maragebis mixedviT gaiangariSeba
saSualowliuri sasaqonlo maragebi.
saSualo maragebis safuZvelze gaiangariSeba
saqonelbrunvis siswrafis maCveneblebi:
brunvadobis koeficienti K da brunvadoba dReebSi ( t )
q
Q
K = br.
br.
K
T
t =
sadac,
Q - mocemul periodSi realizebuli saqonlis jamia
(saqonelbrunva);
T - dReTa raodenoba mocemul periodSi.
brunvadobis koeficienti gviCvenebs Tu ramdenjer
gadabrunda mocemul periodSi saSualo maragi, xolo
brunvadobis dReebSi ki ramdeni dRe sWirdeba erT gadabrunebas.
Tema 8. investiciebis statistika
investiciebis qveS igulisxmeba yvela saxis nivTobrivi an
inteleqtualuri faseulobani, romlebic mogebis miRebis
mizniT dabandebulia samewarmeo da sxva saxis saqmianobaSi.
statistikuri Seswavlilobis TvalsazrisiT investiciebis or
saxeobas gamoyofen.
finansurs da arafinansurs. finansur investiciebSi
SeaqvT wminda finansuri dabandebani aqciebis, obligaciebis,
fasiani qaRaldebis, agreTve, sxva sawarmoTa sawesdebo
kapitalSi wilis, sabanko serTifikatebis, depozitebis, xolo
arafinansurSi materialuri faseulobebis (miwa, Senobebi,
nagebobani, mowyobiloba da sxv.) SesaZenad.
investiciebis statistikis amocanebi mdgomareobs
investiciebis saerTo moculobis, maTi struqturis (calkeul
saxeobaTa mixedviT), investiciebis dinamikisa da maTze moqmedi
faqtorebis SeswavlaSi.
investiciuri saqmianoba makroekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria.
jer erTi, saxelmwifosa da kerZo seqtoris investiciebi,
moziduli ucxo investiciebi, mosaxleobis SemosavlebTan
erTad, erToblivi moTxovnis ZiriTadi komponentia. meore,
investiciebi axali teqnologiebis dasanergad
(gansaxorcieleblad) sawarmoebis modernizaciisaTvis
ekonomikuri, finansuri da socialuri progresis sawindaria.
gardamaval ekonomikaSi investiciebis didi rolisa da
mniSvnelobis gamo, investiciebi statistikuri gamokvlevebis
mixedviT saqarTveloSi sawarmoTa statistikuri gamokvlevis
moqmed angariSebiT formaSi, am sakiTxebs specialuri
ganyofileba eZRvneba. aq Seitaneba investiciebi finansur da
arafinansur (ZiriTad da sabrunav) aqtivebSi (sawarmoSi
sakuTari da sxva subieqtebidan moziduli finansuri saxsrebis
an uSaulod sawarmosaTvis qonebis gadacemis formiT
ganxorcielebuli) arafinansuri da finansuri (finansuri
180 181
aqtivebis gazrdis an valdebulebaTa dasafaravad dabandebuli)
investiciebi, daumTavrebeli warmoebisa da mza nawarmis
maragebis wminda zrda aseve miekuTvneba sawarmos mier sabrunav
saSualebebSi ganxorcielebul investiciebs.

, 2009
759,1 .
.
2009

, 169,8
. .

, :
169,8 .
( 22,4%);
167,5 . (22,1%);
105,7 . (13,9%);
89,5 . (11,8%);
73,4 . (9,7%);
63,5 . (8,4%)

:
- 143,9 (
28,5 );
- 103,6 (

20,5 );
- 65,7 (
13
);
- 30,1 (
6
);
- 29,3
( 5,8 );
- 7,6 (
1,5
);
, - 5 (

1 );
- 120 (
23,7 );


.
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSi
weli Mmln.aSS dolari
2004 499,1
2005 449,8
2006 1190,4
2007 2014,8
2008 1564,0
2009 658,4
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri
182 183
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis moculobam saqarTveloSi
2007 wels 2014,8 mln. aSS dolari Seadgina, rac 4,5-jer
metia 2004 wlis maCvenebelze.
finansebis roli samewarmeo saqmianobaSi da statistikis
amocanebi
safinanso statistika farTod gamoiyeneba rogorc
mimdinare, ise sainvesticio samewarmeo saqmianobis efeqtianobis
SefasebisaTvis.
mewarmeobis finansebi fuladi formis safinanso
urTierTobania saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis, gacvlisa
da realizaciis mTels procesSi. es urTierTobani warmoiqmneba:
1. TviT mewarmeobis Sida saqmianobaSi fulad-safinanso
resursebis warmoqmnis, ganawilebisa da gamoyenebis procesTan
dakavSirebiT;
2. bankebTan urTierTobis procesSi sabanko sesxebis
miRebis, maTze procentebis gadaxdis da sxva momentebTan
dakavSirebiT;
3. sxva mewarmeebTan da sameurneo subieqtebTan eqsport-
importis operaciebis, ZiriTadi da sabrunavi kapitalis, maT
Soris fasiani qaRaldebis SeZenis saqmeSi da sxva;
4. sadazRvevo kompaniebTan sxvadasxva saxis sadazRvevo
fondebis warmoqmnisa da gamoyenebis procesSi da a.S.
statistikis amocanebia Seiswavlos safinanso resursebis
moculoba, struqtura, dinamika, warmoqmna, gamoyeneba, agreTve,
mogebis, rentabelobis (Semosavlianobis) gansazRvra,
mewarmeobis safinanso-sakredito valdebulebebisa da
gadaxdisunarianobis Sefaseba.
samewarmeo ekonomikis, biznesisa da menejmentis
moculobiT safinanso-statistikur indikatorebs ganekuTvneba:
saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi qveynebis mixedviT
qveynebi 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009*
sul 449,785 1,190,375 2,014,842
1,563,963
759,078.6
maT Soris:
azerbaijani
66,920.2 77,804.5 41,368.1
23,943
24,596.0
avstria
14,732.2 10,749.3 11,384.4
51,463
14,451.3
virjinis
k-bi (brit.) 4,900.2 58,586.2 187,815.5
156,847
5,691.8
CexeTi
1,279.6 15,032.2 227,926.4
34,858
15,057.3
dania
319.0 42,477.8 158,126.2
256
139.8
safrangeTi
14,383.3 17,221.7 43,726.0
8,180
11,944.8
germania
5,031.8 20,380.8 56,987.8
40,591
3,658.0
indoeTi
29.0 54.9 61.9
26,998
20,283.9
italia
22,833.5 47,219.1 15,228.1
6,048
1,172.5
luqsemburgi
553.1 261.1 9,245.7
5,731
6,206.3
niderlandebi
492.0 18,530.2 299,277.2
135,870
105,679.7
norvegia
23,620.9 77,894.8 34,200.1
2,693
1,877.3
panama
- 3,391.6 6,177.7
-2,470
73,414.1
ruseTi
38,737.6 34,210.0 88,996.5
26,212
2,049.5
arabeTis
gaerTianebuli
emiratebi 280.5 422.6 130,858.7 306,576 169,784.0
TurqeTi
21,812.5 129,727.8 93,871.1 164,526 89,506.3
gaerTianebuli
samefo 132,925.8186,824.1 145,474.8 148,908 63,549.2
184 185
samewarmeo ekonomikis, biznesisa da menejmentis
moculobiTi safinanso-statistikuri indikatorebi
a. mimdinare samewarmeo-saqmianobisaTvis: sawesdebo
kapitali, TviTRirebuleba, mimoqcevis xarjebi, Semosavlebi,
mogeba-zarali, gadasaxadebi saxelmwifo biujetSi, debitoruli
da kreditoruli davalianebani, sabrunavi saxsrebi, sadazRvevo
Sesatanebi biujetgareSe saxelmwifo fondebSi, sakuTari da
nasesxebi safinanso resursebi da sxv.
b. sainvesticio dabandebebisaTvis: investiciebis saerTo
moculoba calkeul saxeobaTa mixedviT, Semosavlebi
investiciebidan da a.S.
sawesdebo kapitali, rogorc safinanso resursebis
pirveldawyebiTi wyaro, warmoiqmneba mewarmeobis dafuZnebis
momentSive damfuZneblebis mier Senatanebis aqcioneruli
kapitalis, sapaio da sxva xarjze materialuri (ZiriTadi da
sabrunavi kapitalis) da aramaterialuri (damfuZnebelTa
iuridiuli ufleba miwis, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis,
bunebrivi resursebis, patentebis, licenziebis, savaWro
markebis da sxvaTa sargebloba) aqtivebis Sesaqmnelad.
TviTRirebuleba mniSvnelovani safinanso-ekonomikuri
indikatoria, romelic gviCvenebs Tu ra ujdeba mewarmeobas,
bizness, menejments, saqonlis momsaxurebis warmoeba da
realizacia. misi Semcireba mewarmeobis, biznesisa da
menejmentis mogebis gadidebis, am safuZvelze safinanso-
ekonomikuri saqmianobis gajansaRebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
faqtoria.
TviTRirebuleba (produqciis, saqonlis, momsaxurebis),
rogorc absoluturi safinanso-statistikuri indikatori,
gamoiyeneba sawarmoo da samomsaxureo samewarmeo ekonomikaSi,
biznessa da menejmentSi. masSi Seitaneba sawarmoTa
statistikuri gamokvlevis formaSi naCvenebi yvela saxis
saoperacio danaxarji (garda gadasayidad gankuTvnili im
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesyidvebze gaweuli danaxarjebisa,
romelic formisa da Tvisebebis Seucvlelad gadaiyida wlis
ganmavlobaSi damatebuli Rirebulebisa da aqcizis gareSe). es
xarjebia:
1. nedleuli da ZiriTadi masalebi, makompleqtebeli
nawarmi da naxevarfabrikatebi;
2. saTbobi, sawvavi da energia;
3. gare organizaciebis an fizikuri pirebisagan gaweuli
momsaxurebis anazRaurebisaTvis daricxuli xarjebi;
4. saijaro qira;
5. Sromis anazRaureba dasaqmebul personalze;
6. daricxuli socialuri gadasaxadi;
7. mimdinare warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi kapitalis
cveTis amortizacia;
8. warmoebis xarjebSi Sesuli gadasaxadebi da
mosakreblebi.
am xarjebiT SeiZleba Sedges warmoebisa da momsaxurebis
mTliani xarjTaRricxva, sasaqonlo produqciis mTliani
TviTRirebuleba, danaxarjebi sasaqonlo produqciis erT
larze da saqonlis (momsaxurebis) erTeulis TviTRirebuleba.
sasaqonlo produqcia igive produqciis (saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis) gamoSvebaa, rac moicavs saoperacio Semosavlebis
brunvas mTlianad saqmianobis (rogorc ZiriTadi ise
araZiriTadi) yvela saxeobaTa mixedviT. mza produqciis
sasaqonlo (igive, produqciis gamoSveba) produqcia
gaiangariSeba mimdinare sabazro fasebSi saerTo saqmianobis
yvela saxeobis mixedviT saoperacio Semosavlebis (produqciis)
saerTo brunvisa da mza produqciis maragebis cvlilebis
safuZvelze, gadasayidad gankuTvnili saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis Sesyidvebze gaweuli saoperacio danaxarjebis
gamoklebiT.
mTliani TviTRirebuleba Sefardebuli sasaqonlo
produqciis moculobaze, gvaZlevs iseT metad mniSvnelovan
186 187
indikators, rogoricaa danaxarjebi sasaqonlo produqciis erT
larze. Tu es maCvenebeli erTs aWarbebs (magaliTad udris 1,2
lars) mewarmeoba zaraliania (sasaqonlo produqciis erT
larze zarali Seadgens 20 TeTrs), xolo Tu erTze naklebia
(magaliTad 0,8), mewarmeoba momgebiania (sasaqonlo produqciis
erT larze mogeba 20 TeTria). aqedan daproeqtdeba mewarmeobis
regulirebis Sesabamisi ekonomikuri, biznesmenuri da
menejmenturi RonisZiebani.
samewarmeo ekonomikaSi, biznessa da menejmentSi gvaqvs,
agreTve, mTliani gamoSveba anu mTliani Semosavlebi, romelic
produqciis (saqonlisa da momsaxurebis) gamoSvebasTan erTad
moicavs Sromis naturaluri anazRaurebis saxiT, usasyidlod
an barteruli wesiT gacemuli produqciis Rirebulebas,
kapitalizirebul saqonelsa da momsaxurebas (sakuTari
warmoebisaTvis an investirebisaTvis warmoebuli produqciis
Rirebuleba), grantebsa da Semowirulobebs, daumTavrebeli
warmoebis naSTebis cvlilebas (+mateba, -kleba), arasaoperacio
Semosavlebs (saprocento Semosavlebi, dividendebi da sabrunavi
kapitalis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlebi da sxv.), agreTve,
subsidiebs warmoebasa da produqciaze. amis Sesabamisad gvaqvs
mTliani xarjTaRricxva, romelic moicavs saoperacio xarjebs,
agreTve, arasaoperacio da gauTvaliswinebel xarjebs
(saprocento xarjebi, mimdinare warmoebaSi gamouyenebel
ZiriTad kapitalze daricxuli amortizacia, realizebuli da
Camowerili kapitalis narCeni Rirebuleba da sxv.). Tu mTlian
gamoSvebas (Semosavlebs) gamovaklebT xarjTaRricxvas, miviRebT
mogebas an zarals.
TviTRirebulebis msgavsi maCvenebeli mimoqcevis sferoSi
aris mimoqcevis xarjebi. aseTi mimoqcevis (vaWrobis an sxva
dargis) ZiriTadi kapitalis amortizacia, muSakTa Sromis
anazRaureba, transportirebis, garTobis, ganaTebis, SefuTvis,
daxarisxebis da sxva xarjebi.
produqciis erTeulis TviTRirebuleba erTerTi
mniSvnelovani indikatoria samewarmeo ekonomikaSi, biznessa da
menejmentSi. biznesmenebi da menejerebi swored am maCvenebels
udareben saqonlis momsaxurebis fasebs (tarifebs). Sedegad
arkveven ekonomika da biznesi momgebiania Tu zaraliani, vinaidan
kargad ician, rom gansxvaveba sabazro fassa (tarifs) da
TviTRirebulebas Soris aris samewarmeo biznesis mogeba. amitom
produqciisa da momsaxurebis erTeulis (1 cali nakeTobis,
erTi wyvili fexsacmlis, 1 kilovatsaaTi eleqtroenergiis,
erTi mgzavris gadayvanis anu mgzavr/kilometris, erTi tona
tvirTis erT km-ze gadazidvis anu t/km-is da sxv.)
TviTRirebulebis sworad gaangariSebas didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba samewarmeo ekonomikaSi, biznessa da menejmentSi.
produqciis (saqonlisa da momsaxurebis) erTeulis
TviTRirebulebis gaangariSebisaTvis anu kalkulaciisaTvis
mewarmeobis mTliani danaxarjebi unda davajgufoT
sakalkulacio muxlebis mixedviT anu ZiriTad da zednadeb
xarjebad (sawarmoTa statistikuri dakvirvebis formaSi
xarjebi dajgufebulia mxolod ekonomikuri elementebis
mixedviT, rac ar iZleva produqciis erTeulis
TviTRirebulebis pirdapiri gaangariSebis saSualebas).
pirdapiri xarjebia nedleulis, ZiriTadi masalebis,
naxevarfabrikatebis, teqnologiuri saTbobis, teqnologiuri
eleqtroenergiis, ZiriTadi xelfasis da sxva danaxarjebi. am
xarjebis mixedviT mewarmeobaSi arsebobs saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis erTeulze xarjvis normebi, romelTa
gadamravlebiT sabazro fasze vRebulobT Sesabamis TiToeuli
ZiriTadi danaxarjis moculobas. amis garda mewarmoebaSi
arsebobs zednadebi (saerTo, administraciuli da sxva)
xarjebi, romlebic sxvadasxva saxis ekonomikuri saqmianobis
Sedegad warmoebuli produqciis erTeulze unda ganawildes
romelime pirdapiri, ZiriTadi danaxarjis
pirdapirproporciulad. Cveulebrivad aseT ZiriTad danaxarjad
miiCneven ZiriTad xelfass, romelic produqciis erTeulze
mocemulia saTanado Sefasebebis mixedviT.
188 189
magaliTi. ZiriTadi xelfasis fondi mewarmeobaSi yvela
saxis produqciis warmoebisaTvis Seadgens 100,0 aTas lars
TveSi, xolo zednadebi xarjebi - 200,0 aTass. am SemTxvevaSi
zednadebi xarjebi orjer metia ZiriTad xelfasze, anu
Seadgens 200 %-s.
Tu, magaliTad, mewarmeobaSi sami (,,a~, ,,b~, da ,,g~) saxis
produqcia iwarmoeba da TiToeulze moqmedi satarifo
sistemiT ixarjeba ZiriTadi xelfasi Sesabamisad 2 lari, 1,5
lari da 3 lari, maSin zednadebi xarjebi TiToeul maTganze
Seadgens 4
100
200 2
=

lars, 3
100
200 5 . 1
=

lars, da
6
100
200 3
=

lars. sabolood rogorc ZiriTadi ise zednadebi

xarjebis jami gvaZlevs produqciis erTeulis
TviTRirebulebas.
safinanso-statistikur absolutur indikatorTa Soris
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi gansakuTrebul adgils iWers
debitoruli da kreditoruli davalianebani.
debitoruli davalianebaa saangariSo davalianeba
myidvelebTan, biujetTan da sxva debitorebTan. aseTia,
magaliTad angariSvaldebul pirTa davalianeba, avansi, romelic
gacemulia mimwodeblebisa da moijarade organizaciebisadmi da
a.S. am SemTxvevaSi debitoria is subieqti, iuridiuli an
fizikuri piri, romelic movalea e.i. valdebulia mocemuli
mewarmis mimarT.
kreditoruli davalianebis SemTxvevaSi ki piriqiTaa.
mocemuli mewarme warmoadgens debitors anu valdebuls sxva
iuridiuli an fizikuri pirebisadmi saqonlis an momsaxurebis
miwodebis, biujetisadmi gadasaxadebis gadaxdis, muSa-
mosamsaxureebisadmi Sromis anazRaurebis gacemis da sxva
urTierTobis dargSi. kreditoruli davalianebebis sistematuri
gadaWarbeba (mxolod droebiTaa dasaSvebi) debitoruli
davalianebisadmi arajansaRi safinanso-ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis maCvenebelia da metyvelebs mewarmis, biznesmenis
gadaxdisuunarobaze.
safinanso-statistikur absolutur maCvenebelTa Soris
erT-erTi mniSvnelovania, agreTve, mewarmeobis mTliani (da maT
Soris sakuTari da nasesxebi) sabrunavi saxsrebis moculoba da
struqtura.
sabrunavi saxsrebi Sedgeba sabrunavi fondebis (mimdinare,
sadazRvevo, sezonuri, teqnologiuri maragebi, daumTavrebeli
warmoeba da momavali periodis xarjebi) da mimoqcevis
fondebisagan (mza produqcia, mza produqcia sawyobSi,
gadagzavnili myidvelebze, gzaSi, da fuladi saxsrebi
angariSsworebis angariSze bankSi).
mTlianad sabrunavi saxsrebis Rirebuleba saWiroa
samewarmeo ekonomikis, biznesisa da menejmentis uwyveti
funqcionirebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. amitom im SemTxvevaSi,
roca ar hyofnis ama Tu im momentSi sawarmos sakuTari
sabrunavi saxsrebi nedleulis masalebis, saTbobis da sxva
mimdinare maragis SesaZenad, agreTve, dasaqmebul pirTaTvis
Sromis asanazRaureblad da sxva miznebisaTvis, mewarmes,
biznesmensa da menejers SeuZlia gamoiyenos nasesxebi sabrunavi
saSualebani.
nebismieri samewarmeo biznesisa da menejeruli
saqmianobis ZiriTadi mizania mogebis miReba. es indikatori
biznesisa da menejmentis yvelaze mTavari absoluturi
maCvenebelia.
Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi warmoiqmneba
mogebis oTxi ZiriTadi saxeoba: produqciis realizaciidan
miRebuli mogeba, sabalanso mogeba, saerTo da wminda mogeba.
produqciis (saqonelisa da momsaxurebis) realizaciidan
miRebuli mogeba ganisazRvreba realicaiidan amonageb Tanxasa
(aqcizis, agreTve, damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis
gamoklebiT) da TviTRirebulebas Soris sxvaobiT. cxadia, Tu
TviTRirebulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli danaxarjebi aWarbebs
190 191
produqciis realizaciidan miRebul amonagebs, maSin
warmoiqmneba zarali, rac mewarmeobis gakotrebis maniSnebelia.
sabalanso mogeba mTliani mewarmeobis sameurneo-
safinanso saqmianobis Sedegia, romelic produqciis
realizaciidan miRebuli mogebis garda Seicavs qonebis
gayidvidan da arasarealizacio operaciebidan miRebul
Semosavals (sxvaoba arasarealizacio Semosavlebsa da
danaxarjebs Soris).
mewarmoebis arasarealizacio Semosavlebia is
Semosavlebi, romlebic miiReba ara produqciis (saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis) realizaciidan, aramed sameurneo-sabazro
saqmianobis da sxva operaciebidan. aseTia, magaliTad,
sauravoebi, jarimebi, romlebic mocemulma sawarmom daakisra
momwodeblebsa da myidvelebs, savaluto kursis dadebiTi
gansxvaveba, aqciebidan da sxva fasiani qaRaldebidan Semosuli
dividendebi da sxva saxis Semosavlebi, Semosavlebi sxva
sawarmoTa kapitalSi wilobrivi monawileobisaTvis da sxv.
samewarmeo ekonomikaSi, biznessa da menejmentSi
arasarealizacio SemosavlebTan erTad arsebobs
arasarealizacio danaxarjebic. maT Sorisaa saarbitraJo da
sasamarTlo danaxarjebi, ekonomikuri sanqciebiT gamowveuli
danaxarjebi (jarimebi, sauravoebi da sxv.), ucxouri valutis
operaciebze uaryofiTi sakurso gansxvavebani, mza produqciis,
agreTve, sawarmoo maragebis CamofasebiT miRebuli zarali,
stiqiuri ubedurebiT gamowveuli danaxarjebi, dakonservebuli
sawarmoo simZlavreebidan miRebuli zarali da sxv.
mTliani mogeba igive sabalanso mogebaa, mxolod im
gansxvavebiT, rom misi gaangariSebisaTvis jarimebi da
sauravoebi gaiTvaliswineba mxolod im nawiliT, rac rCeba
biujetSi da arasabiujeto fondebSi maTi gadaricxvis
gamoklebiT.
wminda mogeba miiReba mTliani mogebidan biujetSi
gadasaxadebisa da arasabiujeto saxelmwifo fondebSi
sadazRvevo Sesatanebis gamoklebiT.
CamoTvlili absoluturi safinanso-statistikuri
maCveneblebis safuZvelze warmoebs samewarmeo ekonomikis,
biznesisa da menejmentis funqcionirebis SefardebiTi
maCveneblebis gaangariSeba da Sedegebis statistikuri
Sefasebani.
samewarmeo biznesisa da menejmentis SefardebiTi
safinanso-statistikuri indikatorebi
samewarmeo ekonomikis, biznesisa da menejmentis mimdinare
saqmianobis SefardebiT safinanso-statistikur maCvenebelTa
Soris, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT, gamoiyofa safinanso simtkicis,
rentabelobis da brunvadobis indikatorebi, xolo
sainvesticio saqmianobaSi - investiciebis Semosavlebis
koeficientebi.
biznesis, ekonomikisa da menejmentis safinanso-simtkicis
qveS igulisxmeba mewarmoebis materialur da aramaterialur
aqtivebSi dabandebuli Tanxebis Tavis droze anazRaurebisa da
yvela safinanso valdebulebaTa gadaxdisunarianoba.
amisaTvis safinanso statistikis msoflio Teoriasa da
praqtikaSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba ori indikatori. esenia:
1. mewarmeobis avtonomiurobis koeficienti:
100 =
mTl.
sak.
avt.
Q
Q
K
sadac,
avt.
K - mewarmeobis avtonomiurobis koeficienti,
procentobiT;
sak.
Q - sakuTari safinanso resursebi;
mTl.
Q - mTliani safinanso resursebi.
192 193
Tu es koeficienti dinamikaSi izrdeba, es imas niSnavs,
rom sakuTari safinanso resursebiT mewarmeobis valdebulebaTa
gadaxdisunarianoba umjobesdeba.
2. saerTo likvidurobis koeficienti:
100 =
dav.
likv.
likv.
Q
Q
K
sadac,
likv.
K -davalianebaTa saerTo likvidurobis
koeficientia, procentobiT;
likv.
Q - likviduri Tanxebi (fuladi resursebi fasian
qaRaldebSi, sasaqonlo-materialur faseulobaTa maragebSi
dabandebuli fuladi resursebi da debitoruli davalianebani):
dav
Q - mewarmeobis moklevadiani davalianebani.
Tu es koeficienti 100-ze naklebia, mewarmeoba
aragadaxdisunaria, xolo Tu 100-ze metia, safinanso-
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba mtkicea, vinaidan nebismier dros
sawarmos SeuZlia gadaixados yovelgvari moklevadiani
safinanso valdebulebani da gaagrZelos muSaoba normalur
situaciaSi.
rentabeloba mewarmeobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
SefardebiTi, xarisxobrivi maCvenebelia. is mogebis procentuli
Sefardebaa resursebTan (ZiriTadi da sabrunavi kapitali,
aramaterialuri resursebi), romelic resursebis gamoyenebis
efeqtianobas axasiaTebs an produqciis TviTRirebulebasTan
(axasiaTebs danaxarjTa gamoyenebis efeqtianobas).
magaliTi. wliurma sabalanso mogebam samewarmeo biznesSi
Seadgina 300,0 aTasi lari, xolo ZiriTadi da sabrunavi
kapitalis, agreTve, aramaterialuri aqtivebis saSualowliurma
Rirebulebam 1,5 mln lari. amonagebi realizaciidan 1,0 mln.
lari. aqedan mewarmeobis saerTo rentabeloba udris:
% 20 100
5 . 1
3 . 0
=
lari mln.
lari mln.
TviTRirebuleba - 0,8 mln. lari.
realizebuli produqciis rentabeloba:
% 25 100 =
0.8
0.8 - 1.0
rentabelobis amaRleba mewarmeobis ekonomikaSi, biznessa
da menejmentSi sami ZiriTadi faqtoris zemoqmedebiT
ganisazRvreba. esenia: produqciis erTeulis TviTRirebulebis
Semcireba, fasebis gadideba da struqturuli Zvrebi. cxadia,
ramdenadac mcirea produqciis danaxarjebi anu erTeulis
TviTRirebuleba da maRalia fasi, miT metia mogebis
absoluturi moculoba da resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianoba
anu rentabeloba. am ori faqtoris amoqmedeba biznessa da
menejmentSi did winaaRmdegobas awydeba bazrebis
dapyrobisaTvis konkurenciul brZolaSi, ramdenadac orTave
umTavresad sabazro moTxovna-miwodebis kanonebiT yalibdeba da
bevrad araa damokidebuli biznesmenur da menejerul
unarianobaze.
gansxvavebiT am ori faqtorebisagan, rentabelobis
amaRlebis mesame faqtori, struqturuli Zvrebi, SedarebiT
zustad gamoxatavs mewarmeobis efeqtianobaze biznesmenTa da
menejerTa unaris, gergilianobis zemoqmedebas. swored aq iCens
Tavis biznesmenTa da menejerTa unari erTi da mxolod erTi
metad mniSvnelovani amocanis gadawyvetis (ra vawarmooT,
rogor vawarmooT da visTvis vawarmooT) efeqtianoba.
194 195
magaliTi. firmaSi iwarmoeba sami dasaxelebis produqcia;
,,a~, ,,b~ da ,,g~. erTeulis TviTRirebuleba da fasebi
saangariSo da sabaziso periodebSi aseT suraTs iZleva:
produ
qciis
saxeo
bani
I kvartali II kvartali
p
r
o
d
u
q
c
c
i
s
g
a
m
o
S
v
e
b
a
c
a
l
i
f
a
s
i
l
a
r
i
e
r
T
e
u
l
i
s
T
v
i
T
R
i
r
e
b
u
l
e
b
a
l
a
r
i
m
o
g
e
b
a
e
r
T
e
u
l
z
e
l
a
r
i
p
r
o
d
u
q
c
i
i
s
g
a
m
o
S
v
e
b
a
c
a
l
i
f
a
s
i
l
a
r
i
e
r
T
e
u
l
i
s
T
v
i
T
R
i
r
e
b
u
l
e
b
a
l
a
r
i
l
a
r
i
m
o
g
e
b
a
e
r
T
e
u
l
z
e
l
a
r
i
500
600
900
5.0
10.0
15
4.5
8.0
14.0
0.5
2.0
1.0
550
1200
1000
5.0
10.0
15.0
4.5
8.0
14.0
0.5
2.0
1.0
produqciis calkeul saxeobaTa mixedviT rentabeloba
(mogeba %-obiT TviTRirebulebisadmi):
sabaziso periodSi:
,,a~ saxis produqciaze % 11 100
5 . 4
5 . 0
=
,,b~ saxis produqciaze % 25 100
8
2
=
,,g~ saxis produqciaze % 7 100
14
1
=
saangariSo periodSi anu II kvartalSi rentabelobis
maCveneblebi calkeuli saxis produqciis mixedviT ar
Secvldila anu darCa igive, rac iyo I kvartalSi. Seicvala
mxolod produqciis nomenklaturis anu dasaxelebis mixedviT
struqtura, rac gamoiwvia menejeruli RonisZiebebis gatarebam
yvelaze metad rentabeluri produqciis (,,b~ saxis
produqciis) xvedriTi wilis amaRlebis mimarTulebiT.
I kvartalSi firmaSi ,,b~ saxis produqciis gamoSvebis
xvedriTi wili saerTo gamoSvebaSi Seadgenda:
% 27 100
) 15 900 ( ) 10 600 ( ) 5 500 (
10 600
=
+ +

xolo II kvartalSi
% 40 100
) 15 1000 ( ) 10 1200 ( ) 5 550 (
10 1200
=
+ +

axla vnaxoT aseTma struqturulma Zvrebma anu ,,b~ saxis
nawarmis xvedriTi wilis gazrdam produqciis saerTo
gamoSvebaSi II kvartalSi I kvartalTan SedarebiT, ra gavlena
moaxdina firmis mogebis gadidebasa da rentabelobis
amaRlebaze. am kiTxvaze, rogorc indeqsebis Teoriidanaa
cnobili, pasuxs iZleva indeqsebs Soris urTierTkavSiris
formula:

=
0 1
1 1
0 0
0 1
0 0
1 1
z q
z q
z q
z q
z q
z q
196 197
anu
z q qz
I I I = sadac
1
q da
0
q TiToeuli saxis
produqciis moculobaa saangariSo (II kvartali) da sabaziso (I
kvartali) periodebSi;
1
z da
0
z - TiToeuli saxis produqciaze mogeba
Sesabamisad saangariSo da sabaziso periodebSi;
qz
I - cvalebadi Semadgenlobis indeqsia;
z
I - struqturuli Zvrebis indeqsi;
q
I - ucvleli Semadgenlobis indeqsi.
cvalebadi Semadgenlobis indeqsi gviCvenebs firmaSi
saerTo mogebis gadidebas ori faqtoris (produqciis
moculobisa da produqciis erTeulze mogebis) cvalebadobis,
struqturuli Zvrebis indeqsi struqturuli Semadgenlobis
anu calkeuli saxis produqciis warmoebis moculobis
cvalebadobis, xolo ucvleli anu fiqsirebuli Semadgenlobis
indeqsi - produqciis erTeulze mogebis cvalebadobis xarjze.
Cvens mier zemoTmotanili cxrilis monacemebis
safuZvelze gamovTvaloT cvalebadi, fiqsirebuli da
struqturuli Semadgenlobis indeqsebi.
56 . 1
) 0 . 1 900 ( ) 0 . 2 600 ( ) 5 . 0 500 (
) 0 . 1 1000 ( ) 0 . 2 1200 ( ) 5 . 0 550 (
0 0
1 1
.
=
+ +
+ +
= =

z q
z q
I
cval
1
) 0 . 1 1000 ( ) 0 . 2 1200 ( ) 5 . 0 550 (
) 0 . 1 1000 ( ) 0 . 2 1200 ( ) 5 . 0 550 (
0 1
1 1
.
=
+ +
+ +
= =

z q
z q
I
fiqs
56 . 1
) 0 . 1 900 ( ) 0 . 2 600 ( ) 5 . 0 500 (
) 0 . 1 1000 ( ) 0 . 2 1200 ( ) 5 . 0 550 (
0 0
0 1
.
=
+ +
+ +
= =

z q
z q
I
str
56 . 1 56 . 1 0 . 1
.
= = =
str fiqs. cval.
I I I
rac dasturdeba indeqsebs Soris urTierTkavSiris
formulidan.
maSasadame, miuxedavad imisa, rom ucvleli darCa rogorc
fasebi, aseve produqciis erTeulis TviTRirebulebani,
struqturuli Zvrebis xarjze anu maRalrentabeluri
produqciis (,,b~) gamoSvebis xvedriTi wilis mkveTri amaRlebis
gziT menejerma miaRwia saerTo mogebis Tanxis gadidebas II
kvartalSi I kvartalTan SedarebiT 1325 lariT anu 56%-iT.
sabrunavi saxsrebis gamoyenebis SefardebiTi
maCveneblebidan aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, brunvadobis indikatorebi
(brunvadobis koeficienti, brunvadoba dReebSi da sabrunavi
saxsrebis datvirTvis koeficienti), romlebic mkiTxvelisaTvis
ukve cnobilia sabrunavi saxsrebis statistikis Sesabamisi
Tavisadmi miZRvnili masalidan.
mimdinare saqmianobisgan gansxvavebiT, sainvesticio
samewarmeo saqmianobaSi, mimdinare momgebianoba ganisazRvreba
SemosavlianobiT. sainvesticio Semosavlianoba ZiriTadad ori
faqtoriT ganisazRvreba. esenia: sainvesticio kapitalze fasTa
sxvaoba wlis ganmavlobaSi da dividendebi. fasTa sxvaobas anu
holdingur mogebas Tu mivumatebT dividendebs da SevufardebT
wlis dasawyisSi investoris mier dabandebuli investiciebis
moculobas, miviRebT investiciebis Semosavlianobas
procentobiT.
198 199
magaliTi. wlis dasawyisSi korporaciis aqciebi
investorma SeiZina 2500 aSS dolarad. wlis bolos aseTi
aqciebis sabazro fasma 3000 aSS dolari Seadgina. wlis
manZilze dividendis saxiT investorma am aqciebiT miiRo 700
aSS dolari. aseT SemTxvevaSi aqciebis Semosavlianoba
procentobiT Seadgens:
% 48 100
2500
700 ) 2500 3000 (
=
+
Tema 9. sagareo ekonomikur urTierTobaTa statistika
nebismieri qveynis ekonomikis aRmavloba yovlad
warmoudgenelia sxva qveynebTan produqciisa da saqmianobis
urTierTgacvlis gareSe. am saqmianobis urTierTgacvla
nivTobrivad gulisxmobs saqonlis, samuSao Zalisa da
kapitalis gacvlas ekonomikurad urTierTxelsayrel pirobebSi.
es imas niSnavs, rom arsebobs Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba,
romlis safuZvelze calkeuli qveynis xalxebi
specializebulia maTTvis ekonomikurad iafi da
maRalxarisxovani produqciis warmoebaze, gaaCniaT am saqonlis
,,Warbi~ maragi da SeuZliaT misi gacvliT monawileoba miiRon
saerTaSoriso brunvaSi. nivTobrivad es saqoneli SeiZleba iyos
rogorc warmoebis saSualebani, ise moxmarebis sagnebi da maTi
urTierTgacvla warmoadgens TiToeuli qveynis sawarmoo ZalTa
ganviTarebis ucilobel pirobas. amis garda, ama Tu im qveyanas
SeiZleba hqondes ,,Warbi~ SromiTi resursebi da
inteleqtualuri potenciali, risi gacvlad agreTve qveynis
ekonomikis ganviTarebis erT-erTi faqtoria.
sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobebSi igulisxmeba:
savaWro-ekonomikuri, samecniero-teqnikuri, safinanso-
sakredito, savaluto urTierTobani, agreTve, saerTaSoriso
gadazidvebi, ucxouri turizmi da sxva urTierTobebi. aqedan
yvelaze mniSvnelovania, Tavisi moculobiT, laris savaWro-
ekonomikuri TanamSromloba ucxoeTTan, rac Tavis asaxvas
hpovebs sagareo vaWrobaSi. aranaklebi mniSvnelobisaa rogorc
yvela qveynis, ise saqarTvelosaTvis samecniero-teqnikuri
TanamSromloba ucxoeTTan, rac mniSvnelovanwilad aisaxeba
erToblivi sawarmoebis SeqmniT mrewvelobis, mSeneblobis,
soflis meurneobis, vaWrobisa da sxva metad mniSvnelovan
dargebSi. es dargi amJamad Tavisi moculobiT mcirea, magram
progersulad mzardia da unda vivaraudoT, rom is
perspeqtivaSi erT-erT wamyvan adgils daiWers sagareo-
ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa sferoSi.
sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirurTierTobani mravalmxrivia,
romelTa maCveneblebi moicavs mraval ganmartebasa da
definicias. maT Sorisaa: importi, eqsporti, eqsport-importis
saldo, reeqsporti, sagadamxdelo balansi, erTiani sasaqonlo
nomenklatura, barteri, ucxouri valuta, garigebis valuta,
savaluto kursi, sagareo vaWrobis brunva, dempingi, kliringi,
defliatori, defliacia, kompensaciuri SeTanxmebani,
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, gadasayvani maneTi, generaluri
vaWroba, uxilavi vaWroba, saerTaSoriso tranziti da sxv.
sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa zemoT CamoTvlil
maCvenebelTa statistikaSi gvaqvs importis statistika,
eqsportis statistika, reeqsportis statistika, sagareo
vaWrobis saldos statistika, sagadamxdelo balansis
statistika da a.S.
importi ewodeba saqonlis Semozidvas sxva qveynebidan,
eqsporti ki samamulo warmoebis saqonlis sxva qveynebSi
gadazidvas niSnavs. reeqsporti wina periodSi importirebuli
saqonlis gatanaa sxva qveynebSi. eqsporti, importi da
reeqsporti (CaiTvleba eqsportis saerTo moculobaSi) aisaxeba
naturalur da RirebulebiT formaSi. RirebulebiT
gamosaxulebaSi maTi Tanxa aisaxeba nacionalur valutaSi -
larebSi. larebSi oficialuri kursiT gadaiyvaneba yvela
200 201
sagareo vaWrobis saerTo brunva (eqsport-importis jami).
eqsportSi ar Seitaneba humanitaruli daxmarebis mizniT
sazRvargareT usasyidlod gaziduli saqonlis Rirebuleba,
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis (gaeros) teqnikuri
daxmarebis fondSi sawevro Sesatanebi, saerTaSoriso
gamofenebze gatanili saqonlis Rirebuleba, safosto
gzavnilebaTa da sazRvargareT wasul moqalaqeTa piradi bargis
Rirebuleba da a.S.
eqsport-importis sagareo vaWrobis saldo ewodeba
sxvaobas eqsportsa da imports Soris. is SeiZleba iyos
aqtiuri (,,plius~ niSniT), roca eqsporti aWarbebs imports da
pasiuri (,,minus~ niSniT), roca sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevasTan
gvaqvs saqme.
sagadamxdelo balansi ewodeba urTierTSefardebas
mocemul qveyanaSi ama Tu im periodSi sazRvargareTidan
savaluto Semosavlebsa da am qveynis sazRvargareT gadaxdebs
Soris. balansis ZiriTadi elementebia fuladi Semosavlebi da
gadasaxdelebi, rac dakavSirebulia eqsport-importTan, oqros
valutis rezervebis cvlilebani, Semosavlebi da gasavlebi
sxvadasxva saxis momsaxurebisaTvis (transporti, turizmi da
sxv.), arasavaWro gzavnilebani, gacemuli da miRebuli
kreditisaTvis Semosavlebi da gadasaxadebi, sxva qveynebSi
gacemuli da sxva qveynebidan miRebul investiciebTan
dakavSirebuli Semosavlebi da gadasaxdelebi da sxv.
sagadamxdelo balansis Semosavlebsa da gasavlebs Soris
sxvaobas ewodeba sagadamxdelo balansis saldo, romelic
sagareo vaWrobis balansis msgavsad SeiZleba iyos aqtiuri
(Semosavlebi aWarbebs gasavlebs) da pasiuri (gasavlebi metia
Semosavlebze).
sagareo vaWrobis erTiani sasaqonlo nomenklatura
sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia. is gulisxmobs, rom mravali
dasaxelebis saqoneli klasificirebulia garkveuli niSnebiT da
Seqmnilia erTiani sasaqonlo nomenklaturis sistema, romelic
gamoiyeneba eqsport-importis statistikur aRricxvaSi rogorc
erTi, ise ramdenime qveynis farglebSi.
sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa erT-erTi
maCvenebelia barteri, romelic gulisxmobs saqonlis
urTierTgacvlas sxvadasxva qveynebs Soris fuladi
angariSsworebis gareSe.
ucxouri valuta ucxour saxelmwifoTa sakredito
saSualebaSi (veqsili, Ceki), romlebic gamoiyeneba
saerTaSoriso urTierTangariSsworebaSi. valuta iyofa sam
jgufad: konvertirebadi, nawilobriv konvertirebadi da
arakonvertirebadi. konvertirebadi anu ukuqcevadi ewodeba
iseT valutas, romelic Tavisuflad icvleba sxva valutaze.
nawilobriv konvertirebadi valuta qveynis iseTi fuladi
erTeulia, romelic savaluto SezRudvebs cvlis ara yvela
savaluto operaciaze, aramed mxolod ucxoeTidan Camosul
fizikur da iuridiul ararezident pirTaTvis.
arakonvertirebadi anu araukuqcevadi valuta ewodeba fulad
erTeuls, romelic Caketilia erTi qveynis farglebSi da
mxolod saSinao mimoqcevaSi gamoiyeneba.
garigebis valuta is valutaa, romelSiac aisaxeba
sagareo vaWrobis saqoneli, momsaxureba an saerTaSoriso
kreditis Tanxa.
savaluto kursi erTi qveynis fuladi erTeulis ,,fasia~,
gamosaxuli sxva qveynis fulad erTeuliT. mas awesebs bankebi
da oqros standartiT ganisazRvreba oqros paritetiT anu
fulad erTeulTa oqros SemcvelobiT.
sagareo vaWrobis brunva eqsportisa da importis jamia
fulad formaSi gamosaxuli ama Tu im kalendaruli drois
monakveTSi.
dempingi ewodeba dabal fasebSi (saqinao saerTaSoriso
fasebTan SedarebiT) saqonlis gadazidvas sxva qveyanaSi. es
warmoebs bazrebis ,,dapyrobis~ mizniT da zarali daifareba
saqinao bazris maRali fasebis xarjze.
202 203
kliringi qveynebs Soris angariSsworebaa naRdi fuladi
erTeulebis gareSe urTierTmoTxovnaTa CaTvlis gziT. qveynebs
Soris urTierTdavalianeba daifareba urTierTSemxvedri
sagadamxdelo valdebulebebiT (CekebiT, gzavnilebiT da sxv.).
defliatori fasebis indeqsia, romelic fasebis
cvalebadobis Tavidan asacileblad gamoiyeneba RirebulebiT
maCvenebelTa erTi romelime sabaziso wlis maCveneblebSi
gadasayvanad.
defliacia saxelmwifos mier gayalbebuli fuladi masis
Semcirebaa gadasaxadebis gadidebis, sabiujeto danaxarjTa
Semcirebis, saqonlis fasebis Semcirebis, kreditze moTxovnis
Semcirebis da sxvaTa gziT.
sakompensacio SeTanxmebani ewodeba saerTaSoriso
ekonomikur urTierTSeTanxmebas, romlis mixedviT erToblivi
sawarmoebis mSeneblobisas xdeba manqanebis, mowyobilobis,
masalebisa da sxvaTa miwodeba, xolo sakompensaciod
mimwodebeli qveyana miiRebs am mowyobilobiT, masalebiT da sxv.
gamoyenebiT warmoebul produqcias.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi sxvadasxva saxelmwifoTa
xelmoweriTa da SeTanxmebiT Seiqmna aSS-ebSi Catarebul
saerTaSoriso konferenciaze 1944 wels da miznad isaxavs
saerTaSoriso savaluto TanamSromlobis gaumjobesebas am
fondis wevri qveynebis safinanso problemebis gadawyvetis
dargSi. awarmoebs statistikuri masalebis Segrovebasa da
damuSavebas kursis, oqros savaluto rezervebis fuladi
mimoqcevisa da sabanko saqmianobis, saerTaSoriso komerciuli
ganakveTebisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb.
generaluri vaWroba saerTaSoriso statistikis
maCvenebelia. es maCvanebeli gamoiyeneba eqsport-importis
gasaangariSeblad sagareo vaWrobis e.w. ,,saerTo~ sistemiT
aRricxvis pirobebSi. is moicavs importSi: saqonels,
Semoziduls mocemul qveyanaSi gadasamuSaveblad da
moxmarebisaTvis; saqonels, romelic Semozidulia qveyanaSi
gadasamuSaveblad sabaJo kontroliT; saqonels, Sesyiduls
qveynis sagareo savaWro organizaciebis mier da miwodebuls
uSualod mesame qveynisaTvis; eqsportSi: mocemul qveyanaSi
warmoebul saqonels, wina periodSi mocemul qveyanaSi sabaJo
kontroliT gadasamuSaveblad Semozidul da mimdinare
periodSi gazidul saqonels (reeqsports) da a.S.
,,uxilavi vaWroba~ gamoiyeneba da asaxavs iseT
gadasaxadebs da Semosavlebs (transportis dazRveva, safosto-
satelegrafo da satelefono kavSirebi turizmi, kulturuli
gacvlebi, sakomisio operaciebi), romlebsac kavSiri ara aqvT
eqsport-importis operaciebTan.
saerTaSoriso tranziti iseTi saqonlis gadazidvaa,
romlis gamgzavni da mimRebi punqtebi imyofeba mocemuli
qveynis farglebs gareT. Tu saqoneli Semodis sabaJo sawyobSi
da aqedan egzavneba mimReb qveyanas, maSin aseT gadazidvas
ewodeba arapirdapiri tranziti, xolo Tu saqoneli ar Semodis
sabaJos sawyobSi da sabaJos uzrunvelyofiT pirdapir egzavneba
myidvel qveyanas, maSin aseTi gadazidva pirdapiri saerTaSoriso
tranzitia.
21sagareo vaWrobaSi saqarTvelo iyenebs misi aRricxvis `zogad
meTods, rac niSnavs, rom saqonlis eqsport-importis
aRricxvis kriteriumia mis mier qveynis sabaJo sazRvris
gadakveTa.
eqsportSi igulisxmeba rogorc erovnuli warmoSobis
produqciis gatana, ise importirebuli saqonlis reeqsporti.
importSi igulisxmeba qveyanaSi produqciis Semotana, romelic
gamiznulia saboloo moxmarebisaTvis an Semdgomi
eqsportirebisaTvis.
eqsporti aRricxulia FOB, anu eqsportiori qveynis franko-
sazRvris fasebSi. importi aRricxulia CIF, anu importiori
qveynis franko-sazRvris fasebSi, rac niSnavs, rom saqonlis
fasSi CarTulia importiori qveynis sazRvramde misi
transportirebisa da dazRvevis xarjebi. informaciis ZiriTadi
wyaroa saqarTvelos finansTa saministros Semosavlebis
204 205
samsaxuris satvirTo-sabaJo deklaraciebi, romlebsac emateba
monacemebi im saqonlis eqsport-importis Sesaxeb, romlebic ar
fiqsirdeba qveynis sabaJo sazRvarze (eleqtroenergia, bunebrivi
airi). partniori qveynis dadgenis kriteriumebia: importis
dros gamomgzavni qveyana, eqsportis dros saboloo
daniSnulebis qveyana. saqonlis eqsport-importis
aRricxvisaTvis gamoiyeneba `sagareo ekonomikuri saqmianobis
sasaqonlo nomenklatura (ses sn)~, romelic agebulia saqonlis
aRwerisa da kodirebis harmonizebuli sistemis safuZvelze.
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saerTaSoriso saqmianobis
mniSvnelovani kategoriaa, romelic gulisxmobs erTi qveynis
ekonomikis rezidenti erTeulis mier sxva qveynis rezidenti
sawarmos marTvaSi kontrolis an mniSvnelovani gavlenis qonas.
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis monacemTa formireba
xorcieldeba: sawarmoTa sagareo
ekonomikuri saqmianobis kvartaluri da wliuri statistikuri
gamokvlevis, privatizaciisa da saqarTveelos komerciuli
bankebis angariSgebis safuZvelze.
sagareo vaWrobis statistika
Sromis danawilebis safuZvelze saxelmwifoTa
ganviTarebul sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa Soris
wamyvani adgili sagareo vaWrobas uWiravs. sagareo vaWroba
eqsport-importis wesiT qveynebs Soris saqonlis
urTierTgacvlaa urTierTxelsayrel pirobebSi yidva-gayidvis
gziT.
sagareo vaWrobis Sedegebi sxvadasxva maCvenebelTa
sistemiT gamoisaxeba, romelTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania
RirebulebiTi maCveneblebi. am, ukanasknels miekuTvneba sagareo
vaWrobis saqonelbrunva anu eqsport-importis wesiT gaziduli
da Semoziduli saqonlis Rirebuleba. saqonelbrunvaSi
CaiTvleba is saqoneli, romelic xasiaTdeba saqonlis
nivTobrivi formiT da fulze gacvlis niSniT. amitom
saqonelbrunvaSi mxolod is saqonelia (patentebisa da
licenziebis yidva-gayidva, satransporto saSualebaTa remonti,
samSeneblo samuSaoebis xelmZRvaneloba da Catareba da a.S.),
romlebsac nivTobrivi forma gaaCniaT. amasTan erTad sagareo
vaWrobis saqonelbrunvaSi ar CairTveba is Semoziduli an
gaziduli saqoneli (humanitaruli daxmarebis gziT
usasyidlod saqonlis Semozidva-gazidva, Senatanebi gaeros
teqnikuri daxmarebis fondSi, gamofenebze an gaziduli
saqoneli da sxv.), romelic komerciul xasiaTs ar atarebs, e.i.
ar icvleba valutaze.
statistikam unda Seiswavlos sagareo vaWrobis
moculoba, dinamika da struqtura.
saqonelbrunvis fulad moculobas axasiaTebs eqsport-
importis jami gamosaxuli fulad formaSi. amitom
statistikis amocanaa eqsportisa da importis Sesaxeb
Sesabamisi organizaciebidan statistikuri masalis Segroveba,
damuSaveba da analizi.
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris
monacemebiT:
sagareo vaWroba ( milioni aSS dolari)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
ianvari-
maisi

3355.4 4613.0 6447.3 7800.0 5500.1 2434.5

(FOB)
865.5 936.0 1232.4 1495.5 1130.6 607.5

(CIF)
2490.0 3677.0 5214.9 6304.6 4369.5 1827.0

-1624.5 -2741.0 -3982.5 -4809.1 -3238.9 -1219.5

206 207
2009 wels saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvam 5,500.1
mln. aSS dolari Seadgina, rac 2008 wlis Sesabamis
maCvenebelze 29.5 procentiT naklebia. amavdroulad, savaWro
deficiti 3,238.9 mln. aSS dolars gautolda, rac wina wlis
maCvenebelze 32.7 procentiT naklebia. saqonlis
registrirebuli eqsporti, 1,130.6 mln. aSS dolari, 2008
wlis maCvenebels 24.4 procentiT CamorCeba, xolo saqonlis
registrirebuli importi wina wlis maCvenebelze 30.7
procentiT naklebia da 4,369.5 mln. aSS dolars utoldeba.
importirebuli saqonlis 40.7 procenti samomxmarebloa, 12.5
procenti _ sainvesticio da 45.7 procenti Sualeduri
moxmarebis saqoneli.
2009 wels eqsportirebul saqonels Soris
feroSenadnobebi tradiciulad pirvel pozicias ikavebs, Tumca
am produqciis eqsporti wina welTan SedarebiT 51.3 procentiT
naklebi iyo. meore poziciazea oqro, romlis eqsportis
wliuri zrdis tempi 16.1 procents Seadgenda. oqros
eqsportis zrda oqroze saerTaSoriso fasebis matebiT iyo
ganpirobebuli. oqros saeqsporto fasi 2009 wels wina
welTan SedarebiT 38.2 procentiT iyo gazrdili. mesame
pozicia msubuqi avtomobilebis eqsports eWira, romelic wina
welTan SedarebiT 30.8 procentiT Semcirda. 2009 wlis
eqsportSi aRiniSneboda garkveuli pozitiuri tendenciebi.
kerZod, Txilis eqsporti 2.2 -jer gaizarda wina welTan
SedarebiT da meoTxe pozicia daikava. Semdeg poziciaze iyo
mineraluri sasuqebi. 2009 wels aRsaniSnavia citrusovani
xilis eqsportis mkveTri zrda. am periodSi gatanili saqonlis
Rirebuleba oTxjer aRemateboda wina wlis eqsports.
citrusebis eqsportis 75 procenti ukrainaSi ganxorcielda,
16 procenti _ azerbaijanSi, 7 procenti _ belorusSi, xolo
danarCeni sxvadasxva qveynebSi. 2008 wlis meoTxe kvartalidan
saqarTvelos eqsportSi dafiqsirda axali dasaxelebebi,
cocxali cxovelebi, cxvrebi da msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi.
cocxali cxvrebis wliurma eqsportma 2009 wels 17 milioni
aSS dolari Seadgina, rac wina wlis Sesabamis maCvenebelTan
SedarebiT 16-jer metia. cxvrebis ZiriTadi wili saudis
arabeTSia eqsportirebuli. rac Seexeba msxvilfexa rqosan
pirutyvs, 2009 wlis ganmavlobaSi 16.9 milioni aSS dolaris
Rirebulebis saqonelis eqsporti ganxorcielda, umetes wilad
azerbaijanSi.
saqonlis importis aRniSnuli ganawileba sakmaod
stabiluria bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi. Sualeduri moxmarebis
saqonelSi wamyvani adgili uWiravs navTobproduqtebs da
bunebriv airs. mniSvnelovani wili aqvs agreTve samSeneblo
masalebs, xorbals da fqvils. qarTuli eqsportis 42.5
procenti samrewvelo saqonlisgan Sedgeba, raSic wamyvani
adgili feroSenadnobebs, avtomobilebis reeqsports da
azotovan sasuqebs uWiravs. saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro
brunva 2003 wlidan mudmivad mzardi tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda.
agvistos saomari moqmedebebis, da Semdgom, msoflio finansuri
krizisis gavleniT, 2008 wlis mesame kvartalidan dafiqsirda
kvartaluri, xolo Semdgom wliuri vardna, rogorc
registrirebuli eqsportis, aseve importis SemTxvevaSi. 2009
wels aRdga kvartaluri zrdis tendencia, magram wliuri
zrdis maCveneblebi kvlav uaryofiTi iyo (gamonaklisi iyo
registrirebuli eqsporti 2009 wlis meoTxe kvartalSi sadac
dafiqsirda dadebiTi zrdis tempi 22.0 procenti. aqve unda
aRiniSnos, rom wina wlis Sesabamisi periodidan eqsporti
sagrZnoblad Semcirebuli iyo). eqsportis vardna 2009 wels,
msoflio finansuri krizisis gamo saerTaSoriso fasebis
klebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. fasebi gansakuTrebiT Semcirebuli
iyo ZiriTad qarTul saeqsporto saqonelze, Sav da ferad
liTonebze. importis klebaze yvelaze didi gavlena msubuqi
avtomobilebis gayidvebis Semcirebam moaxdina. wina welTan
SedarebiT msubuqi avtomobilebis importi 64.0 procentiT iyo
Semcirebuli. gansakuTrebiT daiklo axali, ZviradRirebuli
208 209
avtomobilebis importma. importis klebaSi agreTve
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana navTobproduqtebze
saerTaSoriso fasebis vardnam. navTobproduqtebis importis
Rirebuleba 2009 wels wina welTan SedarebiT 27.2 procentiT
naklebi iyo, amavdroulad importirebuli saqonlis raodenoba
wina wlisas 13.4 procentiT aWarbebda.
sagareo vaWrobis saqonelbrunvis dinamikis
gasazomavad iyeneben indeqsebs. isini gviCvenebs movlenebis
ganviTarebas drosa da sivrceSi. Tu movlenebs, am SemxTvevaSi
sagareo vaWrobis saqonelbrunvas, ganvixilavT droSi, kerZod
wlebis mixedviT, indeqsebi gveqneba individualuri, jgufuri
da saerTo. calkeuli saxis saqonlsi (manqanebis, saTbobis,
xorcis, karaqis da sxva) fizikuri moculobis cvalebadobas
eqsportSi an importSi gviCvenebs individualuri indeqsebi,
romelic gamoisaxeba formuliT:
0
1
q
q
i
q
=
sadac
q
i - ama Tu im konkretuli saqonlis fizikuri
moculobis indeqsia;
1
q da
0
q mocemuli saqonlis fizikuri moculobaa
Sesabamisad saangariSo da sabaziso wlebSi.
Tu gvaqvs ara erTi saxeobis saqoneli, aramed saqonlis
jgufebi (magaliTad, manqanebi, mowyobilobani da satransporto
saSualebebis jgufi an kvebis produqtebis jgufi), maSin maTi
fizikuri moculobis dinamika eqsportSi an importSi gaizomeba
jgufuri indeqsebiT.
saerTo indeqsi
qp
I gaizomeba saangariSo periodis
saqonelbrunvis
1 1
p q SefardebiT sabaziso periodis
saqonelbrunvasTan
0 0
p q sadac
1
p da
0
p saqonlis
erTeulis fasia Sesabamisad saangariSo da sabaziso periodebSi:

=
0 0
1 1
p q
p q
I
qp
rogorc vxedavT saqonelbrunvis saerTo indeqsi asaxavs
ori faqtoris (saqonlis fizikuri moculoba da saqonlis
erTeulis fasi) zemoqmedebis Sedegs.
saqonelbrunvis mxolod fizikuri moculobis gavlenas
asaxavs fizikuri indeqsi

=
0 0
0 1
p q
p q
I
q
saqonelbrunvis fizikuri moculobis indeqsi SegviZlia
gaviangariSoT, agreTve, saqonlis fizikuri moculobis
individualuri an jgufuri indeqsebisa da saqonelbrunvis
moculobis safuZvelze, rasac ewodeba saqonelbrunvis
fizikuri moculobis saSualo ariTmetikuli indeqsi:

=
0 0
0 0
p q
p q i
I
q
q
sadac,
q
i - saqonlis fizikuri moculobis
individualuri
0
1
q
q
i
q
= an jgufuri indeqsebia

=
0 0
0 1
p q
p q
i
q
210 211
0 0
p q - wona, anu calkeuli saxis saqonlis mixedviT
saqonelbrunva sabaziso periodSi.
Tu saSualoariTmetikul indeqsSi CavsvavT
q
i -s
mniSvnelobas miviRebT saqonelbrunvis fizikuri moculobis
indeqss:

= =
0 0
0 1
0 0
0
0 0 1
p q
p q
p q
q
p q q
I
q
davuSvaT rom, gvaqvs ori jgufis saqoneli, jgufuri
indeqsebia: I jgufis saqonelze - 1,02, xolo II jgufis
saqonelze - 1,19, es imas niSnavs, rom eqsportSi I jgufis
saqonlis fizikuri moculoba gaizarda 2%-iT, xolo II
jgufis saqonlis fizikuri moculoba - 19%-iT. jgufuri
indeqsebis safuZvelze SegviZlia gaviangariSoT saqonelbrunvis
fizikuri moculobis cvalebadoba saSualoariTmetikuli
indeqsis daxmarebiT:

=
0 0
0 0
p q
p q i
I
q
ise, rom Tu sabaziso periodis saqonelbrunvis
moculobam eqsportSi I jgufis saqonelze Seadgina 48000
lari, xolo II jgufis saqonelze 38000 lari, maSin indeqsi
miiRebs saxes:
17 . 1
38000 48000
) 38000 19 . 1 ( ) 48000 02 . 1 (
0 0
0 0
=
+
+
= =

p q
p q i
I
q
rogorc Cans, mTliani eqsportis saqonelbrunvis
fizikuri moculoba gaizarda 17%-iT.
sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa mniSvnelovani
maCveneblebi eqsporti da importi.
eqsporti ewodeba samamulo samrewvelo da sasoflo-
sameurneo warmoebis nawarmis gazidvas sazRvargareT yidva-
gayidvis gziT. masSi Sedis, agreTve, ucxoeTidan importis
wesiT Semoziduli saqoneli, romelmac gaiara samamulo
warmoebiT Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba da isev romelime ucxo
qveyanas mieyida. sagareo vaWrobis statistikaSi saqonlis
gadamuSavebad iTvleba iseTi damuSaveba, romlis Sedegad is
Rebulobs axal Tvisebriobas. samamulo saqonels miakuTvneben
mxolod im importul produqcias, romelmac gadamuSavebis
Sedegad Rirebuleba moitana Sesasyidi fasis 50%-ze metad,
amitom statistikurad dafasoeba, SefuTva, garegani saxis
gaumjobeseba da sxva operaciebi gadamuSavebaSi ar CaiTvleba.
eqsportSi Sedis agreTve is importuli saqoneli, romelic
yovelgvari gadamuSavebis gareSe ,,pirdapiri reeqsportis~
saxiT gadis ucxoeTSi gasasyidlad. zogjer ekonomikurad
mizanSewonilia romelime qveyanaSi saqonlis Sesyidva da
importis gareSe pirdapir im qveynisadmi miwodeba, romlis
winaSe garkveuli valdebuleba gaaCnia mocemul qveyanas. aseTma
operaciam miiRo ,,arapirdapiri reeqsportis~ saxelwodeba da
Sesabamisi saqonlis Rirebulebac adidebs eqsportis saerTo
saqonelbrunvis moculobas.
eqsportis statistikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa
statistikur monacemTa urTierTSesadarisobis uzrunvelyofa.
gansakuTrebul siZneles warmoadgens eqsportis
jamobrivi maCveneblebis urTierTSedareba. aq mravali qveyana
sagareo vaWrobaze saerTo moculobis dasadgenad gamoiyenebs
or sistemas; ,,specialursa~ da ,,saerTos~. ,,specialuri~
sistemiT sagareo vaWrobaSi Seitaneba samamulo warmoebis
saqoneli, agreTve, qveyanaSi sabaJo kontrolis qveS
gadasamuSaveblad Semoziduli da ,,nacionalizebuli~ saqoneli.
212 213
,,saerTo~ sistemiT sagareo vaWrobis saqonelbrunvis
gaangariSebisas ,,specialuri~ sistemiT zemoTCamoTvlil
saqonels daemateba ,,Tavisufali zonidan gaziduli saqonlis
Rirebuleba~. ,,Tavisufali zona~ is teritoriaa, sadac sagareo
savaWro operaciebi dasaSvebia sabaJo kontrolis, sabaJo
gadasaxadebis gareSe.
statistikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa eqsportis
dinamikis, anu misi droSi, wlebis mixedviT cvalebadobis
gazomva, ra mizniTac iyeneben rogorc individualur, aseve
saerTo indeqsebs.
individualuri indeqsebiT zomaven calkeuli konkretuli
dasaxelebis saqonlis fizikuri moculobis cvalebadobas,
xolo saerTo indeqsebidan gvaqvs sami urTierTdakavSirebuli
indeqsi: eqsportis saerTo Rirebulebis
qp
I eqsportis
fizikuri moculobis indeqsi
q
I da eqsportis fasebis indeqsi
p
I
maT Soris kavSiri, rogorc statistikis Teoriidanaa
cnobili, ase gamoisaxeba:
p q qp
I I I =
anu

=
0 1
1 1
0 0
0 1
0 0
1 1
p q
p q
p q
p q
p q
p q
sadac,
1
q da
0
q - eqsportSi gagzavnili saqonlis
fizikuri moculobaa saangariSo da sabaziso periodebSi.
1
p da
0
p - saeqsporto produqciis erTeulis fasia
saangariSo da sabaziso periodebSi.
importi ewodeba saqonlis Semozidvas ucxo qveynebidan
yidva-gayidvis gziT. saqonlis imports safuZvlad udevs
mravali faqtori, romelTagan mniSvnelovania: ekonomikuri
efeqtianoba, drois mogeba, msoflios masStabiT mecnierebisa da
teqnikis miRwevebis danergva samamulo warmoebaSi da sxva.
importi Sedgeba im saqonlisagan, romelzedac samamulo
warmoeba an ar arsebobs, an kidev arsebobs, magram misi
warmoebis moculoba ver akmayofilebs moTxovnilebas. importis
ekonomikuri efeqtianoba gulisxmobs imas, rom Sesabamisi saxis
saqonlis xarisxi maRalia da amasTan erTad misi SeZenisa da
transportirebis xarjebi naklebia samamulo warmoebis
saqonlis Sesabamis danaxarjebze. rig SemTxvevebSi am pirobis
garda unda gaviTvaliswinoT, agreTve, drois faqtori, romlis
mogebasac didi sameurneo mniSvneloba aqvs. es xdeba maSin,
roca ama Tu im saxis produqciaze moTxovnilebis
dakmayofilebis aucilebloba da samamulo warmoebis dawyeba
droSi erTmaneTs mniSvnelovnad scildeba. am SemTxvevaSi
samrewvelo da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis produqciis an
kidev saxalxo moxmarebis saqonlis importi gamarTlebulia da
mniSvnelovan sameurneo efeqts iZleva drois mogebis
TvalsazrisiT. didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, agreTve, moZvelebuli
da moralurad gacveTili warmoebis saSualebebis Secvlas
importirebuli Tanamedrove, msoflio standartebis Sesabamisi
maRali warmadobis manqana-iaraRebiT, rac mniSvnelovnad
amaRlebs samamulo warmoebis ekonomikur efeqtianobas da
xalxis Sesabamisi samamulo warmoebis mier gamoSvebuli
saqonliT dakmayofilebis dones.
saqonlis importi SeiZleba gamoiwvios, agreTve,
zogierTi, sruliad SemTxveviTi faqtoris zemoqmedebam, rac
iwvevs saqonlis mwvave deficits ama Tu im drois monakveTSi.
aseT faqtorebs miekuTvneba araxelsayreli bunebriv-klimaturi
pirobebis gamo mousavlianoba sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebze,
wyaldidobis, xanZari da zogierTi sxva stiqiuri movlena,
politikuri situacia mocemul qveyanaSi da a.S.
214 215
importi warmoiSoba, agreTve, saerTaSoriso
specilizaciisa da kooperirebis ganviTarebiT. Sromis
saerTaSoriso danawilebis bazaze mocemul qveyanaSi viTardeba
im produqciis warmoeba, romlisTvisac arsebobs xelsayreli
bunebriv-klimaturi da ekonomikuri pirobebi. amitom xdeba sxva
saxis saqonlis importi da Sesabamis moTxovnilebaTa
dakmayofileba.
statistika swavlobs importis saerTo moculobas,
struqturas, dinamikas da sxva ekonomikur da araekonomikur
faqtorebTan mWidro urTierTkavSirs. importis moculobas
statistika swavlobs ,,sagareo vaWrobis erTiani sasaqonlo
nomenklaturis~ mixedviT Sesadar fasebSi, ris Sesaxebac
saaRricxvo-statistikur informacias agrovebs saTanado
sagareo vaWrobis organizaciebisa da gaerTianebebis meSveobiT.
importis registracia xdeba ucxo qveynidan saqonlis
sazRvarze gadmotanis momentSi, ris Sedegadac is iTvleba
mocemuli qveynis materialuri simdidris Semadgenel nawilad.
importis struqtura eqsportis analogiuria. igi
ganixileba im ucxo qveynebis mixedviT, romelTa bazarzedac
SeiZineba saqoneli. TiToeuli qveynisaTvis ,,sagareo vaWrobis
erTiani sasaqonlo nomenklatura~ ganixileba mowodebis
kategoriebis (kliringi, Caketili valuta, Tavisufali valuta
da a.S.) mixedviT. yvelaferi es winaswar dadebuli savaWro
xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze dgindeba
rogorc saprognozo ise faqtobrivi monacemebis mixedviT.
importis struqtura xasiaTdeba sxvadasxva niSnebiT. maT Soris
statistikaSi gavrcelebulia sasaqonlo (calkeuli saxis
saqonlis sasaqonlo gjufebis, sasursaTo da arasasursaTo
saqonlis da a.S.) struqturis, teritoriuli struqturis da
sxva niSnebis mixedviT importirebuli saqonlis Seswavla
rogorc naturalur-nivTobrivi, ise RirebulebiTi formiT. es
ukanaskneli maCvenebeli saSualebas iZleva gaviangariSoT
importis dinamika (eqsportis saindeqso meTodis msgavsad), misi
zrdisa da matebis tempebi wlebis mixedviT.
statistika importis struqturaSi Semozidul da
gazidul saqonelsa da mimwodebel qveynebs ajgufebs ori
niSniT: ,,qveyana-saqoneli~ da ,,saqoneli-qveyana~. aq kargad Cans,
saqonelTa is jgufebi, romelTa mixedviT mocemuli qveyana
aris sufTa anu netto-eqsportiori da piriqiT, brutto-
eqsportiori da brutto-importiori. es maCveneblebi
gamoiyeneba vaWrobis marTvis, prognozirebisa da regulirebis
saqmeSi.
sagareo vaWrobis fasebis statistika
fasi sagareo vaWrobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
kategoriaa. is gadamwyvet rols asrulebs qveynis Sromis
saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi monawileobis maqsimaluri
efeqitanobis miRwevis amocanis gadawyvetis saqmeSi. fasebis
done da dinamika sagareo vaWrobis Sesabamis organizaciebis
yoveldRiuri saqmianobis areSia saeqsporto-saimporto
operaciebis ganxoricielebasTan dakavSirebiT. maTi meSveobiT
xdeba sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa organizacia,
marTva da regulireba. fasebis meSveobiT wydeba sagareo
vaWrobis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis gansazRvra, eqsportis,
importis da maTi RirebulebiT formaSi kontrolis,
saqonelbrunvis donis, struqturisa da dinamikis, msoflio
bazris da mis calkeul seqtorebSi saqonlis vaWrobis
momgebianobis da sxva metad mniSvnelovan amocanaTa gadaWra.
saqonlis fasebis Sesaxeb yvelaze sarwmuno informaciis
wyaroa sagareo savaWro gaerTianebebsa da ucxour
kontragentebs Soris savaWro garigebani yidva-gayidvis Sesaxeb
(kontraqtebi). magram sakontraqto fasebi xSirad ixreba
faqtobrivi fasebisagan, rac gamowveulia sakontaqto
garigebebsa da faqtobrivad saqonlis warmoebis dros Soris
gansxvavebiT. gavrcelebulia erTwliani, xuTwliani, aTwliani
216 217
da meti xnis savaWro garigebani, romlis ganmavlobaSic
icvleba warmoebis pirobebi da saqonlis fasis Camoyalibebaze
moqmedi saSinao da sagareo faqtorebi. amis gamo xSirad
mxareTa Soris urTierTSeTanxmebiT wesdeba saqonlis
sakontraqto sabaziso sortis fasi. imave kontraqtiT
ganisazRvreba saqonlis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis sabaziso
sortisagan gadaxrebis sazRvrebi. amis mixedviT saqonlis
faqtobrivi miwodebisas ganisazRvreba realuri
saangariSsworebo fasi.
sakontaqto fasebis registraciisas statistika iyenebs
mTliani dakvirvebis saxeobas, rac aucilebelia eqsport-
importis operaciebis regulirebisa da operatiuli
marTvisaTvis. sakontraqto fasebis cvalebadobis qveS
gulisxmoben mxareTa urTierTmolaparakebis bazaze Zvelis
nacvlad axali fasebis dadgenas.
statistika swavlobs sagareo vaWrobis fasebis dones
(sakontraqto fasebis sidides), maT dinamikas wlebis mixedviT
da misi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis gavlenis xarisxs.
sagareo vaWrobis fasebis done ganisazRvreba savaWro
garigebebiT da aisaxeba sakontraqto molaparakebebSi.
sakontraqto fasebis dadgenisas saqonlis myidvelebi da
gamyidvelebi iTvaliswineben msoflio fasebis dones. saqonlis
msoflio fasis qveS igulisxmeba bazarze realizebuli
saqonlis internacionaluri Rirebulebis warmoebis
internacionaluri fasi) fuladi gamoxatuleba. amas garda
fasis done yovelTvis ganisazRvreba miwodebis bazisis
mixedviT. sagareo vaWrobaSi miwodebis bazisi ewodeba saqonlis
miReba-Cabarebis geografiul adgils, sadac saqonelze
sakuTrebis ufleba gamyidvelidan gadadis myidvelze. msoflio
sagareo vaWrobis praqtikaSi gavrcelebulia sakontraqt o
fasebis dadgena sxvadasxva bazisze. maT Soris gvaqvs franko-
sazRvari an saqonlis mimwodeblis an mimRebis posti. es imas
niSnavs, rom internacionaluri Rirebulebis garda fasebi
moicavs an gagzavnis, portSi gemis portamde saqonlis
gadazidvis, an kidev daniSnulebis portamde mitanis xarjebs.
saqonelbrunvis donisa da dinamikis Sesadarisobis
uzrunvelsayofad sxvadasxva sabaziso sakontraqto fasebi
gadaiyvaneba miwodebis erTian bazisSi. praqtikulad fasebi
gadaiyvaneba gamgzavnis an mimRebis franko-sazRvris sabaziso
fasSi, rac sagareo vaWrobis RirebulebiT maCveneblebs xdis
urTierTSesadariss. statistika angariSobs sxvadasxva saqonlis
saSualo fass Semdegi formulis gamoyenebiT:

=
q
qp
p
sadac, p - saeqsporto an saimporto saqonlis
erTeulis individualuri fasia;
q - eqsportis an importis fizikuri moculobaa,
p - saqonlis saSualo fasia.
magaliTi: davuSvaT, rom eqsportSi gagzavnili rkinis
madnis moculobam Sedagina 1000000 tona. es moculoba
miewoda sam momxmarebels. pirvels, 300000 tona, meores
500000 tona da mesames 200000 tona. kontraqtis mixedviT
pirveli momxmareblis madanSi rkinis Semcveloba Seadgenda
50%-s, meore momxmareblis madanSi - 55%-s, xolo mesame
myidvelis madanSi 60%-s. momxmarebeli ixdis rkinis
Semcvelobis erTeulisaTvis 2 lars. maSasadame, pirvelma
momxmarebelma erTi tona rkinis madnisaTvis unda gadaixados
100 lari, meorem 110 lari, xolo mesamem 120 lari. am
monacemebis safuZvelze erTi tona rkinis madnis saSualo fasi
Seadgens:
218 219
109
300000 400000 300000
) 120 200000 ( ) 110 500000 ( ) 100 300000 (
=
+ +
+ +
= =

q
qp
p
lars.
sagareo vaWrobis, maT Soris eqsportisa da importis
fasebis dinamika gaizomeba individualuri da saerTo
(agregatuli) indeqsebis gamoyenebiT. individualuri indeqsi
zomavs calkeuli konkretuli dasaxelebis saqonlis erTeulis
fasis dinamikas Semdegi formulis gamoyenebiT:
0
1
p
p
i
p
=
sadac
p
i - fasis individualuri indeqsia;
1
p da
0
p - saqonlis erTeulis fasia saangariSo da
sabaziso periodebSi.
calkeuli jgufis saqonlis saSualo fasis indeqsi
p
i
gamoisaxeba formuliT:

=
0 1
1 1
p q
p q
I
p
sadac
1
q da
0
q mocemuli jgufis saqonlis fizikuri
moculobaa saangariSo da sabaziso periodebSi.
,vaWrobis pirobebis~ indeqsi
statistika swavlobs Tu rogori unda iyos sagareo
vaWrobis pirobebi saangariSo periodSi sabazisosTan SedarebiT.
aseTi pirobebis gasarkvevad angariSoben ,,vaWrobis pirobebis~
indeqss Semdegi formuliT:
si imp.saS.fa
asi eqsp.saS.f
vaWr.pir.
I
I
I =
sadac,
vaWr.pir.
I - ,,vaWrobis pirobebis~ indeqsia;
asi eqsp.saS.f
I - eqsportis saSualo fasis indeqsi;
si imp.saS.fa
I - importis saSualo fasis indeqsi.
mocemul indeqsebze ar moqmedebs sagareo vaWrobis
saldo dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi. mas ver cvlis, agreTve,
valutis kursis cvalebadoba da amitom is Sesadarisia
sxvadasxva qveynebisaTvis da gamoiyeneba saTanado saanalizo
miznebisaTvis.
Tu ,,vaWrobis pirobebis~ indeqsi erTis tolia, maSin
ityvian, rom ,,vaWrobis pirobebi~ saangariSo periodSi iseTive
iyo, rogorc sabaziso periodSi, Tu erTze naklebia, maSin
saangariSo periodSi sabazisosTan SedarebiT gvqonda
araxelsayreli ,,vaWrobis pirobebi ~, xolo Tu indeqsi metia
erTze, maSin mocemul periodSi gacilebiT xelsayreli
,,vaWrobis pirobebi~ gvqonia. magaliTad, Tu ,,vaWrobis
pirobebis~ indeqsma ama Tu im periodSi mocemuli qveynisaTvis
Seadgina 1,03, maSin ,,vaWrobis pirobebis~ gaumjobesebis Sedegad
mocemuli qveyana sagareo vaWrobis saqonelbrunvis yovel 100
savaluto erTeulze Rebulobs damatebiT mogebas 3 savaluto
erTeuliT an piriqiT, maSin wagebas Rebulobs yovel 100
savaluto erTeulze 3 savaluto erTeuls.
220 221
geografiuli ganlagebis statistika
sagareo vaWrobis da sxva sagareo ekonomikur
kavSirurTierTobaTa geografiuli (teritoriuli) ganlagebis
qveS igulisxmeba qveynis SigniT da sazRvargareT ekonomikurad
aqtiuri raionebis teritoriuli ganlagebis upiratesobaTa
gamoyeneba sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa maqsimaluri
ekonomikuri efeqtianobis miRebis mizniT. sagareo ekonomikur
kavSirurTierTobaTa teritoriuli ganlagebis ekonomikur
safuZvels warmoadgens sawarmoo ZalTa ganlageba da aqedan
gamomdinare optimaluri saeqsporto da saimporto
partniorebis SerCeva. sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa
swori geografiuli ganlageba xels uwyobs ucxo
saxelmwifoebTan ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis Semdegom
gaRrmavebas, saqonelbrunvis teritoriuli ganawilebis
gaumjobesebas qveynis bunebrivi ekonomikuri Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT da sxva metad mniSvnelovani amocanebis
gadawyvetas. sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa swori
geografiuli ganlagebis obieqturi winamZRvaria saxelmwifo-
partniorebis teritoriuli mdebareoba, maTi ganviTarebis
bunebrivi pirobebi, ekonomikis yvela dargSi (mrewvelobis,
soflis meurneoba, mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi, ganaTleba,
kultura da a.S.) miRwevebi, mdgomareoba mosoflio
saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobaTa sistemaSi da sxva.
sagareo ekonomikur urTierTobaTa teritorituli ganlagebis
sakiTxebis marTvisa da organizaciis saqmeSi gamoiyeneba
ekonomikuri geografiis fuZemdebluri debulebani sawarmoo
ZalTa ganlagebis, Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawilebis,
ekonomikis Sigaraionul dargTa SeTanawyobis, agreTve,
Sigaraionuli da saraionTaSoriso ekonomikuri kavSirebis
Sesaxeb.
statistikis ZiriTadi amocanebi sagareo ekonomikur
kavSirurTierTobaTa geografiis Seswavlis saqmeSi mdgomareobs
SemdegSi:
1. Seiswavlos TiToeul qveyanasTan ekonomikur
kavSirurTierTobaTa moculoba rogorc eqsport-importis, ise
mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis, safinanso-savalutro,
sakredito da sxva saxis saqmianobis sferoSi;
2. daadginos eqsport-importis saldo da sagareo
ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa sxva saxis saqmianobis
efeqtianoba saxelmwifo-partniorebisa da geografiuli
raionebis mixedviT;
3. Seiswavlos ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa
struqtura da dinamika geografiuli adgilmdebareobisa da
satransporto kavSirurTierTobaTa gaTvaliswinebiT.
ucxo saxelmwifoebTan sagareo ekonomikur
kavSirurTierTobaTa Sesaxeb swori monacemebis Segroveba da
damuSaveba statistikuri saqmianobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
sferoa. am mimarTulebiT did mniSvnelobas iZens eqsport-
importis da sxva saxis sagareo-ekonomikis urTierTobaTa
statistikuri Seswavlis meTodologiis damuSaveba
geografiuli ganlagebis mixedviT. aq gamoiyofa oTxi jgufis
qveyana: pirveli - damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa kavSiris
qveynebi; meore - evropis ganviTarebadi qveynebi; mesame -
ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebi da meoTxe - aziisa da
afrikis ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi.
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis statistikam SeimuSava importisa
da eqsportis teritoriuli ganawilebis sami meTodi. pirveli
meTodis gamomyenebeli qveynebi saeqsporto saqonels anawileben
daniSnulebis (moxmarebis), xolo saimporto saqonels -
warmoSobis (warmoebis) punqtebis mixedviT. am meTods qveynebis
Zalian didi nawili gamoiyenebs. misi universaloba masSi
mdgomareobs, rom is moicavs yvela qveyana-mwarmoebelsa da
qveyana-momxmarebels. meore meTodis gamomyenebeli
saxelmwifoebi eqsport-importis saqonels anawileben mxolod
kontraqtze xelis momweri qveynebis mixedviT. aseTi qveynebis
ricxvi SedarebiT mcirea, vinaidan statistikur aRricxvaSi
warmoiSoba rigi problelmebi. Znelia winaswar sagareo
222 223
ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa geografiuli ganlageba
ganisazRvros kontraqtze xelmoweris adgilis mixedviT.
gamyidveli da myidveli kontraqtze xelis moweris
adgilad irCevs maTTvis mosaxerxebel punqts. aseTi punqti
SeiZleba iyos saqonlis gamyidveli, an mesame romelime qveyana,
romelsac araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs savaWro
xelSekrulebasTan. aseTi winaswar ganusazRvreloba gavlenas
axdens sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa geografiuli
ganlagebis prognozirebaze.
sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa geografiuli
ganlagebis mesame meTodis gamomyenebeli qveynebi urTierTobas
teritoriul WrilSi ageben savaWro xelSekrulebaTa mixedviT.
savaWro xelSekrulebani daideba savaWro SeTanxmebaTa
safuZvelze da aisaxeba geografiul ganlagebaSi.
saerTaSoriso ekonomikur valdebulebaTa
statistika
sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirurTierTobebi rogorc wesi
aigeba saxelmwifoTa Soris garkveul SeTanxmebebze. es
SeTanxmebani ori saxisaa: savaWro da ekonomikuri. savaWro
SeTanxmebani - saqonlis gacvlas exeba urTierTxelsayrel
pirobebSi, xolo ekonomikuri - mecnierul-teqnikur
TanamSromlobas, specializaciisa da kooperirebis ganviTarebas,
kreditebisa da sxva saxis sesxebis miRebas da a.S. savaWro da
ekonomikur SeTanxmebebs erTmaneTTan mWidro urTierTkavSiri
aqvT. ekonomikuri SeTanxmebebis realizacia Zalian xSirad
aisaxeba savaWro SeTanxmebebSi.
sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobebSi SeTanxmebani
sxvadasxva saxisaa. savaWro SeTanxmebebs garda, romlebSiac
saqonelbrunva aisaxeba uSualod, arsebobs sagadamxdelo
SeTanxmebani, sakredito SeTanxmebani da a.S. sagadamxdelo
SeTanxmebebSi aisaxeba urTierTsavaWro garigebebSi sxvadasxva
saxis gadasaxadebis pirobebi, xolo sakredito SeTanxmebani
moicavs kreditis moculobas, procentebis ganakveTebs,
kreditis ukan dabrunebis vadebs da sxva. SeTanxmebebis garda
savaWro-politikur praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba, agreTve, savaWro
xelSekruleba, romelSiac aisaxeba sabaJo gadasaxadebis
sistema, gadazidvebis tarifebi da sxva. savaWro SeTanxmebisagan
gansxvavebiT savaWro xelSekrulebaSi araa naCvenebi sasaqonlo
nomenklatura, saqonelbrunvis moculoba da a.S.
saerTaSoriso ekonomikur valdebulebaTa statistikis
amocanebia raodenobrivad daaxasiaTos am valdebulebaTa
realizaciis procesi, aCvenos maTi struqtura saxeobaTa
mixedviT da dinamika wlebis mixedviT.
am monacemebis safuZvelze statistika amuSavebs
SefardebiT maCveneblebs, romelTa daxmarebiT warmoebs
valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis kontroli vadebisa da
kontraqtebis mixedviT. gansakuTrebiT did mniSvnelobas,
ukanasknel periodSi, iZens grZelvadiani SeTanxmebebis
Sesrulebis kontroli, rac statistikis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani amocanaa. saqonlis nomenklatura da asortimenti
grZelvadian valdebulebaTa mixedviT wlebis mixedviT SeiZleba
Seicvalos. es cvalebadobani formdeba yovelwliur erTobliv
oqmebSi, romlebsac statistika iyenebs urTierTvaldebulebaTa
Sesrulebis kontrolisa da SemowmebisaTvis.
sagadamxdelo balansi
sagadamxdelo balansi qveynis sagareo ekonomikur
kavSirurTierTobaTa safinanso statistikis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi. misi
cneba pirvelad SemoRebul iqna jer kidev 1967 wels j.
stiuartis mier.
sagadamxdelo balansi mocemuli qveynis gare samyaros an
safinanso urTierTobis amsaxveli dokumentia. am urTierTobebs
gansazRvravs drois mocemul periodSi an momentSi qveynis mier
224 225
faqtobrivi gadasaxdelebi sxva qveynebis mimarT da sxva
qveynebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi.
sagadamxdelo balansi moicavs mimdinare da kapitalur
operaciebs. mimdinare operaciebi moicavs savaWro, agreTve,
,,uxilav operaciaTa~ balansebs. savaWro balansSi aisaxeba
eqsport-importis operaciebi, xolo ,,uxilav operaciebSi~ -
gadasaxdelebi da Semosulobani transportis, safosto,
satelegrafo da satelefono momsaxurebis, turizmis,
investiciebis, procentebis da dividendebis, kulturuli
gacvlis da sxva dargebSi.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis sagadamxdelo balansebSi didi
xvedriTi wiliT gamoirCeva kapitaluri operaciebi anu
investiciebi, rac niSnavs mogebis miRebis mizniT sxva qveynebis
teritoriaze kapitaluri dabandebis gaRebas axali warmoebis
mSeneblobis an moqmedis - rekonstruqcia-gafarToebis
mimarTulebiT.
gaarCeven sami saxis investiciebs: xangrZlivi dabandebani
warmoebis sferoSi, safinanso-sakredito saqmianoba da fasiani
qaRaldebi, agreTve, inteleqtualuri (specialistebis
momzadeba, mecnieruli an teqnikuri gamocdilebis gadacema da
sxva).
sagadasamxdelo balansis agebis principi mdgomareobs
masSi, rom TviTeuli operacia tardeba ormagi Caweris wesiT.
es imas niSnavs, rom operacia aisaxeba erTi angariSis kreditSi
(dadebiTi niSniT), xolo meore angariSis - debetSi (uaryofiTi
niSniT). mocemuli forma iZleva sagadasamxdelo balansis
aqtiurobis an pasiurobis gamovlenis SesaZleblobas. aqtiuria
is, Tu qveynis Semosavlebi aWarbebs gadasaxadebs, xolo
pasiuria - Tu gadasaxadebi sxva qveynebis mimarT aWarbebs sxva
qveynebidan Semosavlebs. pasiuri balansis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba
sagareo vali, ecema erovnuli valutis kursi, mcirdeba oqros
maragebi da a.S. amitom sagadamxdelo balansis wonasworobis
miRweva qveynis ekonomikisa da savaluto-safinanso
mdgomareobis gajansaRebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani winapirobaa.
magaliTad saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monacemebiT
2005-2009 wlis monacemebiT saqarTvelos sagadamxdelo
balansi ase gamoiyureba:
226 227
Tema 10. erovnul angariSTa sistema
9erovnuli angariSebis sistema (eas) erovnul ekonomikaSi
warmoebis, Semosavlebis formirebis, misi ganawilebis,
gadanawilebisa da gamoyenebis, nakadebisa da balansebis
maCvenebelTa logikurad Tanamimdevrul, saerTaSoriso doneze
SeTanxmebul angariSebisa da cxrilebis sistemas warmoadgens.
igi moicavs instituciur seqtorebs Soris (m.S.
sazRvargareTTan) ekonomikuri operaciebis maCvenebelebis am
angariSebsa da cxrilebSi aRricxvas.
eas-Si aRiricxeba drois standartul monakveTebSi
kvartalSi, weliwadSi qveynis ekonomikis mimdinare da wina
periodebTan SedarebiT ganviTarebis tendenciebis maxasiaTebeli
maCveneblebi.
amrigad, eas asaxavs erovnuli ekonomikis umTavres operaciebs
ekonomikis seqtorebs Soris, danarCen msofliosTan
ekonomikuri operaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qveynis ekonomikaSi
warmoebis, Semosavlebisa da maTi gamoyenebis ganxorcielebis
Sedegebs. yvela es ekonomikuri operacia warmodgenilia
Sesabamisi nakadebisa da sabalanso mdgomareobis
damaxasiaTebeli cxrilebisa da makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis
sistemis saxiT.
eas mTavari informaciuli instrumentia qveynis
ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebisa da misi ganxorcielebis
efeqtianobis monitoringisaTvis. erovnuli angariSebis sistemas
safuZvlad udevs qveynis ekonomikis mTlianobaSi warmodgenis
principi, romelic amave dros danarCen msoflios
mravalferovani saerTaSoriso operaciebiT ukavSirdeba.
saqarTvelos erovnuli angariSebis meTodur safuZvels
warmoadgens gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis,
evrokomisiis statistikuri samsaxuris, ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis,
msoflio bankisa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis mier
228 229
rekomendebuli erovnul angariSTa 1993 wlis sistemis (SNA-
93) standartuli meTodologia.
Sefasebebis principebi
eas-Si ekonomikuri operaciebis aRricxva xdeba maTi
ganxorcielebis momentisaTvis arsebuli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis mimdinare sabazro fasebSi. ekonomikuri
operaciebis aRricxva xdeba daricxvis meTodiT, ekonomikuri
operacia fiqsirdeba im momentisaTvis, rodesac am operaciebis
monawile subieqtTa Soris orive mxaris SeTanxmebiT warmoiqmna
aqtivis miwodebisa da Sesabamisi kompensaciis
urTierTvaldebulebebi, miuxedavad imisa, iyo Tu ara am
momentSi es valdebulebebi praqtikulad ganxorcielebuli.
mSp-is mudmiv fasebSi gadayvana saqarTveloSi
jerjerobiT warmoebs mxolod warmoebis mixedviT
gaangariSebuli maCveneblebis mixedviT.
ZiriTadi angariSebi
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis angariSis resursebis
nawilSi aisaxeba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mTliani gamoSveba,
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis importi da wminda gadasaxadebi
(gadasaxadebs minus subsidiebi), xolo gamoyenebis nawilSi
Sualeduri moxmareba,
saboloo moxmarebis xarjebi, ZiriTadi kapitalis formireba,
sasaqonlo-materialuri maragebis cvlilebebi da eqsporti.
formalurad, es angariSi warmodgenilia imgvarad, rom misi
resursebisa da gamoyenebis mxareebi erTmaneTis tolia.
warmoebis angariSi asaxavs uSualod warmoebis procesTan
dakavSirebul operaciebs. eas-93-is aucilebeli moTxovnaa
gaangariSebebSi instituciuri erTeulebis ekonomikuri
saqmianobis Sedegebis sruli mocva. maT Soris sruli
moculobiT gaiTvaliswineba statistikur aRricxvas
dauqvemdebarebeli e. w. `daukvirvebadi ekonomikuri saqmianoba.
am principebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos erovnuli
angariSebi moicaven araformaluri (sakuTari moxmarebis an
gasayidad Sinameurneobebis kuTvnili arakorporirebuli
warmoebis),
faruli (gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Tavis aridebis mizniT) da
arakanonieri warmoebis Sefasebebs.
mTliani gamoSveba aris drois garkveuli periodis (ufro
xSirad erTi wlis an kvartalis) ganmavlobaSi erovnuli
ekonomikis mier warmoebuli produqtebisa da momsaxurebis
erToblioba sabazro fasebSi.
saqonlis warmoeba moicavs saqmianobis iseT saxeebs, rogoricaa
mrewveloba, soflis meurneoba, nadiroba da satyeo meurneoba,
TevzWera, mSenebloba, xolo momsaxureba transports,
kavSirgabmulobas, vaWrobas, ganaTlebas, jandacvas, safinanso
saqmianobas da sxv.
Sualeduri moxmareba Sedgeba im saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis Rirebulebisagan, romelic mTlianad moixmareba
warmoebis procesSi. Sualeduri moxmarebis SemadgenlobaSi ar
aRiricxeba ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmareba.
mTliani damatebuli Rirebuleba warmoadgens sxvaobas
warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebasa (mTliani
gamoSveba) da Sualedur moxmarebas Soris.
termini `mTliani niSnavs, rom maCvenebeli moicavs
warmoebis procesSi monawile ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmarebas
(fizikur da moralur cveTas).
gadasaxadebi produqciasa da importze (produqciaze
gadasaxadebi) savaldebulo daubrunebeli gadasaxdelebi,
romelic daricxulia saxelmwifos mier sawarmoo erTeulebis
mier warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis an importis
moculobis proporciulad, produqciaze gadasaxadebs
miekuTvnebian: damatebuli Rirebulebis, aqcizuri, importze da
sabaJo gadasaxadebi.
sxva gadasaxdebi warmoebaze dakavSirebulia warmoebis
faqtorebis (Sroma, miwa, kapitali) gamoyenebasTan. maTSi
agreTve Sedis gadasaxdelebi licenziebisaTvis. subsidiebi
warmoebasa da eqsport-importze saxelmwifos mier gacemuli
230 231
mimdinare, usasyidlo, daubrunebeli gadaxdebi, romlebic
garkveuli ekonomikuri da socialuri politikis gatarebis
mizniT eZlevaT sawarmoo erTeulebs im danakargebisaTvis,
romelic warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac warmoebuli produqciis
gasayidi fasi warmoebis saSualo danaxarjebze dabalia.
termini `wminda gadasaxadebi niSnavs, rom gadasaxadebi
naCvenebia Sesabamisi subsidiebis gamoklebiT.
mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) erovnul angariSTa
sistemis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maCvenebelia. misi gaangariSeba
warmoebs sami meTodiT:
warmoebis meTodiT mSp (sabazo fasebSi) izomeba rezidenti
ekonomikuri
erTeulebis mier sawarmoo saqmianobis Sedegad Seqmnili
mTliani damatebuli Rirebulebebis SejamebiT. sabazo fasebSi
Sefasebul mSp-ze produqtebze wminda gadasaxadebis damatebiT
miiReba mTliani Sida produqti sabazro fasebSi.
mSp ganisazRvreba agreTve rogorc saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
warmoebis procesSi monawile rezidenti erTeulebis pirveladi
Semosavlebis jami: Sromis anazRaurebis, produqciasa da
importze wminda gadasaxadebis, mTliani mogebisa da mTliani
Sereuli Semosavlebis SejamebiT.
saboloo moxmarebis xarjebis meTodiT gaangariSebuli mSp
warmoadgens saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saboloo moxmarebis
xarjebis, mTliani dagrovebisa da wminda eqsportis (eqsports
minus importi) jams.
sxvadasxva meTodiT gaangariSebuli mTliani Sida produqtis
moculobebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs ar emTxveodes, radganac maTi
informaciuli wyaroebi gansxvavebulia. gansxvaveba
iwereba striqonSi `statistikuri gansxvaveba.
mSp-is mudmiv fasebSi gadayvana 2003 wlamde xdeboda
erTmagi deflaciiT saqmianobis saxis mixedviT mimdinare
fasebSi gaangariSebuli mTliani damatebuli Rirebulebis
gadafasebiT
saqmianobis saxis Sesabamisi fasebis indeqsiT an produqciis
moculobis naturaluri maCveneblebiT gaangariSebuli
indeqsebis meSveobiT.
2003 wlidan mSp-is mudmiv fasebSi gadayvana xdeba
ufro srulyofili meTodiT ormagi deflaciiT. es
xorcieldeba fasebis Sesabamisi indeqsebis meSveobiT saqmianobis
saxeebis mixedviT mTliani gamoSvebisa da Sualeduri moxmarebis
cal-calke deflirebiT da Semdeg maTi sxvaobis gamoTvliT.
mTliani erovnuli Semosavali (meS) aris rezidentebis
mier qveynis ekonomikur teritoriaze da danarCeni msofliodan
daricxuli pirveladi (xelfasi, mogeba, Sereuli Semosavlebi)
da sakuTrebidan (dividendebi, renta) wminda (misaRebi gasacemis
gamoklebiT)
Semosavlebis jami. raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT meS mSp-sgan
gansxvavdeba sazRvargareT gasacemi da miRebuli pirveladi
Semosavlebis saldos sididiT.
sazRvargareT gasacemi da miRebuli pirveladi
Semosavlebi yalibdeba rezidenti erTeulebis mier mSp-is
warmoebis procesSi Seqmnili Rirebulebebis pirveladi
ganawilebis procesSi. masSi Sedis: Sromis anazRaureba, wminda
gadasaxadebi warmoebasa da importze,
mTliani mogeba, mTliani Sereuli Semosavlebi da Semosavlebi
sakuTrebidan. Semosavlebi sakuTrebidan instituciuri
erTeulebis mier finansuri da arafinansuri materialuri
aqtivebis gamosayeneblad gadacemis Sedegad daricxuli
Semosavlebi. maT miekuTvneba saprocento Semosavlebi,
dividendebi, renta da aseTive saxis sxva Semosavlebi
sakuTrebidan.
erovnuli mTliani gankargvadi Semosavali aris mTliani
erovnuli Semosavlisa da qveynis rezidentebis mier danarCeni
msofliodan miRebuli mimdinare wminda (misaRebi gasacemis
gamoklebiT) transfertebis jami. es aris Semosavlebi,
romelTac gankargaven
rezidentebi saboloo moxmarebisaTvis da danazogebisaTvis.
232 233
mimdinare transfertebi mimdinare operaciebi,
romelTa drosac erTi instituciuri erTeuli meores
gadascems saqonels, momsaxurebas an aqtivebs raime sanacvlo
ekvivalentis miRebis gareSe. aseTi operaciebi warmoebs rogorc
fuladi, ise naturaluri formiT.
kapitaluri transfertebi operaciebi, romelTa
drosac instituciuri erTeuli meore erTeuls usasyidlod
gadascems aqtivebs fuladi an naturaluri saxiT (rogorc
wesi, sainvesticio mizniT). kapitaluri transfertebi
Cveulebriv erTdroulia da mniSvnelovani
sididisaa. maTSive Sedis kapitalze gadasaxadebi, sainvesticio
subsidiebi, sxva kapitaluri transfertebi (memkvidreobis
miReba, zaralis patieba da sxv.).
mTliani mogeba da Sereuli Semosavlebi mTliani
damatebuli Rirebulebis nawili, romelic rCeba mwarmoeblebs
(korporaciebs) Sromis anazRaurebisa da warmoebaze wminda
gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg. mTliani Sereuli Semosavlebi
Sinameurneobebis sakuTrebaSi
arsebuli arakorporaciuli sawarmoebisTvis, sadac
Sinameurneobebs SeuZliaT awarmoon gadauxdeli SromiTi
danaxarjebi. igi moicavs rogorc SinameurneobaTa SromiT
anazRaurebas, ise am sawarmoTa mogebas.
wminda mogeba da wminda Sereuli Semosavlebi
utoldeba mTlian mogebas da mTlian Sereul mogebas ZiriTadi
kapitalis moxmarebis gamoklebiT.
danaxarjebi saboloo moxmarebaze Sinameurneobebis
danaxarjebi samomxmareblo saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze, agreTve
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebis da Sinameurneobebis
momsaxure kerZo arakomerciul organizaciaTa (Smako)
danaxarjebi individualuri da sazogadoebrivi moxmarebis
saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze.
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebis xarjebi individualuri
moxmarebis saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze saxelmwifo
biujetidan dafinansebuli mosaxleobisaTvis gaweuli ufaso
momsaxureba ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis dacvis, kulturis
sferoSi.
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebis xarjebi koleqtiur
momsaxurebaze saxelmwifo biujetidan dafinansebuli ufaso
momsaxureba ara calkeuli SinameurneobebisaTvis, aramed mTeli
sazogadoebisaTvis an mosaxleobis garkveuli jgufisaTvis. am
maCvenebelSi Sedis
Tavdacvis, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis, arasabazro mecnierebis
da sxva xarjebi.
Sinameurneobebis momsaxure kerZo arakomerciuli
organizaciebis (Smako) xarjebi saboloo moxmarebaze
pirobiTad miRebulia, rom es organizaciebi (politikuri
partiebi, religiuri organizaciebi, profkavSirebi,
sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebi) ewevian mxolod individualur
momsaxurebas.
mTliani erovnuli danazogi mTliani erovnuli
gankargvadi Semosavlis nawili, romelic ar ixarjeba
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saboloo moxmarebaze.
mTliani dagroveba moicavs ZiriTadi kapitalis
mTlian dagrovebas, materialuri sabrunavi saSualebebis
maragebis cvlilebas da faseulobaTa wminda cvlilebas.
ZiriTadi kapitalis mTliani dagroveba ZiriTadi
kapitalis obieqtebSi Cadebuli saxsrebi momavalSi axali
Semosavlebis miRebisaTvis maTi warmoebaSi gamoyenebis gziT.
ZiriTadi kapitali warmoebis Sedegad miRebuli an
arawarmoebuli aqtivebi, romlebic mravaljeradad, Cveulebriv
erT welze met periodSi gamoiyeneba warmoebis procesSi.
materialuri sabrunavi saSualebebis maragebis
cvlileba moicavs sawarmoo maragebis Rirebulebis cvlilebas,
daumTavrebel warmoebas, mza produqciasa da saqonels Semdgomi
gayidvisaTvis.
faseulobaTa wminda SeZena SeZena aqtivebis gayidvis
gamoklebiT, SeZena, rogorc Rirebulebis SenarCunebis
234 235
saSualeba: Zvirfasi liTonebisa da qvebis, antikvaruli
nakeTobebisa, saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSebisa da koleqciebis.
wminda dakrediteba(+) an wminda sesxeba(-) gadameteba
an deficiti investiciebis dafinansebis wyaroebsa da
arafinansuri aqtivebis wminda SeZenis xarjebs Soris. mTlianad
ekonomikis masStabiT wminda dakrediteba an wminda davalianeba
gviCvenebs resursebis
moculobas, romelic gadasca qveyanam `danarCen samyaros da
piriqiT.
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis eqsporti da importi
moicavs mocemuli qveynis saeqsporto da saimporto operaciebs
sxva qveynebTan. saqonlis eqsporti da importi qveynis
sazRvars gareT gatanili an qveyanaSi Semotanili saqonlis
Rirebuleba. momsaxurebis eqsporti da importi moicavs
satransporto momsaxurebas, turizms, komunikaciebs,
samSeneblo
momsaxurebas, sadazRvevo, finansur, kompiuterul da
informaciul momsaxurebas, reklamas da momsaxurebis sxva
saxeebs. wminda eqsporti ganisazRvreba rogorc sxvaoba
eqsportsa da imports Soris.
`danarCen samyarosTan mimdinare operaciebis saldo
damabalansebeli muxli pirveladi Semosavlebisa da mimdinare
transfertebis angariSisa sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis
angariSSi. igi ganisazRvreba Semdegi wesiT: saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis saldos emateba pirveladi Semosavlebi da
mimdinare transfertebi miRebuli sxva qveynebidan da akldeba
pirveladi Semosavlebi da mimdinare transfertebi gadaxdili
sxva qveynebisaTvis.
erovnuli angariSis zogadi sqema ase SeiZleba
warmovadginoT:
gamoyeneba resursebi
1.
1
y
2.
2
y
3.
3
y
.
.
. m M
m
y
1.
1
x
2.
2
x
3.
3
x
.
.
. n
n
x
sul gamoyeneba
) (
2 1 n
y y y + + +
sul resursebi
) (
2 1 n
x x x + + +
raodenobrivad resursebisa da gamoyenebis mxares
abalansebs gamoyenebiTi mxaris bolo me-
m
muxli, romelsac
sabalanso muxls uwodeben
|
.
|

\
|
=

= =
n
i
m
i
i i
y x
1 1
aseTi formis angariSebi dgeba ekonomikis calkeul
dargebisa da seqtorebis mixedviT, ris safuZvelzec warmoebs
maTi Sejameba da mTeli ekonomikis konsovidirebul
(gaerTianebul) angariSTa sistemis Seqmna.
mTeli ekonomikis konsolidirebuli erovnul angariSTa
sistema moicavs rogorc saSinao, aseve sagareo ekonomikur
kavSirurTierTobebs. am sistemaSi ganixileba Svidi
urTierTdakavSirebuli angariSi.
esenia:
1. warmoebis angariSi
Semosavlebis warmoqmnis angariSi
Semosavlebis pirveladi ganawilebis angariSi
Semosavlebis gadanawilebis angariSi
Semosavlebis gamoyenebis angariSi
kapitaluri danaxarjebis angariSi
236 237
safinanso angariSi
erovnuli angariSebi da maTi sabalanso
urTierTkavSirebi
angariSebi gamoyeneba resursebi sabalanso
muxlebi maTi
gaangariSebis
wesi
I. warmoebis
angariSi
2. Sualeduri
moxmareba
3.mTliani
damatebuli
Rirebuleba
(mTliani
Sida produqti)
1. mTliani
gamoSveba
1-2=3
(mTliani
Sida produqti)
II.Semosavlebis
warmoqmnis
angariSi
2. Sromis
anazRaureba
3. wminda
gadasaxadebi
warmoebaze
4. subsidiebi
5. mTliani mogeba
(mTliani Sereuli
Semosavlebi)
1.mTliani
damatebuli
Rirebuleba
(mTliani
Sida produqti)
1-2-(3-4)=5
mTliani mogeba
(mTliani
Sereuli
Semosavlebi)
III.
Semosavlebis
pirveladi
ganawilebis
angariSi
5. `sxva
samyarosTvis~
gadacemuli
sakuTrebidan
Semosavlebi
6. pirveladi
Semosavlebis
saldo
(mTliani erovnuli
Semosavlebi)
1. mTliani
mogeba
(mTliani
Sereuli
Semosavlebi)
2.sakuTrebidan
Semosavlebi
3.Sromis
anazRaureba
4.wminda
gadasaxadebi
warmoebaze
1+2+3+4-5=6
(mTliani
erovnuli
Semosavlebi)
IV.Semosavlebis
gadanawilebis
angariSi
3. `sxva
samyarosTvis~
gadacemuli
mimdinare
transfertebi
4. mTliani
gankargviTi
erovnuli
Semosavlebi
1. mTliani
erovnuli
Semosavlebi
(mTliani erovnuli
Semosavlebi)
2. `sxva samyarodan~
miRebuli
mimdinare
transfertebi
1+2-3=4
(mTliani
erovnuli
gankargviTi
Semosavali)
V. mTliani
gankargviTi
erovnuli
Semosavlis
angariSi
2. danaxarjebi
saboloo
moxmarebaze
3. mTliani
erovnuli
danazogebi
1. mTliani
gankargviTi
erovnuli
Semosavali
1-2=3
(mTliani
erovnuli
danazogebi)
VI. kapitaluri
operaciebis
angariSi
3.
`sxva
samyarosTvis~
gadacemuli
kapitaluri
transfertebi
4. ZiriTadi
kapitalis
dagroveba
5. materialuri
maragebis
cvlilebani
mateba (+),
kleba (-)
6. wminda
dakrediteba (+)
an sesxeba (-)
1. mTliani
erovnuli
danazogebi
2.
`sxva samyarodan~
miRebuli
kapitaluri
transfertebi
1+2-3-4-5=6
(wminda
dakrediteba
an
wminda
sesxeba)
VII. safinanso
angariSi
3. safinanso
aqtivebis
SeZena
1. wminda
dakrediteba (+)
an sesxeba (-)
2.safinanso
valdebulebaTa
aReba
238 239
statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebiT saqarTvelos erovnuli
angariSebis agregatebi2004-2008 wlebSi mimdinare fasebSi (milion larebSi)
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
mSp 9 824.3 11 620.9 13 789.9 16 993.8 19 069.6
(+)pirveldi Semosavlebis
miReba danarCeni
msofliodan
478.2 477.6 598.5 803.4 732.5
(-)pirveldi Semosavlebis
gadaxda danarCeni
msofliosaTvis
297.7 306.8 286.0 736.8 871.9
(=)mTliani erovnuli
Semosavali
10 004.9 11 791.7 14 102.4 17 060.5 18 930.2
(-)ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmareba 976.8 1113.5 1306.4 1 617.0 1 750.2
(=)wminda erovnuli Semosavali 9028.0 10678.3 12796.1 15 443.4 17 180.0
(+)mimdinare transfertebis
miReba
sazRvargareTidan
881.4 747.9 1 029.1 1 280.2 1 722.4
(-)mimdinare transfertebis
gacema
sazRvargareT
97.9 98.5 111.7 133.7 122.1
(=)wminda erovnuli gnkargvadi
Semosavali
9811.5 11327.7 13 713.4 16 589.9 18 780.3
(-)saboloo moxmareba 8 573.8 9 794.1 12 972.0 15 731.9 18 913.2
(=)wminda danazogi 1237.7 1533.6 741.5 858.0 -132.9
(+)kapitaluri transfertebis
miReba sazRvargareTidan
83.7 113.4 301.3 213.3 158.0
(-)kapitaluri transfertebis
gacema sazRvargareT
6.7 5.4 1.9 0.5 0.2
(=)kapitalis wminda
Rirebulebis cvlileba
danazogebisa da kapitaluri
transfertebis Sedegad
1 314.8 1641.5 1 040.9 1 070.8 24.9
(-)mTliani kapitalis formireba 3 134.8 3 891.5 4 255.3 5 447.5 5 148.8
(+)ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmareba 976.8 1 113.5 1 306.4 1 617.0 1 750.2
(-)statistikuri gansxvaveba -250. 8 6.0 -106.9 359.3 544.9
(=)wminda dakrediteba(+),
minda sesxeba(-)
-592.3 -1 142.6 -1 801.1 -3 119.0 -3 918.6
mTliani Sida produqti (mSp)
maTgan mTavaria: mTliani Sida produqti, mTliani
erovnuli Semosavali da erovnuli simdidre. mTliani Sida
produqti ewodeba mocemuli qveynis teritoriaze warmoebuli
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebas sabazro fasebSi.
es makroekonomikuri maCvenebeli gansazRvravs qveynis
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis potencials, mosaxleobis cxovrebis
dones da sxva metad mniSvnelovan indikatorebs.
mas ewodeba ,,mTliani~ imis gamo, rom igi praqtikulad
moicavs, agreTve, momxmarebuli kapitalis Rirebulebasac
saamortizacio anaricxebis saxiT (Teoriulad ki is am
danaxarjebis gamoTiSviT unda iqnas adgenili, romelsac wminda
Sida produqts uwodeben).
,,Sida~ ewodeba mas imis gamo, rom igi warmoebulia
mocemuli qveynis teritoriaze rezidentebis mier (sityva
,,rezidenti~ laTinuri warmoSobisaa da mjdomares niSnavs.
rezidentebs miekuTvneba ekonomikuri erTeulebi, romelTa
ekonomikuri interesebis centri mocemuli qveynis
teritoriazea, maT Soris ucxo qveynis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli
aqtivebic) da ar iTvaliswinebs mocemuli qveynis moqalaqeebis
mier ucxoeTSi Seqmnil Rirebulebas.
ekonomikaSi cnobilia mTliani Sida produqtis
gaangariSebis sami meTodi;
sawarmoo (ekonomikis yvela dargsa da seqtorSi Seqmnili
damatebuli Rireblebis jamis saxiT), saboloo moxmarebis
(saboloo moxmarebis komponentebis jamis saxiT) da
ganawilebiT (pirveladi Semosavlebis SejamebiT) meTodebi.
amasTan pirvelad SemosavlebSi Seitaneba yvela saxis
anazRaureba (xelfasi, premiebi, naturaluri anazRaureba da
sxv.), socdazRvevis anaricxebi xelfasze, gadasaxadebi
warmoebasa da importze subsidiebis gamoklebiT (romlebsac
saxelmwifo iRebs warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebisaTvis),
mTliani mogeba da mTliani Sereuli Semosavlebi.
240 241
saboloo moxmarebaSi aRiricxeba saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis xarjebi, mTliani dagroveba, agreTve, eqsport-
importis saldo (eqsportis gadameteba importze ,,+~, xolo
importis gadameteba eqsportze ,,-~).
TavisTavad saqonlisa da momsaxurebis xarjebSi Seitaneba
SinameurneobaTa saboloo moxmarebaze gaweuli, rogorc
fuladi ise naturaluri danaxarjebi.
statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebiT
saqarTveloSi mTliani Sida produqtis dinamika Semdeg suraTs
iZleva:
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
mSp
mln.lari
8564 9824 11621 13790 16994 19070
erovnuli Semosavali
qveynis ekonomikuri potencialis mniSvnelovani
maCvenebelia, agreTve, erovnuli Semosavali (,,mTliani~
amortizaciis CaTvliT, xolo ,,wminda~ - amortizaciis
gamoklebiT). erovnuli Semosavali ewoda ama Tu im periodSi
mocemuli qveynis rezidentebis mier miRebuli pirveladi
Semosavlebis jams. igi gansxvavebulia mTliani Sida
produqtisagan rogorc raodenobrivad, ise Tvisebrivad.
Tvisebrivi gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tu Sida
produqti warmoadgens saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
nakadebis anu axlad Seqmnili Rirebulebis (damatebuli
Rirebulebis) maxasiaTebels, mTliani erovnuli Semosavali -
pirveladi Semosavlebis (Sromis anazRaureba, mogeba,
sakuTrebidan miRebuli dividendebi, procentebi, renta da,
agreTve, gadasaxadebi warmoebasa da importze) is Tanxaa,
romelsac mocemuli qveynis rezidentebi Rebuloben rogorc
mocemuli qveynis, ise ucxo qveynebis mTliani Sida produqtis
SeqmnaSi monawileobisaTvis.
raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT erovnuli Semosavali
gansxvavebulia mTliani Sida produqtis Rirebulebisagan
ucxoeTidan miRebuli da ucxoeTisaTvis gadacemuli pirveladi
Semosavlebis (sxvaobiT). imis gamo, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebi
ucxoeTSi dabandebuli investiciebidan did Semosavals iReben,
amitom am qveynis erovnuli Semosavali, rogorc wesi, metia
mTlian Sida produqtze. ekonomiurad CamorCenil qveynebSi ki
piriqiTaa, mTliani Sida produqti metia erovnul Semosavalze.
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani makroekonomikuri maCvenebelia,
agreTve, erovnuli simdidre.
erovnuli simdidre
zogadad erovnuli simdidre aris safinanso da
arasafinanso aqtivebis erToblioba drois ama Tu im
momentisaTvis.
safinanso aqtivebia: monetaluri oqro da misi
xeluxlebeli maragebi, depozitebi da valuta, fasiani
qaRaldebi (aqciis garda), aqciebi da sxva saxis saaqcio
kapitali, sadazRvevo teqnikuri rezervebi da sxv.
arasafinanso aqtivebSi Sedis warmoebuli (ZiriTadi
kapitali, sabrunavi kapitali, ZviradRirebuli liTonebi,
saiuvilerio nawarmi) da arawarmoebuli aramaterialuri
(patentebi, saavtoro uflebebi da sxv.) da materialuri
(bunebrivi resursebi: miwa, wiaRiseuli, tye, wyali da sxv.)
Rirebulebani.
aqedan erovnuli simdidris konkretuli ganmarteba ase
SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:
erovnuli simdidre drois ama Tu im mometisaTvis
ewodeba safinanso da arasafinanso aqtivebis erTobliobas,
242 243
romelic moicavs wina Taobebis mier mocemuli qveynis
teritoriasa da mis farglebs gareT Seqmnil materialur da
aramaterialur erovnul qonebas, agreTve gamokvleul da
ekonomikur brunvaSi moqceul resursebs. erovnuli simdidris
Semadgeneli elementebidan didi xvedriTi wiliT gamoirCeva
ZiriTadi da sabrunavi kapitali, agreTve, bunebrivi resursebi.
qveynis ekonomikuri simdidre damokidebulia am elementebis
moculobasa da gamoyenebis efeqtianobaze. amitom statistika
biznesmenebisa da menejerebisaTvis iZleva ZiriTadi da sabrunavi
kapitalis moculobis, struqturis, dinamikis, agreTve,
gamoyenebis efeqtianobis naTel suraTs, rac aucilebelia
kapitalis menejeruli marTvisaTvis.
ZiriTadi kapitalis statistika
ZiriTadi kapitali Sromis iaraRebi da aramaterialuri
resursebia, romlebic mravali sawarmoo ciklis ganmavlobaSi
emsaxurebian produqciis warmoebis, agreTve, momsaxurebis
process da TavianTi Rirebuleba gadaaqvT damzadebuli
produqciis TviTRirebulebaSi nawil-nawil, cveTis Sesabamisad.
ZiriTadi kapitalis SemadgenlobaSi aRiricxeba Senobebi da
nagebobani, manqanebi da mowyobilobani, satransporto
saSualebani, instrumentebi da inventari, muSa da
produqtiuli pirutyvi, mravalwliani nargavebi da sxva
ZiriTadi kapitali.
ZiriTadi kapitali ganicdis rogorc fizikur aseve
moralur cveTas. fizikuri cveTaa ZiriTadi kapitalis
fizikuri datvirTvis gamo calkeuli nawilebis mwyobridan
gamosvla, rac moiTxovs rogorc mcire, ise saSualo da
kapitalur remonts. moraluri ewodeba ZiriTadi kapitalis
gaufasurebas imis gamo, rom iwarmoeba ufro maRali
warmadobis an dabali TviTRirebulebis manqana-danadgarebi.
biznesmenebma da menejerebma unda icodnen, rom orTave am
SemTxvevaSi damzadebuli produqciis (momsaxurebis) erTeulis
TviTRirebuleba da tarifebi mcirdeba, riTac bazarze
arsebuli konkurenciis pirobebi ukarnaxebs maT ganaaxlon
mowyobilobis parki.
ZiriTadi kapitalis Sefaseba warmoebs Tavdapirveli,
aRdgeniTi da Tavdapirveli an aRdgeniTi RirebulebiT cveTis
gamoklebiT.
Tavdapirveli Rirebulebaa kapitalis SeZenis,
transportirebisa da damontaJebis RirebulebaTa jami.
aRdgeniTi Rirebuleba aris ZiriTadi kapitalis
Rirebuleba kvlavwarmoebis Tanamedrove pirobebSi. vinaidan
mcirdeba mowyobilobaTa warmoebis TviTRirebuleba, aRdgeniTi
Rirebuleba, rogorc wesi, naklebia Tavdapirvel Rirebulebaze
(Tumca inflaciuri movlenebis ganviTarebis gamo SeiZleba
piriqiT moxdes).
Tu Tavdapirvel an aRdgeniT RirebulebaT gamovaklebT
cveTis Rirebulebas, miviRebT ZiriTadi kapitalis
aramortizirebul, narCen Rirebulebas.
cveTis Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba mowyobilobis
namuSevari wlebisa da saamortizacio anaricxebis normebis
mixedviT. ra aris amortizacia? amortizacia ewodeba ZiriTadi
kapitalis aRsadgeni Rirebulebis dagrovebas. Tanamedrove
msoflio praqtikaSi gavrcelebulia amortizaciis sami saxeoba:
wrfivi anu mudmivi, daCqarebuli da Senelebuli.
Tu ZiriTadi kapitalis cveTa mTeli momsaxurebis
periodis ganmavlobaSi warmoebs Tanabrad, maSin amortizaciis
wliur fonds (A)
gansazRvraven formuliT:
t
C C C C
A
k likv. mod. apr. Tavd.
+ + +
=
244 245
sadac
Tavd.
C - ZiriTadi kapitalis Tavdapirveli
Rirebulebaa;
kapr.
C - kapitaluri remontis Rirebulebaa;
mod.
C - modenizaciis Rirebulebaa;
likv.
C - ZiriTadi kapitalis narCeni Rirebulebaa
mwyobridan gamosvlis SemTxvevaSi (salikvidacio Rirebuleba).
t - ZiriTadi kapitalis momsaxurebis welTa raodenobaa.
amortizaciis wliuri fondis mixedviT (misi
procentuli SefardebiT Tavdapirvel RirebulebasTan)
ganisazRvreba amortizaciis norma (%). mudmivi anu wrfivi
amortizaciis SemTxvevaSi es norma ucvlelia ZiriTadi
kapitalis momsaxurebis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi. Tu,
magaliTad, ama Tu im saxis mowyobilobis Tavdapirveli
Rirebulebaa 100,0 aTasi lari da amortizaciis norma 10%,
maSin damzadebuli produqciis TviTRirebulebas yovelwliurad
daericxeba mowyobilobis Rirebulebis 10%, anu
lari aTasi
lari aTasi
0 . 10
100
10 0 . 100
=

ZiriTadi kapitalis aqtiuri nawilis (teqnologiuri

mowyobilobani, maRali warmadobis manqanebi da sxv.) ganaxlebis
daCqarebis mizniT iyeneben amortizaciis daCqarebul meTods. am
dros ZiriTadi kapitalis narCeni Rirebulebidan
yovelwliurad iTvaliswineben saamortizacio Tanxebis amoRebas
ara Tanabari procentiT, aramed orjer da zogjer ufro meti
procentiT.
Cvens mier zemoT motanili magaliTidan SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom biznesmenebs SeuZliaT mowyobilobis muSaobis pirveli
wlebidanve amoiRos saamortizacio anaricxebi 20%-iani anu 2-
jer meti ganakveTiT. am SemTxvevaSi mowyobilobis mTlian
Tavdapirvel Rirebulebas biznesmeni amoiRebs ara aT, aramed
xuT weliwadSi. miRebuli TanxebiT biznesmenebs SeuZliaT
SeiZinon axali, maRali teqnikuri ekonomikuri monacemebis
manqana-iaraRebi da amiT moaxdinon mowyobilobis ganaxleba.
amortizaciis mesame Senelebuli saxeobaa, rac ekonomistebma,
biznesmenebma da menejerebma upriania gamoiyenon ZiriTadi
kapitalis pasiuri nawilis (Senobebi, nagebobani, gadamcemi
mowyobilobani da sxv.) mimarT, romlebsac naklebad emuqrebaT
moraluri cveTis saSiSroeba. am SemTxvevaSi Tavidan naklebi
Tanxebi amoiReba kapitalis Tavdapirveli Rirebulebidan, xolo
fizikuri cveTis xangrZlivobis gadidebasTan erTad
TandaTanobiT diddeba saamortizacio anaricxebic.
sabrunavi kapitalis statistika
sabrunavi kapitali warmoebis is saSualebebia
(saxsrebia), romlebic erTi sawarmoo ciklis ganmavlobaSi
mTlianad moixmarebian produqciis sawarmoeblad, icvlian
TavianT naturalur formas da Rirebuleba gadaaqvT
damzadebuli produqciis an momsaxurebis TviTRirebulebaSi
nawil-nawil, cveTis Sesabamisad.
sabrunavi kapitali Sedgeba sabrunavi fondebis (sawarmoo
maragebi, daumTavrebeli warmoebis naSTebi, momavali periodis
xarjebi) da mimoqcevis fondebisagan (mza produqcia
gadagzavnili myidvelebze gzaSi, mza produqcia sawyobSi da
fuladi aqtivebi bankSi).
statistika Seiswavlis da aCvenebs sarkeSi Tu rogoria
sabrunavi kapitalis saerTo moculoba, struqtura, dinamika da
maTze moqmedi faqtorebis korelaciur-regresiuli analizis
indikatorebi. unda vicodeT, rom kapitalis gamouyenebloba
mZime tvirTad awveba ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedegebs. am
SemTxvevaSi diddeba produqciisa da momsaxurebis erTeulze
kapitalis danaxarjebi, Zvirdeba TviTRireuleba, axlovdeba
246 247
gakotrebis saSiSroeba. erTnairi moculobis kapitalis
maRalefeqtiuri gamoyenebis pirobebSi diddeba gamovSebuli
produqciisa da momsaxurebis moculoba, mcirdeba erTeulis
TviTRirebuleba, izrdeba mogebis moculoba da rentabelobis
maCveneblebi.
amitom, biznesis swori marTvis miznebisaTvis
ekonomistebma, biznesmenebma da menejerebma, pirvel rigSi,
kargad unda gaarkvion statistikuri sarkis meSveobiT rogoria
kapitalis gamoyenebis efeqtianoba biznesSi, ramdenad
efeqturad gamoiyeneba TiToeuli daxarjuli lari.
am sarkes statistika warmoaCens iseTi maCveneblebiT,
rogoricaa fondukugeba, fondtevadoba, mowyobilobis
datvirTvis eqstensiuri, intensiuri da integraluri
koeficientebi (ZiriTadi kapitalis gamoyeneba), brunvadobis
koeficienti, brunvadoba dReebSi da datvirTvis koeficienti
(sabrunavi saxsrebis gamoyeneba).
fondukugeba (kapitalukugeba) gaiangariSeba gamoSvebuli
produqciisa da momsaxurebis RirebulebaTa SefardebiT
ZiriTadi kapitalis saSualo RirebulebasTan
S
Q
K =
sadac K - kapitalukugeba;
Q - gamoSvebuli produqciis an momsaxurebis
Rirebuleba sabazro fasebSi)
S - ZiriTadi kapitalis (fondebis) saSualo
Rirebuleba.
fondtevadoba (kapitaltevadoba) fondukugebis
Sebrunebuli sididea. fondukugeba gviCvenebs kapitalis
(fondebis) Rirebulebis erT larze ramdenia gamoSvebuli
produqciis an momsaxurebis Rirebuleba, xolo fondtevadoba -
gamoSvebuli produqciis erT larze ZiriTadi kapitalis
danaxarjebis moculobas. aqedan cxadia, rom ZiriTadi
kapitalis erT larze produqciis an momsaxurebis Rirebulebis
gadideba niSnavs fondtevadobis Semcirebas anu ZiriTadi
kapitalis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis amaRlebas.
mowyobilobis datvirTvis eqstensiuri koeficienti
mowyobilobis samuSao drois mixedviT gamoyenebas gviCvenebs da
gaiangariSeba formuliT:
gegm.
faqt.
eqst.
T
T
K =
sadac,
eqst.
K - mowyobilobis eqstensiuri datvirTvis
koeficientia;
faqt.
T - mowyobilobis namuSevari faqtiuri droa dazga-
saaTebSi;
gegm.
T - mowyobilobis muSaobis gegmuri droa mocemul
periodSi CarxsaaTobiT (dazgasaaTobiT).
intensiuri gamoyenebis koeficienti gviCvenebs
mowyobilobis datvirTvis xarisxs erT saaTSi, rasac arkveven
erT saaTSi gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobis SefardebiT am
mowyobilobis warmadobasTan.
kompleqsurad rogorc drois, aseve warmadobis mixedviT
gamoyenebas gviCvenebs mowyobilobis datvirTvis integraluri
koeficienti, romelic gaiangariSeba eqstensiuri da intensiuri
datvirTvis koeficientebis urTieTTanamravliT.
magaliTi: samSeneblo firmam, romlis ZiriTadi kapitalis
saSualoTviuri Rirebuleba 1,8 mln laria, mocemul TveSi
gamouSva 2,0 mln laris produqcia. Sesabamisma samSeneblo
teqnologiurma danadgarebma orcvliani muSaobis reJimis
pirobebSi 400 saaTis nacvlad imuSava 320 saaTi, warmadobis
mixedviT unda gamoeSva erT saaTSi saSualod 2 tona
248 249
samSeneblo masala, faqtiurad gamouSva 1,4 tona. aseT
pirobebSi:
fondukugeba Seadgens: lari
fond.uk.
111 . 1
8 . 1
0 . 2
= = K
fondtevadoba Seadgens:
fond.tev.
9 . 0
111 . 1
1
= = K
1. eqstegraluri datvirTvis koeficienti:
eqst.
8 . 0
400
320
= = K
4. intensiuri datvirTvis koeficienti:
int.
75 . 0
2
5 . 1
= = K
5. intensiuri datvirTvis koeficienti:
6 . 0 75 . 0 8 . 0 = = =
int. eqst. int.
K K K
rogorc Cans, ZiriTadi kapitalis gamoyenebis maCveneblebi
dabalia.
ras unda miaqcion yuradReba ekonomistebma, biznesmenebma
da menejerebma?
pirvel rigSi unda mivaqcioT yuradReba ZiriTadi
kapitalis struqturas, rogoria masSi aqtiuri nawilis
(teqnologiuri mowyobilobis) xvedriTi wili. unda SevadaroT
is standartebsa da mowinave firmebis Sesabamis maCvenebels.
imis gamo, rom aqtiuri nawili qmnis uSualod produqcias,
menejeruli RonisZiebani unda davaproduqtoT misi amaRlebis
mimarTulebiT.
unda mieqces yuradReba, agreTve, mowyobilobis muSaobis
drois struqturas, rasac iZleva qronometraJisa da samuSao
drois fotografiis masalebi. menejeruli RonisZiebani unda
warimarTos unayofo drois danaxarjebis (muSebis gacdenebi,
mocdenebi sxvadasxva mizezebiT: eleqtroenergiis xSiri
gamorTvebi, masalebis uqonloba, mowyobilobis uwesivro
mdgomareoba, misi mcire, saSualo da kapremontis saWiroeba da
a.S.) aRmofxvrisa da sasargeblo drois danaxarjebis xvedriTi
wilis gadidebis mimarTulebiT.
sabrunavi saxsrebis gamoyenebis maCveneblebidan yvelaze
mniSvnelvani brunvadobis koeficientia, romelic ase
gaiangariSeba:
C
Q
K =
brunv.
sadac:
brunv.
K - sabrunavi saxsrebis brunvadobis
koeficientia mocemul periodSi;
Q - imave periodSi gamoSvebuli an realizebuli
produqciis Rirebuleba sabazro fasebSi;
C - sabrunavi saxsrebis saSualo naSTia igive periodSi
(TveSi saSualoTviuri naSTi gaiangariSeba Tvis dasawyissa da
Tvis bolos sabrunavi saxsrebis naSTebis jamis orze
SefardebiT, saSualokvartaluri - sami Tvis saSualos, xolo
saSualowliuri - oTxi kvartlis saSualos mixedviT).
meore maCvenebeli, brunvadoba dReebSi ganisazRvreba
mocemuli periodis kalendaruli dReebis ricxvis SefardebiT
brunvadobis koeficientze.
mesame maCvenebeli sabrunavi saxsrebis datvirTvis
koeficienti, gaiangariSeba sabrunavi saxsrebis erT larze
realizebuli saqonlis moculobiT.
ras gviCvenebs TiToeuli maCvenebeli?
brunvadobis koeficienti gviCvenebs ramdenjer gadabrunda
sabrunavi saxsrebi mocemul periodSi,
brunvadobis dReebSi - ramdeni dRea saWiro erTi
gadabrunebisaTvis, xolo sabrunavi saxsrebis datvirTvis
koeficienti sabrunavi saxsrebis TiToeuli lari ramdeni
laris saqonlis (produqciis) realizacias ,,axerxebs~ mocemul
periodSi.
250 251
gare samyaro da bunebrivi resursebi
erovnuli simdidris Semadgeneli nawilia, agreTve, gare
samyaro da bunebrivi resursebi. imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinareobs gare samyarosa da
rekreaciuli zonis dabinZurebis, bunebrivi resursebis
mopovebis da xarjvis intensiuri procesebi (yovelwliurad
moipoveba 100 mlrd tona madani, saTbobi da sxvadasxva saxis
samSeneblo masalebi, agreTve, 5 mlrd tona bunebrivi airi da
navTobi da a.S.) metad aqtualuri gaxda am procesebis
statistikuri Seswavla. bunebrivi resursebia miwisa da tyis,
sasargeblo wiaRiseulis maragebi, wylisa da
hidroenergetikuli resursebi da sxva. bunebrivi resursebi or
nawilad iyofa. erTi nawili mozidulia warmoebis procesSi da
CaerTveba simdidris SemadgenlobaSi. meore nawili ganekuTvneba
potenciur bunebriv resursebs.
bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis statistikuri
maCveneblebi moicavs miwisa da tyis fondis, sasargeblo
wiaRiseulis, wylisa da hidroenergetikuli resursebis,
agreTve, garemo samyaros moculobis, struqturis, dinamikisa
da moqmedi faqtorebis indikatorebs.
miwis fondi aris ama Tu im qveynis an regionis mTliani
teritoria wylisqveSa farTobis CaTvliT, romlis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis sasoflo-sameurneo, samrewvelo,
samSeneblo, satransporto da sxva daniSnulebis miwis
farTobebi.
sasoflo-sameurneo miwis fondis SemadgenlobaSi
TavisTavad gamoiyofa saxnavi, nasveni miwebi, mravalwliani
nargavebi, saTibebi, saZovrebi.
miwis fondi, pirvel rigSi, absoluturi maCveneblebiT
Seiswavleba, rac moicavs miwis fondis raodenobas periodis
dasawyisSi, zrdas an klebas periodis ganmavlobaSi,
transformacias (erTi saxis miwis fondis gardaqmnas meore
saxeobaSi - saxnavi saZovrad an piriqiT) da miwis fonds
periodis bolosaTvis. gamoiyeneba, agreTve, SefardebiTi
maCveneblebic, rogoricaa: miwis fondis struqtura calkeuli
saxis miwis fondis mixedviT, dinamika 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi da
a.S.
tyis fondi merqnis maragia, romlis raodenoba izomeba
kuburi metrobiT. igi Sedgeba wyalsacavebis (wylis obieqtebis
napirebis), damcveli (rkinigza da sxva gzebis gaswvriv),
sanitarul-higienuri da gamajansaRebeli (qalaqebis,
sawarmoebisa da dawesebulebebis tyis fondi, tyis parkebi,
nakrZalebi da sxv.) tyis fondebisagan.
tyis fondis gamoyenebas axasiaTeben tyiT dafaruli
farTobis 1 ha-ze merqnis namatiT wlis manZilze, tyis
aRdgeniT (gaWrili tyis nacvlad axalSeneba), tyis axali
gaSenebis farTobiT.
sasargeblo wiaRiseuli misi Seswavlilobisa da
samrewvelo gadamuSavebisaTvis momzadebis xarisxis mixedviT,
iyofa oTx jgufad:
A - detalurad gamokvleuli maragebi; B -
gamokvleuli maragebi;
1
C - rTuli geologiuri agebulebis gamokvleuli
maragebi;
2
C - perspeqtiuli maragebi. statistika axasiaTebs
maragebis saerTo moculobas, struqturas da dinamikas.
wylis resursebi gamoiyeneba sayofacxovrebo
miznebisaTvis, samrewvelo momaragebisaTvis, hidroenergiis
misaRebad, mosarwyavad, Tevzis gasaSeneblad, dasaWerad da a.S.
maT SemadgenlobaSi Sedis Sina (mdinareebi, tbebi da sxv.) da
gare (okeaneebi da sxv.) wylis resursebi. statistika swavlobs
wylis resursebis saerTo raodenobas, struqturas, dinamikas
da sxv.
garemos mdgomareobas axasiaTeben garemos calkeuli
elementebiT (wylis maragiT, misi moxmarebiT, mwvane nargavebiT)
252 253
ama Tu im qveynis an regionis teritoriis an mosaxleobis
erTeulze.
garemos dabinZurebas axasiaTeben avtomanqanebis
raodenobiT erT km
2
an mosaxleobis 1000 sulze,
avtomanqanebidan gamotyorcnili mavne airebiT da a.S.
biznes garemos mimzidvelobis integrirebul
statistikur maCvenebelTa sistema
biznes garemoze uamravi socialur-ekonomikuri da
politikuri faqtori axdens zemoqmedebas, romelTagan mTavaria
zemoTganxiluli socialur-ekonomikuri, makroekonomikuri da
bunebrivi, SromiTi resursebisa da Sromis bazris garemos
statistikuri indikatorebi. ismis kiTxva! rogor SeiZleba
yvela isini gavzomoT da warmovadginoT erT gaerTianebul,
sinTezur, inegrirebul indikatorSi, romlis mixedviT
investorebi, biznesmenebi da sxva dainteresebuli pirebi
TvalnaTliv daianaxaven Tu ramdenad mimzidvelia mocemuli
qveyana an regioni biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis? am SemTxvevaSi
siZnele imaSi mdgomareobs, rom faqtorTa iseT kompleqsTan
gvaqvs saqme, romelTa Sejameba an erTmaneTze gadamravleba ar
SeiZleba anu ar xasiaTdebian aditiurobisa da
multiflikatorebis TvisebebiT. amitom aq gamogvadgeba gaeros
eqspertebis mier adamianis potencialuri ganviTarebis indeqsis
SemuSavebisaTvis gamoyenebuli meTodologia, romlis mixedviT
xdeba TiToeuli faqtoris standartizacia anu normireba da
Semdeg maTi sinTezi, gaerTianeba erT integrirebul
maCvenebelSi.
biznes garemos mimzidvelobis sinTezuri, integraluri
statistikuri indikatori SeiZleba aseTi zogadi formuliT
warmovidginoT:
n
K
K
n
i
i
=
=
1
int.
sadac,
int.
K biznes garemos mimzidvelobis integraluri
koeficientia;
i
K - uri faqtoris subindeqsi;
n - faqtorTa ricxvi.
TavisTavad an subindeqsi SeiZleba gaangariSebul iqnas
Semdegi formulis daxmarebiT:
min max
min
i i
i i
i
X X
X X
K

=
sadac,
i
X i -uri faqtoris faqtobrivi mniSvnelobaa
mocemul qveyanasa da regionSi;
min i
X i - uri faqtoris minimaluri mniSvneloba;
max i
X i - uri faqtoris maqsimaluri mniSvneloba.
biznes garemoze moqmedi faqtorebi da maTi
ganmsazRvreli parametrebi Cveni varaudiT, SeiZleba ase
warmovadginoT:
254 255
biznes garemos ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi
# faqtoris dasaxeleba maCveneblis
maqsimaluri
mniSvneloba
maCveneblis
minimaluri
mniSvneloba
subindeqsi
1 mSp erT sulze 5448 aSS dolari 100 aSS
dolari
TveSi
K1
2 ganaTlebis done 100 % 0% K2
3 sicocxlis
saSualo xangZlivoba
85 weli 25 weli K3
4 umuSevrobis done mowinave qveynis
maCvenebeli
0% K4
5 siRaribis done mowinave qveynis
maCvenebeli
0% K5
6 infrastruqturis
ganviTarebis
done
mowinave qveynis
maCvenebeli
0% K6
7 bunebrivi resursebis
% erovnul
simdidreSi
mowinave qveynis
maCvenebeli
0% K7
8 kanondarRvevaTa
raodenoba mosaxleobis
10 000 kacze
mowinave qveynis
maCvenebeli
0% K8
9 kerZo sakuTr.
xelyofis
raodenoba mosaxleobis
10 000 kacze
mowinave qveynis
maCvenebeli
0% K9
10 Semosavlebis
uTanabrobis koef.
mowinave qveynis
maCvenebeli
0% K10
CamoTvlil faqtorTa pirveli Svidi
pirdapirproporciul gavlenas axdens biznes garemos
mimzidvelobis xarisxze. biznesmens da investors srulebiTac
ar awyobs biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis mosaxleobiT dasaxlebuli
teritoria cxovrebis Zalian dabali doniT. mas moawyobs
hyavdes kanonmdeblobiT daculi mdidarTa partniorebi qveyanasa
da regionSi, agreTve, maRali sicocxlis saSualo
xangrZlivobisa da ganaTlebuli samuSao Zalis mqone
mosaxleoba. magram amasTan erTad daintresebulia iafi samuSao
ZaliTa da infrastruqturis (gzebis, transportis da sxv.)
ganviTarebis maRali doniT, agreTve, umuSevrobisa da siRaribis
arsebobiT, rac bizness iafi samuSao ZaliT uzrunvelyofs.
faqtorTa bolo sami dasaxeleba ukuproporciul
damokidebulebaSia biznes garemos mimzidvelobis xarisxisadmi.
kanondarRvevaTa didi raodenoba anu kriminaluri situaciis
gauareseba, agreTve, kerZo sakuTrebis xSiri xelyofa
sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier da
mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis uTanabrobis
Semcireba, anu nulTan miaxloeba auaresebs biznes garemos.
amitom biznes garemos mimzidvelobis xarisxis integraluri
maCveneblis gaangariSebisaTvis saWiroa, Cveni gaangariSebiT am
faqtoris Sesabamisi subindeqsi gamovakloT erTs. miviRebT
kanonmdeblobis da kerZo sakuTrebis dacvis, agreTve,
Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis ara uTanabrobis, aramed
Tanabarganawilebis koeficientebs, romelTa gadideba
pirdapirproporciulia biznes garemos mimzidvelobis
xarisxisadmi. saboloo jamSi, Cvens magaliTze, biznes garemos
mimzidvelobis xarisxis koeficienti miiRebs saxes:
zogadad Cvens mier miRebuli formula ase SeiZleba
gamovsaxoT:
n
K m n K
K
m
i
n
m
i i
= +
+
=
1 1
) (
mimz.
10
3
7
1
3
1

= =
+
=
i i
i i
K K
K
mimz.
256 257
sadac, m - biznes garemos mimzidvelobis
pirdapirproporciuli faqtorebis ricxvi, xolo danarCeni
m n - araproporciuli moqmedebis faqtorebia.
biznes garemos mimzidvelobis integraluri koeficientis
mniSvneloba icvleba 0-dan 1-mde, anu 0-dan 100%-mde. Tu misi
mniSvneloba 0-dan 30%-is farglebSia, mimzidveloba sustia,
30-dan 60%-mde saSualod zomieri, xolo 60%-s zeviT, unda
viviaraudoT, rom Zalian Zlieria.
Sinaarsi
Sesavali . . . . . 3
Tema 1. mosaxleobis statistika . . . . . . . . . 4
Tema 2. SromiTi resursebisa da Sromis bazris statistika 44
Tema 3. sabanko da sadazRvevo statistika . . . 66
Tema 4. monetaruli da fiskalur-sagadasaxado
statistika . . . . . 87
Tema 5. fasebisa da inflaciis statistika . . 104
Tema 6. safondo birJebis da fasiani qaRaldebis
statistika . . . . 118
Tema 7. mewarmeobis statistika . . . 140
Tema 8. investiciebis statistika . . . 179
Tema 9. sagareo ekonomikur urTierTobaTa statistika . . 198
Tema 10. erovnul angariSTa sistema . . . 227
literatura
258 259
literatura
1. gabiZaSvili b. , statistika, ekonomikaSi,
biznessa da menejmentSi, Tb. , 2007.
2. gabiZaSvili b. , ekonomikuri statistika, Tb. ,
2006.
3. kbilaZe d. , abesaZe n. , metreveli S. ,
statistika ekonomikasa da biznesSi, Tb. , 2008.
4. kbilaZe d. , abesaZe n. , metreveli S. ,
socialur-ekonomikuri statistika, Tb. , 2006.
5. xmalaZe m. , demografia, Tb. , 2009.
6. Cnfnbcnbrf Abyfycjd Extdybr
gjl htlfrcbtq D.Y. cfkbyf V.
2001 u.
7. WWW. geostat.ge
8. WWW. mof.ge