NORTH AMERICAN

WILD FLOWERS

_ Ji^^->-^

NORTH AMERICAN
.

WILD FLOWERS
BY

MARY VAUXi WALCOTT

PUBLISHED BY

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

WASHINGTON,
1925
J UN 2 4 1985

D. C.

LIBRARIES

/a
VJ3X
>6

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume V
Note:
Brown
All sketches are
life size.

The system used

in

naming

the plants is the

American Code of Botanical

Nomenclature. Descriptions of the plants illustrated

s Illustrated Flora,

may

be

found in Gray

New Manual,

Britton

and

Small's Flora of the Southeastern United States, Rydbergs Flora of the Rocky Mountains, or Abrams' Illustrated Flora of the Pacific Coast.

PLATE
3x1. Flowering
3x1. Flowering

Dogwood Dogwood

(flower).
(fruit).

Cornus florida

Linnaeus

Comus florida Linnaeus

Iuinnabus

313. Witch-hazel.
3 xz|..
32.5.

Hamamelis

virginiana

Maypop.
Sweetbay.

Passiflora incarnata

Linnaeus
Linnaeus
Linnaeus

Magnolia

Virginian a

3x6. Lambkill.
3 2.7.
32.8.

Kalmia

angustijolia

Pink Ladyslipper.

Cypripedium acaule
triloba

Aiton

Papaw.

Asimina

(Linnaeus)

Dunal
Croom
Torre y

319.
330.

Drummond Pitcherplant.
Yellow Cucumbertree.

Sarracenia drummondii
cordata

Magnolia

Michaux

331. Jack-in-the-pulpit.
z. 33

Arisaema triphyllum (Linnaeus)

Blueflag

Iris.

Iris versicolor

Linnaeus
malachodendron

333. Virginia Stewartia.

334.

Steivartia

Linnaeus

Wax Trillium.

Trillium album

(Michaux) Small

335. Loblolly Pine.

Pinus taeda

Linnaeus

336. Fringed Gentian.

Gentiana crinita Froelich

337.

White Epidendrum.

Epidendrum nocturnum Jaquin

338. Bluebead.
33c).

Clintonia borealis (Aiton)

Rafinesque

Yellow

Troutlily.

Erythronium americanumY^EK

340.

Yellow Fringeorchid.

Habenaria

ciliaris

(Linnaeus) Robert

Brown

341. Whiteflowering Raspberry. 341. Saltmarsh Rosegentian. 343. Fringed Parnassia.

Rubus parviflorus Nuttall

stellaris

Sabbatia

Pursh

Parnassia flmbriata

Konig

344- Bourgeau Rose (flower).

Rosa bourgeauiana Crepin

345. Bourgeau Rose

(fruit).

Rosa bourgeauiana Crepin

346. Purple Pentstemon.

347. Canada Violet.

Pentstemon lyallii

Gray

Viola canadensis

Linnaeus

348.

Woolly

Arnica.

Arnica tomentosa

Macoun
(Hooker) Piper

34^. Strawberry-blite.

Chenopodium capitatum (Linnaeus) Ascherson

350. Western Rattlesnakeplantain.

351. Bur-forget-me-not.
x. 35

Peramium
diffusa

decipiens

Lappula

(Lehmann) Greene
Schmidt

Alpine Forget-me-not.

Myosotis alpestris
Trollius albiflorus

353.

White Globeflower.

(Gray) Rydberg

354. Perennial Gaillardia.

Gaillardia aristata

Pursh

355. Ptarmiganberry.
356. 357.

Arctous alpina (Linnaeus)

Niedenzu
House

Hooded

Ladies-tresses.

Ibidium strictum (Rydberg)

Pentstemon conjertus

Yellow Pentstemon.

Douglas

358. Camas.
353.
3 Go.

Quamasia quamash (Pursh) Coville

Eritrichum elongatum

Moss Forget-me-not.
Western
Pipsisse wa.

(Rydberg)

W. F.Wight
Blakb

Chimaphila umbellata var. occidentalis (Rydberg)

livida

361.

Red Comandra.

Comandra

Richardson
(Watson) Rydberg

3 61. Pale Strawberry.

Fragaria glauca

363. 364. 365.

Redstem

Saxifrage.

Saxifraga

lyallii

Engler

Yellow Dryad
Yellow Dryad

(flower).
(fruit).

Dryas drummondii Richardson

Dry as drummondii Richardson

366. Heliotrope Valerian.

3 67.

Valeriana sitchensis

Bongard

Moss Campion.

Silene acaulis

Linnaeus

368. Alpine Harebell.

369. Harebell.
370.

Campanula lasiocarpa Chamisso

rotundijolia

Campanula

Linnaeus
Linnaeus

RedWillowweed.
Anemone.

Epilobium latifolium

371. Northern

Anemone parviflora
Castilleja miniata

Michaux

371. Alberta Paintbrush.

Bentham
Retz

373. Elephanthead.

Pedicularis groenlandica

374- Lewis Monkeyflower. 375. Alpine Monkeyflower. 376. Aleutian Fleabane.

377.

Mimulus
Mimulus

lewisii

Pursh

caespitosus

Greene

Erigeron unalaschensis

(De Candolle) Rydberg

Whitebark

Pine.

Pinus albkaulis

Engelmann
(Parry)

378.

Engelmann

Spruce.

Pice a engelmanni

Engelmann

379. Creeping Juniper.

380.

Juniperus horiyontalis

Moench
Barratt

Drummond Willow.
Larix

Salix drummondiana

381. Lyall Larch.

382..

lyallii

Parlatore

Crowberry.

Empetrum nigrum Linnaeus

Allium
sibericum

383. Siberian Onion.

3 84.

Linnaeus

Slim Larkspur.

Delphinium depauperatum

Nuttall

385. Arrowleaf Groundsel.

Senecia triangularis

Hooker

386.

Wright Pentstemon.

Pentstemon wrightii

Hooker
(Nuttall) Rydberg

387.

White Dawnrose.

Pachyloplus marginatus

388. Evening-primrose.
389. Clusterlily.

Pachyloplus hirsutus

Rydberg

Hookera pauciflora (Torrey) Tidestrom

Chrysamphora californica (Torrey)

350. California Pitcherplant.

391. Scarlet Mariposa.

Greene

Calochortus kennedyi

Porter

39Z. Bushpoppy.

Dendromecon rigidum

Bentham
Greene
Douglas

353. Mexican Poppy. 354. Fire Pentstemon.

Eschscholt^ia mexicana

Pentstemon eatonii

Gray
cardinalis

355. Cardinal Monkeyflower. 356. Ocotillo.

Mimulus

Fouquieria splendens

Engelmann
(Hooker and Arnott) Rydberg

357. Yucca.

Yucca

bailey i

Wooton and Standley

Sphaeralcea grossulariaefolia

398. Scarlet Globe-mallow. 399* Quill-leaf Tillandsia.

Tillandsia fasciculata
Sarracenia catesbaei

Swartz

400. Catesby Pitcherplant.

Elliott

FLOWERING DOGWOOD
Comus florida Linnaeus

Dogwood grows
inhabits.

abundantly in the favored regions which

is

it

When

the tree

in

bloom

in early spring, the profuse

blossoms appear like a cloud of great snowflakes falling through the

interlaced branches.

The large flower buds are well developed

before

the leaves

fall in

autumn.

When warmer

days have

come the four

small bracts,
like organs

which

protect the buds, expand into the white petal-

which surround the yellow-green florets clustered in the center. The dogwood tree grows to a maximum height of twenty
feet

with

trunk sometimes eighteen inches in diameter.

Its

bark

is

gray and cracked into squares, and the

heavy.
Its

wood

is

close-grained and

firm and even texture, and

it

its

quality of drying without

wood for wedges in lumber camps and for spindles and bobbins in cotton mills. Dogwood is the State flower
cracking,

makes

a favorite

of Virginia, and no more beautiful and

suitable plant could

have been

chosen. Occasionally the bracts are pink. Both color-types are extensively cultivated, thriving best in a moderately acid
soil.

Flowering dogwood

is

found from Florida and Texas northward

to southern Maine, Ontario, and Minnesota, and related species occur

in the Pacific Coast States, and in Japan, Korea, and China.

The

sketch

was made

in Washington, District of Columbia.

PLATE

32.I

FLOWERING DOGWOOD
Cornus florida Linnaeus

FRUIT OF PLATE 3X1

As autumn approaches, the

geous
ters
tints

leaves

of the dogwood assume gorat the

of crimson and yellow, and

same season the

clus-

of

brilliant red berries

reach their maturity. Robins and

many

other birds are especially fond of the juicy though bitter berries,

and frequently they eat them

stored by small

all

before winter comes.

The

seeds are
fruits re-

mammals

for winter use.

Sometimes the

main on the
places,

tree until far into the winter. In late

autumn, in some

they are so abundant as to give a red color to the woods.

is

Dogwood

found from Florida to Texas, and northward to

southern Maine, Ontario, and Minnesota.

The branch illustrated grew near Fairfax, Virginia, a region where

the berries are exceptionally large and well developed.

PLATE

32.x

WITCH-HAZEL
Hamamelis virginiana Linnaeus
In late autumn,

when

the leaves have nearly

all fallen,

and

all

other flowers long since have faded, the witch-hazel comes into

bloom.
For
the gray witch-hazel gives her flowers, Her tiny blooms, that sweeten all the air,
greet

now

To

November's sun and chilly showers, With something dainty, hardy, sweet and fair. Elusive, drifting, cool and vaguely sweet, It gives the day a meaning all its own, November's incense, as she comes to meet The winter, when all flower scents have flown.
L. Claude.

The dainty pale yellow flowers sprawl from the axils of the yellow
tinted leaves, and

sometimes open even

after the last leaf has fallen.

The fruits do not ripen until almost a year has passed. Then the hard
dry seeds are shot from the slowly splitting capsules to a distance of

many
to

yards

from the parent

plant.

Witch-hazel was named by the

early colonists

from

a fancied resemblance to another plant

known

them

in western Europe, and

latter

much

of the folk-lore connected

are sup-

with the

was

transferred

with the name. The twigs

posed to possess occult powers

when in the hands of persons capable

is

of interpreting the movements, and to reveal the presence of water

or mineral deposits. Witch-hazel

used in medicine, because of the

soothing properties of the

distilled extract.

The
ward

witch-hazels belong to a small plant family distantly related

to the roses.

The

species here described

is

found from Florida northrelative that

to

Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Minnesota. A

grows

from Louisiana to Missouri blooms

in earliest spring.

The specimens painted grew near Washington, District of Columbia.

PLATE

32.3

MAYPOP
Passiflora incarnata

Linnaeus

The Passionflower Family of three hundred and fifty species is exclusively American,
tropics.

and nearly

all

the species are inhabitants of the

States

Only

few

are

found in the United

and of these the

maypop is hardy as far north as Virginia and even farther northward. It is a vigorous vine, often growing thirty feet in length, with many tendrils and rich green leaves. The peculiarly scented flowers attract
universal attention by their complicated structure and coloring.

The

various organs of the flower suggested to the devout Spaniards

the objects associated with the passion of our Lord, and the Latin

name was given

and pale yellow.

in consequence.
Its

The
is

fruit

is

as large as a hen's

egg

smooth rind

very tough, and the

many and
is

large seeds are surrounded by a juicy sweet pulp, which

children.

eaten by

Some of

the tropical passionflowers are highly esteemed

for their edible fruits

of superior

flavor.

The common name of the

it

plant refers to the loud popping noise that

until
it bursts.

makes when squeezed

Tennessee has adopted

it as

the State flower.

The maypop grows from

Florida to Texas and northward to

is

Virginia, southern Indiana, and Missouri. It

is

easily cultivated,
its

but

not safe to introduce into small gardens, because of

spreading

tendencies.

The

sketch

was made from specimens secured near Savannah,

Georgia.

PLATE 3x4

SWEETBAY
Magnolia virginiana Linnaeus

Sweetbay

is

found in

swampy woods

or deep

swamps where

it is

usually a shrub, although sometimes attaining the size of a tree.

The

leathery leaves are silvery beneath, and their upper surface

is

a rich

dark green.

The solitary flowers are borne at the tips of the branches,

petals contrast pleasingly

where the creamy

foliage.

with the deeply colored

Their delicious and pervasive odor is their greatest attraction.

Long

after the flowers

have passed they are succeeded by a coneripe,

shaped fruit in which, when fully

the separate parts

split

open,

and the seeds with their bright red fleshy covering dangle by slender
threads.

When the thread finally breaks, the seeds are blown by the
While
beavers

wind

to substantial distances.

were abundant they

dams, and they were
to bait beaver

felled the trunks of these trees for building their

so fond of the bark that

traps.

it

was employed frequently

tree.
is

Sweetbay

is

often called beaver

This striking

member of the Magnolia Family

found around

the Gulf of Mexico from Florida to Texas and Arkansas, and north-

ward along the Atlantic

setts. It

coastal plain to Pennsylvania

and Massachuculti-

always grows in the most acid of soils, and thrives in

soils.

vation only if planted in such

It

grows

plentifully in the
this

neighborhood of Washington, District

of Columbia, where

specimen was found.

PLATE 315

LAMBKILL
Kalmia
angustifolia

Linnaeus
is

Lambkill, although closely related to mountain laurel,

conspic-

uously different in
colored flowers. It

its
is

low

stature

and smaller but more brightly

Family.

a beautiful

member of the Heath

swamps with
is

The
it

shrub grows from six inches to three feet in height, and where
is

plentiful, colors the hillsides or

its

rich crimson.

The
well

plant, as its

popular

name

intimates,

very poisonous to stock,

which sometimes eat the young leaves. Its poisonous properties were

known

to the Indians

who

inhabited the Eastern States.

This species has a wide range.

It is

found from Georgia to Michi-

gan and northward to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay.

The

sketch

was made from specimens

collected near

Washing-

ton, District

of Columbia.

PLATE 3x6

PINK LADYSLIPPER
Cyfripedium acaule Aiton

Pink

ladyslipper, often called moccasin-flower,

it

is

always a delight
visitor.

to the flower lover, for

is

seems like some exotic

In fact

it

not surpassed in beauty by

many of
it is

the choicest orchids of the

tropics. It adapts itself readily to cultivation in a

wild garden

if suit-

able acid soil

all

is

provided, for

one of the most acid-loving of

our native

plants. It reappears year after year

acaule,

when

once estab-

lished.

The term

meaning
latter

"stemless," applies to the leaves

and

not to the flower, for the

springing

grows

at the

top of a slender stem

up between two broad green

soil. It is

leaves

which

often

lie close

against the

the largest flower produced by any of our native

northern orchids. Bumblebees are attracted to the nectar and enter

the pouch, at the top of

which

it is

secreted. Frequently,

however,

they find escape difficult, sometimes even biting their way out to free-

dom. Those which manage to emerge through the openings beside

the anthers rub off some of the sticky pollen, and without
it,

knowing

carry this to another flower and leave

it

on the stigma

there, thus

bringing about cross-pollination and the production of

fertile seed.

Pink ladyslipper

is

found from the mountains of Alabama northto Manitoba.

ward

to

Newfoundland and westward

The
bia.

flowers sketched

grew

near Washington, District of Colum-

PLATE 3Z7

PAPAW
Asimina
triloba

(Linnaeus) Dunal

The papaw
feet in

is

a tall shrub or small tree

from ten

to forty-five

height

It

grows

in rich

ground along

river bottoms,

where
it is

owing
easily

to the soft and unobtrusive coloring of the flowers,

overlooked

when

in bloom.

The

flowers appear earlier than

the leaves, along with those of dogwood and redbud, but the fruits

do not ripen

until October.
size

They grow singly or

in sparse bunches,

and are of the

and shape of short stout bananas.

When
The

ripe,

they are colored deep yellow. Opinions

ity,

differ as to their

payabilold

but

many

persons enjoy their sweet aromatic flavor.

French

settlers called

them

"assimin," a

name

derived from that

used in a dialect of the Algonquian Indians, and the genus

is

name

derived from this term.

The papaw belongs

to the tropical

Anona

Family, but the eight species of Asimina are

ern United
States.

all

native in the south-

This specimen grew on Plummers Island, Maryland, near Washington, District of Columbia.

Papaw ranges from

northward to

Florida westward to Texas and Kansas and

Ontario, and Michigan.

New York, southern

PLATE

32.8

DRUMMOND PITCHERPLANT
Sarracenia drummondii

Croom
is

The
hind

thrill

of finding a pitcher plant in bloom

a rare experience,
left be-

for the petals of these plants are short lived.

is

The umbrella

a curious object, but

it

lacks the distinctive beauty

of the per-

fect flower,

with

its brilliant petals.

Many

insects are attracted to the

treacherous pitchers and are lured to their death.

flowers, pitcherplants are the

Of all

our wild

most

fascinating

from the standpoint

of their

relations to insects, excepting only the orchids.

They

yield

readily to cultivation in a cool greenhouse,

when

given the proper

acid

soil,

and abundant moisture about their

roots,

approximating

natural conditions. This

pot,

may be

accomplished by the use of a double

with peat moss

in the interspace.

Drummond Pitcherplant is one of the largest of the several species

of the genus,
feet. It is
its

pitchers reaching a height of three or even four

native in a rather restricted area along the

Gulf Coast, from

southwestern Georgia and western Florida to southern Mississippi.

The

plant painted

was brought

into

bloom in the greenhouses of

the Department of Agriculture in Washington.

PLATE

32.9

YELLOW CUCUMBERTREE
Magnolia cordata Michaux

Yellow cucumbertree
nolia Family,
species has
its

is

one of the rare members of the Mag-

range being confined to the State of Georgia. This

had a peculiar history, having been discovered by Michaux

in the course of his

latter part

famous exploration

trips in this

country in the

of the eighteenth century, then being

lost to science for a

years.

long period, and rediscovered in the wild in recent

A fine specimen
ture in

on the grounds of the Department of Agriculattention, especially

Washington always draws much

its

when

adorned with
those

showy blossoms. The flowers resemble somewhat of the tuliptree, which indeed is a close relative, but the cuearlier in

cumbertree flowers

the season.

The specimen sketched was given me by the Honorable Henry C.

Wallace, at that time Secretary of Agriculture.

PLATE 330

JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT
Artsaema triphyllum (Linnaeus) Torrey
Jack-in-the-pulpit, sometimes called Indian turnip,

comes into

bloom

in spring along

with

violets

and columbines.

It thrives in

rich moist woods, and in favorable surroundings develops into a

plant two feet tall.

pistillate flowers.

Some spathes contain staminate flowers and others

pistillate

In some cases both staminate and

plant, the latter
fruit,

flowers

are

found in the same

growing above the former, at

consists

the base of the club.

berries, ripens in

The

which

of a

ball

of bright red

September.

The

bulblike corm, sunk deep in the

ground,

is

very pungent

when

tasted raw, causing the

It

mouth and
as

tongue to burn for hours afterward.

was used by the Indians

remove the

food, however, after baking or boiling to

stances.

irritating sub-

The Arum

family, to

which

Jack-in-the-pulpit belongs,

is

com-

posed chiefly of tropical plants but includes the skunkcabbage, wild

calla,

greendragon, and goldenclub, as well as the cultivated

calla.

Jack-in-the-pulpit is found
to

from Florida to Kansas and northward

at

Nova

Scotia

and Minnesota. Our specimen grew

Bryn Mawr,

Pennsylvania.
Jack-in-the-pulpit preaches today,

Under the green trees, just over the way; Squirrel and song sparrow high on their perch, Hear the sweet lily-bells ringing to church.

Come
In his
Fair
is

hear what his reverence

rises to say,

low painted

pulpit, this

calm Sabbath day.

the canopy over him seen Penciled by nature's hand, black, brown and green. Green is his surplice, green are his bands;
In his queer
little pulpit,

the

little priest stands.

Clara Smith
plate 331

BLUEFLAG
Iris versicolor

IRIS

Linnaeus
because
it

Blueflag

iris

loves

swamps and wet meadows

requires

ample moisture

in order to flourish. Its blue flowers attract bees

and

other insects; these are necessary to the formation of viable seeds, for
the shape and arrangement of the petals are such as to
lination impossible.

make self pol-

The

thick root

is

considered poisonous, and al-

though

this

is

not fully substantiated, the foliage evidently contains

a repellent, for cattle never eat it

The

irises

derive their

name from

the Greek

word meaning rainbow.

iris

Blueflag

has a wide range, growing from the mountains of

Closely related species

North Carolina northward to Newfoundland.

also occur in adjoining territory.

The specimen sketched grew near Washington, District of Columbia.

PLATE

332.

VIRGINIA STEWARTIA
Stewartia malachodendron Linnaeus

The few
States
botanists.

species

of stewartia found in the southeastern United

all rare

and eastern Asia are

and

local plants, familiar to

few

Their beauty deserves for them a wider acquaintance. This

is

stewartia

a shrub

growing from

six to

twelve

feet high,

and

is

usually found in

low woods. The unusual

coloring of the stamens,

especially the anthers, gives the flowers a very remarkable appearance,

and the leaves in autumn are colored

brilliantly

with red and orange.

of Bute, a
Stew-

The genus name was given

artia. It

in

honor of John

Stuart, Earl

patron of botany, but Linnaeus adopted the

belongs to the Tea Family.

name

in the

form

Stewartia ranges from Florida to Virginia and west to Louisiana.

The

sketch

was made from

a specimen gathered

on Ladys Island

near Beaufort, South Carolina.

PLATE 333

WAX
Wax
seldom
trillium
seen,
is

TRILLIUM
(Michaux) Small
is little

Trillium album

one of the trilliums which

it is

but for that very reason,

of greater

known and interest when

it

found. Moist

woods and

thickets are

its

favorite habitat. Since

thrives in cultivation in a wild garden, as

do most of

its relatives, it

may be enjoyed each succeeding spring. It may be a color form of the

well-known purple
plants
trillium (Trillium erectum). It occurs as isolated
species,

throughout the range of that

from the mountains of

Georgia and Alabama to

Nova

Scotia

and Manitoba. The trilliums

belong to the Lily Family, and the numerous species occurring in

North America
Chestnut

are distributed

from

coast to coast.

The specimen

sketched was obtained from a wild garden near

Hill, Massachusetts.

plate 334

LOBLOLLY PINE
Pinus taeda Linnaeus

We are so apt to consider the various kinds of pine trees as similar

and uninteresting, that

when

a loblolly pine
its

is

investigated in

its

blooming season

in earliest spring,

curious flowers shedding their

clouds of dustlike pollen are an unexpected novelty. Produced plentifully at

the tips of the twigs, they are so abundant,

as to

give a

brownish tinge to the whole tree. The embryonic cones are inconspicuous
at this season,

reaching their full

size

only at the end of autumn,

is

but they enlarge after pollination has occurred. Loblolly pine

forest tree occasionally reaching a height
feet, with a

a large
fifty

of one hundred and

trunk five
is

feet in diameter. It springs

up in clearings or in
are usually

old fields and

in threes.

often called oldfield pine.

is

The long leaves

brittle.

The wood

coarse-grained and

Loblolly pine ranges from Florida north to Delaware and

Jersey and

New

west to Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.

The

sketch was

made

at Beaufort,

South Carolina.

plate 335

FRINGED GENTIAN
Gentiana crinita Froelich

Fringed gentian

is

a plant always surrounded

lines:

with sentiment,

which

is

reflected in

Bryants

Thou

waitest late, and comest alone

are bare and birds

When woods
And
frosts

have flown,

and shortening days portend

is

The aged year

near his end.

Then doth thy sweet and quiet eye

Look through
Blue

its

fringes to the sky,

blueas

if
its

that sky let fall

cerulean wall.

flower from

In some years the fringed gentian

fully in a given locality, but the next

may be found growing plentiseason it maybe sought in vain

in the
its

same spot. The fact that the plant is a biennial, flowering only in

second season, sometimes accounts for this, although in some places

other individuals

come into bloom in the in-between years. The seeds,

easily

although numerous, are very small and light and

washed away

by rain or blown about by the wind. There are seven hundred

bers

mem-

of the Gentian Family, most of them found in temperate and

although many others
is

arctic regions,

grow in the higher mountains

of tropical countries. The name

oflllyria.

derived from that of KingGentius

Fringed gentian has a wide range, from the mountains of Georgia

to

Quebec and South Dakota.

The flowers sketched were obtained near Mount Kisco, New York.

PLATE 336

WHITE EPIDENDRUM
Epidendrum nocturnum Jaquin

In the deep cypress

swamps of southern Florida the white epidenis

drum,

known

locally as bark orchid,

it
is

of frequent occurrence,

al-

though sometimes
difficult to discover.

perched so high upon the tree that

seeds, carried

it is

The very minute

which

by the breeze to

some branch, germinate and develop slowly, if the

actly right, into tiny plants
turity.

conditions are ex-

require several years to reach

ma-

The

plants cling tightly by their thick, fleshy roots to the

branches.

The white

flowers of this epidendrum, although not so

showy as those of some of its tropical relatives, are very beautiful, and
like the blossoms

of most orchids, they last for a long time after they

is

have opened. Their fragrance, which

is

especially noticeable at night,

attractive to moths,

which

feed

on the

nectar and unwittingly ac-

complish
flower.

cross -pollination in carrying the pollen

from flower to

The

dense

hammocks of the lower

finest

Florida wilds bordering Coot

it

Bay and the ramifying channels leading to and from

County contain probably the
in the United States.
ferns, in endless

in

Monroe

development of epiphytic plants

Here many

species

of orchids, bromeliads, and

number, drape and festoon the branches to form a

veritable

hanging garden.
is

This specimen came from Coot Bay, Florida. The plant

generally distributed in the

rather

West

Indies and elsewhere in tropical

America.

PLATE 337

BLUEBEAD
Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Rafinesque

Bluebead

is

found in

cool, mossy,

shady woods, where

its

hand-

some

large green leaves

draw attention

to the greenish-yellow bell-

shaped flowers which are borne on a sturdy stem well above them.

The
are

large dark blue fleshy fruits, to

which the common name

refers,

more conspicuous than the

flowers.

They

are held upright

on

their stiff stems,

and are familiar to every nature lover

who

visits

the northern woods in late summer.

The

Clintonias

were named

for

De Witt
botanist.

Clinton,

Governor of New York,

to the Lily Family.

who was

an enthusiastic

They belong

This species has a wide range, occurring from the high mountains

of North Carolina west ward to Wisconsin and northward to

foundland and Minnesota.

New-

The

plant sketched was obtained near Canandaigua,

New York.

PLATE 338

YELLOW TROUTLILY
Erythronium americanum Ker

Yellow troutlily is one of our

pearance at the same time
as

early spring flowers,

making

its

ap-

bloodroot and tooth wort.

The

lush

leaves are as fresh and lovely as the blossoms. These almost close at

night, and

open only sluggishly

in daylight, failing to revive

when

picked. The shady meadows bordering streams are their favored habitat,

and here mats of the

leaves,

sometimes

acres in extent, often

closely carpet the ground.

ever, for like
its

Only a few individuals bear flowers, how-

many

other wild flowers several years are necessary for

bulbs to mature. The troutlilies belong to the Lily Family, and the

approved common name, which was coined by the famous naturalist,

John Burroughs, emphasizes this

dogtooth
violet,
is

fact.

The name used in some books,

highly inappropriate, for the flower does not bear

violet.

the slightest resemblance to a

Yellow

troutlily has a

wide

range,

from Florida to Arkansas, and

Scotia.

north to Minnesota, Ontario, and

Nova

The specimens sketched grew near Washington, District of Columbia.

plate 339

YELLOW FRINGEORCHID
Habenaria
ciliaris

(Linnaeus) Robert

Brown

Yellow fringeorchid
Orchid Family, and
its

is

one of our showy representatives of the

its

only rival in brilliance of coloration in

ac-

customed habitat
is

is

the cardinalflower. The accepted

its

common name
really

somewhat
or

inappropriate, however, for

color

is

of a de-

cidedly orange hue.

Growing two

or three feet in height, in a ferny

quiet stream,
its

meadow
it
it;

wet bog, or on the banks of a

seen by the large

bright
visit

orange color beckons the long-tongued butterflies and moths to

In twilight
it is easily

moths which hover over

birds

these are often mistaken for

humming
It is a

through the simi-

larity in their

manner of flight
in perfect

sturdy and elegant plant, and

is

to find

it

growing

development

a joy never to be

forgotten.

Yellow fringeorchid has

wide range, from Florida to Texas and

It

northward to Vermont, Ontario, and Michigan.

only in highly acid
soil.

can be cultivated

The

sketch

was made from

plants gathered near Bridgeport,

Connecticut.

PLATE 340

WHITEFLOWERING RASPBERRY
Rubus
-parviflorus

Nuttall

The

slightly crinkled petals

of the whiteflowering raspberry are

conspicuous against their background of rich green maple-shaped

leaves. It is fully as attractive as its eastern relative, the

flowering
rasp-

raspberry,

which

bears purple flowers.

The whiteflowering
at

berry grows from

two

to six feet

tall,

the lower part of the stems

being
tudes

brown and woody. It frequents rich woods often in the mountains. The berries are disappointing
of small
seeds.

high

alti-

to the taste,
its

and

full

The

plant belongs to the Rose Family,

range extending from extreme northern Mexico to California and

Alaska, and eastward to Michigan and westernmost Ontario.

In the vicinity of Glacier, British Columbia, where the sketch was

made, and all through the Selkirk Mountains, it is especially abundant.

This specimen was obtained
at

an altitude of 3,500

feet.

PLATE 341

SALTMARSH ROSEGENTIAN
Sabbatia stellaris Pursh

The

delicate star-shaped flowers

salt

of marsh rosegentian are

coast,

distrib-

uted plentifully in
the flowers
varies

marshes along the Atlantic

and acres of

may be

seen in favored places in

to deep pink.

midsummer. The color

between the color
is

from white
petals

The

contrast

of the

and the carmine-bordered yellow eye

most

pleasing.

Many

other Sabbatias

especially

grow in the eastern half of the United States, southward. Some of them have even larger and brighter
The
Sabbatias belong to the

flowers than the saltmarsh rosegentian.

Gentian Family.
Because of
land,
its

preference for

salt,

this plant does

not extend in-

but

it

spreads along the coast

from Florida to Louisiana and

Maine.
cut.

The

flowers sketched were found near Bridgeport, Connecti-

PLATE

342.

FRINGED PARNASSIA
Parnassia fimbriata

Konig

Fringed parnassia

is

a hardy and beautiful plant, closely related to

the Saxifrage Family.

The

dainty flower stalks spring

from

a cluster

of smooth green

leaves,

each stem supporting a single creamy white

flower about an inch across, and the delicate fringes along the sides

of the

petals are a feature

seldom found in flowers. The plants grow

and on moist banks irrigated by snowaltitude.

plentifully along rivulets,

water.

The

size

of the plant varies greatly with

In low-

lying valleys the flower stems

mountain

slopes only an inch

is

may be two feet or two in length.

tall,

but on higher

Fringed parnassia

distributed

from California and New Mexico

northward to Alberta and Alaska.

The

plant sketched

grew
at

near Lake O'Hara, ten miles from Hecfeet.

tor, British

Columbia,

an altitude of 6,000

PLATE 343

BOURGEAU ROSE
Rosa bourgeauiana Crepin
If

you happen to journey

in June to the

upper Columbia River

Valley, British Columbia,

roses in full
eled,

you will be rewarded by seeing the wild

bloom. In no other part of the country where

we travsize,

except near Banff, do they

show such marvelous

is

color and

or

grow

so plentifully. Their delicious odor

everywhere.

The

sturdy bushes frequently

grow
States

to a height of four feet or more.

Their

woody brown
spines.

stems are well protected by

many

slender

down-curved
ficial

Four

have chosen the rose

as their of-

flower Iowa, North Dakota,

is

New

York, and Georgia, but

the particular rose so honored

not always designated. Georgia has

chosen the cherokee

rose,
is

introduced long ago from China.

The Bourgeau
ward
to British

rose

found from Colorado and Montana northrarely eastward to

Columbia and Mackenzie, and

Ontario.

The plant sketched was obtained near Lake Minnewonka, ten miles
from
Banff, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude

of 4,500

feet.

PLATE 344

BOURGEAU ROSE
Rosa bourgeauiana Grepin
FRUIT OF PLATE 344

The

beautiful flowers of the Bourgeau rose are followed by the

conspicuous red fruits or hips. They have a pleasant flavor, but are

human throat. They are a favorite food of many birds and small mammals. Formerly, before so many delicious fruits were
irritating to the

obtainable, rose hips

were used to

fill tarts,

and in northern Europe a

States

kind of

fruit

soup was made from them. In the United

they

were used

in jelly

by those seeking novelties of this

rose
is

sort.

The Bourgeau
ward
Ontario.

found from Colorado and Montana, north-

to British Columbia, Alberta and Mackenzie, and eastward to

Near Sinclair Canyon, Alberta, where

they

this

specimen was gathered,

grew

in large quantities at an altitude of 3,000 feet.

plate 345

PURPLE PENTSTEMON
Pentstemon lyallii

Gray
of
all

Purple pentstemon
especially

is

one of the

finest

the pentstemons,

when

it

finds a congenial situation. In disintegrated lime-

stone

it

thrives luxuriantly, often

forming low dense clumps two or

three feet in diameter and completely covered

with large purple

relatives.

blossoms

which resemble those of foxglove, one of its

The

flowers, borne at the ends

of the stems, are so heavy that they weigh

the branches to the ground.

On slopes

above timberline where

it is

subjected to severe climatic conditions

it is

very beautiful in contrast

crevices.

with gray

rocks, especially

when growing in rock

Purple pentstemon belongs to the Figwort Family and ranges

from Idaho and Montana northward to Alberta and British Columbia.

We gathered them in perfection in Sinclair Canyon, near Radium

Hot
Springs, British Columbia, at an altitude

of 3,000

feet.

PLATE 346

CANADA VIOLET
Viola canadensis Linnaeus

Canada
different

violet

is

easily recognized, because its habit

of growth

is

from that of most members of the Violet Family. The

a height

plants

grow to
and the

of six inches or even two feet in favored situations,

pale, rather inconspicuous, slightly scented flowers spring

axils

from the

of the

leaves.

The Canada
firs,

violet prefers moist shady

it

places in the proximity

of pines and
is

but

grows

also in alpine

meadows.

Its

flowering season

longer than that of most violets,

lasting well into the

summer.

The wide range of Canada violet makes it a familiar plant to many

flower lovers.
It

occurs

from the mountains of Alabama and Arizona

Lake Louise,
Alberta, Canada, where the

northward to Newfoundland and Alaska.

The
plant

sketch was
at

made

at

was found

an altitude of 5,000

feet.

plate 347

WOOLLY ARNICA
Arnica tomentosa

Macoun

Woolly arnica is one of many species of this genus, which belongs

to the Aster Family. It
is

a graceful perennial

with

large bright yel-

low flower heads produced at the ends of the stems. Like other parts
of the plant the leaves are conspicuously woolly, hence the appropriateness

of the name given to

it.

We found this arnica growing high

rocks.

on the mountainside where

shallow
soil in crevices

it

maintained a precarious foot-hold in

of limestone

This species has a narrow range, occurring only in Alberta and

British Columbia.

The

plant illustrated

was gathered

in the valley of the Siffleur

feet.

River, British Columbia, at an altitude of 5,000

PLATE 348

STRAWB E RRY-B LITE

Chenofodium capitatum (Linnaeus) Ascherson

The flowers of strawberry-blite are small, greenish, and inconspicuous.

The

plant

is

showy, however, in

late

summer when
fruits

in fruit. It

produces quantities of globular, pulpy, berrylike

the stems,

crowded on
is

which appear too weak

to carry such a heavy load. It

it is

sometimes called Indian strawberry, although

to the true strawberries, being a

not at

all

related

member of the Goosefoot

Family.

The

fruit

is

not eaten, but the Indians used the red juice of the fruit

as a dye.

This plant has a wide range, occurring from

New

Jersey north-

ward
It is

to

Nova

Scotia and

westward to
Asia.

Illinois, California,

and Alaska.

found

also in

Europe and

The specimens
road in the

painted were gathered by the side of the motor

Bow Valley between

feet.

Banff and Lake Louise, Alberta, at

an altitude of 4,000

PLATE 349

WESTERN RATTLE SNAKE PLANTAIN

Veramium
decipiens

(Hooker) Piper

The common name

rattlesnake. It
tain" in its

applied to this plant refers to the resemblance

of the beautiful white veinings of the leaves to the markings on a

seems a pity to be obliged to include the word "planis

name, however, for it

not in any way related to the weeds

to

which this name

applies, being instead a delicate orchid.

is

The techpre-

nical

name of the genus

not used in

all

books,

some authors
on one

ferring to substitute Epipactis or Goodyera.

The rosette of leaves is more

side
freit

conspicuous than the flowers,

which

are borne, usually,

of a stout stem. The plant loves decaying wood, and

quently under evergreen trees where the
air is

grows

cool and damp, though

the

soil is dry.

Western rattlesnakeplantain occurs from the mountains of New

Mexico and California northward to British Columbia and sparingly

eastward to the Great Lakes region, and even to northern Maine and

Quebec.

We found it in the Selkirk Mountains twenty miles beyond

cier,

Gla-

British Columbia, at an altitude of 3,000 feet.

PLATE 350

BUR-FORGET-ME-NOT
Lappula diffusa (Lehmann) Greene

Bur-forget-me-not

is

a lovely plant

growing two

feet in height

and bearing a profusion of delicately scented blue flowers.

When it
found
prickles

was

in fruit

we were

disillusioned as to

its

character, for

we

that each flower produced a small round bur covered

with

which attached itself to any passing object and was difficult to loosen.

The
it

plant

is

especially plentiful in the tracks

of old snow

slides,

for

delights in the cool moisture of slopes

where much snow has

melted. Sometimes the flowers are white.

Bur-forget-me-not ranges from Colorado to California and north-

ward

to Alberta and British Columbia.

We found the plant growing near Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada,

at

an altitude of 5,000

feet.

plate 351

ALPINE FORGET-ME-NOT
Myosotis alpestris Schmidt

Alpine forget-me-not has lovely blue, slightly scented flowers,

densely clustered,

with deep yellow

it is

centers. It prefers

moist alpine

slopes near timberline, and here

found in perfection, coming into

the

flower throughout the

pine plants,
it

summer
and

as

snow

recedes.

Like many

al-

has shorter stems

sides,

on the mountain
cluster

when it grows at higher elevations there it may properly be described as a

leaves.

of blue flowers surrounded by a rosette of green hairy

The

forget-me-nots belong to the Borage Family. This one has a

comparatively narrow range in North America, occurring from Col-

orado to Alberta and Alaska.

It is

found

also in

Europe and

Asia.

In the region near Baker Lake, ten miles from Lake Louise,
Alberta,
at

where

these flowers
feet.

were gathered,

it

grows

in perfection

an altitude of 6,500

PLATE 35Z

WHITE GLOBEFLOWER
Trollius albiflorus

(Gray) Rydberg

Alpine meadows, the wet margins of streams, and the edges of

melting snow patches are the places most frequented by the white
globeflower. It blooms so early in the season that
it is

usually in fruit
plants

before the eastern visitor arrives,

though often retarded

may

be found in blossom even

at

the end of the summer, pushing through

a thin sheet of ice at the border of an obstinate

snowbank. The globe-

flower belongs to the Buttercup Family, and looks

much

like

some

of its cousins of that gtoup, the anemones.

The range of this

species

is

from Colorado to Washington, Alberta,

and British Columbia.

We

gathered

it

in the

meadows

near

Mount

Assiniboine, fifty
feet.

miles south of Banff, Alberta, at an altitude of 6,500

plate 353

PERENNIAL GAILLARDIA
Gaillardia aristata Pursh

Perennial gaillardia

is

one of the gaudiest of the mountain flowers,

recalls

and in

its

abundance and display of color

the familiar black-

eyed-susan of eastern pastures.

We

often found the flowerheads so

large and beautiful that the plant seems to

have no need of improve-

ment by the hand of man, although

cultivation long ago, and
is

this gaillardia

was brought

into

now a well-known garden plant all over

many fine
flowerheads are often
belongs to the great Aster Family. This

the world.

It prefers

dry slopes and

It

borne on a single plant.

and other species of gaillardia are often seen in gardens.

Perennial gaillardia ranges

from Colorado and South Dakota

to

Oregon and

British Columbia.

This specimen grew near Emerald Lake, seven miles from Field,
British Columbia, at an altitude

of 6,000

feet.

PLATE 354

PTARMIGANBERRY
Arctous alpina (Linnaeus) Niedenzu

This dwarf shrub of the Heath Family

is

a colorful plant in

autumn when
berries.

its

leaves turn crimson and

flat

it is

decorated with red

brilliant

Growing

on the ground,

it

makes

patches of

color under the willows, alders, and scrub pines

thickets over the shaly
flats

which form open

deposited by glacial streams.

By some

authorities the red-berried

form here pictured is separated as a variety

from the more widespread black-berried one. Under the name Arctous
erythroearpa

or Arctous alpina rubra, the ptarmiganberry grows at high

altitudes in

widely separated

districts

of Maine,

New Hampshire, and

It

Greenland, and from British Columbia to Alaska.

occurs also in

Europe and

Asia.

The
which

plant
leads

was

especially beautiful in

Douglas Canyon Valley,

from Red Deer River

Valley, fifty miles

by

trail

north

of Lake Louise, Alberta, where

feet.

we

found

it

at

an altitude of 6,000

plate 355

HOODED
Hooded
in moist or
streams. It

LADIES-TRESSES
blooming than most of our native
end of summer.
It grows

Ibidium strictum (Rydberg) House

ladies-tresses is later in

orchids, and often delays flowering until the

swampy

places, in

low meadows
is

or near the borders of

is

a very sweet-scented plant and

often abundant

where

congenial
flowers
len
is

soil

and moisture conditions

exist.

Cross-pollination of the

insured by their intricate structure, and bees carry the polanother. Darwin's interesting observations
detail,

from one flower to

on

this process

have been recorded in great

and he and Asa Gray

had an extensive correspondence upon the

subject.

The plant has a wide range, extending in one form or another from
Pennsylvania to Newfoundland,

New Mexico, California, and Alaska.

included in this citation of range,
dissimilar.

Perhaps more than one species

as those

is

from the

east

and from the west look rather

The
fifty

flowers sketched were obtained in the Siffleur River Valley,

trail

miles by
feet.

north of Lake Louise, Alberta, at an altitude of

4,500

PLATE 356

YELLOW PENTSTEMON
Pentstemon confertus Douglas

Yellow pentstemon is

a graceful
it is

member of the Fig wort Family.

In congenial surroundings

very plentiful, although inconspicu-

ous on account of the pale coloring of its flowers, which are grouped
in several whorls along the stem. Altitude affects the plant greatly; in the

lower valleys

it

may grow
is

to a height of
tall.

two

feet,

but

at a

high elevation the stem

rare

only a few inches

Yellow flowers are

among

the pentstemons,

which

are represented in the

Rocky

Mountains by a number of species, most of them with white or purple

blossoms.

This pentstemon extends from Wyoming to California, and north-

ward

to Alberta and British Columbia.

The plant sketched grew in the valley of Cataract Creek near Hector, British

Columbia,

at

an altitude of 6,000

feet.

plate 357

CAMAS
Quamasta quamash (Pursh) Coville

Camas

is

a relative

of the

lilies

and hyacinths.

It

grows

in large

quantities in

spring a
bulbs

open meadows or boggy fields. When in bloom in early camas meadow appears at a distance like a blue lake. The
as

were used extensively

food by the northwestern Indians.

When

boiled they resemble potatoes in flavor. If baked over hot

stones enclosed in a covering

of grass for

thirty-six hours they

have

a delicious chestnut flavor. Father de

Smet

in his

"Oregon Missions"

terms the bulb "the queen root of this clime."

This lovely camas ranges from Utah, Montana, and northern California to British Columbia.

The sketch was made from

plants

growing

at

the east entrance to

Glacier National Park, Montana.

PLATE 358

MOSS FORGET-ME-NOT
Eritrichum elongatum (Rydberg)

W. F.Wight

This

member of the Borage

Family, whose flowers look so

much
where
its

like a true forget-me-not, is one

of the plants that have adapted them-

selves to severe alpine conditions.

Growing above
it

timberline

there

is little

shelter

from storm and wind,

hugs the ground,

woody root
soil

firmly inserted in
its

some

crevice,
Its

where

barely sufficient

has collected to permit

growth.

flowers nestle in a mass of

gray moss-like leaves, whose somber coloring enhances the rare blue

of the flowers.

Moss forget-me-not ranges through the Rocky Mountains from

New Mexico to Montana and Oregon.

The specimen
from the lower
tional Park,

painted

was found on

a trail that carried us

away
Na-

valleys near Apollonaris Spring in Yellowstone

Montana.

plate 359

WESTERN PIPSISSEWA
Chimafhila umbellata var. occidentalis (Rydberg) Blake

Pipsissewa

is

a shy plant retiring to moss-covered banks in cold

dark woods.

Its

delightful odor calls attention to

its

presence and

its

glossy evergreen leaves and dainty pink flowers are soon discovered.

After the flowers have withered, the

brown seed pods remain someHeath Family, and is called

times throughout the winter scattering the seeds to the wind. Pipsissewa belongs to the Pyrola group of the

sometimes

prince's pine.

Western pipsissewa is distributed from

California,

New Mexico to Montana,

the typical form of the

and Alaska.

Its eastern relative is

species and is widespread in the northeastern United States

and Canada.

The plant sketched grew on the shore of Emerald Lake, near Field,
British Columbia, at an altitude

of 5,000

feet.

PLATE 360

RED COMANDRA
Comandra livida Richardson

Red comandra belongs

trees

to the Sandalwood Family, which has

few

representatives in this country, most of its

members being shrubs and

of other
plants,

of the

tropics. It is parasitic

on the

roots

and

it

withers immediately

when

gathered.

The

light green flowers are

small and inconspicuous, but the

fruits,

when

they mature in mid-

summer,

are

of a vivid striking

red.

Two

other comandras with

greenish or yellowish fruits are widely distributed in the United

States.

This species of comandra has a wide range, occurring from the

mountains of Vermont to Labrador, and across Canada to British

Columbia and even Alaska.

We gathered the
tude of 6,000
feet,

plant near Glacier

fifty

Lake on the headwaters of

alti-

the Saskatchewan River,

miles north of Lake Louise at an

where

this sketch

was made.

plate 361

PALE STRAWBERRY
Fragaria glauca (Watson)

Rydberg

Wild strawberries grow almost everywhere in the Canadian Rockies.

Their large white flowers with yellow centers and the bright red

fruits

which follow them are known to all campers. Later in the

sea-

son the leaves turn red.

The

plants propagate

by runners, produced
leaves
is

after the fruiting season.

A tea made
its

from the
properties

most

effica-

cious in intestinal complaints, and

Indians,

were known to the

same purpose. Wild
States

who

often

chewed the

leaves for the

strawberries are found throughout

most of the United

and

Canada, and also extend far southward along the mountains of Mexico.

Long ago they were brought into cultivation, and they have been improved
This
ico,

greatly, at least in size,

by

horticulturists.

member of the Rose Family ranges from Nevada, New Mexsketch

and South Dakota to British Columbia.

The
5,000

was made from

specimen collected in the valley of

Baker Creek, thirty miles by

feet.

trail

from Lake Louise,

at

an altitude of

plate

^62.

REDSTEM SAXIFRAGE
Saxifraga lyallii Engler

When traveling over the higher mountain regions above timberline,

we frequently found the sloping banks of the tiny valleys spread

carpets

with

of redstem

saxifrage.

Where

the

soil

was wet by

drip-

pings from snowbanks, the tiny red and white flowers, carried well

above the
perfection.
effect
is

tufts

of leaves on their red stems, reached their greatest

When clumps of parnassia are associated with them, the

beautiful indeed.

Redstem saxifrage is a plant of narrow range, being found only from

Montana and Alberta

to British

Columbia and Alaska.

The

flowers sketched were obtained near Baker Lake, fifteen miles

at

by trail from Lake Louise,

an altitude of 6,500

feet.

plate 363

YELLOW DRYAD
Dry as drummondii Richardson

As yellow dryad

is

usually seen by

mountain

visitors, its

mats of

crinkled leaves are surmounted by fluffy seed heads, for the flowers

open early and last for only a brief season. The plant grows most profusely in gravelly glacial stream bottoms, in limestone
soil.

Here

it

abounds until overwhelmed in midsummer by the high waters of

melting glacial
left
ice,

surviving only on portions of the stream banks

undisturbed by the rushing water.

its

The pale yellow flower always

turns

face

downward, and does not open fully to the sunlight. The

found often

dryads belong to the Rose Family.

This species

is

at

high

elevations,

from Quebec to

Montana, British Columbia, and Alaska.

The specimen sketched was procured

twenty-five miles by
trail

in the Ice River Valley,

from Leanchoil
at

Station

on the Canadian
feet.

Pacific Railroad, British

Columbia,

an altitude of 3,500

PLATE 364

YELLOW DRYAD
Dry as drummondii Richardson
FRUIT OF PLATE 364

When the flowers of yellow dryad are past, their stalks lengthen
and soon the twisted seed heads develop into
balls

of fluff. These are

borne on dainty stems about six inches above the close mats of graygreen leaves. Near Glacier Lake they

grew The

in fairy rings.

The

soft

pink

fluffy fruits

were very

beautiful.

horses considered

them

only from the practical standpoint, and enjoyed eating them.

This

member of the Rose Family is found

British
fifty

in the

mountains from

Quebec to Montana,

Columbia and Alaska.

miles north of Lake Louise,

In the valley of the Siffleur River,

by

trail,

the plant

grew

in abundance, and here

feet.

we

obtained these

specimens at an altitude of 3,500

PLATE 365

HELIOTROPE VALERIAN
Valeriana sitchensis

Bongard

Heliotrope valerian grows plentifully in moist upland meadows,

or

on open mountain

slopes, its tall succulent

stems lifting the heads

of white or pinkish flowers well above the surrounding vegetation.

The flowers are very sweet-scented with a fragrance suggesting

otrope and attract numerous small
insects.

heli-

If they are gathered and

placed in water, however, the penetrating odor so characteristic of the

Valerian Family becomes clearly noticeable and the water turns pink.

The odor of the

species

roots persists long after they are dry.

Numerous
the West.

of valerian grow in the United

is

States, especially in

Heliotrope valerian

found from Montana and Oregon north to

Yukon and
at

Alaska.

The flowers sketched were obtained near Hector, British Columbia,

an altitude of 5,000
feet.

plate 366

MOSS CAMPION
Silene acaulis

Linnaeus
plants and

Moss campion is one of the most attractive of the alpine Although its blooming season is
posure in
its

one frequently seen by the mountaineer climbing above timberline.

short, differences in altitude
its

and exa

many habitats

are responsible for

It

blooming during

longer period than most alpine plants.

grows from

a single woody

root anchored deep in rocky soil, and spreads into a

a foot or
is

flat

cushion often

more

in diameter.

The

bright green of the narrow leaves

rarely white, flowers,

beautifully contrasted
is

with the pink, or

and

the plant

always a joy to behold.

arctic or arctic-

This lovely member of the Pink Family is found in

alpine situations,

New Hampshire to Greenland, across Canada and from the highest mountains of New Mexico to Alaska; also in
from
Europe and
Asia.

The

plant sketched

was procured near Baker Lake,

at

fifteen miles
feet.

by trail north of Lake Louise, Alberta,

an altitude of 7,500

PLATE 367

ALPINE HAREBELL
Campanula lasiocarpa Chamisso
In the southern part of its range alpine harebell
rare plant
is

a comparatively

and

is

to be found only by those hardy souls

who climb to
among
the

the heights. Here above timberline

short grasses, as
It

we

found

it

hiding

though to gain

a little shelter

from winds and storms.

was

a thrilling experience to
little

come upon

so shy and rare a flower.

This attractive

harebell has a northern range, occurring in

is

Alberta, British Columbia, and Alaska. It

Japan.

found

also in Siberia

and

The

sketch

was made from a flower obtained on Eagle Peak, near

of 8,000
feet.

Glacier, British Columbia, at an altitude

plate 368

HAREBELL
Campanula
rotundifolia

Linnaeus

No

one

who

has seen harebells remains unappreciative of their

dainty beauty. The apparently delicate stems are really strong and well
able to support the flowers they carry.

The buds

are usually upright,

but the flowers

when open
pistils

are horizontal or turn

downwards

to

protect the stamens and

difolia

from passing showers. The name rotun-

("round-leaf") describes the basal leaves of the plant,

which

usually disappear before the flowers have developed.

The harebell has

as

wide

a distribution as

any member of the BellIllinois,

flower Family, ranging from Pennsylvania to

New Mexico,
grows
also in

and California, and north to Labrador and Alaska.

It

Europe and
that
is

Asia. It

is

the Scotch bluebell or "bluebells of Scotland"

celebrated in verse.

The

sketch
at

was made from specimens found near Hector, British

feet.

Columbia,

an altitude of 4,000

plate 369

RED WILLOWWEED
Epilobium latifolium Linnaeus

Red willowweed

is

a superb

member of the Evening-primrose

especially those overalso often borders alglaciers,

Family that prefers gravelly stream bottoms,

flowed by the water from melting
pine brooks.

and

The large petals are inserted at the top of the long slender

pods, which,

when

ripe, split

lengthwise, freeing the

far

plumed

seeds

which

are

blown by the wind

their lovely color.

from the parent

plant.

When the

plants are in bloom, they

acres

make a gorgeous sight, often covering many

with

This plant has a wide range from Greenland to Quebec, South

Dakota, Colorado, Washington, and Alaska.
It

occurs also in Europe

and Asia.

The

sketch

was made from

specimen obtained near Glacier,

feet.

British Columbia, at an altitude

of 3,500

PLATE 37O

NORTHERN ANEMONE
Anemone
farviflora

Michaux

On
in

account of

its

greater range in altitude, northern

anemone
where

flowers during a longer season than most of its relatives. If we climb

midsummer above
snow

timberline, we find

it

in sheltered places

the

has recently melted, blooming beside the rivulets of snow

is

water. It

able to withstand even the frosty nights

of the higher

slopes and appears

none the worse

for the freezing

it

has experienced.

When the flowers are past, a woolly seed head soon develops, and in
autumn the seeds are carried away by the wind to new localities. The name Anemone is derived from a Greek word meaning "the wind."
Northern anemone belongs to the Buttercup Family, and has
range from Ontario to Labrador, Colorado, and Alaska.
in Asia.
It

wide
also

grows

The flowers sketched were found near Wild Flower Camp, twentyfive miles
feet.

by

trail

from Lake Louise,

Alberta, at an altitude

of 7,000

PLATE 371

ALBERTA PAINTBRUSH
Castilleja miniata

Bentham

No group of plants that we have observed in the Canadian Rockies

exhibits such a

wonderful variety of color as the species of Castilleja,

almost universally

known as paintbrushes, which are

representatives

of the Figwort Family. All tints from white, through yellow, green,
pink, red, and winecolor,

with every degree of shade between, are to

be seen in nature's gardens.

Some

are dazzlingly brilliant, but others

are softly shaded with the deepest color

on the tips of the bracts formis

ing the head. Even in the same species there

often a surprising

variation in coloring, and isolated plants of forms

bracts

with normally red

have yellow bracted

spikes.

This species of paintbrush ranges from Montana and Washington

north to Alberta and Saskatchewan.

The specimen

painted

grew near our camp on the headwaters of

trail

the Clearwater River, forty-five miles by

Alberta, at an altitude

north of Lake Louise,

of 6,500

feet.

PLATE

372.

ELEPHANTHEAD
Pedicularis groenlandica Retz

Elephanthead loves wet meadows and the borders of lakes and

streams. It prefers the region about timberline, and in sedgy upland

swampy

places

it

supplies masses of rich color. Flowers, stems, and

leaves are often of almost the

same tone. The curious flower resembles

raised.

an elephants head with the trunk

This plant and a similar one growing in California have been

ferred

re-

by a few botanists to a
but the

distinct genus, appropriately

named

Elephantella,

two

species agree essentially in their flower

Pedicularis.
is

structure

with other members of the genus

This representative

member of the Figwort Family

found in

Greenland and Labrador, and from the mountains of

New Mexico
by

and California northward to Alaska.

It
trail

grew
this

in

many

places in the

Ptarmigan Valley,

fifteen miles

north from Lake Louise, Alberta, at an altitude of 6,000

feet,

where

specimen was obtained.

plate 373

LEWIS

MONKEYFLOWER
Mimulus
lewisii

Pursh
I first

In the neighborhood of Glacier, British Columbia, where

this striking

saw

monkeyflower,
it

it

grew

luxuriantly.

Along the streams

about timberline

found the habitat most suited to it, for although it

never grew in water, it needed the cool drippings from melting snows

higher up the slopes to sustain

colored flowers

its

lush growth.

The

large richly
leaves. I

were

in pleasing contrast

with the green

never found the plant in the Rockies east of the Columbia River

The

specific

name was given

in

honor of Meriwether Lewis of the

celebrated

Lewis and Clark Expedition to the Northwest. Although

monkeyflowers belong to the same family
in the preceding
as

dissimilar in aspect, the

the elephanthead,

shown

plate namely, the Fig-

wort

family.
is

Lewis monkeyflower
nia,

found from Colorado to Arizona, Califor-

and British Columbia and locally eastward to Minnesota.

at

These specimens were gathered

an altitude of 3,500

feet.

PLATE 374

ALPINE MONKEYFLOWER
NLimulus caespitosus Greene

The low growth of alpine monkeyflower coupled with

usually large blossoms

the un-

makes

this species easy to recognize. It loves

it

wet

places

by the edges of cold brooks, although

Often it
is

does not

grow

actually in the water.

the

first

flower to gain a foothold in

the beds of glacial moraines, uncovered by the recent recession of the

ice.

The

masses of golden yellow flowers were conspicuous near the

forefoot of the Illecillewaet Glacier, near Glacier, British Columbia.

The alpine monkeyflower belongs to the Figwort Family and ranges

from Idaho
to California and

northward to British Columbia.

The

flowers painted were gathered in the Asulkan Valley near

Glacier, British Columbia, at an altitude

of 3,500

feet.

PLATE 375

ALEUTIAN FLEABANE
Erigeron unalaschensis

(De Candolle) Rydberg

The

alpine valleys of the Canadian

Rocky Mountains

are

wonder-

ful places in which to find

wild flowers that flourish in high altitudes.

Among

these the Aleutian fleabane, a

member of

the great Aster

Family, deserves a prominent place.

It delights in

the moist earth near

daily

snow-water streams, being able to withstand the violent, almost

changes from

warm
is

sunshine to freezing temperatures.

it.

The
as in

dainty

plant often has a woolly covering to protect

This fleabane

found from Montana to Alaska

as

well

Labra-

dor and Greenland.

The specimens sketched were gathered

fifteen miles

in the Little Yoho Valley,

feet.

from Field, British Columbia, at an altitude of 7,5 00

PLATE 376

WHITEBARK PINE
Pinus albicaulis Engelmann

Whitebark
different in

pine, if

growing

in a favorable location,

is

somewhat
trees.

its

habit of

growth from most other pine

erect,

The

branches are flexible and often almost

the purple cones being

borne near their ends.

The trunk

is

frequently

two

to four feet in

diameter, but the height of the tree

is

only twenty to thirty feet. This

pine
a

is

seldom found below 5,000

often creeping shrub.

feet,

and
in

at timberline it

grows

as

low and

When

bloom the dainty pink

their pollen freely.

staminate flowers are very lovely.

They shed

On

wind-swept summits
forms.

this tree takes

on weatherbeaten and

fantastic

Whitebark pine ranges from Wyoming to

Alberta and British Columbia.

California and north to

The branch sketched came from a tree which grew on the side of the Yoho Valley, ten miles from Field, British Columbia, at an altitude
of 5,000
feet.

plate 377

ENGELMANN SPRUCE
Picea engelmanni (Parry)

Engelmann

Engelmann spruce is a majestic tree, sometimes growing to a height

of a hundred and
Its

fifty feet

with a trunk four or

five feet in diameter.

branches are produced in regular whorls. When growing with suf-

ficient space

around

it, it is

handsome pyramidal

tree,

and in favor-

able seasons the top

is

adorned with masses of rich brown cones.

From

Arizona and

New
is

Mexico northward to

Alberta, British

Columbia, and Yukon

the range of Engelmann spruce.

The branch sketched grew in the valley of Clearwater River, forty

miles by trail north of Lake Louise, Alberta, at an altitude of 7,000
feet.

plate 378

CREEPING JUNIPER
Juniprus
horizpntalis

Moench

The shores of the Saskatchewan River, Alberta, are often sandy, and
along
tities

them we found many

berries

shrubs of creeping juniper with quan-

of blue

adorning their branches.

sands,

The

plant flourished in

spite

of the blowing

which

in these places discourage all but

is

the hardiest vegetation. Creeping juniper

similar in foliage to the

familiar red cedar of the East, but in habit

it is

very different, grow-

ing usually

as a

dense mat,

flat

upon the ground.

Creeping juniper has a wide range from northern

Maine, and

New York,

Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Wyoming, Alberta, and British

sketched

Columbia.

The branch

grew at an

altitude

of 5,000

feet.

PLATE 379

DRUMMOND WILLOW
Salix dmmmondiana Barratt

In the Canadian Rockies, as late

clothed in
its

summer

arrives, this
is

willow

is

most beautiful garb. Each branch

adorned with loose

masses of fluffy cotton, consisting of the seeds and the adhering

plumes. These masses are

plants

blown far and wide by the wind, and

streams, a

if the

happen to grow near

windrow of

cotton often ac-

cumulates along their moist margins. Later this is caught by the water

and carried

far

down stream.

Drummond willow has a narrow range, being confined to Alberta

and British Columbia.

The

sketch was

made from

specimen that grew

at

Sheep Creek

seventy-five miles by trail

from Lake Louise,

Alberta, at an altitude

of 6,000 feet

plate 380

LYALL LARCH
Larix
lyallii

Parlatore
is

Of all

the trees in the Canadian Rockies, Lyall larch

the most

interesting

and the most picturesque.

It is

usually found

between

6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, where its bright green foliage is easily
recognized from a distance, skirting the darker green spruces and
at timberline.
firs

A rugged
it

tree,

gnarled and twisted by the

wind

into

picturesque forms,
ities,

reaches a height of fifty feet in favorable local-

with a trunk diameter of twenty inches. The cones are produced

years.

about once in three

The wood

is

tough and hard to

fire.

cut,

but

it

makes

a very hot although not lasting

As soon
fall.

as a

hard frost
S.

comes, the leaves turn bright yellow and soon

Sargent and William
in

Doctor Charles

M. Canby journeyed

all

the

way from Boston

at

1858 to

find this tree in fruit. I

had been stopping

Lake Louise

and had procured a number of branches of Lyall larch with beautiful cones,

from the shores of Lake Agnes.

On arriving at Banff, I left

my precious specimens on the rack beside the dining room door, while I got my supper. When the meal was finished, the bunch of larch had disappeared. On investigation I found the two botanists sitting on the
floor,

with the Lyall

larch

between them,

filled

with enthusiasm

that their long journey

would be

a fruitful one.

Lyall larch has a very narrow range. It grows in a

few

places in

Montana and in northern Oregon, but is plentiful only in Alberta and

British Columbia.

The branch
miles by
feet.
trail

sketched came from near Lake McArthur, twelve

British Columbia, at an altitude

from Hector,

of 7,500

plate 381

CROWBERRY
Emptrum nigrum Linnaeus
Crowberry grows as
frequently in
a dense

matted shrub in rocky or shady places,

cassiope. It
is

company with Rocky Mountain

latter plant if

easy to
closely.

confuse

it

with the

the

two

are not

examined

The
the

flowers are inconspicuous but the black berries are distinctive.

to

The berries are much eaten by Arctic birds, although rather insipid

human

taste.

This primitive plant

is

believed by

some

botanists
a

to represent a survival,

from some

past geologic period,

of

group

ancestral to the present-day Heath Family.

it is called,

The Crowberry Family, as

of a former

has

few living members and most of these occupy isolated

relics

areas,

widely scattered over the earth, evidently

greater abundance.
is

much

This species

the most widespread

member of the family, ranging

It

from northern New York, Maine, and Greenland westward to Michigan and
California,

and northward to Alaska.

occurs also in Asia

and Europe.

We gathered these specimens at Marble Canyon not far from the

summit of Vermilion
at

Pass, sixteen miles

feet.

from

Castle Station, Alberta,

an altitude of 5,000

plate 38x

SIBERIAN ONION
Allium sibericum Linnaeus
Siberian onion
is

seen frequently in the higher valleys in the Cana-

dian Rockies.

When
a

growing

in rich soil

with an abundant supply

and
is

of moisture

it is

showy
its

plant. It occurs singly or in clumps,

easily identified

by

odor,
It

which

is

similar to that

of the garden

may be used for flavoring stews and soups, although with caution because its flavor is very strong. The flowers resemble tiny lilies, and as a matter of fact the plant is a member of
chive, but

more intense.

the Lily Family.

This species of onion has a wide range, from northern New York
to Maine, and

westward to Wyoming, Oregon, and Alaska.

Asia.

It is

found

also in

Europe and

These specimens were gathered near Lake Louise, Alberta,

altitude

at

an

of 5,500 feet

plate 383

SLIM LARKSPUR
Delphinium depauperatum Nuttall

The

brilliant color

of slim larkspurs in mountain meadows

filled

us with delight, and when they were in

company with Alberta paintall

brush, bur-forget-me-not, and heliotrope valerian,

in full bloom,

we were able to appreciate the full beauty of natures garden. In some

places slim larkspur occurred in pure stands so that the

were blue with them. They

are poisonous to

meadows cattle, which eat the

young shoots

in early spring,

and the

districts

where they grow can-

not be used for pasture.

The name Delphinium was given to this genus

of plants from a fancied resemblance of the flower to a dolphin. The

larkspurs belong to the Buttercup Family.

Slim larkspur ranges from Montana to California and Oregon and

northward to Alberta.

The

plants sketched

were obtained near Wild Flower Camp,

twenty-five miles by

trail

from Lake Louise,

Alberta, at an altitude

of 6,000

feet.

plate 384

ARROWLEAF GROUNDSEL
Senecio triangularis

Hooker

Arrowleaf groundsel

is

common plant which blooms late in the

brittle

season in the Canadian Rockies. It likes the rich soil of the borders

of alder

thickets,

where the

stems are somewhat protected

is

from the wind, and other moist

places. It

a lush, coarse plant

whose

yellow flowerheads give a gay color note in contrast to the bright

green leaves.

The genus
least

Senecio

belongs to the Aster Family, and comprises at

species

twelve hundred

found in many parts of the world. They

are

widely distributed over the North American continent. This speranges from

cies

New Mexico and California north to Saskatchewan

and Alaska.

We gathered the specimen sketched near Evelyn Glacier, twentyfive miles

from

Castle, Alberta, at

an altitude of 6,500

feet.

PLATE 385

WRIGHT PENTSTEMON
Pentstemon wrightii

Hooker

By the side of the winding road leading up the dry slopes of Tumamoc
Hill to the Desert Laboratory
I

of the Carnegie

Institution, near

Tucson, Arizona,

found great clumps of this beautiful pentstemon.

The stems supporting the graceful flower panicles were two and a half feet high. The lovely color of the blossoms was a delight to all

who

passed.

The

plants

grew out of the

with so
little soil

disintegrated rock

of the

mountain and
possible for

subsisted

that

it

seemed

all

but im-

them

to flourish in such perfection in so arid a spot.

The pentstemons are named from the fact that in addition to their
four normal stamens, they have a fifth sterile stamen

which

often

is

conspicuous because

it is

covered with

hairs,

and often extends well

up toward the mouth of the corolla. The pentstemons belong to the

Figwort Family.

PLATE 386

WHITE DAWNROSE
Pachyloplus marginatus (Nuttall)

Rydberg

In the morning the dry sandy plains or mesas about Tucson are
dotted with the beautiful white flowers of the dawnrose.

About noon

the blossoms
a

close, and,

turning pink in fading, they soon disappear,

petals are so ethereal in their

new bud

opening next morning. The

it is

delicate loveliness that

hard to understand

how they can spring

from such an unfriendly dry soil.

White dawnrose ranges from Colorado, Utah, and Arizona to Idaho

and Oregon.

The specimens
Tucson, Arizona.

sketched were gathered about forty miles south of

PLATE 387

EVENING-PRIMROSE
Pachyloplus hirsutus

Rydberg

When traveling
in Arizona I

along the highway toward the Roosevelt

Dam
a

saw

a plant about eighteen inches tall

growing from

crevice in the rocks. It

rising
it

was

full

of buds

as

well

as

withered flowers,

among masses of long

green leaves. When the plant was lifted

was

carried for several days awaiting

an opportunity to sketch

it.

One evening on returning to the

and the plant was discovered in

hotel for dinner, I noticed, on enter-

ing the room, a delightful odor like that of a night-blooming cereus,

full

bloom. The sketch fortunately

the next morning
all

was made that evening, by electric

flowers had withered.

light, for

the

This species of evening-primrose ranges from Arizona and

New

Mexico to Wyoming.

PLATE 388

CLUSTERLILY
Hookera pauciflora (Torrey) Tidestrom

The
is

Desert Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Wtshington

located near Tucson, Arizona, high

its

up on

a small desert

mountain

notable for

profusion of cactuses and other strange plants

which

are able to exist

with

minimum of water. Among

which
are
soil,

the sun-baked

rocks

grow many

clusterlilies,

always attractive in their

enable the plant to live

dainty beauty. Their bulbs, sunk deep in

from one blooming season

to another.

The genus of the Lily Family to which clusterlily belongs contains many species restricted to Western North America, and occurring
mainly in California, but the present species grows in Arizona and

New Mexico. The technical name of this genus was given in honor
of Sir William Jackson Hooker, one of the most eminent of English
botanists.

PLATE 389

CALIFORNIA PITCHERPLANT
Chrysamphora
California pitcherplant
califomica

(Torrey) Greene

is

the only

member of
The
its

the Pitcherplant
quite as curious

Family growing west of the Mississippi Valley.

a plant as
feet
tall,

It is

its

eastern relatives, the Sarracenias.

pitcher, often

two

has leafy appendages growing from

mouth, the whole

suggesting the head of a cobra. These appendages are

trough-like, and insects traveling along

somewhat

them

to collect the nectar

secreted there are unsuspectingly led to the brink

leaves.

of the hollow

Many of

these

fall in

and are digested, contributing to the

flower presents an almost equally

nourishment of the
strange appearance.

plant.

The

The

plants

grow in abundance in their

this

favorite localities, the bogs

of northern California, where

cent Oregon.

specimen was obtained, and adja-

PLATE 39O

SCARLET MARIPOSA
Calochortus kennedyi Porter

Scarlet

mariposa

is

one of the most

is

brilliant representatives

of the

genus

Calochortus. Its vivid color

accentuated by the contrasting

petal.

dark purple gland on the lower part of each

These mariposas,
the shape

of which there are many

species, greatly diversified as to

and color of their flowers, are very abundant in the

the mountain slopes of Arizona and California.
far

foothills

and on

Some of them extend

is

southward into the mountains of Central Mexico. The genus

characteristic

one of the most

the Lily Family.

western American representatives of

This species has a rather narrow range in Nevada, Arizona, and

southern California.

PLATE 391

BUSHPOPPY
Dendromecon rigidum

Bentham

The

profuse bright yellow flowers of bushpoppy give the shrub

a striking appearance. It

grows from two to eight

year.

feet high,

and

blooms almost throughout the

leathery in texture, and the

The

leaves are willowlike and

main stems

are rich

brown

in color. in south-

This

member of the Poppy Family has a restricted range

ern California and northern lower California.

plate 39 z

MEXICAN POPPY
Eschscholtzja mexicana

Greene

Mexican poppy

is

gay member of the Poppy Family, covering

It is rather

sandy desert mesas with sheets of lovely flowers.

lower in

growth than the

California poppy.

The

finely cut gray-green leaves

make an

effective

background for the flowers, which open fully in

bright sunshine, but close at night and do not open in cloudy weather.

The buds
pushed

are enclosed

by the sepals which form a tiny cap, which

is

aside as the petals unfold.

The plant is cultivated easily and is

of Arizona, Nevada, Utah,

a great favorite

with the amateur gardener.

in arid portions

Mexican poppy occurs

and northern Mexico.

The
zona.

sketch was

made from specimens growing near Tucson,

Ari-

plate 393

FIRE

PENTSTEMON
Gray

Pentstemon eatonii

The thrifty clumps of fire pentstemon growing in perfection among

the rocks or pendent from the sides of a canyon wall are strikingly

handsome. They seem to delight in the most inaccessible

places,

and

thrive in the scantiest pocket of soil, their flexible stems, two to three
feet long,

waving

in the wind. This plant

is

one of the showiest

members of the Figwort Family.

Fire pentstemon has a comparatively

narrow range

in Arizona,

Utah, and Nevada.

The specimens grew

near Superior, Arizona.

plate 394

CARDINAL MONKEYFLOWER
Mimulus
If fortune favors, and
cardinalis

Douglas

you

visit

the Grand Canyon at the proper

season of the year,

you will

find the brilliant cardinal

monkeyflower
Bright Angel

in full glory at the Indian Gardens.

Following

down
oasis,

Trail

with

its

many switchbacks and

this

majestic panoramas of the can-

yon walls, you come to

comparatively level

where

a stream

flows from a kindly spring. Here one can appreciate what water means
to a dry country. Luxuriant trees and flowers

hug the

borders of the

stream, and the eye can follow its course by the green fringe until the
last trickle

of water disappears in the ground. The cardinal monkey-

flower, a representative of the

Figwort Family, is

attractive not only

also because

on account of the

brilliant color

of the blossoms, but

of

the lush growth of rich green leaves and stems that form a fitting

background for the flowers.

Its

range

is

from Mexico to western

New Mexico and California,

and northward to Oregon.

The
in the

plant painted

was obtained near the spring mentioned above,

Grand Canyon, Arizona.

plate 395

OCOTILLO
Fouquieria splendens

Engelmann

In crossing the desert by train over the southern route to California,

none of the

new and curious

plants observed

is

stranger than the

ocotillo.

A number of slender rod-like

stems eight or ten feet long

spring

from

a single root, rigidly spreading

outward and upward.

They are dull greenish gray in color, and are armed with strong sharp thorns half an inch long. When the rains come in spring, the bare
stems

show signs of life,

tail.

small green leaves appearing along them,

at

while a mass of buds develops on a short stem

like a fish

the end, spreading

Soon the buds open and the heavy bunches of flowers

forth in the desert wind.

wave slowly back and

The Mexicans form

wire.

paling fences about their dooryards by planting these stems close to-

gether in the ground and fastening

them with

They some-

times take root and form a living fence, an effective barrier against

most animals. This curious plant belongs to

the Ocotillo Family,

a small

group known

as

which

is

nearly confined to the dry regions of

Mexico.
Ocotillo has a

wide range, from western Texas to southern

Cali-

fornia and over northern Mexico.

The specimen

painted

was obtained near

Superior, Arizona.

PLATE 396

YUCCA
Yucca bailey i Wooton and Standley

The genus

Yucca belongs to the Lily Family and contains

many

species native in

North and Central America. The roots, when rubbed

in water, give a thick suds, and they are often used as a substitute for

soap in washing clothes, especially by the native people of the Southwest.

The Amole,

as

the root

is

called

by the Mexicans,

is

very

effi-

cacious in cleaning fabrics, or

when used

in bathing or as a

shampoo,

leaving the skin smooth and the hair soft and glossy. The names soaproot and Spanish dagger or Spanish bayonet are applied to the yuccas in the

United

States.

When driving in June from Gallup, New Mexico, to Zufii, I found

this beautiful yucca

coming into bloom in many places along the edge

forests.

of the sparse pinyon or nut pine

pale green flowers, tinged

The

sturdy spikes of large,

on the sepals with purple, grew from two

to three feet in height.

They rose from a bristling clump of relatively

short, narrow, sharp-pointed green leaves, furnished along their bor-

ders

with

stiff,

coarse, threadlike fibers.

This yucca, which was named for Vernon Bailey, of the U. S. Biological Survey, has a

narrow range

in

northwestern

New Mexico and

northeastern Arizona.

plate 397

SCARLET GLOBE-MALLOW
Sfhaeralcea grossulariaefolia

(Hooker and Arnott) Rydberg

Scarlet

globe-mallow
valleys,

is

one of the showy plants of the Arizona

it

mesas and river

where often

grows

in great abundance.

The

flowers

commonly
hue.

are scarlet, but they are equally

handsome
on the

when of a paler

They are produced

in spikelike panicles

upper part of stems so weak that they bend gracefully before the
wind. By the Mexicans the plant
is

called malojo, "eye-bane," because

the small, branched, starlike hairs on the leaves and stems adhere to

the fingers in handling, and if brushed into the eyes, cause irritation

and pain.
This
brilliant

member of the Mallow Family is

very

common

in

Arizona, and ranges northward to Idaho and

Wyoming.

The specimen sketched was gathered

of the Carnegie Institution
at

near the Desert Laboratory

Tucson, Arizona.

PLATE 398

QUILL-LEAF TILLANDSIA
Tillandsia fasciculata Swartz

In motoring from lower Virginia southward, the ever increasing

abundance of epiphytic plants is striking. In southern Virginia, Spanish

moss frequently drapes the

trees, especially

the bald cypress. Farther

down the coast other species of the Pineapple Family make their appearance, and in Florida a number of different kinds are native. In

some

of the hammocks there, all the branches of the trees and even the bark

of the trunk, serve for the attachment of bromeliads, orchids, and ferns,
and the epiphytic plants are represented by many different
such a
species.

In

hammock a short distance north of West Palm Beach, Florida,

tillandsia usually dies after flowering,

the specimen here illustrated was obtained.

The
with

but

its

minute

seeds,

their tufts

of silky

hairs, are scattered

by the winds. The leaves

of these plants

are dilated at the base, thus

forming a series of pockets

well
as

which catch and hold water. Vegetable

dust, falls into the
cay, thus obtaining

debris, as

atmospheric

water and the plant absorbs the products of its de-

much of its nourishment.

from southern Florida south through
is

Quill-leaf tillandsia ranges

the West Indies, and

widely distributed in other parts of tropical

America.

PLATE 399

CATESBY PITCHERPLANT
Sarracenia catesbaei Elliott

This pitcherplant was discovered by Mark Catesby, who explored

the Carolinas in 1711, and was later
Elliott, in his

named

in his

honor by Stephen

"Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia."

There
status,

is

a difference

of opinion among present-day botanists

Elliott that
it is

as to its

some agreeing with

it

a distinct species,

while

others hold
It

to be a hybrid

between Sarracenia flava and S. purpurea.

does combine the characters of the

two presumptive

parents in a

striking

way,

in the shape and position of the leaves, in the size of

the flower parts, and especially in the petal color, which exhibits an
attractive

mingling of the yellow of the one species with the maroon

of the other.
Catesby pitcherplant
is

reported to occur

from Florida to North

painted

Carolina, although always rare and local.

The specimen

was

grown
in a

in the

Department of Agriculture greenhouses by Dr. Fred-

erick V. Coville, the root having been collected by Dr. Edgar

T Wherry

swamp near Quincy, Florida, in

13 2.5 Dr. Wherry states that this

.

plant grew in association with the

two species of which it is supposed

it is

to be a cross, but that the adult

in such a

clump was surrounded by seedlings

capable of reproducing
itself,

manner as to

indicate that

and

is,

accordingly,

on the way to becoming an independent

species.

PLATE 40O

INDEX

INDEX
J\jbies lasiocarpa

(Hooker) Nuttall, plate

18,

American Wistaria, plate

149,

volume n
2.89,

volume

Anaphalis margaritacea (Linnaeus) Gray, plate

Acer carolinianumW alter, plate 138, Acer rubrum Linnaeus, plate 137,

volume
11

11

volume iv
Androsace carinata Torrey, plate 107,

volume

volume n

Achillea lanulosa Nuttall, plate 151,

volume
1

11

Androsace, Pygmy, plate 185, volume in

Androsace subumbellata (A. Nelson) Small,

Actaea arguta Nuttall, plate 73, volume

Aesculus pavia Linnaeus, plate 47,

volume

plate 185,

volume in

Agoseris gracilens (Gray) Kuntze, plate 89,

Agoseris graminifolia Greene, plate 88,

volume 11
11

Androsace, Sweet, plate 107, volume

volume
11

Anemone deltoide a Hooker, plate 306, volume iv

Agoseris, Grassleaf, plate 88, volume Agoseris, Slender, plate 89, volume
Agoseris villosa
11

Anemone, Forest, Anemone, Globe,

plate 306,
plate
2.91,

volume iv volume iv
2.91,

Rydberg, plate 195, volume in Agoseris, Woolly, plate 195, volume in

Alaska Fleabane, plate 190, volume iv

Alberta Paintbrush, plate
372.,

volume v

volume iv Anemone, Northern, plate 371, volume v Anemone parviflora Michaux, plate 371, volume v Anemone, Plume, (flower), plate 163, volume in

Anemone globosa Nuttall, plate

Alberta Primrose, plate

2.74,

volume iv
1

Anemone, Plume,

(fruit), plate 164,

volume in

Alder, Hazel, plate 16, volume

Anemonella, plate

14,

volume

Alder, Western Green, plate 186, volume in

Anisostichus capreolatus (Linnaeus) Bureau,

Aleutian Fleabane, plate 376, volume

plate

2.61,

volume iv

Allium cernuum Roth, plate 304,

volume iv
volume 1

Antennaria howellii Greene, plate 104, volume

Allium sibericum Linnaeus, plate 383, volume v

Alnus rugosa (Du
Roi) Sprengel, plate 16,

Antennaria lu^uloides Torrey and Gray, plate 171,

volume in
Antennaria rosea (Eaton) Greene, plate
2.86,

Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydberg, plate 186,

volume in
Alpine Fernleaf, plate Alpine
Fir, plate 18,
12.1,

volume iv

volume
1

11

Apple, May-, plate 143, volume

n
2.92.,

volume

Alpine Forget-me-not, plate

352.,

volume v

Alpine Harebell, plate 368, volume v Alpine Milkvetch, plate

2.95,

volume iv Aquilegia canadensis Linnaeus, plate 141, volume n Aquilegia flavescens Watson, plate 2.01, volume in
Arborvitae, Giant, plate 187, volume in

Aquilegia brevistyla Hooker, plate

volume iv

Alpine Monkeyflower, plate 375, volume v Alpine Point vetch, (flower), plate 182., volume iv
Alpine Pointvetch,
(fruit), plate 2.83,

Arbutus, Trailing, plate

12.6,

volume n

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Linnaeus) Sprengel,

volume iv
11

(flower), plate

in, volume n

Amelanchier alnifolia Nuttall, plate 117, volume

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Linnaeus) Sprengel, (fruit),

American Columbine, plate

141,

volume

11

plate

112.,

volume n

American Holly, plate 66, volume iv American Mistletoe, plate 2.65, volume iv

Arctous alpina (Linnaeus) Niedenzu, plate 355,

volume v
Arethusa, plate 57, volume
1

American Pasqueflower, (flower), plate

95,

volume
volume

11

Arethusabulbosa Linnaeus, plate 57, volume

(fruit), plate 96,

American Pasqueflower,
11

Arisaema dracontium (Linnaeus) Schott, plate

22.,

volume
Arisaema

American Twinflower, plate 196, volume in American Vetch, plate 190, volume in
American Waterlily, plate
2.^,

trip hy

Hum (Linnaeus) Torrey,

plate 331,

volume v
Arnica, Lake Louise, plate 10, volume
1

volume in

Arnica louiseana Farr, plate 10,

volume

Beautyberry, plate

2.10,

volume in
1

Arnica tomentosa

Macoun,

plate 348,

volume v

Bedstraw, Northern, plate 63, volume

Arnica, Woolly, plate 348, volume

Beebalm, Spotted, plate 133, volume in

Befaria racemosa Ventenat, plate 17,
Berberis repens Lindley, plate 30,

Aronia arbutifolia (Linnaeus films) Elliott,

(flower), plate 31,

volume
1

volume

volume

Aronia arbutifolia (Linnaeus filius) Elliott, (fruit),

plate 31a,

Betony

Wood

see

Red Helmet
2.2.7,
1

volume

Bignonia radicans Linnaeus, plate

158,

volume in

Arrowhead, Arum, plate

volume

11

Big Whortleberry, plate

7,

volume

Arrowleaf Groundsel, plate 385, volume v Artemisia discolor Douglas, plate 2.88, volume iv

Bikukulla canadensis (Goldie) Millspaugh,

plate 136,

volume

11

Arum Arrowhead,

plate 158,

volume

11

Bikukulla cucullaria (Linnaeus) Millspaugh,

11

Asarum canadense Linnaeus, plate

Asclepias speciosa Torrey, plate 90,

12.7,

volume
11
1

plate 147,

volume iv
1

volume

Birdsfoot Violet, plate 39, volume

Asclepias tuberosa Linnaeus, plate 36,

volume
32.8,

Blackberry, Highbush, plate 146, volume

11

Asimina

triloba

(Linnaeus) Dunal, plate

Bladderpod, Double, (flower), plate 167,

volume v
Aster campestris

volume in

Nut tall,

plate 118,

volume
11

11

Bladderpod, Double,

(fruit), plate 168,

volume in

Aster, Pineland, plate 160, Aster, Prairie, plate 118,

volume
11

Bloodroot, plate 1x3, volume

Bluebead, plate 338, volume v
11

n
1

volume

Aster squarrosus Walter, plate 160,

volume
2.95,

Bluebells, Virginia, plate

2.0,

volume

Astragalus alpinus Linnaeus, plate

volume iv
1

Bluebells, Western, plate 173,

volume in
volume in volume in

Astragalus bourgovii Gray, plate

2.1,

volume

Blueberry, Highbush, plate

2.2.8,

Atamasco-lily, plate

2.55,

volume iv
2.55,

Blueberry, Pineland, plate

Blue-eyed-grass, plate Z38,

2.30,

Atamosco atamasco (Linnaeus) Greene, plate

volume in

volume iv
Avalanche Buttercup, plate 114, volume
Avalanche-lily, plate
2.0Z,
11

Blue-eyed-mary, plate
Blueflag
Iris,

2.46,

volume iv

volume

111
1

volume v Bluegreen Gentian, plate 108, volume n

plate 33X5
2.45,

Azalea arborescens Pursh, plate 55, volume

Azalea, Flame, plate 43, volume
1

Blue Phlox, plate

volume iv
volume n
1

Bogbean, plate
1

2.2.5,

volume in

Azalea

lute a

Linnaeus, plate 43, volume

12.8,

Bog Kalmia,
11

plate 133,

Azalea nudiflora Linnaeus, plate

volume

Bog-orchid, One-leaf, plate 76, volume

Bottle Gentian, plate 161, volume in

Azalea, Pinkshell, plate 153, volume iv

Azalea rosea Loiseleur, plate

2.3Z,

volume
1
,

111

Azalea, Sweet, plate 55, volume

Bourgeau Rose, (flower), plate 344, volume v Bourgeau Rose, (fruit), plate 345, volume v

Azalea vaseyi (Gray) Render, plate 2.53 volume iv

Bowmansroot, plate

2.52.,

volume iv
volume in
1

Box Huckleberry,
XJalsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nuttall, plate 69,

plate

2.2.9,

Bronzebells, plate 64,

volume
192.,

volume

1
1

Brook Lobelia, plate

volume in

Balsamroot, plate 69, volume

,

Baneberry, Ivory, plate 73 volume

Bearberry, (flower), plate

Buckeye, Red, plate 47, volume 1 Buffaloberry, Canada, plate 115, volume n
Buff Monkeyflower, plate zoo, volume in

in, volume 11 Bearberry, (fruit), plate 112., volume 11 Bearberry Honeysuckle, plate 60, volume 1 Bearcabbage, Green, plate 174, volume in Beargrass, plate 301, volume iv

Buff Pussytoes, plate 171, volume in

Bunchberry, (flower), plate Bunchberry,

(fruit), plate

2.71,

volume iv

2.72.,

volume iv

Bur-forget-me-not, plate 351, volume

Burgess Milkvetch, plate

2.1,

volume
1

Cassiope mertensiana

(Bongard) Don, plate

75,

Bush Cinquefoil, plate

Bushpoppy, plate
392.,

77,

volume

volume
Cassiope,
111
11

volume v

Rocky Mountain,
volume in

plate 75,

volume

Butterbur, Northern, plate 189, volume

Castalia odorata (Dryander) Woodville

plate
2.2.3,

& Wood,
volume
11

Buttercup, Avalanche, plate 114, volume

Butterflyweed, plate 36, volume

Castilleja lancifolia Castilleja miniata

Castilleja pallida

Rydberg, plate

102.,

Butterwort, Northern, plate 198, volume in

Butterwort, Purple, plate 13 5 volume in
,

Bentham, plate

372.,

volume v

(Linnaeus) Kunth, plate 48,

volume 1
V^actus, Green Strawberry-, plate 308, volume iv
Cactus, Lloyds Strawberry-, plate 155, volume
California Pitcherplant, plate 390, volume
Calla palustris Linnaeus, plate 1x9,
Calla, Wild, plate 1x9,
11

Catalina Mariposa, plate

2.05,

volume in

Catesby Pitcherplant, plate 400, volume v

Centaurium, Pink, plate 303, volume iv Centaurium venustum (Gray) Robinson, plate 303,

v
11

volume

volume

11

volume iv
Cercis canadensis

Callicarpa americanaLinnzcus, plate 2.10, volume in

Calochortus catalinae Calochortus clavatus

Linnaeus, plate

2.6,

volume

Watson, plate

2.05

volume in

Chelone glabra Linnaeus, plate 2.59,

volume iv

Watson, plate 314, volume iv Calochortus elegans Lindley, plate 2., volume 1
Calochortus kennedyi Porter, plate 391,

Chenopodium capitatum (Linnaeus) Ascherson,

plate 349,

volume v
130,

volume v

Chickasaw Plum, plate

volume n

Calochortus macrocarpus Douglas, plate 175,

Chimaphila umbellata var. occidentalis (Rydberg)

Blake, plate 360, volume v

volume in
Calochortus splendens Douglas, plate 3 10, Calochortus weedii

volume iv

Chionanthus virginica Linnaeus, plate 140,

volume n
1

Caltha

Wood, plate 199, volume in leptosepala De Candolle, plate 2.87,

2.08,

Chokeberry, Red, (flower), plate 31, volume

Chokeberry, Red,

(fruit), plate 31a,

volume

volume iv
Caltha palustris Linnaeus, plate

Chrosperma muscaetoxicum (Walter) Kuntze,

volume in

plate 147,

volume

11

Calypso, plate 105, volume

11

Chrys amphora californica (Torrey) Greene,

plate 390,

Camas, plate 358, volume v Campanula lasiocarpa Chamisso, plate 368,

volume v

Chrysogonum virginianum Linnaeus, plate 145,

volume v
Campanula
rotundifolia Linnaeus, plate 369,

volume

11

Cinquefoil, Bush, plate 77, Cinquefoil, Rosette, plate

volume

volume v
Campion, Moss, plate 367, volume v Campion, Nodding, plate 2.79, volume iv

182.,

volume in volume n

Cirsium hookerianum Nuttall, plate 103,

Cirsium undulatum (Nuttall) Sprengel, plate 309,

Canada Buffaloberry, plate 115, volume Canada Lily, plate 148, volume 11

11

volume iv
Clasping Twistedstalk, plate 84, volume
Claytonia parvifolia

Canada Violet, plate

347,

volume v
117,

Mocino, plate 94, volume n

Canada Wildginger, plate

plate

volume

11

Claytonia virginica Linnaeus, plate 134,

volume in

Capnoides sempervirens (Linnaeus) Borkhausen,

5
,

Clematis, Columbia, (flower), plate 99, volume

volume

Clematis, Columbia, (fruit), plate 100,

2.63,

n volume n

Cardinalflower, plate

volume iv

Clematis columbiana (Nuttall) Torrey

(flower), plate 99,

&
&

Gray,

Cardinal Monkeyflower, plate 395, volume v Carex aurea Nuttall, plate 2.81, volume iv

volume n
Gray,

Clematis columbiana (Nuttall) Torrey

(fruit), plate 100,

Carolina Jessamine, plate zxo, volume in

volume n volume n

Carolina Maple, plate 138, volume

11

Clematis crispa Linnaeus, plate 150,

Clematis, Curly, plate 150, volume

Clematis viorna Linnaeus, plate 41,

11
1

volume

Crowpoison, plate 147, volume n Cucumbertree, plate 2.31, volume in

Cucumbertree, Yellow, plate 330, volume v Curly Clematis, plate 150, volume n
Currant, Prickly, (flower), plate 66, volume Currant, Prickly, (fruit), plate 6j, volume
1 1

Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Rafinesque, plate 338,

volume v
Clintonia uniflora (Menzies)
plate 2.03 ,

Kunth, (flower), Kunth,

volume in
(fruit),

Clintonia uniflora (Menzies)

Cut Toothwort, plate

plate

2.49,

volume iv
1,

plate

2.04,

volume

111
11

Cypripedium acaule Aiton, plate 58, volume

32.7,

and

Clover, Owl-, plate 119, volume

Clusterlily, plate 389,

volume v
2.16,

volume v

Cypripedium arietinum Robert Brown, plate

Collins ia verna Nuttall, plate 2.46,

volume iv
99,

volume in
11 11

Columbia Clematis, (flower), plate

Columbia Clematis,

volume volume

Cypripedium montanum Douglas, plate

1,

volume
92.,

(fruit), plate 100,

Cypripeduim parviflorum Salisbury, plate

Columbia

Lily, plate 316,

volume iv
11

volume volume

11

Columbine, American, plate 141, volume Columbine, Lemon, plate

2.01,

Cypripedium passerinum Richardson, plate 91,

11

volume

111

Columbine, Shortspur, plate

2.92.,

volume iv

Cypripedium reginae Walter, plate

2.17,

volume in

Comandra livida Richardson, plate 361, volume v

Cyrtopodium punctatum (Linnaeus) Lindley,

Comandra, Red, plate 361, volume v

Conopholis americana (Linnaeus Alius) Wallroth,

volume in Cyrtopodium, Spotted, plate

plate
2_i2.,

2.12.,

volume in

plate 114,

volume in
2.71,

Cytherea bulbosa (Linnaeus) House, plate 105,

Cornus canadensis Linnaeus, (flower), plate

volume

11

volume iv
Cornus canadensis Linnaeus, (fruit), plate
2.72.,

volume iv
Cornus florida Linnaeus, (flower), plate 3x1,

IJawnrose, White, plate 387, volume v Deathcamas, plate 116, volume n

Deerberry, plate 13 z, volume

volume v
Cornus florida Linnaeus, (fruit), plate
32.Z,

Delphinium depauperatum Nuttall, plate 384,

volume v
Delphinium elongatum Rydberg, plate
2.7,

volume v
Cornus stolonifera Michaux, plate 38,

volume

volume

Dendromecon rigidum Bentham, plate

392.,

volume v

Cottongrass, plate iz, volume Cottongrass, Tassel, plate

312.,

volume iv
1

Dentaria laciniata Muhlenberg, plate 149, volume iv

Devilsclub, plate 31, volume
1

Crab, Wild Sweet, plate 51, volume

Cracca virginiana Linnaeus, plate 44,

volume

Dewberry, Red, plate

2.93,

volume iv
2.19,

Cranberrybush, plate 317, volume iv

Cranberry, Mountain, (flower), plate 193, volume in
Cranberry, Mountain, (fruit), plate 194, volume in Cranberry, Small, plate 180, volume in
Cranesbill, Western, plate 307,

Dionaea musciptda Ellis, plate

volume in

Diplacus longiflorus Nuttall, plate zoo, volume in

Diplacus puniceus Nuttall, plate 315, volume iv Dodecatheon meadia Linnaeus, plate 49, volume
Dodecatheon pauciflorum (Durand) Greene,
plate
2.76,

volume iv
1

volume iv
(flower), plate 3x1,

Creeping Hollygrape, plate 30, volume Creeping Juniper, plate 379, volume v
Crested
Iris,

plate 33,
2.61,

volume

Dogwood, Flowering, volume v Dogwood, Flowering,

volume v

(fruit), plate

32.2.,

Crossvine, plate

volume iv
volume v

Crowberry, plate

382.,

Dogwood,

Red-osier, plate 38,

volume

Double Bladderpod, (flower), plate 167, volumem

Double Bladderpod, (fruit), plate 168, volume in
Douglas-fir, plate 170,

Epilobium latifolium Linnaeus, plate 3 70, volume v Epilobium lutem Pursh, plate 300, volume iv
Erigeron aureus Greene, plate 2.80,

volume iv

volume iv volume
1

Douglas Honeysuckle, (flower), plate 81,

Erigeron caespitosus Nuttall, plate 61,

volume

11

Erigeron salsuginosus (Richardson)

(fruit), plate
82.,

Gray, plate 2.90,

Douglas Honeysuckle,

volume 11

volume iv
Erigeron speciosus

Downy Pinxterbloom, plate 2.3 z, volume in Drummond Pitcherplant, plate 32.9, volume v Drummond Willow, plate 380, volume v
Dryad, White, (flower), plate 176, volume in Dryad, White,
(fruit), plate 177,

De

Candolle, plate 165,

volume in
Erigeron unalaschensis

(De Candolle) Rydberg,

plate 376,

volume v
312.,

volume in

Eriophorum angustifolium Roth, plate

Dryad, Yellow, (flower), plate 364, volume v Dryad, Yellow, (fruit), plate 365, volume v
Dry as drummondii Richardson, (flower), plate 364,

volume iv
Eriophorum chamissonis Meyer, plate
Eritrichum elongatum (Rydberg) plate 359,
12.,

volume

W.

F,

Wight,

volume v
Dry as drummondii Richardson,
(fruit), plate 365,

volume v

volume v
Dryas
octopetala

Erythronium albidum Nuttall, plate 15, volume 1 Erythronium americanum Ker, plate 339, volume
Erythronium montanum Watson, plate

v
1

Linnaeus, (flower), plate 176,

Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh, plate 68, volume

2.02.,

volume in
Dryas
octopetala

Linnaeus, (fruit), plate 177,

volume in
Eschscholtzia mexicana

volume in
Dutchman's-breeches, plate
2.47,

Greene, plate 393, volume v

volume iv

Evening-primrose, plate 388, volume

Everlasting, Pearl, plate 289,

volume iv

tLchinocereus lloydii Britton

and Rose, plate 155,

JT alse
1

volume

11

Locoweed, plate

volume

Echinocereus viridiflorus

Engelmann, plate 308,

Fernleaf, Alpine, plate 121,

volume iv
Echinopanax horridum (Smith) Decaisne and

Field Violet, plate

2.1 1,

volume n volume in
1

Fir, Alpine, plate 18, Fir,

volume

Planchon, plate

32.,

volume

Douglas-, plate 170, volume iv

Elaeagnus commutata Bernhardi, (flower), plate 70,

Fire Pentstemon, plate 394,

volume v volume iv
1

volume volume

Fireweed, plate 301, volume iv

Fivefinger, Grayleaf, plate 296,

Elaeagnus commutata Bernhardi, (fruit), plate 71,

1

Flame Azalea, plate

43,

volume
2.90,

Elder, Scarlet, plate 260,

volume iv

Fleabane, Alaska, plate

volume iv

Elephanthead, plate 373, volume v

Elkslip, plate 187,

Fleabane, Aleutian, plate 376, volume

Fleabane, Golden, plate
2.80,

volume iv
382.,

Empetrum nigrum Linnaeus, plate

volume v

volume iv Fleabane, Meadow, plate 165, volume in

Fleabane, Pink, plate 61, volume
1

Engelmann Spruce,

plate 378,

volume v

Epidendrum nocturnumjzquin, plate 337, volume v

Flowering Dogwood, (flower), plate 311,

Epidendrum, Tampa, plate

152.,

volume n

volume v

Epidendrum tampense Lindley, plate 152, volume

Flowering Dogwood,

(fruit), plate

32.2.,

volume v

Epidendrum, White, plate 337, volume v Epigaearepens Linnaeus, plate 126, volume n
Epilobium angustifolium Linnaeus, plate 301,

Flytrap, Venus, plate 219,

volume in
volume iv

Forest

Anemone,

plate 306,

Forget-me-not, Alpine, plate 352, volume v

volume iv

Forget-me-not, Moss, plate 359, volume

Fouquieria splendens

Engelmann, plate 396,

111

Ghostpipe, plate 156, volume

11

volume v
Foxglove Pentstemon, plate 109, volume
Fragaria glauca (Watson) Rydberg, plate
3 62.,

Giant Arborvitae, plate 187, volume in Giant Trillium, plate X99, volume iv
Glacierlily, plate 68,

volume
2.91,

volume v
Franklinia, plate
2.44,

Globe Anemone, plate

volume iv

volume iv
2.44,

Franklinia alatamaha Marshall, plate

Globeflower, White, plate 353, volume v Globemallow, Orange-eye, plate 311, volume iv

volume iv
Fremontia, Mexican, plate
2.06,

Globe-mallow,

Scarlet, plate 398,

volume v

volume in
2.06,

Goldenbowl Mariposa,
Goldenclub, plate
2.2.x,

plate 314,

volume iv

Fremontodendron mexicanum Davidson, plate

volume in

volume in
Fringed Gentian, plate 336, volume v

Golden Fleabane, plate x8o, volume iv

Goldenpea, plate
2.97,

volume iv
111

Fringed Parnassia, plate 343, volume v Fringed Polygala, plate 135, volume
Fringe-orchid, Large Purple, plate Fringe-orchid, Ragged, plate 115,
2.43
11
,

Goldenrod, Sidesaddle, plate 183, volume

Golden Sedge, plate

2.81,

volume iv

Goldenstar, plate 145,

volume iv volume 11

volume in

Grassleaf Agoseris, plate

^, volume

11 11

Fringeorchid, Yellow, plate 340, volume

Fringetree, plate 140,

Grass-pink Orchid, plate 131, volume

volume
5,

11
1

Grayleaf Fivefinger, plate 196, volume iv

Fumeroot, Pink, plate

volume

Gray Phacelia, plate i.yS, volume iv Gray Pussytoes, plate 104, volume 11
Green Bearcabbage, plate
Greendragon, plate
2.2,,

\jaillardia aristata Pursh, plate 354, volume v

Gaillardia, Perennial, plate 354,

174,

volume in
1

volume v
volume
1

volume

Galium boreale Linnaeus, plate

Gaylussacia brachycera

63,

Green Pyrola, plate

113,

volume

11

(Michaux) Gray, plate 1.1.^,

Green Strawberry-cactus, plate 308, volume iv

Groundsel, Arrowleaf, plate 385, volume v

volume in
Gelsemium sempervirens (Linnaeus) Persoon,
plate xzo,

Groundsel, Mourning, plate 175, volume iv

volume in
11

Gentian, Bluegreen, plate 108, volume Gentian, Bottle, plate 161, volume in

Groundsel, Rayless, plate 93, volume 11 Grouse Whortleberry, (flower), plate 169,

volume in
Grouse Whortleberry, (fruit), plate 170, volume in

Gentian, Fringed, plate 336, volume

Gentian, Ladder, plate
2.94,

volume iv
riabenaria
1

Gentian, Moss, plate 178, volume in Gentian, Pinebarren, plate

8,

ciliaris

(Linnaeus) Robert Brown,

volume

plate 340,
11

volume v

Gentian, Riverbank, plate 87, volume Gentian, Ruff, plate 318, volume iv
Gentiana acuta Michaux, plate
Gentiana
affinis
2.94,

Habenaria grandiflora (Bigelow) Torrey, plate 143

volume iv
Habenaria lacera (Michaux) Loddiges, plate
2.15,
11

volume iv

Grisebach, plate 87, volume

volume in
Habenaria obtusata (Pursh) Richardson, plate 76,

Gentiana calycosa Grisebach, plate 318, volume iv Gentiana crinita Froelich plate 336, volume
,

v
1

volume

Gentiana glaucaV'alias, plate 108, volume

Gentiana porphyrio Gmelin, plate
8,

11

Hamamelis virginianaLinnacus, plate 313, volume v

Harebell, plate 369,

volume

volume v
volume v volume 1

Gentiana prostrata Haenke, plate 178, volume in Gentiana saponaria Linnaeus, plate 161, volume in

Harebell, Alpine, plate 368,

Hazel Alder, plate

16,

Geranium viscosissimum Fischer and Meyer,

plate 307,

Hedysarum macken^ii Richardson, plate 97,

volume iv

volume n

Heliotrope Valerian, plate 366, volume v

J ack-in-the-pulpit, plate 331, volume v

Jeffersonia diphylla

Hemlock, Mountain, plate

2.67,

volume iv

(Linnaeus) Persoon, plate 72,

Hemlock, Western, plate 168, volume iv Hepatica, plate 12.5, volume 11

Hepatica americanaKer, plate
12.5,

volume
11

1 2.2.0,

Jessamine, Carolina, plate

volume in

volume

Juniper, Creeping, plate 379,

Juniper, Mountain, plate 86,
Juniperus horizpntalis

Highbush Blackberry, plate 146, volume 11 Highbush Blueberry, plate 2.2.8, volume in
Holly, American, plate
2.66,

volume v volume n volume n

volume v

Moench, plate 379, volume v

volume iv
1

Juniperus sibirica Burgsdorf, plate 86,

Hollygrape, Creeping, plate 30, volume

Honeysuckle, Bearberry, plate

60,

volume

j&^almia angustifolia Linnaeus, plate 326,

Honeysuckle, Douglas, (flower), plate

81,

Kalmia, Bog, plate 133, volume

volume

11

Kalmia
(fruit), plate
82.,

latifolia

Linnaeus, plate 221, volume in

Honeysuckle, Douglas,

volume n
Honeysuckle, Trumpet, plate 46, volume
1

Kalmia microphylla (Hooker) Heller, plate x84, volume iv

Hooded Hooded

Ladies-tresses, plate 356,

volume v

Kalmia polifoliaWangcnhcim, plate 133, volume 11 Kalmia, Rocky Mountain, plate 284, volume iv
Kraunhia frutescens (Linnaeus) Greene, plate 149,

Pitcherplant, plate

2.51,

volume iv

Hookera pauciflora (Torrey) Tidestrom, plate 389,

volume

11

volume v
Houstonia caerulea Linnaeus, plate 59, volume
1

Kruhsea, (flower), plate 56, volume 1 Kruhsea, (fruit), plate 56a, volume 1
Kruhsea streptopoides (Ledebour) Kearney,
(flower), plate 56,

Huckleberry, Box, plate

2.2.9,

volume in

Hymenocallis rotata (Ker) Herbert, plate 154,

volume

volume

11

Kruhsea streptopoides (Ledebour) Kearney, (fruit),

plate 56a,

Hypopitys americana (De Candolle) Small,

plate 157,

volume

volume

11

Hypopitys lanuginosa (Michaux)

plate 113,

Nut tall,

_L,abrador-tea, plate 62,

volume

volume in

Ladder Gentian, plate

Ladies-tresses,

2.94,

volume iv

Lbidium cernuum (Linnaeus) House, plate

4,

Ladies-tresses,

Hooded, plate 356, volume v Nodding, plate 4, volume 1

volume

Ladies-tresses, Slender, plate 4,

volume

1
1

lbidium gracile (Bigelow) House, plate 4, volume 1

lbidium strictum (Rydberg) House, plate 356,

Ladyslipper, Mountain, plate

1,

volume

Ladyslipper, Northern, plate 91, volume Ladyslipper, Pale, plate 58, volume
1

volume v
Ilex opaca Alton, plate 2.66,
Ilex verticillata

volume iv

Ladyslipper, Pink, plate 327, volume Ladyslipper, Ramshead, plate

2.16,

(Linnaeus) Gray, plate 54,

volume in

volume

Ladyslipper, Showy, plate

2.17,

volume in

Ilex vomitoria Aiton, plate 2.26,

volume in

Ladyslipper, Small Yellow, plate 92, volume

Indianpipe, plate
Iris,

162.,

volume iv

Lake Louise Arnica,

plate 10,

volume

Blueflag, plate 332.,

volume v
1 1 1

Lambkill, plate 326, volume v

Lanceleaf Paintbrush, plate 102, volume

Iris,

Crested, plate 33,

volume

Iris cristata
Iris verna
Iris,

Aiton, plate 33, volume

Lappula diffusa (Lehmann) Greene, plate 351,

Linnaeus, plate 13, volume

1

volume v
Larch, Lyall, plate 381, volume

Vernal, plate 13, volume

Iris versicolor

Linnaeus, plate 332, volume v

1

Larch, Western, plate 269, volume iv

Ivory Baneberry, plate 73, volume

Large Purple Fringe-orchid, plate 243, volume iv

Larix ly allii Parlatore, plate 381, volume v

LarixoccidentalisNntta.il, plate 2.69,

Lonicera glaucescens Rydberg, (fruit), plate

82.,

volume iv

volume

11

Larkspur, Slim, plate 384, volume

Larkspur, Tall, plate tj, volume
1

v
11

Lonicera involucrata (Richardson) Banks, plate 60,

volume

Lathyrus ochroleucus Hooker, plate 85, volume

Laurel, Mountain-, plate
1.1.1,

Lonicera sempervirens Linnaeus, plate 46,

volume
1

111

volume

Leatherflower, plate 41, volume

Low Whortleberry, plate 179,

1

volume in
1

Ledum groenlandicum Oeder, plate 62., volume Lemon Columbine, plate 2.01, volume 111
volume

Lupine, Sun-dial, plate

6,

volume
6,

Lupinus perennis Linnaeus, plate

Lyall Larch, plate 381, volume
Lychnis apetala Linnaeus, plate

volume

Lepargyrea canadensis (Linnaeus) Greene, plate 115,

11

v
volume iv
9,

2.79,

Lewis Monkeyflower, plate 374, volume v Lilac Mariposa, plate 310, volume iv
Lilium canadense Linnacns, plate 148, volume
11

Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) Don, plate

volume

JS/Lagnolia acuminata Linnaeus, plate 131,

Lilium columbianum Hanson, plate 316, volume iv Lilium montanum Nelson, plate 11, volume Lilium superbum Linnaeus, plate
Lily, Atamasco-, plate 2.55, Lily, Avalanche, plate 102., Lily, Canada, plate 148,
2.56,
1

volume in
Magnolia cordata Michaux, plate 330, volume v Magnolia grandiflora Linnaeus, (flower), plate 14,

volume iv

volume iv volume
11

volume
Magnolia

111

grandiflora Linnaeus, (fruit), plate 14a,

1

volume

volume

Lily, Columbia, plate 316,

volume iv

Magnolia, Southern, (flower), plate Magnolia, Southern,

Magnolia

2.4,

volume 1 volume
1

Lily, Cluster-, plate 389,

Lily, Glacier, plate 68, Lily, Red, plate 11,

volume iv
1

(fruit), plate 14a,

volume
1

virginiana Linnaeus, plate 32.5,

volume v

volume

Malus
11

coronaria
1

(Linnaeus) Miller, plate 51,

Lily, Spider-, plate 154,

volume

volume

Lily, Turkscap, plate 2.56,

volume iv
1

Maple, Carolina, plate 138, volume n Maple, Red, plate 137, volume n Mariposa, Catalina, plate 2.05, volume in
Mariposa, Goldenbowl, plate 314, volume iv Mariposa, Lilac, plate 310, volume iv
Mariposa, Sagebrush, plate 175, volume in Mariposa, San Diego, plate 199, volume in Mariposa, Scarlet, plate 391, volume v Marshmarigold, plate 2.08, volume in

Lily Twayblade, plate 34, volume

Limber Pine, plate

188,

volume

111

Limodorum tuberosum Linnaeus, plate 131,

volume 11
Linnaea borealis americana (Forbes) Render,
plate 196,

volume in

Liparis liliifolia (Linnaeus) Richard, plate 34,

volume

Liriodendron tulipifera Linnaeus, plate 45 ,

volume 1

Lloyds Strawberry-cactus, plate 155, volume Lobelia, Brook, plate 191, volume in
Lobelia cardinalis Linnaeus, plate 2.63, Lobelia kalmii Linnaeus, plate
192.,

Mayapple, plate 143, volume n Maypop, plate 3x4, volume v

Meadow

Fleabane, plate 165, volume in

trifoliata

volume iv

Menyanthes

Linnaeus, plate

2.1.^,

volume in

volume in
Men^iesia glabella Gray, plate
2.98,

Loblolly Pine, plate 335, volume v

volume iv

Locoweed,

False, plate 3

volume

Menziesia, Western, plate 198, volume iv

Lodgepole Pine, plate 101, volume n

Longleaf Pine, plate 139, volume n Lonicera glaucescens Rydberg, (flower), plate

Menzies Pentstemon, plate 319, volume iv

Merrybells,
81,

Wood,

plate 144,

volume n

Mertensia paniculata (Aiton) Don, plate 173,

volume

11

volume in

Mertensia virginica (Linnaeus)

plate
2.0,

De Candolle,
111

volume

Northern Anemone, plate 371, volume v Northern Bedstraw, plate 63 volume 1

,

Mexican Fremontia, plate 2.06, volume Mexican Poppy, plate 393, volume v
Milkvetch, Alpine, plate
2.95,
2.1,

Northern Butterbur, plate 189, volume in Northern Butterwort, plate 198, volume in

volume iv

Milkvetch, Burgess, plate

volume

Northern Ladyslipper, plate 91, volume n Nymphaea advena Solander, plate 159, volume
Uconee-bells, plate
Ocotillo, plate 396,

Milkweed, Showy, plate

90,

volume

11

volume v Mimulus cardinalis Douglas, plate 395, volume v Mimulus guttatus Don, plate 3 13 volume iv
caespitosus Greene, plate 375,
,

Mimulus

19,

volume

volume v
1

One-leaf Bog-orchid, plate 76, volume

Mimulus lewisii Pursh, plate

374,

volume v

Missouri Pricklypear, plate 35, volume 1 Mistletoe, American, plate 2.65, volume iv

Onion, Nodding, plate 304, volume iv Onion, Siberian, plate 383, volume v
Ophrys nephrophylla Rydberg, plate 109, volume

n
1

Mistmaiden, plate 98, volume

11

Opuntia polyacantha Haworth, plate 35, volume

Mitchella repens Linnaeus, plate 107,

volume in

Orange-eye Globemallow, plate 311, volume iv

Monarda punctata Linnaeus, plate 233, volume in

Moneses uniflora (Linnaeus) Gray, plate 173,

Orange Polygala, plate

2.57,

volume iv

Orchid, Grass-pink, plate 131, volume

Orchid, Rosebud, plate 242, volume iv
Orchis rotundifolia Pursh, plate 65,

n
1

volume iv
Monkeyflower, Alpine, plate 375, volume v Monkeyflower, Buff, plate 2.00, volume in Monkeyflower, Cardinal, plate 395, volume v Monkeyflower, Lewis, plate 374, volume v
Monkeyflower, Red, plate 315, volume iv Monkeyflower, Western, plate 313, volume iv
Monotropa
uniflora

volume
1

Orchis, Roundleaf, plate 65, volume Orchis,

Showy, plate

241,

volume iv

Orchis spectabilis Linnaeus, plate 241,

volume iv volume in
119,

Orontium aquaticum Linnaeus, plate

Orthocarpus tenuijolius

2.2.2.,

Bentham, plate

Linnaeus, plate

2.61.,

volume iv

volume

11

Moss Campion, plate 367, volume v Moss Forget-me-not, plate 359, volume v Moss Gentian, plate 178, volume 111
Mountain-ash, Western, plate
162.,

Owl-clover, plate 119, volume

xy coccus palustris Persoon, plate 180, volume in

Oxytrope, Showy, plate

111

12.0,

volume n
,

volume

Oxytropis gracilis (Nelson) Jones, plate 3

volume 1
2.82.,

Mountain Cranberry,
volume in

(flower), plate 193,

Oxytropis podocarpa Gray, (flower), plate

volume iv
(fruit), plate 194,

Mountain Cranberry, volume in

Oxytropis podocarpa Gray, (fruit), plate 283,

volume iv
74,

Mountainheather, Pink, plate

volume

Oxytropis splendens Douglas, plate

12.0,

volume

11

Mountain Hemlock, plate 2.67, volume iv Mountain Juniper, plate 86, volume 11 Mountain Ladyslipper, plate 1, volume 1
Mountain-laurel, plate
2.21,

\: achyloplus hirsutus

Rydberg, plate 388, volume v

Pachyloplus marginatus (Nuttall) Rydberg,

plate 387,

volume in
2.75,

volume v

Mourning Groundsel,

plate

volume iv

Paintbrush, Alberta, plate 372, volume Paintbrush, Lanceleaf, plate

102.,

Myosotis alpestris Schmidt, plate 351, volume v

v volume n
1

Paintbrush, Rose, plate 48, volume

Springbeauty, plate 94, volume n Nodding Campion, plate 2.79, volume iv

JN aiad

Painted Trillium, plate 134, volume

Pale Ladyslipper, plate 58, volume Pale Pinesap, plate 157, volume
1

Nodding Ladies-tresses, plate 4, volume Nodding Onion, plate 304, volume iv

Pale Strawberry, plate 362, volume v

Papaw, plate 318, volume v

Parnassia fimbriata Konig, plate 343,
Parnassia, Fringed, plate 343,

Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nuttall, plate

2.65,

volume v

volume iv
Phyllodoce empetriformis

volume v

(Smith) Don, plate 74,

Parrot Pitcherplant, plate

Partridgeberry, plate
2.07,

1.^6,

volume in
111

volume

volume

Physaria didymocarpa (Hooker) Gray, (flower),

plate 167,

Pasqueflower, American, (flower), plate 95,

volume in volume

volume volume

11

Physaria didymocarpa (Hooker) Gray, (fruit),

plate 168,
111

Pasqueflower, American, (fruit), plate 96,

11

Picea engelmanni (Parry)

Engelmann, plate 378,

Passiflora incarnata Linnaeus, plate 314,

volume v

volume v
Pickerelweed, plate ^9, volume
1 1

Pearl Everlasting, plate 189,

volume iv

Peatpink, plate 248, volume iv

Pea, White, plate 85, volume
11

Pinebarren Gentian, plate

8,

volume
11

Pineland Aster, plate 160, volume

7-^%,
12.1,

Pedkularis bracteosa Bentham, plate

Pedicularis contorta

volume iv volume
11

Pineland Blueberry, plate

Pine, Limber, plate 188,

2.30,

volume
111

111

Bentham, plate

volume

Pedkularis groenlandica Retz, plate 373, volume

Pentstemon conjertus Douglas, plate 357,

v volume v
2.09,

Pine, Loblolly, plate 335,

volume v volume n
11

Pine, Lodgepole, plate 101,

Pentstemon digitalis (Sweet) Nuttall, plate

Pine, Longleaf, plate 139,

volume
11

volume in
Pentstemon eatonii Gray, plate 394,

Pinesap, Pale, plate 157, volume

volume v volume
1

Pinesap, Red, plate

2.13,

volume in volume v
2.35,

Pentstemon erianthera Pursh, plate 50,

Pine, Whitebark, plate 377,

Pentstemon, Fire, plate 394, volume v Pentstemon, Foxglove, plate xo9, volume in
Pentstemon lyallii Gray, plate 346,

Pingukula

elatior

Michaux, plate

volume in

Pingukula vulgaris Linnaeus, plate 198, volume in

volume v

Pink Centaurium, plate 303, volume iv Pink Fleabane, plate

Pink Fumeroot, plate
61,
5
,

Pentstemon, Menzies, plate 319, volume iv

Pentstemon men%iesii Hooker, plate 319,

volume volume

1
1

volume iv
1

Pentstemon, Prairie, plate

50,

volume

Pink Ladyslipper, plate 3x7, volume v

Pink Mountainheather, plate 74, volume Pink Pussy toes, plate 2.86, volume iv
Pinkshell Azalea, plate i53, volume iv
1

Pentstemon, Purple, plate 346, volume v Pentstemon, Wright, plate 386, volume v
Pentstemon wrightii Hooker, plate 386,

volume v

Pentstemon, Yellow, plate 357, volume v

Pink Twistedstalk, plate

83,

volume n

Peramium decipiens (Hooker) Piper, plate

3 50,

Pinus albkaulis Engelmann, plate 377, volume v

Pinus contorta murrayana (Balfour) Engelmann,

volume v
Perennial Gaillardia, plate 354, volume

plate 101,

volume n

Petalostemon pirpireum (Ventenat) Rydberg,

Pinus flexilis James, plate 188, volume in Pinus palustris Miller, plate 139, volume Pinus taeda Linnaeus, plate 335, volume

plate 3x0,

volume iv
Rydberg, plate 189, volume in

Petasites hyperboreus

Phacelia, Gray, plate 178,

volume iv

Pinxterbloom, plate Pinxterbloom,

12.8,

volume n
2.32.,

Phacelia linearis (Pursh) Holzinger, plate 197,

Downy,

plate

volume in

volume in
Phacelia, Sand, plate 197,
Phacelia sericea

Pipsissewa, Western, plate 360, volume

volume in
plate 178,

Pitcherplant, plate 51,

volume

(Graham) Gray,
volume iv

Pitcherplant, California, plate 390, Pitcherplant, Catesby, plate 400,

volume v volume v

volume iv
Phlox, Blue, plate
2.45,

volume v

Pitcherplant,

Drummond,

plate

32.9,

Phlox divarkata Linnaeus, plate 145, volume iv

Pitcherplant, Hooded, plate

2.51,

volume iv

Pitcherplant, Parrot, plate

2.^6, 2.50,

Pitcherplant, Sweet, plate

volume in volume iv

Pulsatilla ludoviciana (Nuttall) Heller, (fruit,)

plate 96,

volume n
(Watson) Freyn, (flower),

Plum, Chickasaw, plate 130, volume n

Pulsatilla occidentalis
111

Plume Anemone, Plume Anemone,

(flower), plate 163,

(fruit), plate 164,

volume
111

plate 163,

volume in
(Watson) Freyn,
(fruit),

volume

Pulsatilla occidentalis

Podophyllum peltatumLinnacus, plate 143, volume 11

Pogonia divaricata (Linnaeus) Robert Brown,
plate
142.,

plate 164,

volume in
2.3 5
,

Purple Butterwort, plate

volume in

volume iv
2.18,

Purple Mountain Violet, plate 181, volume in Purple Pentstemon, plate 346, volume v Purple Prairieclover, plate 32.0, volume iv

Pogonia ophioglossoides (Linnaeus) Ker, plate

volume in
Pogonia, Rose, plate
2.18,

volume

111

Purple Saxifrage, plate

Pussy-ears, plate
2.,

42.,

volume
1

Pointvetch, Alpine, (flower), plate 2.82., volume iv

volume

Pointvetch, Alpine, (fruit), plate

2.83,

volume iv

Pussytoes, Buff, plate 171,

volume in

Polycodium staminetim (Linnaeus) Greene,

plate
132.,

Pussytoes, Gray, plate 104, volume

Pussytoes, Pink, plate
2.86,

volume n

volume iv

Polygala, Fringed, plate 135, volume

Poly gala lutea Linnaeus, plate
2.57,

PussyWillow, plate

12.2.,

volume n

volume iv

Pygmy Androsace,

plate 185,

volume in volume n

Polygala, Orange, plate

volume iv Polygala paucifolia Willdenow, plate 135,

2.57,

Pyro la chloranth a Swartz, plate 113,

Pyrola, Green, plate 113, volume

Pyrola minor Linnaeus, plate
172.,

n
volume in volume iv

volume n
Pontederia cordata Linnaeus, plate
2.9,

volume

Pyrola secunda Linnaeus, plate

2.85,

Poppy, Mexican, plate 393, volume v

Porteranthus trifoliatus (Linnaeus) Britton,

Pyrola, Sidebells, plate Z85, volume iv

Pyrola, Small, plate 171, volume in

plate

2.52.,

volume iv
volume
2.96,
1

Pyxidanthera barbulata Michaux, plate 1x4,

Potentilla jruticosa Linnaeus, plate 77,

volume

11

Potentilla glaucophylla

Lehmann,

plate

Pyxie, plate 1x4, volume

n
volume
1

volume iv
Potentilla uniflora

Ledebour, plate

182.,

volume in

wuakerladies, plate

59,

Prairie Aster, plate 118,

volume

11

Quamasia quamash (Pursh) Coville, plate 358,

Prairieclover, Purple, plate 3x0, Prairie Pentstemon, plate 50,

volume iv
1

volume v
Queencup, (flower), plate
Queencup,
2.03,

volume
1

volume in volume v

Prairie-smoke, plate 53, volume

Prairie Thistle, plate 309,

(fruit), plate 2.04,

volume in

volume iv
1

Quill-leaf Tillandsia, plate 399,

Prickly Currant, (flower), plate 66, volume Prickly Currant, (fruit), plate 67, volume
Pricklypear, Missouri, plate 35, volume
1

Xvabbitbean, plate 44, volume

Ragged Fringe-orchid,

plate

2.15,

volume in

Primrose, Alberta, plate

2.74,

volume iv

Ramshead Ladyslipper,

plate

2.16,

volume in

Primrose, Evening, plate 388, volume

v Primula maccallianaWiegand, plate 2.74, volume iv Prunus angustifolia Marshall, plate 130, volume 11
plate

Ranunculus suksdorfli Gray, plate 114, volume

Pseudotsuga mucronata (Rafinesque) Sudworth,

2.70,

v Rattlesnakeplantain, Western, plate 350, volume v Rayless Groundsel, plate 93, volume n
Red Buckeye,
Redbud, plate
plate 47,
2.6,

Raspberry, Whiteflowering, plate 341, volume

volume iv

volume
1

Ptarmiganberry, plate 355, volume v Pulsatilla ludoviciana (Nuttall) Heller, (flower),

plate 95,

volume

volume n

Red Chokeberry, Red Chokeberry,

(flower), plate 31,

(fruit), plate 31a,

volume volume
1

Red Comandra,

plate 361,

volume v

Rubus argutus Link, plate 146, volume n Rubus parviflorus Nuttall, plate 341, volume v

Red Dewberry, plate 2.93, volume iv Red Helmet, plate 2.58, volume iv Red Lily, plate 11, volume 1 Red Maple, plate 137, volume 11 Red Monkeyflower, plate 315, volume iv
Red-osier

Rubus pedatus Smith, plate 193, volume iv

Ruff Gentian, plate 318, volume iv
Pursh, plate 341, volume v

uabbatia

stellaris

Dogwood,

plate 38,

volume

Sagebrush Mariposa, plate 175, volume in

Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon, plate 158,

Red Pinesap, plate 2.13, volume in Redstem Saxifrage, plate 363, volume v Red Trillium, plate 2.39, volume 111 Red Willowweed, plate 370, volume v
Rhododendron albiflorum Hooker, plate 305,volumeiv

volume n volume n

Salix discolor Muhlenberg, plate

12.2.,

Salix drummondiana Barratt, plate 380, volume v Salix nivalis Hooker, plate
2.77,

volume iv

Salix petrophila Rydberg, plate 106, volume

Rhododendron

maximum Linnaeus,

plate

2.54,

Saltmarsh Rosegentian, plate 341, volume v

volume iv
Rhododendron, Rocky Mountain, plate 305, volume iv Rhododendron, Rosebay, plate 2.54, volume iv
Rhodora, plate
2.8,

Sambucus pubens Michaux, plate

2.60,

volume iv

San Diego Mariposa, plate 199, volume in

Sand Phacelia, plate 197, volume in

Sanguinaria canadensis Linnaeus, plate 1x3,

volume

volume
2.8,

11

Rhodora canadensis Linnaeus, plate

volume

Sarracenia catesbaei Elliott, plate 400,

volume v

Ribes lacustre (Persoon) Poiret, (flower), plate 66,

Sarracenia drummondii

Croom, plate 319, volume v

volume
volume

Sarracenia flava Linnaeus, plate 15, Sarracenia minor Walter, plate 2.51,

volume

Ribes lacustre (Persoon) Poiret, (fruit), plate 67,

1

volume iv
volume

Sarracenia psittacina
87,

Michaux, plate 136, volume in

52.,
1

Riverbank Gentian, plate

volume n

Sarracenia purpurea Linnaeus, plate Sarracenia rubra Walter, plate 2.50,

Rock Willow, plate 106, volume n Rock Wormwood, plate 2.88, volume iv Rocky Mountain Cassiope, plate 75, volume Rocky Mountain Kalmia, plate 2.84, volume Rocky Mountain Rhododendron, plate 305,
volume iv

volume iv

Saskatoon, plate 117, volume

1

n
191,

Saussurea, plate 191,

Saussurea dens a

volume in

iv

(Hooker) Rydberg, plate

volume in
Saxifraga bronchialishinnacus, plate
1

10,

volume n

Rocky Mountain Twayblade,

plate 109,

volume n volume n

Saxifraga caespitosa Linnaeus, plate 184,

Saxifraga lyallii Engler, plate 363
,

volume in
volume

Romanzpffia sitchensis Bongard, plate 98,

volume v
42,,
1

Rosa bourgeauiana Crepin, (flower), plate 344,

Saxifraga oppositifolia Linnaeus, plate

Saxifrage, Purple, plate
42.,

volume v
Rosa bourgeauiana Crepin,
(fruit), plate 345,

volume

Saxifrage, Redstem, plate 363,

volume v

volume v
Rosebay Rhododendron, plate
2.54,

Saxifrage, Spotted, plate

volume iv

Rose, Bourgeau, (flower), plate 344, volume v Rose, Bourgeau, (fruit), plate 345, volume v Rosebud Orchid, plate 2.42., volume iv

no, volume n Saxifrage, Tufted, plate 184, volume in Scarlet Elder, plate 2.60, volume iv
Scarlet

Globe-mallow, plate 398, volume v Scarlet Mariposa, plate 391, volume v

Scutellaria serrata

Rosegentian, Saltmarsh, plate

342.,

volume v
1

Andrews, plate
2.81,

2.37,

volume in

Rose Paintbrush, plate

48,

volume

Sedge, Golden, plate

Senecio lugens

volume iv
2.75,

Rose Pogonia, plate xi8, volume in

Rosette Cinquefoil, plate i8x, volume in

Richardson, plate

volume iv

Senecio pauciflorus Pursh, plate 93,

Senecio triangularis

volume n

Roundleaf Orchis, plate

65,

volume

Hooker, plate 385, volume v

Shootingstar, plate 49, volume Shootingstar, Slender, plate

Short ia galacifolia

Sphaeralcea grossulariaefolia

(Hooker and Arnott)

2.76,

volume iv
19,

Rydberg, plate 398, volume v

Spiderlily, plate 154,

Torrey and Gray, plate

volume n
1

volume

Shortspur Columbine, plate

192.,

Showy Ladyslipper, plate 2.17, Showy Milkweed, plate 90, volume 11 Showy Orchis, plate 2.41, volume iv Showy Oxytrope, plate no, volume 11
Siberian Onion, plate 383,
Sidebells

volume iv volume in

Spiderwort, Virginia, plate 40, volume Spotted Beebalm, plate 133, volume in

Spotted Cyrtopodium, plate

Spotted Saxifrage,

volume in plate no, volume n

2.12.,

Springbeauty, Naiad, plate 94, volume n Springbeauty, Virginia, plate 2.34, volume in
Spruce, Engelmann, plate 378,

volume v Pyrola, plate 2.85, volume iv

111

volume v

Squawroot, plate 114, volume in

Squirrelcorn, plate 136,

Sidesaddle Goldenrod, plate 183, volume

Sieversia ciliata

volume n volume in
1

(Pursh) Don, plate 53,

Star Solomonplume, plate 166,

volume

Stenanthium occidentale Gray, plate 64, volume

Silene acaulis

Linnaeus, plate 367, volume

Walter, plate
2.48,

Stewartia malachodendron Linnaeus, plate 333,

Site ne caroliniana

volume iv
1

volume v
Stewartia, Virginia, plate 333, volume
Strawberry-blite, plate 349,

Silverberry, (flower), plate 70,

volume
1

Silverberry, (fruit), plate 71,

volume

volume v

Sisyrinchium angustifolium Miller, plate

2.38,

Strawberry-cactus, Green, plate 308, volume iv

volume in
Skeletonflower, plate
Skullcap,
9,

Strawberry-cactus, Lloyds, plate 155, volume

volume

Strawberry, Pale, plate

362.,

volume v

Wood,

plate

2.37,

volume in
1

Streptopus amplexifolius (Linnaeus)

De

Candolle,

Skunkcabbage, plate 37, volume

Slender Ladies-tresses, plate Slender Shootingstar, plate

plate 84,
11
1

volume n volume n
1

Slender Agoseris, plate 89, volume

4,

Streptopus curvipesVail, plate 83,

volume

Sun-dial Lupine, plate

6,

volume

2.76,

volume iv

Sweet Androsace, plate Sweet Azalea, plate

55,

107,

volume n
1

Slim Larkspur, plate 384, volume v Small Cranberry, plate 180, volume in
Small Pyrola, plate 171, volume in
Small Yellow Ladyslipper, plate 91, volume
11

volume

Sweetbay, plate 3x5, volume v

Sweet Crab, Wild, plate

51,

volume

Sweet Pitcherplant, plate

2.50,

volume iv

Smooth Yellow Violet,

plate

2.2.4,

volume in

Sweetvetch, plate 97, volume

Syndesmon
thalictroides

Snow Trillium, plate x4o, volume in Snow Willow, plate 2.77, volume iv
Solidago ciliosa Greene, plate 183,

(Linnaeus) HofFmannsegg,

plate 14,

volume

volume in
JLall

Solomonplume,
Roemer, plate

Star, plate 166,

volume in

Larkspur, plate

2.7,

volume
152.,
1

Sorbus sambucifolia

(Chamisso and Schlechtendal)

Tampa Epidendrum,

plate

volume n

162.,

volume in

Tarflower, plate 17, volume

Southern Coast Violet, plate 141, volume

n
1
1

Tassel Cottongrass, plate 311,

volume iv

Southern Magnolia, (flower), plate 14, volume Southern Magnolia,

(fruit), plate 14a,

Thalesia uniflora (Linnaeus) Britton, plate 156,

volume

volume
plate

11

Spathyemafoetida (Linnaeus) Rafinesque, plate 37,

Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nuttall) Richardson,

2.97,

volume

volume iv volume iv volume n

Spatterdock, plate 159, volume

Thistle, Prairie, plate 309, Thistle, White, plate 103,

Sphaeralcea davidsonii Robinson, plate 311,

volume iv

Thuja plicata Don, plate 187, volume in

Tillandsia, plate 153,

volume

11

U vularia
volume v
1

-perfoliata

Linnaeus, plate 144, volume

11

Tillandsia fasciculata Swartz, plates 153, volume 11,

and 399, volume v

Tillandsia, Quill-leaf, plate 399,

yaccinium caespitosum Michaux, plate 179,

volume in
Vaccinium corymb sum Linnaeus, plate
2.2.8,

Toad Trillium,

plate

2.3,

volume

Toothwort, Cut, plate

Trailing-arbutus, plate
Trillium album

2.49,

volume iv

volume in
Vaccinium membranaceum Douglas, plate
7,

Tradescantia virginianaLinnaeus, plate 40, volume 1

12.6,

volume

11

volume

(Michaux) Small, plate 334,

Vaccinium scoparium Leiberg, (flower), plate 169,

volume v
Trillium chloroptalum (Torrey) Howell, plate 2.99,

volume in
Vaccinium scoparium Leiberg, (fruit), plate 170,

volume iv
Trillium erectum Linnaeus, plate
2.39,

volume in
volume in
Vaccinium tenellum Aiton, plate
2.30,

volume in

Trillium, Giant, plate

Trillium grandiflorum
plate 140,

2.99,

volume iv

Vaccinium vitisidaea minus Loddiges, (flower),

plate 193,

(Michaux) Salisbury,

volume in
volume in
(Linnaeus) Morong, plate 166,

volume in volume
11

Vaccinium vitisidaea minus Loddiges, (fruit),

plate 194,

Trillium, Painted, plate 134,

Trillium, Red, plate 239,

volume in volume
1

Vagnera

stellata

Trillium sessile Linnaeus, plate 23,

volume in
Valeriana sitchensis Bongard, plate 366, volume

Trillium, Snow, plate 140,

volume in
1

Trillium, Toad, plate

2.3,

volume

Valerian, Heliotrope, plate 366, volume

Trillium undulatum Willdenow, plate 134,

volume
Trillium,

11

Venus Flytrap, plate 219, volume in Veratrum viride Aiton, plate 174, volume in
Vernal
Iris,

Wax,

plate 334,

volume v

plate 13,

volume

Trollius albiflorus

(Gray) Rydberg, plate 353,

Vetch, American, plate 190, volume in

volume v
Troutlily, White, plate 15,

Viburnum

-pauciflorum Pylaie, plate 317,

volume

volume iv
Vicia americana Muhlenberg, plate 190,

Troutlily, Yellow, plate 339,

volume v volume

Trumpetcreeper, plate

2.2.7,

volume in
46,
1
1

volume in
Viola adunca]. E. Smith, plate 181, volume
111

Trumpet Honeysuckle, plate

Trumpetleaf, plate
2.5,

volume

Tsuga heterophylla (Rafinesque) Sargent, plate 2.68,

Viola canadensis Linnaeus, plate 347, volume v Viola eriocarpa Schweinitz, plate 2.2.4, volume in

volume iv
Tsuga mertensiana (Bongard) Sargent, plate
2.67,

Viola pedata Linnaeus, plate 39, volume

Violarafinesquii Greene, plate
2.1 1,

volume in volume
11

volume iv
Tufted saxifrage, plate 184, volume in
Tuliptree, plate 45,

Viola sepemloba Le Conte, plate

Violet, Birdsfoot, plate 39,
Violet, Canada, plate 347, Violet, Field, plate
2.1 1,

142.,
1

volume

volume

volume v
volume in

Turkscap Lily, plate 156, volume iv

Turtlehead, plate 259, volume iv

volume in
plate 224,

Violet, Purple Mountain, plate 181,

1

Twayblade, Lily, plate

34,

volume

Violet,

Smooth Yellow,

volume in

Twayblade, Rocky Mountain, plate 109, volume 11

Twinflower, American, plate 196, volume in
Twinleaf, plate
72.,

Violet, Southern Coast, plate 142,

Virginia Bluebells, plate

2.0,

volume n volume 1
1

volume

Virginia Spiderwort, plate 40, volume

11

Twistedstalk, Clasping, plate 84, volume Twistedstalk, Pink, plate 83, volume
11

Virginia Springbeauty, plate 234, volume in Virginia Stewartia, plate 333, volume v

Waterlily, American, plate

Wax Trillium,

plate 334,

volume in volume v
2.2.3

Willow, Snow, plate

2.77,

volume iv

Western Bluebells, plate 173, volume in Western Cranesbill, plate 307, volume iv

Willowweed, Red, plate 370, volume v Willow-weed, Yellow, plate 300, volume iv Winterberry, plate 54, volume 1
Wistaria, American, plate 149, volume
11

Western Green Alder, plate 186, volume in

Western Hemlock, plate

Western Larch, plate

2.68,

2.69,

volume iv volume iv
volume iv

Witch-hazel, plate
:

32.3,

volume v

Western Menziesia, plate

2.98,

Wood Betony see Red Helmet Wood Merrybells, plate 144, volume n
Woodnymph,
plate 173,

Western Monkeyflower, plate 313, volume iv Western Mountain-ash, plate 162., volume in
Western Pipsissewa, plate
360,

volume iv volume in
volume in volume v volume iv
volume v
plate
3 ox,

Wood

Skullcap, plate

2.37,

volume v

Woolly Agoseris,
Woolly Arnica,

plate 195,

Western Rattlesnakepl ant ain, plate 350, volume v Western Yarrow, plate 151, volume n

plate 348, plate

Wormwood, Rock,

2.88,

Whitebark Pine, plate 377, volume v White Dawnrose, plate 387, volume v

Wright Pentstemon, plate

386,

White Dryad, White Dryad,

(flower), plate 176,

(fruit), plate 177,

volume in

JS^eropbyllum tenax (Pursh)

Nut tall,

volume in
jl

volume iv
arrow, Western, plate 151, volume
2.2.6,

White Epidendrum, plate

337,

volume v

Whiteflowering Raspberry, plate 341, volume v

White Globeflower, plate White Pea, plate

85,

353,

volume v

Yaupon, plate

volume in

volume n
103
,

White Thistle, plate

volume n
volume
1
1

Yellow Cucumbertree, plate 330, volume v Yellow Dryad, (flower), plate 364, volume v Yellow Dryad,
(fruit), plate 365,

White Troutlily, plate

15,

volume v

Whortleberry, Big, plate

7,

volume

Yellow Fringeorchid, plate Yellow Pentstemon, plate

340,

volume v

Whortleberry, Grouse, (flower), plate 169,

357,

volume v

volume in
Whortleberry, Grouse, (fruit), plate 170,

Yellow Troutlily, plate 339, volume v Yellow Willow-weed, plate 300, volume iv
Yucca, plate 397, volume v Yucca bailey i Wooton and Standley, plate 397,

volume in
Whortleberry, Low, plate 179, volume in

Wild

Calla, plate 1x9,

volume n
12.7,

volume v

Wildginger, Canada, plate

volume n
1

Wild Sweet Crab, plate

Willow, Pussy, plate

51,

volume

^enobia,

plate 164,

volume iv
2.64,

Willow, Drummond, plate 380, volume v

12.Z,

Zenobia cassinifolia (Ventenat) Pollard, plate

volume n

volume iv
Zygadenus elegans Pursh, plate 116, volume

Willow, Rock, plate 106, volume n

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