The Chaldean Account of Genesis

L
(NIMROD) IN CONFLICT WITH

FROM AN EARLY BACYLONI
TO
SIE
HENRY CEBSWICKE RAWLINSON,

K.C.B.,
D.C.L._,
ETC.
ETC.
MY TEACHER AND PREDECESSOR
IN
ETC.,
MY PRESENT
LINE OP RESEARCH,
IN REMEMBRANCE OF
THIS
MANY FAVOURS,
WORK
IS
3Delricateo*
THE
CHALDEAN ACCOUNT OF
GENESIS.
CONTAINING
THE DESCRIPTION OF THE CREATION, THE FALL OF MAN,

i
THE DELUGE, THE TOWER OF BABEL, THE

TIMES OF THE PATRIARCHS,
AND
BABYLONIAN FABLES, AND LEGENDS OF THE GODS
FROM THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS.
BY GEORGE SMITH,
OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ORIENTAL ANTIQUITIES, BRITISH MUSEUM,
AUTHOR OF
"
HISTORY OF
ASSURBANIPAL,"
"ASSYRIAN DISCOVERIES,"
ETC. ETC.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.
LONDON:
SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, AND RIVINGTON,
CROWN
BUILDINGS, FLEET STREET.

1876.
(All Rights Reserved.)
BS
CI1ISWICK PKESS
PRINTED BY TMIITTINGHAM AND WILKINS,
TOOKS COUKT, CHANCERY LANE.
IZDUBAR STRANGLING A LlON.
FROM KHORSABAD SCULPTURE.
INTRODUCTION.
OME
(
explanation
ducing
my
is
present
necessary in intro
Little time
work.
has elapsed since I discovered the most
and in
important of these inscriptions,
the intervening period I have had, amidst other work,
to collect the various fragments of the legends, copy,
matter from time

compare, and translate, altering my
Even now I
to time, as new fragments turned up.
have gone to press with one of the fragments of the

last tablet of the Izdubar series omitted.
The present condition of the legends and
their
recent discovery alike forbid me to call this anything

more than a provisional work; but there was so
translations that I have
general a desire to see the
readers will take them
published them, hoping my
with the same reserve with which I have given them.
have avoided some of the most important com

with respect to Genesis, as
parisons and conclusions
I
my
desire
was
first to
obtain the recognition of the
evidence without prejudice.
INTRODUCTION.
viii
The chronological notes in the book

weak points, but I may safely say that
are one of
its
I have placed
the various dates as low as I fairly could,
considering
the evidence, and I have aimed to do this rather than
to establish
I
any system of chronology.

believe that time will show the
Babylonian
tradi
tions of Genesis to be invaluable for the

light they will
throw on the Pentateuch, but at present there are so
many blanks in
the evidence that positive conclusions

on several points are impossible. I may add in con
clusion that
my present work is intended
as a popular
account, and I have introduced only so much expla

nation as seems necessary for the
proper understand
ing of the subject. I have added translations of some

parts of the legends which I avoided in my last work,
desiring here to satisfy the wish to see them as
perfect as possible there still remain however some
;
passages which I have omitted, but these are of small

extent and obscure.
October 26, 1875.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
THE DISCOVERY OF THE GENESIS
I.
LEGENDS.
Discovery of Cunei
of Bcrosus.
Cosmogony
form Inscriptions.
Historical Texts.
Babylonian
Mythological tablets*
Mutilated
Izdubar, his exploits.
origin of Assyrian literature.
of
Discovery
offer.
graph"
to
Account of creation
Xew
CHAPTER
II.
literature.
astrology.
empire.
tablets.
"
Telegraph."
The
page 1
library.
Subjects.-
Literary period.
War
of Gods.
Mutilated
condition.
Babylonian
Hammurabi.
Izdubar legends.
tablets.
Fragmentary con
Dates.
Babylonian Chronology.
Urukh, king of Ur.
Sumir.
Syllabaries and bilingual

date.
Kouyunjik
Arrangement of
source of literature.
Akkad.
in
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN LITERATURE.
Babylonian
dition.
List of texts
fragments.
Daily Tele
Interest of Creation legends.
Telegraph" collection.
"Daily
"
Fragments of Creation
Tower of
to Assyria.
Assyria.
Second journey
Myth.
Clay records.
Fall.
to
texts.
Lecture on Deluge tablets.
Expedition
Solar
tablets.
Babel.
Deluge
of tablets.
condition
Assyrian copies.
Babylonian
Babylonian
Creation and
fall.
Difficulties as
library.
Assyrian
Sargon of Assyria.
Library at Calah.
Removal of Library to Nineveh. Assurbanipal or
City of Assur.
Sennacherib.
Sardanapalus.
His
......
additions to library.
Later Babylonian libraries
Description of contents.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
IIIi
CHALDEAN LEGENDS TRANSMITTED
BEROSUS AND OTHER ANCIENT AUTHORS.
THROUGH
Berosus and his copyists.

histor.
Babylonia.
Chaldean
kings.
Babylon.
Alexander PolyCory s translation.

Creation.
Belus.
Cannes, his teaching.
Xisuthrus.
The
Return
to
Ark.
Deluge.
Alorus,
Tower
of Babel.
Ten
king.
Larancha.
Pantibiblon.
Apollodorus.
first
Abydenus.
Armenia.
Deluge.
Nicolaus Damascenus.
Sisithrus.
kings.
Cronos and Titan.
Dispersion from Hestiaeus.
The
Titan
Sibyl.
Kissare and Assorus.
Moymis.
CHAPTER IV.
banit,
Ann.
Spirits.
Hea.
Venus.
Vul.
Merodach.
Elu.
Sin the
of chaos.
Tiamat.
son with Genesis.
tion of
Stars.
god.
Sha-
Ninip.
.51
Three great gods.
or serpent.
Destruction
CHAPTER VI.
Cuneiform
of subjects.
Moon.
of
War
Tiamat.
Age
Sun.
Man.
Abyss
His
Mutilation
duties.
Dragon
Sacred
...
tree.
Merodach.
Weapons.
of
Fifth
Crea
or chaos.
Discussion.
with Tiamat.
of story
Compari
documents.
Parallel
.61
OTHER BABYLONIAN ACCOUNTS OF THE CREATION.

accounts
count of Berosus.
originally
traditions.
Tablet from Cutha.
Variations.
Translation.
animals.
Seven brothers.
men.
War
Eagle-headed men.
Seven wicked spirits.
in
Poetical account of Creation
CHAPTER VII.
God Zu.
Description
Damascius.
Doubtful fragments.
Curse for disobedience.
Biblical account.
story.
to
Zirat-
Jupiter.
List
Creation of animals.
Fall.
Dragon
moon
Generation of gods.
Planets.
moon.
of sea.
Equivalent
or
BABYLONIAN LEGEND OP THE CREATION.
Mutilated condition of tablets.
tablet.
Ishtar.
Bel
Table of gods
Anunit.
Nergal.
CHAPTER V.
Anatu.
Cannes.
Succoth Benoth.
mas.
37
Con
Mythology local in origin.
Antiquity.
Three great gods.
Twelve great gods.
Colonies.
Angels.
...
Bel
Triad.
BABYLONIAN MYTHOLOGY.
Greek accounts.
quests.
Babylonian colonies. Tower of Babel.

and Prometheus. Damascius.
Tauthe.
THE SIN OF THE GOD

Obscurity of legend.
heaven.
.
Ac
Composite
Destruction of
Variations
.
Zu.
Translation.
of
.101
Sin of Zu.
CONTENTS.
Speech of
a
to
Anu
bird.
Amarda
to
Anu
Speeches of
of the gods.
Anger
Answer
Nebo.
Bird
bird.
CHAPTER VIII. THE EXPLOITS OF

God of Pestilence.
Lubara.
Sarturcla.
Changes
Sarturda lord
of prey.
of
113
LITE AHA.
The
Itak.
Seven
Plague.
Goddess of Karrak.
Anu.
Destruction of people.
warrior gods.
VuTs answer.
to Vul.
of Nebo.
.....
The Zu
xi
Shamas.
Sin and destruction of Babylonians.
Speech of Elu.
The great god and
Ishtar.
and destruction of Erech.
Sin
Duran.
Cutha.
Internal
and glory of Lubara.
God
JSTer.
Common
Tables.
Power
Syria.
Blessings on his worship.
Plague
123
BABYLONIAN FABLES.
CHAPTER IX.
in the East.
Story of the eagle.
in animals.
Eats
caught.
Song
to
goes
of Lubara.
to arrest the
Prayer
Itak
wars.
the
Serpent.
of
Anger
serpent.
Power of speech
The eagle
Shamas.
Description.
Seven
Etana.
birds.
His
Story of the fox.
Speech of eagle
Judgment of Shamas. His show of sorrow. His
cunning.
Fable of the horse and ox. They
punishment.
Speech of fox.
gods.
Third
tablet.
consort together.
Atarpi.
of legend.
Hea.
Babil.
CHAPTER XI.
air.
Incantation.
Not
noticed
Orders drought.
Calls his sons.
Nusku.
Building.
Zamu.
Mother and daughter quarrel.
Sin of the world.
struction of Tower.rud.
137
FRAGMENTS OF MISCELLANEOUS TEXTS.
and universal presence of

ture of reed.
Further tablets
Story of Ishtar.
Punishment of world.
Famine.
Con
fortune.
Speech of the horse.
Hunting the ox.
Offers to recount story.
CHAPTER X.
His good
Speech of the ox.
trast with the horse.
Riddle
Gods.
Tower
Dream.
by Berosus.
Dispersion.
wise
of
Sinuri.
man.
Divining by frac
of Babel.
Fragmentary
Obscurity
tablet.
....
Locality of Babylon.
Assyrian representations
Nature
Birs
De
Nim153
THE IZDUBAR LEGENDS.
Account of Deluge.
Babylonian cylinders.
Nimrod.
Izdubar.
Notices of Izdubar.
Age
of Legends.
Surippak.
Ark
City.
CONTENTS.
xii
Twelve
Extent of Legends.
tablets.
Introduc
Description.
Meeting of Heabani and Izdubar. Destruction of tyrant

Adventures of Ishtar.
Illness and wanderings of
tion.
Humbaba.
Izdubar.
Description of Deluge and conclusion.
Kingdom
of Ximrod.
Traditions.
Dates
Elanritc Conquest.
CHAPTER XII.
Dream of
Izdubar
Heabani.
Dream
Heabani.
petition.
Zaidu.
The
solitary
Samhat.
life.
Tempt
193
Ishtar s
Her
Ishtar s despair.
seven gates.
The
Lament
for
curses.
.207
OF ISHTAR.
Her
offer of marriage.
Tammuz.
curse.
Amours
Izdubar s
descent to Hades.
Uddusunamir.
Tammuz
Hum
Death of
bull.
triumph.
The
Description.
Sphinx.
.
of Ishtar.
The
Ascends to Heaven.
Ishtar s anger.
Izdubar.
Conversation.
Humbaba.
Ishtar s love.
Izdubar s answer.
refusal.
CHAPTER XV.
Dwelling of
forest.
Meeting with
THE ADVENTURES
promises.
of Ishtar.
to
Journey
forest.
of Izdubar.
Triumph
by
His
and
Humbaba.
Forest region.
Izdubar king
CHAPTER XIV.
feast.
.167
DESTRUCTION or THE TYRANT HUMBABA.
Entrance to
Humbaba.
Slain
His wisdom.
Harimtu
Friendship with Heabani
of Izdubar.
Petition to Shamas.
His
Translation.
.
Might and fame of Izdubar. Speech of Heabani.

to Erech.
The midannu or tiger. Festival at Erech.
Elamite dominion.
Her
MEETING OF HEABANI AND IZDUBAR.
CHAPTEE XIII.
baba.
Izdubar.
His journey
First Tablet.
Identifications.
Release
217
ILLNESS AND WANDERINGS OF IZDUBAR.
Heabani and the
trees.
Illness of Izdubar.
Death of Hea
His dream.
The
Journey of Izdubar.
Scorpion men.
Desert of Mas.
The paradise. Siduri and Sabitu. LTrhamsi.
bani.
Water
of death.
Ragmu.
The
conversation.
Hasisadra
241
THE STORY OF THE FLOOD AND CONCLUSION.

Eleventh tablet.
The gods. Sin of the world. Command to
build the ark.
Its contents.
The building. The Flood. De
struction of people.
Fear of the gods. End of Deluge. Nizir.
CHAPTER XVI.
CONTENTS.
The
Kcsting of Ark.
Speeches of gods.
sacrifice.
Izdubar.
His
The
birds.
Lament
return.
Connection of legends.
deluge.
Mount
Age
of descent.
of Izdubar
CHAPTER XVII.
Ao-e
&
Eden.
of
Kesurrection of
Points of contact.
Ten
generations.
Syrian
Duration of
Early
cities.
-263
CONCLUSION.
Ishmael.
Nimrod.
Cannes.
Babylonian
over Heabani.
Notices of Genesis.
of Chaldees.
Cure of
Comparison with Genesis.
nation.
The
descent from the ark.
Translation of Hasisadra.
Burial of warrior.
Heabani.
xiii
seals.
Abram. Ur
Correspondence of names.
in ark.
Concealed
birth.
His
Sargon.
Doubtful theories.
Berosus.
Creation.
Izdubar legends.
Egyptian names.
Garden
Urukh
of
of Ur.
Assyrian sculptures
295
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
RONTISPIECE,
conflict
Izdubar (Ximrod) in
Photograph.
with a lion, from an early Babylonian
cylinder.
2.
Reverse of inscribed terra cotta
tablet,
containing
the account of the Deluge, showing the various
fragments of which
3.
it is
composed, 10.
Cannes and other Babylonian mythological
figures,
from cylin
der, 39.
6.
Composite animals, from cylinder, 41.

Fight between Merodach (Bel) and the dragon, to face p. 62.
Sacred tree or grove, with attendant cherubim, from Assyrian
7.
Sacred tree, seated figure on each side and serpent in background,
8.
from an early Babylonian cylinder, 91.

Bel encountering the dragon, from Babylonian cylinder, 95.
Merodach or Bel armed for the conflict with the dragon, from
4.
5.
cylinder, 89.
9.
Assyrian cylinder, 99.

10. Fight between Bel and the dragon, from Babylonian cylinder,
102.
11. Eagle-headed men, from
Nimroud
sculpture, to face p. 102.
12. Sacred tree, attendant figures and eagle-headed men, from the
seal of a Syrian chief, ninth century B.C., 106.
13.
Men engaged
in building,
14 and 15. Men engaged
from Babylonian cylinder, 158.

from Babylonian cylinders, 159.
in building,
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
xvi
16. View of Birs Nimrud, the supposed
site of
the
Tower of Babel,
162.
17.
View
of the Babil
mound
at
Babylon, the
site of
the temple of
Bel, 163.
18.
Tower
in stages, from
19. Izdubar
p.
an Assyrian
strangling a lion, from
bas-relief, 164.
Khorsabad
sculpture,
to face
174.
20. Migration of Eastern tribe, from early Babylonian cylinder, 188.
21. Bowareych
Mound
at
Warka
(Erech), site
of
the temple
of
Ishtar, 237.
22. Izdubar and Heabani in conflict with the lion and bull, 239.
23. Izdubar,
composite figures, and Hasisadra
(Noah) in the ark,
from early Babylonian cylinder, 257.

(scorpion men), from an Assyrian cylinder,
262.
24. Composite figures
25. Hasisadra,
or
Noah, and Izdubar, from an early Babylonian
cylinder, 283.
Ur
26. Mugheir, the
site of
27. Cannes, from
Nimroud
of the Chaldees, 297.

sculpture, to face p. 306.
CHAPTER
I.
THE DISCOVERY OF THE GENESIS LEGENDS.

Cosmogony
Discovery of Cuneiform Inscriptions.

Babylonian origin of Assyrian literature.
of Berosus.
Historical texts.
texts.
Izdubar, his
Mythological tablets. Discovery of Deluge
Lecture on Deluge
tablets.
of
condition
Mutilated
exploits.
tablets.
"
Fragments
Assyria.
Daily
Telegraph"
of Creation tablets.
Tower
Expedition to Assyria.
offer.
Solar Myth.
Second journey to
Account of creation
of Babel.
Clay records.
Interest of
collection.
Daily Telegraph
"
in
"
"
Telegraph."
Creation legends.
HE
The
Fall.
New
fragments.
List of texts.
fragments of the Chaldean historian,
Berosus,
preserved
various later writers,
works of
that
shown
have
in
the
the Babylonians were acquainted with

traditions referring to the Creation, the period before
the Flood, the Deluge, and other matters forming
parts of Genesis.
however, who recorded these events,

lived in the time of Alexander the Great and his
as
successors, somewhere about B.C. 330 to 260; and,
Berosus,
this
was three hundred years
carried captive to Babylon, his
after the
Jews were
works did not prove
THE DISCOVERY OF
that these traditions were in Babylonia before the
Jewish captivity, and could not afford testimony in

favour of the great antiquity of these legends.
On the discovery and decipherment of the cunei
form
inscriptions, Oriental scholars
hoped that copies
of the Babylonian histories and traditions would one

day be discovered, and we should thus gain earlier
and more satisfactory evidence
as to these primitive
histories.
In the
mound
of Kouyunjik, opposite the town of

Mosul, Mr. Layard discovered part of the Royal
Assyrian library, and further collections, also forming
parts of this library, have been subsequently found
by Mr. H. Rassam, Mr. Loftus, and myself. Sir

Henry Rawlinson, who made the preliminary exami
nation of Mr. Layard s treasures, and who was the
first to recognize their value, estimated the number
of these fragments of inscriptions
at over
twenty
thousand.
The
attention of decipherers was in the first in

stance drawn to the later historical inscriptions, par
ticularly to those of the Assyrian kings
Hebrew monarchy and

inscriptions a very large number
with the
importance rewarded the
toil
contemporary
in this section of
of texts of great
of Assyrian scholars.
Inscriptions of Tiglath Pileser, Shalmaneser, Sargon,
Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, Nebuchadnezzar, Nabonidus, and numerous other ancient sovereigns, bearing
directly on the Bible, and giving new light upon
parts of ancient history before obscure, for a long
THE GENESIS LEGENDS.
occupied almost exclusively the attention of

students, and overshadowed any work in other divi
time
sions of Assyrian literature.
Although
it
was known that Assyria borrowed
its
and written characters from Babylonia,

as the Assyrian nation was mostly hostile to the
civilization
yet,
southern and older kingdom, it could not be guessed

beforehand that the peculiar national traditions of
Babylonia would be transported to Assyria.
Under
these circumstances, for
some years
after
cuneiform inscriptions were first deciphered,

nothing was looked for or discovered bearing upon
the
the events of Genesis

(
into notice,
it
their
copied
and
but, as
became
literature
new
texts were brought
evident that the

largely from
Assyrians
Babylonian
sources,
appeared likely that search among
the fragments of Assyrian inscriptions would yield
traces at least of some of these ancient Babylonian
it
legends.
Attention was early drawn to these points by Sir

Henry Rawlinson, who pointed out several coinci
dences between the geography of Babylonia and the

account of Eden in Genesis, and suggested the great
probability that the accounts in Genesis
lonian origin.
When
at
work preparing the fourth volume of
Cuneiform Inscriptions,
Creation in a tablet
I noticed references to the
numbered
K 63
in the
Museum
and allusions
in other tablets to similar
I therefore set
about searching through the
collection,
legends
had a Baby
THE DISCOVERY OF
had previously selected under the
collection,
which
head of
Mythological
"
some of these legends.

was one of
Museum
to find, if possible,
tablets,"
This mythological collection
six divisions into
which
had parted the
collection of cuneiform inscriptions for con
venience of working.
By placing all the tablets and
fragments of the same class together, I had been
able to complete several texts, to easily find any sub
ject required, and at any time to get a general idea
of the contents of the collection.
The mythological
division
contained
all
tablets
relating to the mythology, and all the legends in

which the gods took a leading part, together with
prayers and similar subjects.
a steady search among these frag

ments, I soon found half of a curious tablet which
Commencing
had evidently contained originally six columns of

text; two of these (the third and fourth) were still
nearly perfect; two others (the second and fifth)
were imperfect, about half remaining, while the
remaining columns (the
first
and
sixth)
were entirely
On
looking down the third column, my eye

caught the statement that the ship rested on the
mountains of Nizir, followed by the account of the
lost.
sending forth of the dove, and
finding no restingI saw at once that I had here

its
place and returning.

discovered a portion at least of the Chaldean account
I then proceeded to read through
of the Deluge.
and
found it was in the form of a
the document,
speech from
the hero of the Deluge to a
person
whose name appeared to be Izdubar. I recollected

a legend belonging to the same hero Izdubar K. 231,
same
which, on comparison, proved to belong to the
series,
and then
commenced
a search for any miss
ing portions of the tablets.

This search was a long and heavy work, for there
were thousands of fragments to go over, and, while
two frag
ments of the Izdubar legends to judge from, on the
other hand, the unsorted fragments were so small,
and contained so little of the subject, that it was
on the one side
extremely
had gained
as yet only
difficult to ascertain their
search, however, proved successful.
meaning. My
found a frag
ment of another copy of the Deluge, containing again

the sending forth of the birds, and gradually col
lected several other portions of this tablet, fitting
them in one after another until I had completed the
Portions of a
greater part of the second column.
third
copy next turned up,
which,
when joined
of the first
together, completed a considerable part
and sixth columns.

Deluge
in the
meeting of
December
state in
now had
which
the account of the
published
it
at the
Society of Biblical Archaeology,

I had discovered that the
3rd, 1872.
the
twelve tablets, and

I afterwards found this to be their exact number.
Izdubar series contained at
Of
this
least
series the tablet describing the
the eleventh and
231. the sixth.
Deluge was
Numerous
other
fragments turned up at the same time but these,

while they increased my knowledge of the legends,
;
TEE DISCOVERY OF
could not be arranged in order from want of indica

tion of the particular tablets to which they belonged.
Some
fragmentary legends, including the

war of the gods and three fables, I also found at the
other
same time, but these were

tion that I could not
make
in
such mutilated condi
a connected translation
of them.
on the Deluge tablets, I gave a

sketch of the Izdubar legends, and expressed my
In
belief
lecture
my
Chaldean
the
that
inscriptions
contained
various other similar stories bearing upon the Book

of Genesis, which would prove of the highest interest.
Just at this time happened the intervention of the

proprietors of the
Mr. E. Arnold, who
"
Daily Telegraph
newspaper.
is on the direction of that
paper,
had already sent to me expressing his

these discoveries, and immediately after
interest
my
in
lecture
he came armed with a proposition from the pro

prietors of the
"
to re- open, at
Daily Telegraph
their cost, the excavations in Assyria, and gain some
new information on the subject of these legends.
This proposition was submitted to the trustees of

the British
Museum, and they directed me to go to

make a short excavation, leave of
Assyria and
absence for six months being granted to me for this

I have related, in my work, "Assyrian
purpose.
discoveries,"
me
brought
Soon after
on the
site
the history of this expedition, which

the next fragments of these legends.
commenced excavating
at
Kouyunjik,
of the palace of Assurbanipal, I found a
new fragment
of the Chaldean account of the Deluge

belonging to the first column of the tablet, relating
the command to build and fill the ark, and nearly
up the most considerable blank in the story.

other fragments, which I found afterwards,
still further completed this tablet, which was
already
The
the most perfect one in the Izdubar series.
trench in which I found the fragment in question
must have passed very near the place where the
filling
Some
Assyrians kept a series of inscriptions belonging

Soon after I
to the early history of the world.
discovered the fragment of the Deluge tablet, I
came upon a fragment of the sixth tablet of the

same series in this trench, and not far from the place
This fragment described
of the Deluge fragment.
the destruction of the bull of Ishtar by Izdubar and
Heabani, an incident often depicted on early Baby

My next discovery here was a frag
ment evidently belonging to the creation of the
lonian gems.
world; this was the upper corner of a tablet, and

gave a fragmentary account of the creation of
animals.
Further on in
this
trench I discovered
two other portions of this legend, one giving the

Creation and fall of man the other having part of
;
the
war between the gods and
evil spirits.
At
that
of these
time I did not recognize the importance

fragments, excepting the one with the account of the
had immediately after

England, I made no further dis
creation of animals, and, as I
wards to return to
coveries in this direction.
THE DISCOVERY OF
On my
return from the
east, I
published some of
the discoveries I had made, and I now found, on

joining the fragments of the Deluge or Izdubar series,
that they formed exactly twelve tablets.
The fact
that these legends covered twelve tablets led to the
impression that they were a form of the solar
myth,
that
that they symbolized the passage of the sun

through the heavens, each tablet representing a
This opinion, first
separate sign of the zodiac.
is,
started
by
Sir
Henry Rawlinson, was
at once ac
cepted by M. Lenormant, Rev. A. H. Sayce, and

other scholars; but I think myself it rests on too
insecure a basis to be true.
I will give as
In a subsequent chapter
nearly as I can the contents of the
Izdubar legends, which I think do not warrant
this
Some months further passed, during which

was engaged in my second journey to Assyria, and
view.
I
in realizing the results of that

expedition.
brought from
several
again
of the
Assyria
fragments
Genesis legends which helped to
complete these
curious stories, and in January, 1875, I commenced
once more a regular search for these
fragments.
Very soon afterwards
succeeded in discovering a
notice of the building of the tower of Babel, which
at once attracted attention, and a notice of
it, which
appeared in the
"
Athenaeum,"
into several of the papers.
No. 2468, was copied
I was,
however, at that
time hardly prepared to publish these legends, as I

had not ascertained how far they could be completed
from our present collections.
Subsequent search did not show that any further

fragments of the Babel tablet were in the British
soon added several fresh portions to
the fragmentary history of the Creation and Fall.
Museum, but
The greatest
difficulty
with which
had to contend
was the extremely mutilated

condition in which the tablets were
in all these researches
and
deficient
found.
tions
There can be no doubt
were
that, if the inscrip
they would present very
perfect,
little
dif
ficulty to the translator.
The reason why these legends
are in so
many
fragments, and the different parts so scattered, may

be explained from the nature of the material of
which the
are composed, and the changes

them since they were written. These
tablets
undergone by
tablets were composed of
fine clay
and were inscribed
with cuneiform characters while in a soft state
were then baked
in a furnace until hard,
wards transferred to the
and
they
after
These texts appear

to have been broken up when Nineveh was destroyed,
and many of them were cracked and scorched by the
library.
heat at the burning of the palace.

Subsequently the
ruins were turned over in search of treasure, and the
tablets
still
further broken;
and then,
to complete
their ruin, the rain, every spring soaking through the

ground, saturates them with water containing
chemicals, and these chemicals form crystals in every
The growth of the crystals further

the tablets, some of them being literally
available crack.
splits
shivered.
THE DISCOVERY OF
10
Some
idea of the mutilated condition of the
Assy
and of the work of restoring a single
be gained from the engraving below, which
rian tablets,
text, will
exhibits the present appearance of one of the

Deluge
In this tablet there are sixteen fragments.
tablets.
REVERSE OF INSCRIBED TERRA COTTA TABLET CONTAINING THE ACCOUNT

OF THE DELUGE, SHOWING THE VARIOUS FRAGMENTS OF WHICH IT
is
COMPOSED.
The clay records of the Assyrians are by these

means so broken up, that they are in some cases
divided into over one hundred fragments and it is
;
only by collecting and joining together the various

fragments that these ancient texts can be restored.
old fragmentary tablets which have been
twenty years in the British Museum have been added
Many of the
to considerably
by fragments which
found during

my two journeys,
and yet there remain
11
at least 20,000
the ruins without the recovery

fragments buried in
of which it is impossible to complete these valuable
Assyrian inscriptions.
Being now
urged by
many
friends
who were
interested in the subject, I sent the following account
Daily Telegraph," which was

on the 4th of March, 1875
printed in that paper
u
dis
Having recently made a series of important
to the editor of the
"
coveries relating to the
Book
of Genesis,
among some
remarkable texts, which form part of the collection
Museum by
British
presented to the
The Daily Telegraph,
of
the proprietors
I venture
once
more
your readers.
my lecture on the Chaldean Account of the
which I delivered on Dec. 3, 1872, I stated
to bring Assyrian subjects before
u In
Deluge,
my
conviction that
all
Genesis would receive
the
new
earlier
light
narratives
from the
of
inscrip
tions so long buried in the Chaldean and Assyrian

mounds but I little thought at that time that I was
;
so near to finding
most of them.
fol
your readers know, was soon
lowed by the proposal of your proprietors and the
The Daily Telegraph expedition to
organizing of
When excavating at Kouyunjik during
Assyria.
"
My
lecture, as
that expedition, I discovered the missing portion of

the first column of the Deluge tablet, an account of
which
I sent
home
and
in the
same trench
sub
which I afterwards
sequently found the fragment
the
Chaldean
story of the
recognized as part of
THE DISCOVERY OF
12
Creation, which relic I have noticed already in your

columns. I excavated later on, while still working
under your auspices, another portion belonging to
more precious in fact, I think, to the

general public, the most interesting and remarkable
this story, far
cuneiform tablet yet discovered.
This turns out to
contain the story of man s original innocence, of the

I was, when I found it,
temptation, and of the fall.
on the eve of departing, and had not time to properly

examine my great prize. I only copied the two or
three
first lines,
which
(as I
had then no idea of the
general subject of the tablet) did not appear very

valuable, and I forthwith packed it in the box for
transport to England, where it arrived safely, and
was presented by the proprietors of The Daily
c
Telegraph,
British
with the rest of
Museum.
On my
their collection, to the
return to England
some other discoveries among
my
store,
and
made
in the
of these this fragment was overlooked.

I
subsequently went a second time to Assyria, and re
pursuit
turned to England in June, 1874

but I had no
leisure to look again at those particular legends until
;
the
end of January
in this year.
Then, starting
with the fragment of the Creation in
The Daily
I
which
had
first
noticed, I
Telegraph collection,
c
portions of the series, and

these I soon found the overlooked fragment
began to
among
which
collect other
had excavated
of which I took
expedition.
down
at
Kouyunjik, the
first
in the note-book of
my
lines
first
subsequently found several smaller

pieces
in the old
Museum
collection,
and
13
all
join or
form parts of a continuous series of legends, giving

to
the history of the world from the Creation down
Linked with
after the Fall of Man.
some
period
found also other
these, I
series of legends
on
pri
mitive history, including the story of the building

of the Tower of Babel and of the Confusion of
Tongues.
The
"
first series,
The Story of
when complete must have
which
the Creation and Fall,
may
call
consisted of nine or ten tablets at least,
upon
tory
it
and the
his
the
longer and fuller than
account in the Book of Genesis.
is
corresponding
much
narratives a furious
respect to these Genesis
has
strife has existed for many years; every word
With
been scanned by eager scholars, and every possible

could bear has
meaning which the various passages
been suggested while the age and authenticity of
In
the narratives have been discussed on all sides.
;
it
particular,
may
be said that the account of the
fall
of man, the heritage of all Christian countries, has

been the centre of this controversy, for it is one of
the
pivots
on which the Christian religion turns.
The world- wide importance of these subjects will

therefore give the newly discovered inscriptions, and
the one relating to the Fall, an un
especially
paralleled value,
treasure
and
am
that such a
glad, indeed,
should have resulted
from your expedi
tion.
"
Whatever the primitive account may have been
THE DISCOVERY 01
14
Book
from which the
earlier part of the
was
evident that the brief narration given

number of incidents and
copied,
it is
of Genesis
in the Pentateuch omits a
explanations for instance, as to the origin of evil,

the fall of the angels, the wickedness of the ser
pent, &c.
Such points as these are included
in the
Cuneiform narrative; but of course I can say little

about them until I prepare full translations of the
legends.
u The
narrative on the Assyrian tablets commences

of the period before the world
with a description
was created, when there existed a chaos or confusion.

The desolate and empty state of the universe and
the generation by chaos of monsters are vividly
The chaos is presided over by a female
given.
power named Tisalat and Tiamat, corresponding to
the Thalatth of Berosus;
proceeds, the
Assyrian account agrees rather with the Bible than
with the short account from Berosus.
are told,
but, as
it
We
in the inscriptions, of the fall of the celestial

being
who appears to correspond to Satan. In his am
bition he raises his
God
of heaven,
magnificent.
hand against the sanctuary of the
and the description of him
He
is
is
really
represented riding in a chariot
through celestial space, surrounded by the storms,

with the lightning playing before him, and wielding
a thunderbolt as a weapon.
This rebellion leads to a
"
war
in
heaven and the
conquest of the powers of evil, the gods in due

course creating the universe in stages, as in the
15
Mosaic narrative, surveying each step of the work

and pronouncing it good. The divine work culmi
nates in the creation of man, who is made upright
and free from evil, and endowed by the gods with
the noble faculty of speech.
The Deity then delivers a long address to the
him in all his duties
newly created being, instructing
and privileges, and pointing out the glory of his
But this condition of blessing does not last
state.
"
to temptation, falls and

long before man, yielding
the Deity then pronounces upon him a terrible
;
curse, invoking
on
his
head
since afflicted humanity.

I
have before
stated,
my
excavated during
all
the evils which have
These
last details
are, as
upon the fragment which I

first journey to Assyria, and
the discovery of this single relic in my opinion in

creases many times over the value of The Daily
4
Telegraph collection.
have at present recovered no more of the story,
and am not yet in a position to give the full transla
"I
tions
and
details
but I hope during the spring to
find time to search over
the collection of smaller
smaller
fragments of tablets, and to light upon any
which may have escaped me.
parts of the legends
There will -arise, besides, a number of important
and origin of the legends,

questions as to the date
their comparison with the Biblical narrative, and
as
to
how
far
they
may supplement
the
Mosaic
account."
This will serve to exhibit the appearance these
THE DISCOVERY OF
1G
me
legends presented to
them.
On comparing
and notes
that
my
this
discovered
account with the translations
have given in
first
soon after
book, it will be evident

notice was inaccurate in several points,
this
both as to the order and translation of the legends

but I had not expected it to be otherwise, for there
had not been time
and translate the frag

ments, and, until that was done, no satisfactory
account of them could be given, the inaccuracies
to collect
account being due to the broken state of

It is
the tablets and my recent knowledge of them.
in the
a notable fact that the discovery of these legends

was one of the fruits of the expedition organized by
the proprietors of the

Daily Telegraph," and these
legends and the Deluge fragments form the most
"
valuable results of that expedition.

After I had published this notice in the u Daily
Telegraph I set to work to look over the fragments
"
minor fragments,
but these added little to my
in the collection, in search of other
and found
several,
knowledge, only enabling
little
me
later I discovered a
to correct
my
notice.
new fragment
of the
tenth tablet of the Deluge series, and last of all a

further portion of the sixth tablet of these legends.
This closed
my
discoveries so far as the fragments

of the tablets were concerned, and I had then to copy
and
translate the tablets as far as their mutilated
condition would allow.
The Genesis legends which
had collected from
17
the various Assyrian fragments included numerous

other stories beside those which parallel the account
in the
Book
of Genesis.
All these stories are similar
and appear to belong to the same early

So,far as I have made out they are as
age.
in character,
literary
follows
long account of the origin of the world, the

creation of the animals and man, the fall of man from
1.
a sinless state, and a conflict between the gods and

the powers of evil.
second account of the
creation having a
closer correspondence with the account of Berosus.
3.
Bilingual legend of the history of the seven
2.
evil spirits, apparently part of a third version of the
creation.
Story of the descent of the goddess Ishtar or

into Hades, and her return.
4.
Yenus
Legend of the
5.
sin of the
God
Zu,
who
insults
Elu, the father of the gods.

6. Collection of five tablets
giving the exploits of
Lubara the god of the pestilence.
7.
Legend of the god Sarturda, who turned
into a
bird.
8.
Story of the wise
man who
put forth a riddle to
the gods.
9.
Legend of the good man
Atarpi,
and
the
wickedness of the world.

10.
11.
12.
Legend of the tower of Babel, and

Story of the Eagle and Etana.
Story of the ox and the horse.
c
dispersion.
in"
18
13.
Story of the fox.
14.
Legend of
Sinuri.
15. Izdubar legends: twelve tablets, with the his

of Izdubar, and an account of the flood.
tory
16.
Various fragments of other legends.
show that there was
These
a considerable collection of such
in our present
primitive stories almost unrepresented
collection.
CHAPTER
II.
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN LITERATURE.

literature.
Babylonian
Kouyunjik
Arrangement of
condition.
lonian source of literature.

nology.
Akkad.
Sumir.
Babylonian astrology.
_Creation and
copies.
fall.
tablets.
Fragmentary
library.
Subjects.
Dates.
Baby
Literary period.
Babylonian Chro
of
Ur.
Hammurabi.
Urukk, king
War
Syllabaries
of Gods.
Izdubar legends.
and bilingual
tablets.
Assyrian
Mutilated condition.
Difficulties as to date.
Babylo
City of Assur.
Library at
Assyrian empire.
Sargon of Assyria. Sennacherib. Removal of Library
nian library.
Calah.
Assurbanipal or Sardanapalus. His additions to

Later Babylonian libraries.
Description of contents.
to Nineveh.
library.
order to understand the position of

these legends it is necessary to give some
account of the wonderful literature of

the
copyists, the
Ancient
Assyrians.
Babylonians
and
The fragments of
cotta tablets containing these legends
their
terra
were found
in
the debris which covers the palaces called the South

West Palace and the North Palace at Kouyunjik;
the former building being of the age of Sennacherib,

the latter belonging to the time of Assurbanipal.
The
tablets,
which are of
all sizes,
from one inch long

and
to over a foot square, are nearly all in fragments,
BABYLONIAN AND
20
in
consequence of the changes which have taken
place in the ruins the fragments of the same tablet

are sometimes scattered widely apart. It appears
from a consideration of the present positions of the

fragments that they were originally in the upper
chambers of the palace, and have fallen on the de
In some of the lower
struction of the building.
chambers they lay covering the whole floor, in other

cases they lay in groups or patches on the pavement,
and there are occasional clusters of fragments at
various heights in the earth which covers the build
The other fragments are scattered singly
ings.
through all the upper earth which covers the floors
and walls of the
Different fragments of the

and cylinders are found in separate
same tablets
palace.
chambers which have no immediate connection with

each other, showing that the present distribution of
the fragments has nothing to do with the original
position of the tablets.
consideration
of the
inscriptions
shows that
these tablets have been arranged according to their

Stories
subjects in various positions in the libraries.
or subjects were commenced on tablets and continued
on other
cases the
tablets of the
number of
single subject
same
size
and form, in some

and on a
tablets in a series
amounting
to over one hundred.
subject or series of tablets had a title, the

title being formed by the first phrase or part of
Each
Thus, the series of Astrolo

numbering over seventy tablets, bore the
phrase in the subject.

gical tablets,
ASSYRIAN LITERATURE.
u
When
the gods
commencement of the
title
Aim,
Elu,"
first tablet.
this
being the
At
the end of
every tablet in each series was written

the work, thus
Anu,
Elu,"
u the
first
tablet of
the second tablet of
&c. &c.
"
21
its
number
When the
When the
in
gods
gods
further to preserve the

proper position of each tablet, every one except the
last in a series had at the end a catch
phrase, consist
Ami,
Elu,"
ing of the
first
and,
line of the following tablet.
There
were beside, catalogues of these documents written

like them on clay tablets, and other small oval
tablets
with
titles
upon them, apparently
the various series of works.
labels for
All these arrangements
show the care taken with respect to literary matters.

There were regular libraries or chambers, probably
on the upper
floors of the palaces,
appointed for the
store of the tablets, arid custodians or librarians to
take charge of them.

It is probable that all these
regulations were of great antiquity, and were copied
like the tablets from the Babylonians.
Judging from the fragments discovered, it appears

probable that there were in the Royal Library at
Nineveh over 10,000
inscribed
tablets, including
almost every subject in ancient literature.
In considering a subject like the present one it is
a point of the utmost importance to define as closely

as possible the date of our present
copies of the
original
and the most probable period at which the

copies may have been inscribed.
By far the
greatest
number
legends,
of the tablets brought from Nineveh
BABYLONIAN AND
22
belong to the age of Assurbanipal, who reigned over

Assyria B.C. 670, and every copy of the Genesis
legends yet found was inscribed during his reign.
The statements on the present tablets are conclusive
on this point, and have not been called in question,

but it is equally stated and acknowledged on all
hands that these tablets are not the originals, but are
only copies from earlier texts. It is unfortunate that
the date of the original copies is never preserved, and
thus a wide door is thrown open for difference of
The Assyrians acknowledge

opinion on this point.
themselves that this literature was borrowed from
Babylonian sources, and of course it is to Babylonia
we have to look to ascertain the approximate dates
of the original documents.
The difficulty here is
increased by the following considerations it appears
:
that at an early period in Babylonian history a great
development took place, and numerous works

were produced which embodied the prevailing myths,
literary
religion,
them
in
and science of that day. Written many of

a noble style of poetry, and appealing to the
strongest feelings of the people on one side, or regis

tering the highest efforts of their science on the
became the standards for Babylo

and later generations were content
other, these texts
nian literature,
making new works

Clay, the material on which they
to copy these writings instead of

for themselves.
were written, was everywhere abundant, copies were

multiplied, and by the veneration in which they
were held these texts fixed and stereotyped the
style
23
of Babylonian literature, and the language in which

remained the classical style in the
they were written
down
country
to the
Persian conquest.
Thus
it
and Hammu
happens that texts of Rim-agu, Sargon,
thousand years before Nebuchad
rabi, who were one
nezzar and Nabonidus, show the same language as
the texts of these later kings, there being no sensible
difference in style to match the long interval between
them.
however, reason to believe that, although

the language of devotion and literature remained
bulk of the people was
fixed, the speech of the
There
is,
and in the time of Assurbanipal,

gradually modified
when the Assyrians copied the Genesis legends,
the common speech of the day was in very different
;
style.
The
of this
private letters and despatches
discovered differ widely from

age which have been
the language of the contemporary public documents
and religious writings, showing the change the lan

of these was
guage had undergone since the style
We
have a slightly similar case in England,

where the language of devotion and the style of the
Bible differ in several respects from those of the
fixed.
English of to-day.
These considerations show the
difficulty of fixing
the age of a document from its style, and the diffi

the uncertainty which
culty is further increased by
hangs over
all
Babylonian chronology.
and dry
Chronology is always a thorny subject,
and unsatisfactory to most persons beside; some
BABYLONIAN AND
24
notice must, however, be taken of
show the reasons
for the dates
it
here, in order to
and epochs fixed upon
for the Genesis legends.
In this case the later chronology is not in question,

and it is best to start with the generally received
date of about B.C. 1300 for the conquest of
Babylonia
by Tugultininip, king of Assyria. Before this date
we have
a period of about 250 years,

during which a
race
ruled
at
Berosus
calls these
foreign
Babylon.
foreigners Arabs, but nothing is known as to their
It is supposed that this race
original home or race.
came into Babylonia, or obtained dominion there

under a king named Hammurabi, whose date is thus
fixed about B.C. 1550.
Many scholars do not agree

and consider Hammurabi much more ancient;
no one, however, fixes him later than the sixteenth
century B.C., so that the date B.C. 1550 may be
accepted as the most moderate one possible for -the
epoch of Hammurabi. The date of Hammurabi is of
to this,
consequence in the question, because there is no

evidence of these legends being written after his
epoch.
This circumstance
may be accounted
for
by the
during the period following the conquest of

Hammurabi the government was in the hands of
fact that
foreigners,
and was much more centralized than
it
had been
before, Babylon being, so far as we know,

the sole capital, the great cities which had been
centres of literature suffering a decline.
Before the time of Hammurabi, there ruled several
races of kings, of
whom we
possess numerous
25
monu
These monarchs principally reigned at the

of Ur,Karrak, Larsa, and Akkad. Their inscrip
ments.
cities
tions
do not determine the length of their rule, but they

covered the period from B.C. 2000 to 1550.
probably
The name of the monarch
in
whose time we have the
contemporary monu
ments is read Urukh, and in the present state of our
It must,
researches he may be fixed B.C. 2000.
first
satisfactory evidence
of
many scholars place him

From the time of Urukh to
however, be remarked that
much earlier date.

that of Hammurabi the
at a
taken by the kings

that
is,
title
"
is
of honour principally
of Sumir and Akkad,"
King
King of Lower and Upper Babylonia.
It
of Urukh
appears probable that previous to the reign
the two divisions of Sumir and Akkad were separate
therefore likely that any lite
rature written before B.C. 2000 will show evidences
monarchies
and
it is
of this division.
The rough
outlines of Babylonian chronology at
be arranged as follows, always bear

dates are the lowest
ing in mind that the different
we can fairly assume, and that several of them may
this period
be
may
much more
Down
ancient
to B.C.
2000 epoch of independent king
the principal centre of activity

somewhere
being Akkad, a region on the Euphrates,
doms
in Babylonia
between latitudes 32 and 33.

2000. Era of Urukh, king of Ur, rise of Sumir,
the southern part of the country, Ur the metropolis.
B.C.
BABYLONIAN AND
26
B.C.
1850. Era of
Ismi-dagan, king of Karrak,
Karrak the metropolis.

1700. Rise of Larsa as metropolis.
B.C. 1600. Era of Sargon, king of Akkad; revival
B.C.
of the
B.C.
power of Akkad.
1550. Era of Hammurabi, king of Babylon.
Babylon the metropolis.
Although we cannot fix the dates of any monu

ments before the time of Urukh, B.C. 2000, it is quite
certain that there were buildings and inscriptions
before that date and there are two literary works
;
which
should judge to be certainly older than this
epoch, namely, the great Chaldean work on Astrology,

and a legend which, for want of a better title, I call
the Exploits of Lubara.
The Chaldean work,
containing the bulk of their

astrology, appears to belong to the northern half of
the country, that is to Akkad, and always speaks
of
Akkad
as a separate state,
and implies
it
to be the
mentions besides, the kingdoms of

Subartu, Martu, or Syria, Gutim or Goim, and Elam,
and some parts, perhaps of later date than the body
It
leading state.
of the work, give also the

or the peoples, Mtuk or
and Assan.
kingdoms of Kassi, Kissati,

Asmun, Sumir, Yamutbal,
In the body of the work there appear
glosses, apparently later additions,

I
of the period B.C. 2000 to 1850.
mentioning kings
have not noticed
any gloss containing a royal name

kings of Ur.
The work
than the
later
have provisionally called
"
The Ex-
of
ploits
also bears evidence of
and which
Lubara,"
27
is a much shorter one, for while

great antiquity,
there are over seventy large tablets of the astrology,
on the other hand, only contained five small
this,
This wdrk notices a large number of peoples
tablets.
or states, the principal being the people of the coast,
Subartu, Assyria, Elam, Kassi, Sutu, Goim, Lullubu,

Akkad the uniting of Sumir and Akkad, which was
;
accomplished at least
B.C.
2000,
the notice of the Assyrians

for a later date
is
not mentioned, but
rather an argument
is
than I have chosen.
The Izdubar legends, containing the story of the

of Nimrod,
Flood, and what I believe to be the history
were probably written in the south of the country,
and at least as early as B.C. 2000. These legends
however, traditions before they were committed
were,
to writing,
and were common
in
some form
to all the
of the Creation and Fall belongs

country. The story
and
to the upper or Akkad division of the country,
may
the
not have been committed to writing so early as

Izdubar legends; but even this is of great
antiquity.
About the same time

tablets
tion, a series of
a totally
different
as the account of the
on
evil spirits,
tradition
Crea
which contained
was
of the Creation,
is a third account from

probably written
the City of Cutha, closely agreeing in some respects
with the account handed down by Berosus, which I
;
and there
It
should provisionally place about the same date.
that
seems, from the indications in the inscriptions,
BABYLONIAN AND
there happened in the interval B.C. 2000 to 1850 a
general collecting and development of the various

traditions of the Creation,
Flood, Tower of Babel, and
other similar legends.
little later,
about
logical tablets
was
on
omens
terrestrial
B.C.
1600, a
new
set of astro
written, together with a long work

these appear to
;
belong to the
kingdom and period of Sargon, king of Akkad.

Some at least, and probably most of the
syllabaries,
bilingual .and
explanatory
tablets,
grammars and
vocabularies, belong to this period also;

are of later date.
but a few
In spite of the indications as to

peculiarities of
names
of
states
and
worship,
capitals, historical allu
sions
and other evidence,
many
persons to fix the dates of original documents

when our only copies in many cases are
it
may seem
hazardous to
so high,
Assyrian transcripts made in the reign of Assurbanipal, in the seventh century B.C.; but one or two con
may show that this is a perfectly reasonable

and
no other likely period can be found for
view,
siderations
the original composition of the documents unless we

ascend to a greater
In the first place, it
antiquity.
must be noticed that the

Assyrians themselves state
that the documents were
copied from ancient Baby
lonian copies, and in some cases state that the old
copies were partly illegible even in their
day. Again,
actual proof of the
antiquity of a
an
text,
Assyrian copy of part of which is published
in one case there
in
"
Cuneiform
is
Inscriptions,"
vol.
ii.
plate 54, Nos.
3
&
29
In a collection of tablets discovered by Mr.
4.
Senkereh, belonging, according to the

kings mentioned in it, to about B.C. 1600, is part of
an ancient Babylonian copy of this very text, the
Loftus at
Babylonian copy .being about one thousand years

older than the Assyrian one.
It
is,
however, probable that most of the legends
the present volume had existed as

traditions in the country long before they were com
treated of in
mitted to writing, and some of these traditions, as

embodied in the various works, exhibit great diffe
rence in details,
through
many
Taking the
showing that
had
they
passed
changes.
period of literary development in
Babylonia as extending from B.C. 2000 to 1550, we

may say, it roughly synchronizes with the period
from Abraham to Moses, according to the ordinary

chronology of our Bibles, and during this period it
appears
that
of the
traditions
creation
of
the
and human history down to the time of

Nimrod, existed parallel to, and in some points
universe,
identical with, those given in the
Many
of the documents
Book
of Genesis.
embodying these
tradi
have been discovered in sadly mutilated con

dition, but there can be no doubt that future
tions
explorations
will
reveal
more
perfect
numerous companion and explanatory
copies,
texts,
which
one day clear up the difficulties which

meet us at every step of their consideration.
will
and
now
So far as known contemporary inscriptions are
BABYLONIAN AND
30
concerned,
we cannot
consider our present researches
and discoveries as anything like sufficient to give a

fair view of the literature of
Assyria and Babylonia,
and, however numerous and important are the Genesis
legends, they form but a small portion of the whole
literature of the country.
It is generally considered that the earliest
inscrip
any importance which we now possess belong

to the time of Urukh, king of Ur, whose
age may be
tions of
placed with great probability about two

years before the Christian era.
thousand
The
principal inscriptions of this period consist of

texts on bricks and on signet cylinders, and some of
the latter
down
may
be of much greater antiquity.
to the period of the
and Akkad, we
Passing
kingdoms of Karrak, Larsa,
find a great accession
of literary
material, almost every class of writing being repre
sented
by contemporary specimens.
It
is
certain
that even then the inscribed

clay tablets were not
but already they were arranged in collec

tions or libraries, and these collections were
placed at
isolated,
some of the
From Senkerch and
principal cities.
neighbourhood have come our
earliest
specimens of
these literary tablets, the

following being
contents of this earliest known
library:
1.
and
Mythological tablets, including

their manifestations
2.
and
Grammatical works,
its
lists
some of the
of the gods,
titles.
lists
of words, and explana
tions.
3.
Mathematical works, calculations,

root, measures.
and square
tables,
cube
5.
Astronomy, astrology, and omens.

Legends and short historical inscriptions.
6.
Historical cylinders, one of
4.
1600 (the
earliest
Museum.
known
B.C.
British
cylinder), being in the
Geographical tablets, and
7.
Kudur-mabuk,
31
of towns
lists
and
countries.
Laws and law
8.
cases, sale
and barter, wills and
loans.
Such are the inscriptions from the libraries of the

and beside these there
early inhabitants of Babylonia,
numerous texts, only known to us through later

had their origin as early
copies, but which certainly
are
as this period.
Passing
we
down from
this period, for
find only detached inscriptions,
some centuries
accompanied by
evidence of the gradual shifting both of the political
power
and
activity
literary
from
Babylonia
to
Assyria.
In Assyria the
of a library
and the
first
was the
earliest
centre of Literature and seat
city of
known
Assur (Kileh Shergat),
tablets date about B.C. 1500.
Beyond the scanty records of some of the monarchs

nothing of value remains of this library for several
and the Assyrian
known from later copies.
centuries,
literary
works are only
Assyrian empire began under

Assur-nazir-pal, king of Assyria, who ascended the
He rebuilt the city of Calah (Nimthrone B.C. 885.
revival of the
roud), and this city became the seat of an Assyrian

Tablets were procured from Babylonia by
library.
BABYLONIAN AND
32
Shalmaneser, son of Assur-nazir-pal, B.C. 860, during

the reign of Nabu-bal-idina, king of Babylon, and these
and placed in
the royal library.
Vul-nirari, grandson of Shalma
neser, B.C. 812, added to the Calah library, and had
were copied by the Assyrian
scribes,
tablets written at Nineveh.
Assurnirari, B.C. 755,
continued
the
literary
work, some
mythological
tablets being dated in his reign.
Tiglath Pileser, B.C. 745, enlarged the library, and

placed in it various copies of historical inscriptions.
It was, however, reserved for
Sargon,
who founded
the last Assyrian dynasty, B.C. 722, to make the

Assyrian royal library worthy of the empire. Early
in his reign he appointed
librarian,
and
Nabu-suqub-gina principal
this officer set to
work making new
copies of all the standard works of the day.

During
the whole of his term of office copies of the great
literary works were produced, the majority of the
texts preserved belonging to the early period previous

to B.C. 1600.
In the period which followed there was a general

revival of all the ancient works which had escaped
destruction, and the study of this early literature
became a marked feature of the time.
Sennacherib, son of Sargon, B.C. 705, continued to
add
to his father s library at Calah, but late in his
reign he removed the collection from that city to

Nineveh, where from this time the national library
remained until the
fall of the
empire.
of Sennacherib, B.C. 681, further
son
Esarhaddon,
3B
increased the national collection, most of his works

being of a religious character.
Assurbanipal, son of Esarhaddon, the Sardanapalus

of the Greeks, B.C. 673, was the greatest of the
Assyrian sovereigns, and he is far more memorable

on account of his magnificent patronage of learning
than on account of the greatness of his empire or the
extent of his wars.
Assurbanipal added more to the Assyrian royal

library than all the kings who had gone before him,
and it is to tablets written in his reign that we owe
almost
all
our knowledge of the Babylonian myths
and early
beside
history,
many
other
important
matters.
The agents
of Assurbanipal sought everywhere for

inscribed tablets, brought them to Nineveh, and
them there
copied
thus
the literary treasures of
Babylon, Borsippa, Cutha, Akkad, Ur, Erech, Larsa,

Nipur and various other cities were transferred to
the Assyrian capital to enrich the great collection
there.
The fragments brought over to Europe give us a

good idea of this library and show the range of the
subjects
Among
stories
place
embraced by
this collection of inscriptions.
the different classes of texts, the Genesis
and
similar legends occupied
these, as they will
prominent
be further described in the
Ac
present volume, need only be mentioned here.
have
them
we
a
series
of
companying
mythological
tablets of various sorts,
varying from legends of the
BABYLONIAN AND
34
gods, psalms, songs, prayers, and hymns, down to

mere allusions and lists of names. Many of these
texts take the form of charms to be used in sickness
and
for the expulsion of evil spirits
some of them
are of great antiquity, being at least as old as the
One fine series con

creation and Izdubar legends.
the cure of witchcraft, a superstition fully
believed in in those days.
Izdubar is mentioned in
cerns
one of these tablets as lord of the oaths or pledges

of the world.
Some
of the prayers were for use on special occa

sions, such as on starting on a campaign, on the
occurrence of
an
eclipse,
&c.
Astronomy
and
Astrology were represented by various detached

inscriptions and reports, but principally by the great
work on
these subjects covering over seventy tablets

which was borrowed from the early Chaldeans, and
many
copies of which were in the Library of Assur-
This work on Astrology and Astronomy

was, as I have already stated, one of the most ancient
banipal.
texts in the Euphrates valley.
There were also numerous copies of a long work

on Terrestrial omens, which appears to date from
the time of Sargon, king of Akkad, about B.C. 1600.
In this work everything in nature
is
supposed to
portend some coming event.

a fragment of one Astrological tablet
which professes to be copied from an original of the
There
is
time of Izdubar.
Historical
texts
formed another section of the
library, and these included
tions of early
35
numerous
copies of inscrip
there
were beside,
Babylonian kings;
chronological tablets with
lists of
kings and annual
of
various Assyrian monarchs,
officers, inscriptions
histories of the relations between
and
Assyria
Baby
Elam, and Arabia, treaties, despatches, procla
mations, and reports on the state of the
empire and
lonia,
military affairs.
Natural
animals
was represented
history
mammals,
These
lists
tables
birds, reptiles, fishes, insects,
plants, trees, grasses, reeds,
&c.
by
of
and
and
grains, earths, stones,

are classified according to the
sup
posed nature and
affinities
of the various
species,
and show considerable advance in the sciences. Mathe

matics had a place in the library, there
being pro
blems, figures, and calculations but this branch of
learning was not studied so fully as in Babylonia.
Grammar and Lexicography were better repre
;
sented, there being
many works on
these subjects,
including lists of the signs and explanations, declen

sion of nouns, conjugation of verbs,
examples of
All
syntax, bilingual tables, explanatory lists, &c.
these tablets were copied from the Babylonians.
In
law and civil matters the library was also rich, and
the tablets serve to
show that the same laws and
customs prevailed in Assyria as in Babylonia. There

are codes of laws, law cases, sale, barter, loans, lists
of property,
taxes, &c.
lists
of titles and trades, tribute, and
In Geography the Assyrians were not very forward
36
but there are
lists
of countries and their productions,
mountains, and peoples.

Such are some of the principal contents of the
we have obtained our copies
great library from which
of the Creation and Flood legends, most of the tablets
of
cities, rivers,
were copied from early Babylonian inscriptions, the

the works have in most cases
original copies of
but these remarkable inscriptions have
which show the wonderful
preserved to us texts
advance made by the people of Chaldea before the
disappeared
time of Moses.
Babylonian literature, which had
been the parent of Assyrian writing, revived after

the fall of Nineveh, and Nebuchadnezzar and his
successors
made Babylon
the seat of a library rival
at Nineveh.
ling that of Assurbanipal
of Babylonian literature
development
Of this later
we know very
to bring to
explorations being still required
Few fragments only,
of this epoch.
light the texts
discovered by wandering Arabs or recovered by
little,
chance travellers, have yet turned up, but there is in

them evidence enough to promise a rich reward to
future excavators.
CHAPTER
III.
CHALDEAN LEGENDS TRANSMITTED THROUGH

BEKOSUS AND OTHER ANCIENT
AUTHORS.
Berosus and his copyists.
Chaldean kings.
Belus.
Return
to Babylon.
Abydenus.
Armenia.
luge.
Alorus,
laus
Damascenus.
colonies.
Tower
Damascius.
Triad.
first
king.
Dispersion
The
Deluge.
The Ark.
Larancha.
kings.
Sisithrus.
Cronos and Titan.
from
De
Nico-
Hestiasus.
Sibyl.
Moymis.
Alexander
Creation.
Pantibiblon.
Ten
of Babel.
of Babel.
Tauthe.
translation.
Xisuthrus.
Apollodorus.
Tower
Oannes, his teaching.
Babylonia.
Polyhistor.
Cory
Babylonian
Titan and Prometheus.
Kissare
and
Assorus.
Bel.
HAVE
included in this chapter the

principal extracts from ancient authors
respecting the Babylonian accounts of
Genesis.
are of doubtful origin,
to
my
others are known, but

less
immediate interest
subject.
copied, lived,
B.C.
whom
are
principal extracts
in
as I have mentioned
Chapter L,
Berosus, from
about
Many
and of
the
330 to 260, and, from
his
a
position as
CHALDEAN LEGENDS.
38
Babylonian
priest,
had the best means of knowing the
Babylonian traditions.
The
who
others are later writers,
copied in the
main from Berosus, and whose notices may be taken

as giving
abridgments of his statements.
have preferred as usual, the translations of Cory

as being standard ones, and made without prejudice
I
from recent discoveries.
EXTRACT
I.
FROM ALEXANDER POLYHISTOR

(CORY,
p. 21).
book of
Berosus, in the first
his history of
Baby
lonia, informs us that he lived in the age of Alexander,

the son of Philip.
And he mentions that there
were written accounts, preserved
at
Babylon with
the greatest care, comprehending a period of above

fifteen myriads of years; and that these
writings
contained histories of the heaven and of the sea of
;
the birth of mankind; and of the kings, and of the

memorable actions which they had achieved.
And
in the first place he describes Babylonia as a
country situated between the Tigris and the Eu

phrates; that it abounded with wheat, and barley,
and ocrus, and sesame
and that
in the lakes
were
produced the roots called gongoe, which are fit for

food, and in respect to nutriment similar to barley.
That there were also palm-trees and apples, and a
variety of fruits; fish also and birds, both those
which are merely of flight, and those which frequent
the lakes.
He adds
that those parts of the country
CHALDEAN LEGENDS.
39
which bordered upon Arabia were without water,

and barren but that the parts which lay on the
;
other side were both hilly and
fertile.
At Babylon
there was (in these times) a great

resort of people of various nations, who inhabited
Chaldea, and lived in

beasts of the field.
a lawless
manner
like
the
year there appeared, from that -part of

the Erythraean sea which borders upon Babylonia,
In the
first
an animal endowed with reason, by name Cannes,
CANNES AND OTHER BABYLONIAN MYTHOLOGICAL FIGURES

FROM CYLINDER.
whose whole body (according to the account of

Apollodorus) was that of a fish; that under the fish s
head he had another head, with feet also below
similar to those of a
tail.
His voice, too,
and human
man, subjoined to the fish s

and language were articulate
and a representation of him
is
preserved
even to this day.

This being was accustomed to pass the day among
men, but took no food at that season and he gave
them an
into letters and sciences, and arts of
;
insight
kind.
He taught
every
them
to construct
cities,
to
CHALDEAN LEGENDS.
40
found temples, to compile laws, and explained to
them the principles of geometrical knowledge. He

made them distinguish the seeds of the earth, and
showed them how to collect the fruits in short, he
instructed them in every thing which could tend to
soften manners and humanize their lives. From that
;
time, nothing material has been

improvement to his instructions.
added by way of
And when
the
sun had
sea,
set this being Cannes retired

again into the
and passed the night in the deep, for he was
amphibious. After this there appeared other animals

like Cannes, of which Berosus
proposes to give an
account
when he comes
to the history of the

kings.
Moreover, Cannes wrote concerning the generation

of mankind, and of their civil polity and the fol
lowing is the purport of what he said
There was a time in which there existed
nothing
;
"
but darkness and
an
abyss of waters, wherein

resided most hideous beings, which were
produced
of a two-fold principle.
There appeared men, some
of
whom
four,
were furnished with two wings, others with

faces.
They had one body, but
and with two
two heads
woman;
the one that of a man, the other of a

and likewise in their several organs both
;
male and female. Other human figures were to be

seen with the legs and horns of a goat some had
horses feet, while others united the hind
quarters
;
of a horse with the body of a man,

resembling in
shape the hippocentaurs. Bulls likewise were bred
there with the heads of
men
and dogs with fourfold
CHALDEAN LEGENDS.
41
bodies, terminated in their extremities with the tails
horses also with the heads of dogs men,

of
too, and other animals, with the heads and bodies
In short, there were
horses, and the tails of fishes.
of fishes
creatures in which were combined the limbs of every
In addition to these, fishes,

with other monstrous animals,
reptiles, serpents,
which assumed each other s shape and countenance.
species
of animals.
COMPOSITE ANIMALS FROM CYLINDER.
Of
all
which were preserved delineations in the
temple of Belus at Babylon.
The person who presided over them was a woman

named Omoroca, which in the Chaldean language is
"
Greek Thalassa, the sea; but which

might equally be interpreted the moon. All things
and cut the
being in this situation, Belus came,
Thalatth,
in
asunder, and of one half of her he formed

the earth, and of the other half the heavens, and at
woman
the same time destroyed the animals within her (or

in the abyss).
"
All
"
this"
of nature.
For,
was an
allegorical description
the whole universe consisting of
(he says)
CHALDEAN LEGENDS.
42
moisture, and animals being continually generated

therein, the deity above-mentioned took off his own
head
upon which the other gods mixed the blood,

as it gushed out, and from thence formed men.
On
this account it is that they are rational, and partake
;
of divine knowledge.
whom
This Belus, by
signify Jupiter, divided the darkness,
they
and separated
the heavens from the earth, and reduced the universe
But the animals, not being able to bear

the prevalence of light, died.
Belus upon this,
a
vast space unoccupied, though by nature
seeing
to order.
commanded one of the gods to take off his

and to mix the blood with the earth, and from
fruitful,
head,
thence to form other
men and
be capable of bearing the
animals, which should
air.
Belus formed also
the stars, and the sun, and the moon, and the five
planets."
is
the
(Such, according to Polyhistor Alexander,
account which Berosus gives in his
first
book.)
book was contained the history of

the ten kings of the Chaldeans, and the
periods of
the continuance of each reign, which consisted col
lectively of an hundred and twenty sari, or four
(In the second
hundred and thirty-two thousand years reaching to

the time of the Deluge. For Alexander, enumerating
the kings from the writings of the Chaldeans, after
;
the ninth Ardates, proceeds to

called
by them Xisuthrus,
"After
in this
the
tenth,
manner)
who
is
the death of Ardates, his son Xisuthrus
reigned eighteen
sari.
In
his
time happened a great
GHALDEAN LEGENDS.
deluge; the history of which
is
43
thus described.
The
deity Cronos appeared to him in a vision, and

warned him that upon the fifteenth day of the
month Daesius there would be a flood, by which
mankind would be destroyed. He therefore enjoined

him to write a history of the beginning, procedure,
and conclusion of
Sun
city of the
all
and
things,
at Sippara;
and take with him into
to
it
in the
and to build a
vessel,
his friends
it
bury
and
relations
and to convey on board every thing necessary to

together with
the different animals,

both birds and quadrupeds, and trust himself fear
Having asked the Deity whither
lessly to the deep.
sustain
life,
he was to
sail,
all
he was answered,
upon which he offered up a prayer

mankind.
and
He
To
for the
good of
then obeyed the divine admonition r
built a vessel five stadia in length,
breadth.
the Gods ;
and two
in
Into this he put everything which he had
prepared, and last of

his children,
and
all
conveyed into
it
his wife y
his friends.
After the flood had been upon the earth, and was
Xisuthrus sent out birds from the
in time abated,
vessel
which not finding any food, nor any place
whereupon they might rest their feet, returned tohim again. After an interval of some days, he sent
them
and they now returned

He made a trial a
tinged with mud.
forth a second time;
with their feet
but they returned to

from whence he judged that the
third time with these birds
him no more
surface of the earth had appeared above the waters.
CHALDEAN LEGENDS.
44
He
therefore
made an opening
in the vessel,
and
upon looking out found that it was stranded upon

the side of some mountain; upon which he imme
diately quitted it with his wife, his daughter, and
Xisuthrus then paid his adoration to the
the pilot.
earth
and, having constructed an altar, offered
:
sacrifices
the
to
gods, and, with
those
who had
come out of the vessel with him, disappeared.

They, who remained within, finding that their
companions did not return, quitted the vessel with
many
name
lamentations, and
of Xisuthrus.
called
continually on the
Him
but
they saw no more
voice in the air, and could
;
they could distinguish his

hear him admonish them to pay due regard to re
and likewise informed them that it was upon
ligion
;
account of his piety that he was translated to live

with the gods, that his wife and daughter and the
To this he
pilot had obtained the same honour.
added that they should return to Babylonia, and,

as it was ordained, search for the writings at Sipwhich they were to make known to all man
kind; moreover, that the place wherein they then
para,
were was the land of Armenia.

heard these words
The
rest having
offered sacrifices to the gods, and,
taking a circuit, journeyed towards Babylonia.

The vessel being thus stranded in Armenia, some
yet remains in the Corcyrsean mountains
of Armenia, and the people scrape off the bitumen
part of
it
had been outwardly coated, and make

by way of an alexipharmic and amulet.
with which
use of
it
it
CHALDEAN LEGENDS.
And when
45
they returned to Babylon and had found
the writings at
built cities and erected
Sippara they
and
was
thus
inhabited again.
temples,
Babylon
Syncel. Chron. xxviii.
Euseb. Chron. v.
8.
BEROSUS, FROM APOLLODORUS (CORY,
p. 30).
the history which Berosus has transmitted

He tells us that the first king was Alorus of
This
is
to us.
Babylon, a Chaldean, he reigned ten sari
and
after
wards Alaparus and Amelon, who came from Pantebiblon then Ammenon the Chaldean, in whose time
;
appeared the Musarus Cannes, the Annedotus from

the
Erythraean
sea.
(But Alexander Polyhistor,
anticipating the event, has said that he appeared in
the
first
year, but Apollodorus says that
it
was
after
forty sari; Abydenus, however, makes the second

Annedotus appear after twenty-six sari.)
Then
succeeded Megalarus from the city of Pantibiblon,

and he reigned eighteen sari and after him Daonus,
;
the shepherd from Pantibiblon, reigned ten sari; in

his time (he says) appeared again from the ErythraBan
sea a fourth Annedotus, having the
same form with
those above, the shape of a fish blended with that of

a man.
Then reigned Euedorachus from Pantibiblon
for the
term of eighteen
sari;
in his
days there
appeared another personage from the Erythraean

sea like
the former, having the same complicated

fish and a man, whose name was
form between a
Odacon.
(All
particularly
these,
says
Apollodorus,
related
and circumstantially whatever Cannes
CHALDEAN LEGENDS.
46
had informed them

has
of;
concerning these Abydenus
made no mention.)
Then reigned Amempsinus,
a Chaldean from Larancha
and he being the eighth
in order reigned ten sari.
Then reigned
Otiartes, a
Chaldean, from Larancha and he reigned eight sari.

And, upon the death of Otiartes, his son Xisuthrus
reigned eighteen sari in his time happened the great
;
Deluge.
So that the sum of
all
the kings
is
ten
and
the term which they collectively reigned an hundred

Euseb.
twenty sari.
SynceL Chron. xxxix.
and
Chron. v.
BEEOSUS, FROM ABYDENUS (CoRY,
p. 32).
So much concerning the wisdom of the Chaldeans.

king of the country was
Alorus, and that he gave out a report that God had
appointed him to be the shepherd of the people, he
It is said that the first
reigned ten sari
now
a sarus
is
esteemed to be three
thousand six hundred years, a neros

and a sossus sixty.
six
hundred,
After him Alaparus reigned three sari; to him

succeeded Amillarus from the city of Pantibiblon, who
reigned thirteen sari in his time came up from the

sea a second Annedotus, a semi-demon very similar
:
in his
Amillarus reigned Amwho was of the city of Panti
form to Cannes
menon twelve
sari,
after
biblon; then Megalarus of the same place reigned

eighteen sari then Daos the shepherd governed for
;
the space of ten sari, he was of Pantibiblon; in his

time four double-shaped personages came up out
CHALDEAN LEGENDS.
47
whose names were Euedocus,

after
Eneugamus, Eneuboulus, and Anementus
wards in the time of Euedoreschus appeared another,
of the
sea
to
land,
Anodaphus.
After these reigned other kings, and
last of all Sisithrus, so that in the
whole the number
amounted to ten kings, and the term of their reigns

to an hundred and twenty sari.
(And among other
things not irrelative to the subject he continues thus
After Euedoreschus some
concerning the Deluge)
:
To him the
reigned, and then Sisithrus.
deity Cronos foretold that on the fifteenth day of
the month Daesius there would be a deluge of rain
others
andhe commanded him to deposit all the writings what

ever which were in his possession in the city of the
sun
in Sippara.
Sisithrus,
when he had complied
with these commands, sailed immediately to Armenia,

and was presently inspired by God. Upon the third
day
after the cessation of the rain Sisithrus sent out
birds
that he might judge

But the birds,
subsided.
by way of experiment,
whether the flood had
without finding any

passing over an unbounded sea
This he
to Sisithrus.
place of rest, returned again
when upon the third
repeated with other birds. And
trial he succeeded, for the ^birds then returned with
mud, the gods translated him

from among men. With respect to the vessel, which
a custom of the inha
yet remains in Armenia, it is
their feet stained with
form bracelets and amulets of its wood.

Chron. xxxviii. Euseb. Prcep. Evan. lib. ix.;
bitants to
Syncel.
Euseb. Chron. v. 8.
CHALDEAN LEGENDS.
48
OF THE TOWER OF BABEL (CORY,

say that the
They
first
p. 34).
inhabitants of the earth,
glorying in their own strength and size and despising

the gods, undertook to raise a tower whose top should
reach the sky, in the place in which Babylon now
stands; but when it approached the heaven the
winds assisted the gods, and overthrew the work

upon its contrivers, and its ruins are said to be
still at
Babylon and the gods introduced a diversity
of tongues among men, who till that time had all
spoken the same language ; and a war arose between
Cronos and Titan. The place in which they built
;
the tower
is
now
called
Babylon on account of the
confusion of tongues, for confusion is by the He

brews called Babel. Euseb. Prcep. Evan. lib. ix.
Syncel. Chron. xliv.
Euseb. Chron.
xiii.
OF THE ARK, FROM NICOLAUS DAMASCENUS
(CoRY,
p. 49).
above Minyas in the land of Armenia a

mountain
which is called Baris, to which
very great
There
is
said that
persons retreated at the time

of the Deluge and were saved, and that one in par
ticular was carried thither in an ark and was landed
it
is
many
summit, and that the remains of the vessel

were long preserved upon the mountain. Perhaps
on
its
this
was the same individual of
whom
Moses, the
Jos. Ant.
legislator of the Jews, has made mention.
Jud. i. 3 Euseb. Prcep. Evan. ix.
;
OHALDEAN LEGENDS.
49
OF THE DISPERSION, FROM HESTLZEUS (CORY,

The
priests
who
p. 50).
escaped took with them the imple
ments of the worship of the Enyalian Jove, and came

to Senaar in Babylonia. But they were again driven
from thence by the introduction of a diversity of
tongues upon which they founded colonies in various
parts, each settling in such situations as chance or
;
God led them to occupy.

Euseb.
4;
Prcep. Evan. ix.
the direction of
Jud.
i. c.
Jos. Ant.
OF THE TOWER OF BABEL, FROM ALEXANDER POLYHISTOR (CORY,
p. 50).
The Sibyl says That when all men formerly spoke

the same language some among them undertook to
erect a large and lofty tower, that they might climb
:
up into heaven. But God sending forth a whirlwind

confounded their design, and gave to each tribe a
particular language of its own, which is the reason
that the name of that city is Babylon.
After the
deluge lived Titan and Prometheus, when Titan
undertook a war against Cronus. Sync.

Euseb. Prcep. Evan. ix.
Ant. Jud. i. c. 4
xliv.
Jos.
THE THEOGONIES, FROM DAMASCIUS (CoRY,

But the Babylonians,
rians, pass
p. 318).
like the rest of the
over in silence the
One
barba
principle of the
universe, and they constitute two, Tauthe and Apason, making Apason the husband of Tauthe, and
50
CHALDEAN LEGENDS.
And
denominating her the mother of the gods.

from these proceeds an only-begotten son, Moymis,
which I conceive is no other than the intelligible
world proceeding from the two principles.
them
also another
progeny
is
derived,
From
Dache and
Dachus; and again a third, Kissare and Assorus,

from which last three others proceed, Anus, and
And of Aus and Davce is born a
Illinus, and Aus.
son called Belus, who, they say,
the world, the Demiurgus.
is
the fabricator of
CHAPTER IV.
Greek accounts.
Conquests.
Angels.
Mythology local in origin. Antiquity.

Three great gods.
Colonies.
Twelve great gods.
Anu.
Spirits.
lent to Yenus.
Hea.
Anatu.
Oannes.
Zirat-banit, Succoth Benoth.
Shamas.
Nergal.
Anunit.
Vul.
Merodach.
Elu.
Sin the
Equiva -
Ishtar.
Bel or Jupiter.
moon
their accounts of the Creation
the early history of the
Babylonian
nently, but
Nmip.
god.
Table of gods.
human
divinities figure
it is
difficult in
and of
race the
very promi
many
cases
identify the deities mentioned by the Greek

authors, because the phonetic reading of the names
to
of the
Babylonian gods is very obscure, and the

classical writers often mention these divinities
by the
terms in their
them
own mythology, which appeared
to
to correspond with the
Babylonian names.
In this chapter it is only proposed to
give a
general account of some parts of the Babylonian
mythology, to show the relationship between
deities and their titles and work.
the
52
was
Babylonian mythology
local in origin
each
of the gods had a particular city which was the seat

of his worship, and it is probable that the idea of
weaving the gods into a system,

have his part to play, only had
in
which each should
its
origin at a later
The antiquity of this mythology may be seen

before the
by the fact, that two thousand years
its deities
and
Christian era it was already completed,
time.
into a system which

definitely connected
with little change down to the close of the
It is
probable that the gods
were
remained
kingdom.
in early times
cities or seats, the

only worshipped at their original
various cities or settlements being independent of
each other; but it was natural as wars arose, and
and kings
gained conquests over others,
the country into monarchies, that the
gradually united
cities should claim that their
people of conquering
to those of the cities they con
gods were superior
the system of different ranks or
quered, and thus came
colonies were sent out
grades among the gods. Again,
of some cities, and the colonies, as they considered
some
cities
themselves sons of the
cities
they started from, also
considered their gods to be sons of the gods of the

mother cities. Political changes in early times led
to the rise
and
fall
of their deities,
of various cities and consequently
and gave
rise
to
numerous myths
in the mythology.
relating to the different personages
have been three
to
there appear
In some remote
age
in the country, Erech, Eridu, and Nipur,
great cities
and their divinities Anu, Hea, and Bel were considered
53
"
of the country.
Subsequent
great gods
but their
led
to
the
decline
of
these
cities,
changes
the
"
deities still retained their position at the
head of the
Babylonian system.
These three leading deities formed members of a
circle of
and their
1.
twelve gods, also called great.

titles are
Anu,
given as
king of angels and spirits, lord of the
city of Erech.
2. Bel, lord of the world, father
creator, lord of the city of Nipur.
3.
Hea, maker of
wisdom
These gods
and
of the
gods,
lord of the deep, god of

knowledge, lord of the city of
fate,
Eridu.
4.
Sin, lord of
crowns, maker of brightness, lord
of the city of Ur.

5.
Merodach, just prince of the gods, lord of
birth, lord of the city of

6.
Babylon.
Vul, the strong god, lord of canals and atmo
sphere, lord of the city of Muru.

7. Shamas, judge of heaven
and
earth, director
lord of the cities of Larsa and Sippara.

8. Ninip, warrior of the warriors of the gods,
destroyer of wicked, lord of the city of Nipur.
of
all,
9.
Nergal, giant king of war,, lord of the city of
Cutha.
10.
Nusku, holder of the golden
sceptre, the lofty
god.
11. Belat, wife of Bel,
lady of the city of Nipur.
mother of the great gods,
12. Ishtar, eldest of heaven
and
earth, raising the
face of warriors.
Below these
was a
body of gods
forming the bulk of the pantheon, and below these
were arranged the Igege, or angels of heaven, and the
deities there
Anunnaki, or angels of earth.
came various
large
Below these again
classes of spirits or genii called Sedu,
Yadukku, Ekimu, Gallu, and others; some of these

were evil, some good.
The relationship of the various principal gods and
their names, titles,
and
offices
will be seen
by the
following remarks.
At the head of the Babylonian mythology stands a
deity who was sometimes identified with the heavens,
sometimes considered as the ruler and god of heaven.

This deity
is
named Anu,
his sign is the simple star,
the symbol of divinity, and at other times the Maltese

Anu represents abstract divinity, and he
cross.
appears as an original principle, perhaps as the ori

ginal principle of nature. He represents the universe
upper and lower regions, and when these were

divided the upper region or heaven was called Anu,
as the
while the lower region or earth was called Anatu

Anatu being the female principle or wife of Anu.
;
Anu
termed the old god, and the god of the whole

of heaven and earth; one of the manifestations of
is
Anu was
two forms Lahma and Lahama,

which probably correspond to the Greek forms Dache
and Dachus, see p. 50. These forms are said to
as the
have sprung out of the original chaos, and they are
55
followed by the two forms sar and kisar (the Kissare

and Assorus of the Greeks), sar means the upper
hosts or expanse, kisar the lower hosts or expanse;
these are also forms of manifestations of Ann and his
Aim
wife.
the
is
also lord of the old city,
names Alalu and Papsukul.
His
indicate height, antiquity, purity,
may
and he bears
titles
generally
and he
divinity,
be taken as the general type of divinity.
was
Ami
worshipped at the city of Erech,

which was called the city of Anu and Anatu, and the
originally
u house of
great temple there was called the
u house of heaven."
or the
Anu,"
Anatu, the wife or consort of Anu, is generally only

a female form of Anu, but is sometimes contrasted
with him; thus, when
Anu
represents height and

heaven, Anatu represents depth and earth; she is
also lady of darkness, the mother of the god Hea,
the mother producing heaven and earth, the female
fish-god, and she is one of the many goddesses called
I star or
Venus.
Anu and Anatu

their
sons are
desert, Latarak,
name
is
Ben.
Sar-ziri, the
king of the
Abgula, Kusu, and the air-god, whose
The air-god is usually called

the name Pur, and the epithets
uncertain.
Yul, he has also
Ramman
have a numerous family; among
numbered
or
Vul
Rimmon,
the self-existent, and
Uban
or
god of the region of the atmosphere, or

between the heaven and earth, he is the
is
space
god of rain, of storms and whirlwind, of thunder
and lightning, of floods and watercourses.
Vul was
5G
high esteem in Syria and Arabia, where he bore

the name of Daddi; in Armenia he was called
in
Teiseba.
Yul
is
always considered an active deity,
and was extensively worshipped.

Another important god, a son of Ami, was the
god of fire;
possibility
name may be read
his
of
some
Tubal Cain and the
connection with
classical
takes an active part in the

tablets
and legends, and he
most potent deity
Bil-kan, with the
the
Biblical
The fire-god
numerous mythological
Yulcan.
is
considered to be the
in relation to witchcraft
and
spells
generally.
The most important of -the daughters of Anu was

named Istar she was in some respects the equivalent
of the classical Yenus. Her worship was at first sub
;
ordinate to that of Anu, and as she was goddess of

love, while Anu was god of heaven, it is probable
that the first intention in the mythology was
only to
represent love as heaven-born but in time a more

sensual view prevailed, and the worship of Istar
;
became one of the darkest features

mythology.
in favour, it
in Babylonian
As
the worship of this goddess increased

gradually superseded that of Anu, until
in time his temple, the house of heaven,

regarded as the temple of Yenus.
The planet Yenus,
came
as the evening star,
with the Ishtar of
to be
was iden
Erech, while the morning

was Anunit, goddess of Akkad.
There were various other goddesses called Istar
among which may be noticed Istar, daughter of Sin
tified
star
the moon-god, who
daughter of Anu.
is
57
sometimes confounded with the
companion deity with Anu is Hea, who is god of

the sea and of Hades, in fact of all the lower regions.
He has two
to
and corresponds in some respects

the Saturn or Cronos of the ancients, in others to
features,
their Poseidon or
Neptune.
lower region, he
is
Hea
is
called
god of the
lord of the sea or abyss; he
is
and of all human beings, he bears

the titles lord of wisdom, of mines and treasures he
is lord of
gifts, of music, of fishermen and sailors,
lord of generation
and of Hades or
been supposed that the

serpent was one of his emblems, and that he was the
Cannes of Berosus; these things do not, however,
appear in the inscriptions. The wife of Hea was
hell.
It has
Dav-kina, the Davke of Damascius, who is the goddess

of the lower regions, the consort of the deep and
;
their principal
son was
Maruduk
or Merodach, the
Bel of later times.
Merodach, god of Babylon, appears in

earlier inscriptions as the
agent of his father
the
all
Hea he
;
goes about in the world collecting information, arid

receives commissions from his father to set right all
that appears wrong.
Merodach
an active agent in
creation, but is always subordinate to his father Hea.
In later times, after Babylon had been made the
is
Merodach, who was god of that city, was raised

head of the Pantheon. Merodach or Bel was
capital,
to the
identified with the classical

Jupiter,
"
Bel,
the
lord,"
was only given
to
but the name
him
in times sub-
58
The wife of Merosequent to the rise of Babylon.

dach was Zirat-banit, the Succoth Benoth of the
Bible.
Nebo, the god of knowledge and
literature,
who
was worshipped at the neighbouring city of Borsippa,

was a favourite deity in later times, as was also his
consort Tasmit. Beside Merodach Hea had a nume
rous progeny, his sons being principally river gods.
third great god was united with Anu and Hea,
names were Enu, Elu, Kaptu, and Bel; he was the

original Bel of the Babylonian mythology, and was
lord of the surface of the earth and the affairs of men.
Elu was lord of the city of Nipur, and had a consort
his
named Belat
or Beltis.
Elu,
or Bel,
is
the most
active of the gods in the general affairs of mankind,

and was so generally worshipped in early times that
he came to be regarded as the national divinity, and
his temple at the city of
Nipur was regarded as the
The extensive worship of Bel,

type of all temples.
and the high honour in which he was held, seem to
point to a time when his city, Nipur, was the metro
polis of the country.
Belat, or Beltis, the wife of Bel, is a famous deity

celebrated in all ages, but as the title Belat was
u
or u goddess," it was a common one
only
lady,"
for
many
goddesses, and the notices of Beltis pro
The
bably refer to several different personages.
same remark may be applied to the name Is tar, or
"
Ishtar,
meaning
female divinity.
goddess,"
which
is
applied to
any
59
numerous family; his

eldest son was the moon-god called Ur, Agu or Aku,
Sin and Itu, in later times generally termed Sin.
Eluhad,
like the other gods, a
Sin was presiding deity of the city of Ur, and early

assumed an important place in the mythology. The
moon-god figures prominently in some early legends,

and during the time the city of Ur was capital of the
and
country his worship became very extensive
popular in the whole of the country.
was another cele
Ninip, god of hunting and war,
brated son of Elu he Avas worshipped with his father
;
Ninip was also much worshipped in

as pre
Assyria as well as Babylonia, his character
.him a
siding genius of war and the chase making
at
Nipur.
favourite deity with the warlike kings of Assur.

Sin the moon-god had a son Sharnas, or Samas,
the
sun-god,
and
daughter,
Istar
or
Venus.
an active deity in some of the Izdubar

subordinate
legends and fables, but he is generally
moon
takes
the
In the Babylonian system
to Sin.
Shamas
is
of Larsa was
precedence of the sun, and the Shamas
to Shamas of
probably considered a different deity
Sippara.
the other deities of the Babylonians may

be counted Nergal, god of Cutha, who, like Ninip,
and Anunit, the
presided over hunting and war,
and of the city of
deity of one city of Sippara,
Among
Akkad.
The following
table will exhibit the relationship of
the principal deities
but
it
must be noted
that the
60
Assyrian inscriptions are not always consistent, either

as to the sex or
paternity of the gods
:
Tavtu
Absu (Apason
(the sea),
(the deep).
?)
Mummu
(chaos
?)
Lahma
Lahama
(force or growth).
r
Kisar (Kisare)
Sar (Assare)
(upper expanse).
(lower expanse).
Ann
A n at u
(Ouranus)
(heaven).
Elu, or Bel.
Beltis.
(earth).
Vul
Bil-kan (Vulcan)
(atmosphere).
Hea
(Saturn).
Hea
Istar (Venus).
(Saturn),
(fire-god).
Davkina (Davke).
Elu.
Beltis.
Merodach.
Zirat-banit.
Sin.
fungal.
L
i
i
Nebo.
Tasmit.
Samas.
Istar,
Ninip.
CHAPTER V.
BABYLONIAN LEGEND OP THE CREATION.

List of subjects.
Mutilated condition of tablets.
Description
Tiamat.
Generation of gods.
Damascius.
son with Genesis.
Three great gods.
Doubtful fragments.
of chaos.
Fifth tablet.
Stars.
Creation of moon.
Dragon of
sea.
Planets.
Moon.
Abyss or chaos.
Man. His duties.
Sun.
Creation of animals.
Fall.
Curse for disobedience.
Discussion.
Sacred
Dragon or serpent. War with Tiamat.
Mutilation
Destruction of Tiamat.
Merodach.
tree.
ments.
Parallel Biblical account.
HAVE
Age
Compari
Weapons.
of docu
of story.
related in the
first
chapter the
history of the discovery of this legend;

the tablets composing it are in muti
lated condition, and too fragmentary to
enable a single tablet to be completed, or to give more

than a general view of the whole subject. The story,
so far as I can judge from the fragment, agrees
generally with the account of the Creation in the
Book of Genesis, but shows traces of having originally
The fragments
included very much more matter.
of the story which I have arranged are as follows
:
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
62
Part of the
giving an account of the

Chaos and the generation of the gods.
1.
first tablet,
Fragment of subsequent tablet, perhaps the

second on the foundation of the deep.
3.
Fragment of tablet placed here with great
2.
doubt, probably referring to the creation of land.

4. Part of the fifth tablet,
giving the creation of the
heavenly bodies.
5.
Fragment of seventh?
tablet,
giving the creation
of land animals.
6.
fall
Fragments of three
tablets
on the creation and
of man.
Fragments of tablets relating

between the gods and evil spirits.
7.
These fragments indicate that the

at least twelve tablets, the writing
to
the
war
series included
on each tablet
being in one column on the front and back, and

probably including over one hundred lines of
text.
The
fragment in the story
the upper part

of the first tablet, giving the
description of the void
or chaos, and part of the generation of the
gods.
The
first
translation
is
is
1.
When
2.
and below on the earth a plant had not grown
above, were not raised the heavens:
up;
the
abyss also
boundaries
3.
had not
broken
open their
The chaos
Tiamat (the
producing-mother of the whole of them.
4.
(or water)
sea)
was the
OF THE CREATION.
5.
Those waters
6.
a tree
at the
63
beginning were ordained;
but
had not grown, a flower had not unfolded.

When the gods had not sprung up, any one of
7.
them
a plant had not grown, and order did not exist

Were made also the great gods,
8.
9.
10. the
gods
Lahmu and Lahamu
they caused to
come
and they grew
....
gods Sar and Kisar were made
A course of days, and a long time passed
11.
12. the
13.
Anu
14. the
god
15. the
gods Sar and
16
the reverse of this tablet there are only frag
ments of the eight lines of colophon, but the restora
tion of the passage is easy, it reads
of Creation
of u When above"
On
First tablet
1.
(name
series).
Palace of Assurbanipal king of nations, king of
2.
Assyria,
to
3.
given
whom Nebo and
Tasrnit attentive ears have
he sought with diligent eyes the wisdom of the
4.
inscribed tablets,
6.
which among the kings who went before me,

none those writings had sought.
7.
The wisdom of Nebo, the impressions ? of the god
5.
my
instructor? all delightful,
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
64
8.
on tablets
9.
for
the
I wrote, I
studied,
inspection
of
my
I observed,
and
within
my
people
palace I placed
This colophon will serve to show the value attached

to the documents, and the date of the
present copies.
The fragment of the obverse, broken as it is, is
precious as giving the description of the chaos or
desolate void before the Creation of the
world, and
the first movement of creation. This
to the first
1.
"In
two verses of the
the beginning
corresponds
chapter of Genesis.
created the heaven and
first
God
the earth.
And
the earth was without form and void and

darkness was upon the face of the
And the
deep.
of
God
moved
the
face
of
the
waters.
spirit
upon
2.
On comparing the
fragment of the first tablet of the

with
the
Creation
extract from Damascius, we do not
any statement as to there being two principles

first called Tauthe and
Apason, and these produc
find
at
ing Moymis, but in the Creation tablet the first exist

ence is called Mummu Tiamatu, a name
meaning the
"
sea- water"
or
chaos."
"sea
The name
Mummu
Tiamatu combines the two names Moymis and Tauthe

of Damascius.
Tiamatu appears also as Tisallat and
agrees with the Thalatth of Berosus, which we are
expressly told was the sea. It is evident that, accord
ing to the notion of the Babylonians, the sea was
the origin of all things, and this also
agrees with
of
the statement
Genesis, i. 2. where the chaotic
waters are called
"
oinn,
the
deep,"
the same
word
as
OF THE CREATION.
65
the Tiamat of the Creation text and the Tauthe of
Damascius.
The Assyrian word Mummu is probably connected

with the Hebrew noino, confusion, and one of its
equivalents is Umun, equal to the Hebrew pan
noise or tumult.
Beside the name of the chaotic
deep called
which
oinn in Genesis,
is,
as I
have
evidently the Tiamat of the Creation text,

in Genesis the
word
inn,
said,
we have
waste, desolate, or formless,
This appears to be the tehuta

applied to this chaos.
of the Assyrians
a name of the sea-water
History
("
word
59)
closely con
nected with the word tiamat or tamtu, the sea.
The
correspondence between the inscription and Genesis
of
Assurbanipal," p.
this
is
here complete, both stating that a watery chaos

preceded the creation, and formed, in fact, the origin
is
and groundwork of the universe.

We have here not
only an agreement in sense, but, what is rarer, the
same word used

this chaos,
in both narratives as the
and given
Berosus has
name
of
also in the account of Damascius.
certainly
the
slightly
different
Thalatth, with the same sense however,
and
it
form
might
be suspected that this word was a corruption of

Tiamat, but the Babylonian word is read Tiamtu,
Tiamat, and Tisallat, which last is more probably the

origin of the word Thalatth of Berosus.
Next we have in the inscription the creation of

the gods Lahma or Lahmu, and Lahama or Lahamu
these are male and female personifications of motion
;
and production, and correspond to the Dache and

E
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
66
Dachus of Damascius, and the moving nn, wind,

The next stage in the inscrip
or spirit of Genesis.
tion gives the production of Sar or Ilsar, and Kisar,
and the lower ex
representing the upper expanse
Assorus and Kissare
panse, and corresponding to the
of Damascius.
The resemblance
names
in these
is
or
probably closer than here represented, for Sar
in
later
Ilsar is generally read Assur as a deity
times,
of the
being an ordinary sign for the supreme god
Assyrians.
Here the
that
little
cuneiform text becomes so mutilated
can be made out from
it,
but
it
appears
from the fragment of line 14 that the next step

was (as in Damascius) the generation of the three
great gods, Anu, Elu, and Hea, the Anus, Illinus,
and Aus of that writer. Anu represents the heaven,
Elu the
earth,
and Hea the
sea, in this
new form
of
the universe.
probable that the inscription went on to

relate the generation of the other gods, and then
It
is
acts of creation
passed to the successive
the world
The
by which
was fashioned.
successive forms
Lahma and Lahama,
Kisar, are represented in

names or manifestations of
Sar and
some of the god lists as

Anu and Anatu. In each
case there appears to be a male and female principle,

which principles combine in the formation of the
universe.
The resemblance between the extract from Da

mascius and the account in the Creation tablet as to
OF THE CREATION.
67
these successive stages or forms in the Creation, is

striking, and leaves no doubt that there was a con
nection between the two.
The three next
tablets in the Creation series are
absent, there being only two doubtful fragments of this

of the
part of the story. Judging from the
analogy
Book
of Genesis,
we may conjecture
that this part of

the narrative contained the description of the creation
of light, of the atmosphere or firmament, of the

dry
One fragment to which I have
land, and of plants.
alluded as probably belonging to this space is a small

portion of the top of a tablet referring to the fixing of
the dry land
but
to a later part of the
may belong
it
story, for it is part of a speech to
This fragment
1.
When
one of the gods.
is
the foundations of the ground of rock
[thou didst make]

2. the foundation of the
ground thou didst call
3. thou didst
beautify the heaven
4. to the face
5.
of the heaven
thou didst give
There
is
more doubtful fragment which
a second
appears to belong to this space, and, like the last,

seems to relate part of the creation of the
dry land.
I give
it
here under reserve
1.
The god Sar
2.
When
3.
Certainly I will cover?

from the day that thou
4.
to the
pan
....
god ....
.
....
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
68
....
5.
angry thou didst speak
6.
Sar (or Assur) his mouth opened and spake,
god ....
Above the sea which
to the
7.
8. in
is
front of the esara
the seat of
....
(firmament?) which I
....
have made
below the place I strengthen it ....

10. Let there be made also e-lu (earth?)
9.
for the
dwelling of [man?]
11.
Within
12.
When
his city
may
he build and
....
....
the place .... lifted up ....
above .... heaven ....
the place .... lifted up ....
13.
14.
15.
16
gods
it
from the sea he raised
Pal-bi-ki
the
his father
and
temples
of
the
great
....
17
18. the
god ....
his
....
thee and over
of
all
him
which thy
hand has made

thee, having, over the earth
19
which thy
hand has made

hast called
having, Pal-bi-ki which thou
20
its
name
21
made?
22
may
my hand
they carry
.... anyone the work which

to after ....
rejoiced ....
23. the place

24.
he
25. the gods

26.
for ever
which
in
27. he opened
....
OF THE CREATION.
This fragment
is
69
both mutilated and obscure
in
the eighth line J have translated firmament with a

word being
query, the sound and meaning of the
for a com
earth
1
translate
doubtful and in line 10,
;
bination of two characters
more obscure
translation being a conjecture grounded

meanings of the individual monograms.
still,
my
on some
Pal-bi-ki
are the characters of one name of the city of Assur ;

but I do not understand the introduction of this
name here.
The next
recognizable portion of the Creation

the upper part of the fifth tablet, which
legends is
gives the creation of the heavenly bodies, and runs
of creation
parallel to the account of the fourth day
in Genesis.
This tablet opens as follows
Fifth Tablet of Creation Legend.
Obverse.
1.
It
was
delightful, all that
was fixed by the great
gods.
2.
Stars, their
appearance
[in figures]
of animals
he arranged.
3.
To
fix
the year through the observation of their
constellations,
4.
twelve months (or signs) of stars in three rows
he arranged,
5. from the day when the year commences unto
the close.
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
70
6.
He marked
the positions of the wandering stars
(planets) to shine in their courses,
that they
trouble any one,
7.
8.
may
not do injury, and
may
Hea he
the positions of the gods Bel and
not
fixed
with him.
9.
And
he opened the great gates in the darkness
shrouded
10. the fastenings
11.
In
its
mass
were strong on the

(i.e.
left
the lower chaos)
and
right.
he made
a boiling,
12. the god Uru (the moon) he caused to rise out,
the night he overshadowed,
13. to fix it also for the light of the night, until
the shining of the day,

14. That the month might not be broken, and in
its
amount be regular.
15. At the beginning of the month,
at the rising of
the night,
16. his
horns are breaking through to shine on the
heaven.
17.
On
the seventh day to a circle he begins to
swell,
18.
and stretches towards the dawn
19.
When
further.
the god Shamas (the sun) in the horizon
of heaven, in the east,
20
21
22
23
formed beautifully and ....

to the orbit Shamas was perfected
the
dawn Shamas should change

g
its
path
OF THE CREATION.
71
24
giving judgment
25
to
26
a second time
tame
27
Reverse.
1
he fixed
...
of the gods on his hearing.

When above"
4. Fifth tablet of
3.
"
(Creation
series).
5.
Country of Assurbanipal king of nations king
of Assyria.
a typical specimen of the
shows a marked stage in the
style of this series, and
It
Creation, the appointment of the heavenly orbs.
This fine fragment
parallels the fourth
of Genesis, where
is
day of Creation in the
we read
u
:
And God
first
said,
chapter
Let there
be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the

and
day from the night ; and let them be for signs,
for seasons,
u 15.
and
And
let
for days,
them be
and years
for lights in the
of the heaven to give light
was
firmament
upon the earth
and
it
so.
And God made two great
the greater
lesser light to rule the
light to rule the day, and the
night; he made the stars also.
"
"
6.
17.
And God
set
them
in the
lights
firmament of the
heaven to give light upon the earth,

18. And to rule over the day and over the night,
"
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
72
and to divide the
saw that
light
from the darkness
and God
was good.
And
"19.
fourth
it
the evening and the morning were the
day."
The fragment of the first tablet of the Creation

series showed that that was rather introductory, and
dealt with the generation of the gods more than the
creation of the universe, and the fact that the fifth
tablet contains the Creation given in Genesis, under
the fourth day, while a subsequent tablet, probably
the seventh, gives the creation of the animals which,
according to Genesis, took place on the sixth day,

leads to the inference that the events of each of the
days of Genesis were recorded on a separate
and that the numbers of the

in the
thus
same order
tablet,
tablets generally followed
as the days of Creation in Genesis,
Genesis, Chap.
&
Y.
Y.
3 to
Y.
6 to
Y.
9 to 13
I.
2 agree with Tablet 1.
2nd day
probably with tablet

3rd day
Y. 14 to 19 4th day

agree with tablet 5.
4.
Y. 20 to 23

6.
Y. 24
&
25
1st
day
5th day
6th day
2.
3.
7.
Y. 26 and following, 6th and 7th day, probably

with tablet
The
8.
which
think to be the eighth appears

to give the Creation and Fall of Man, and is followed
by several other tablets giving apparently the war
tablet
OF THE CREATION.
73
between the gods and the powers of evil, but all of

these are very jnutilated, and no number can be
positively proved
beyond the
fifth tablet.
There
is,
reason to suppose that there was a close

however,
agreement in subjects and order between the text of
the Chaldean legend and Genesis, while there does
fair
not appear to be anything like the same agreement

between these inscriptions and the accounts trans
mitted to us through Berosus (see pp. 37-50).

The fifth tablet commences with the statement
or
delightful,"
previous creations were
satisfactory, agreeing with the oft-repeated state
that
"
the
ment of Genesis,
u God saw that
here
is
one of
after each act of creative power, that

it
was
detail.
The only
difference
It appears that the
Chaldean
good."
record contains the review and expression of satisfac

tion at the head of each tablet, while the Hebrew has
it
at the close of
each
act.
We then come to the creation of the heavenly orbs,

which are described in the inscription as arranged
while the Bible says they were set as
lights in the firmament of heaven," and just as the
book of Genesis says they were set for signs and
like animals,
"
seasons, for days
and
scribes that the stars
the year.
zodiac,
years, so the inscription de
were
set in courses to point out
The twelve
and two
constellations or signs of the

other bands of constellations are
mentioned, just as two sets of twelve stars each are

mentioned by the Greeks, one north and one south
of the zodiac.
have translated one of these names
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
74
u
nibir,
wandering
the usual
word
Nibir near
stars"
or u
for planet,
planets,"
and there
the place where
the
is
but this
is
not
a star called
sun crossed the
boundary between the old and new years, and this

star was one of twelve supposed to be favourable to
It is evident, from the opening of the in
Babylonia.
scription
on the
first
tablet of the Chaldean astrology
and astronomy, that the functions of the
stars
were
according to the Babylonians to act not only as regu

lators of the seasons and the year, but to be also used
i.
14, for in those ages it was
believed
that
the
generally
heavenly bodies gave, by
their appearance and positions, signs of events which
as signs, as in Genesis
were coming on the
earth.
The passage given
in the eighth line of the inscrip
tion, to the effect that the
God who
created the stars
fixed places or habitations for Bel and Hea with him

self in the heavens, points to the fact that Anu, god
of the heavens, was considered to be the creator of

the heavenly hosts for it is he who shares with Bel
;
and Hea the divisions of the face of the sky.
The ninth
line of the tablet
opens a curious view
as to the philosophical beliefs of the early
Babylo
They evidently considered that the world

was drawn together out of the waters, and rested or
nians.
reposed upon a vast abyss of chaotic ocean which

filled the space below the world.
This dark infernal
was shut in by gigantic gates and strong fasten

ings, which prevented the floods from overwhelming
lake
the world.
When
the deity decided to create the
OF THE CREATION.
moon, he
is
this abyss,
represented as drawing aside the gates of
and creating a whirling motion
ing in the dark
from
75
like boil
ocean below; then, at his bidding,
this turmoil, arose the
moon
like a giant bubble,
and, passing through the open gates, mounted on

destined way across the vaults of heaven.
its
The Babylonian account continues with the regu

lation of the motions of the moon to overshadow the
dawn of
night, to regulate and give light until the
day. The phases of the moon are described its com
:
mencing as a thin crescent at the evening on the first

day of the month, and its gradually increasing and
After the moon
travelling further into the night.
the creation of the sun is recorded, its beauty and
perfection are extolled,
which led to
and the regularity of its
orbit,
being considered the type of a judge,

and the regulator of the world.
its
The Babylonian account of the Creation gives the

creation of the
moon
before that of the sun, in reverse
order to that in Genesis, and evidently the Babylo

nians considered the moon the principal body, while
the
Book of Genesis makes the sun the greater
Here
it
is
evident that Genesis
is
light.
truer to nature
than the Chaldean text.
The
details
of the creation of the planets
which would have been very important to

are unfortunately lost, no further fragment of
stars,
tablet having
and
us,
this
been recovered.
The colophon
at the close of tablet
however, part of the
first line
V. gives
us,
of the sixth tablet, but
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
76
It is probable
not enough to determine its subject.
that this dealt with the creation of creatures of the
water and fowls of the
air,
and that these were the
creation of Bel, the companion deity to Anu.

The next tablet, the seventh in the series,
is
pro
bably represented by a curious fragment, which I

first found in one of the trenches at Kouyunjik, and
recognized at once as a part of the description of the
Creation.
This fragment is like some of the others, the upper

portion of a tablet much broken, and only valuable
from
this
its
generally clear meaning.
fragment
is
The
translation of
1.
When
2.
were delightful the strong monsters
3.
they caused to be living creatures
the gods in their assembly
4. cattle of
the
field,
beasts of the
had created
field,
and creep
ing things of the field

5. they fixed for the living creatures
6
cattle
and creeping things of the
city
they fixed
the assembly of the creeping things
the whole which were created
7
noble face)
which in the assembly of
and the god Nin-si-ku

caused to be two
10
he caused to go
my
family
(the lord of
the assembly of the creeping things
OF THE CREATION.
77
11
flesh beautiful?
12
pure presence
13
pure presence
14
pure presence in the assembly
15
This tablet corresponds to the sixth day of Creation
u
And God said, Let the earth bring
i.
24-25)
:
(Genesis,
forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and

of the earth after his kind
creeping thing, and beast
and
u
it
was
so.
And God made
the beast of the earth after his
that
kind, and cattle after their kind, and everything
and God saw
after his kind
creepeth upon the earth
:
that
it
was
good."
The Assyrian
tablet
commences with a statement
of the satisfaction a former creation, apparently that
of the monsters or whales, had given

to Genesis
i.
23.
It then goes
on
here referring
to relate the creating
of living animals on land, three kinds being distin

with the Genesis account,
guished, exactly agreeing
and then we have in the ninth line a curious but
broken account of Nin-si-ku (one of the names of

to be with the animals, the
Hea), creating two beings
to the
wording of the next fragmentary lines leading
was the opening of the account of
suspicion that this
the creation of man.
This, however, is only a suspi
and obscure that
cion, for the lines are so mutilated
nothing can be fairly proved
from them.
It
is
curious here, however, to notice a tablet which refers
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
78
to the creation of
man.
human
ation of the
In this tablet,
race
is
63, the cre
given to Hea, and
all
the
references in other inscriptions make this his work.

In considering the next fragments, those which
really relate to
man, there
is
great difficulty; for, in

the first fragment to be noticed, on one side the mu
tilation of the tablet renders the sense
totally un
certain
in the
space lost there
may
be a string of
negatives which would entirely reverse the meaning.

It is probable that the other side of the
fragment
is
a discourse to the
I think
far as
it
first
woman on
her duties.
be the reverse of the tablet which, so

can be translated, appears to give the speech
to
it
of the deity to the
newly created pair (man and

woman) instructing them in their duties.
3364 obverse.
(Many
....
1.
evil
2.
which
3.
in
4.
lines lost.)
is
eaten
by the stomach ....
growing ....
consumed ....
7.
extended, heavy, ....

firmly thou shalt speak ....
and the support of mankind ...
8.
Every day thy god thou
5.
6.
shalt
thee
approach (or
invoke)
9.
sacrifice,
10. to thy
prayer of the mouth and instruments
god
in reverence
thou shalt carry.
OF THE CREATION.
79
be suitable for divinity,

12. supplication, humility, and bowing of the face,
13. fire? thou shalt give to him, and thou shalt
11.
Whatever
shall
bring tribute,
god thou
fear also of
shalt be holy.
14.
and in the
15.
In thy knowledge and afterwards in the tablets
(writing)
16. worship
and goodness
Sacrifice saving
18.
and worship
shalt not leave
god thou
20. the fear of the angels thou shalt
21.
With
friend
be raised?
....
....
17.
19. the fear of
shall
....
....
live in
and enemy? speech thou
shalt
make? ....
under? speech thou shalt make good
23. When thou shalt speak also he will give
24. When thou shalt trust also thou ....
22.
25. to
enemy?
....
thou shalt trust a friend
26
27.
also
....
thy knowledge also

Eeverse.
(Many
1.
lines lost.)
Beautiful place also
....
divide
....
3.
in beauty and .... thy hand ....

and thou to the presence .... thou shalt
4.
and not thy sentence
5.
in the
2.
presence of
....
6.
of thy beauty and
thee to the end?
beauty and
shalt speak
....
fix ....
....
thou
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
80
and
7.
beautiful
8.
circle I fill?
9.
his rising?
10.
....
.
he seeks
to give
his
drink?
enemies
....
the
man ....
with the lord of thy beauty thou shalt be
faithful,
11. to
do
evil
thou shalt not approach him,
12. at thy illness

13. at thy distress
The obverse
.... to him
....
of this tablet
a fragment of the
address from the deity to the newly created man on
his duties to his god, and it is curious that while, in
is
other parts of the story, various gods are mentioned

by name, here only one god is mentioned, and simply
as the "God."
The fragments of this tablet might
belong to the purest system of religion but it would

in this case be wrong to ground an
argument on a
;
single fragment.
The reverse
of the tablet appears, so far as the
sense can be ascertained,
to
be addressed to the
woman, the companion of the man, informing her of

her duties towards her partner.
The next fragment is a small one it is the lower
;
corner of a tablet with the ends of a few lines.
may
It
possibly belong to the tablet of the Fall to be
mentioned
later.
This fragment is of importance, small as it is,

because it mentions a speech of Hea to man, and
alludes to the Karkartiamat, or dragon of the sea, in
connection with a revolt against the deity.

The
too
mutilated
to
more
fragment is, however,
give
than a general idea of its contents.
OF THE CREATION.
81
Obverse.
1
seat her
all
his
the gods, lord lofty ?

kingdom exalted
the lords
might
in multitudes increase
Hea
height of his greatness

the rule of any god
Reverse.
called to his
man
Sartulku knew
his noble
his fear? Sartulku
it
....
his
to them, the dragon of the sea
against thy father fight
might
Connected with
this
fragment
is
the account of
the curse after the Fall, on the remarkable fragment
which
brought over from
my
first
expedition to
Assyria.
This forms about half a tablet, being part of the

obverse and reverse, both in
fair
preservation
and
so far as they go, fairly perfect, but

containing at
present many obscurities in the speeches of the gods.
Before the commencement of lines
1, 5,
11, 19, 27,
and 29 on the obverse, there are glosses stating that

the divine titles commencing these lines all apply to
These explanatory glosses show
the same deity.
G
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
82
that even in the Assyrian time there were difficulties

in the narrative.
Obverse.
2.
The god Zi
which he had
3.
their account
4.
may
5.
The god Ziku (Noble
1.
not
fixed
fail in
preparing
?
life)
quickly called;
Director of purity,
6.
7.
good kinsman, master of perception and right,

causer to be fruitful and abundant, establisher
of fertility,
8.
9.
10.
another to us has come up, and greatly increased,

in thy powerful advance spread over him good,
may
he speak,
may
he glorify,
may
he exalt
his majesty.
11. The god Mir-ku (noble crown) in concern,

raised a protection?
12. lord of noble lips, saviour from death
13. of the
gods imprisoned, the accomplisher of
restoration,
14. his pleasure
he established he fixed upon the
gods his enemies,
them he made man,

was in him.
he
be
May
established, and may his will not fail,
in the mouth of the dark races which his hand
15. to fear
16. the breath of life

17.
18.
has made.
19.
may
The god of noble
he cut
off;
lips
with his
five fingers sin
OF THE GREATION.
20.
who with
his noble
83
charms removes the
evil
curse.
21.
The god Libzu wise among the gods, who
had chosen his possession,

22. the doing of evil shall not
23. established in the
come out of him,
company
of the gods, he re
joices their heart.
24.
Subduer of the unbeliever
25. director of right

26. of corruption
27.
The god
Nissi
28. keeper of
29.
and
watch
The god Suhhab,
30. the pourer out to
swiftly
them
31. in
32. like
33
Reverse.
1
the star
and head
3.
may he
4.
because the dragon Tiamat had
5.
his
6.
take the
tail
punishment the planets possessing ....

by the stars of heaven themselves may they
.
sheep may the gods tremble all of them

he bind Tiamat her prisons may he shut
7.
like a
8.
may
up and surround.
9. Afterwards the people of remote ages
10. may she remove, not destroy ... for
ever,
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
84
made strong.
name called out,
11. to the place he created, he
Lord of the earth

father Elu
his
12.
13. in the ranks of the angels
the
pronounced their
curse.
14.
The god Hea heard and
his liver
was angry,
man had corrupted his purity.

me also Hea may he punish him,
15. because his
16.
He
like
course of
17. the
my
issue all of
them may he
remove, and
18. all
my
seed
may
he destroy.
19. In the language of the fifty great
by his fifty names he

him
from
anger
20.
called,
gods
and turned away
in
21.
22.
May he be conquered, and at once cut off.

Wisdom and knowledge hostilely may they
injure him.
23. May they put at enmity also father and son
and may they plunder.

24. to king, ruler, and governor, may they bend
their ear.
they cause anger also to the lord of the

gods Merodach.
26. His land may it bring forth but he not touch it
25.
May
27. his desire shall
answered
be cut
off,
and
his will be
un
28. the opening of his
mouth no god
shall take
notice of;
be broken and not be healed;

30. at his urgent trouble no god shall receive him
29. his
back
shall
OF THE CREATION.
31. his heart shall be
shall
be troubled
32. to sin
poured out, and his mind
and wrong
33
85
his face shall
come
front
34
In a second copy which presents several variations

lines 14 to 19 are omitted.
This valuable fragment
is
unfortunately obscure
parts, especially on the obverse, but the

general meaning is undoubted, and the approximate
in
some
position of the fragment in the story is quite clear.

It evidently follows the fragment giving the creation
land animals, and either forms a further

portion of the same, or part of the following
of the
tablet.
gives a series of speeches and state

ments respecting the newly created man, who was
The obverse
supposed to be under the especial care of the

It
happens in
this case that there is
deities.
no clue to the
reason for these speeches, the key portions of the in

made of
scription being lost, but a point is evidently
the purity of the man, who is said to be established
in the
hearts.
company of the gods and

The various divine titles
god of noble
u
the
god
life,"
of noble
u the
lips,"
to
rejoice
or names,
their
"
the
and
god of noble crown,"

most probably titles
are all
of Hea.
It appears
from
line
18 that the race of
human
beings spoken of is the zalmat-qaqadi, or dark race,

and in various other fragments of these legends they
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
86
are called
Admi
given to the
or Adami, which
first
man
is
exactly the
name
in Genesis.
The word Adam used
human being
is
in these legends for the first
evidently not a proper name, but
is
Adam appears as
only used as a term for mankind.
a proper name in Genesis, but certainly in some pas
sages
is
only used in the same sense as the Assyrian
word, and
we are
told on the creation of
human
beings
In the day that God created man,

(Genesis,
1)
in the likeness of God made he him male and female
"
v.
created he them; and blessed them, and called their

name Adam, in the day when they were created."
has already been pointed out by Sir Henry

Rawlinson that the Babylonians recognized two
It
principal races
the
Adamu,
or dark race,
and the
Sarku, or light race, probably in the same manner

that two races are mentioned in Genesis, the sons of
Adam
and the sons of God.
It appears incidentally
of
from the fragments
inscriptions that it was the
race of Adam, or the dark race, which was believed
to have fallen, but there
is
at present
no clue to the
position of the other race in their system.

informed in Genesis that when the world
We
are
became
corrupt the sons of God intermarried with the race

of Adam, and thus spread the evils which had com
menced with the Adamites (see Genesis, ch. vi.).
The obverse
of the tablet giving the creation of

breaks off leaves him in a state of
man, where it
purity, and where the narrative recommences on the
reverse
man
has already fallen.
OF THE CREATION.
Here
it is difficult
to say
how
87
far the narrative of
In this
the inscription agrees with that of the Bible.
case it is better to review the Biblical account, which
is
complete, and compare
it
with the fragmentary
allusions in the inscriptions.
After the
statement of
man
which
innocence,
agrees with the inscription, the Bible goes on to

relate (Genesis, iii. 1), that the serpent was more
subtle than any beast of the field, and that he
tempted the
woman
to
sin.
This attributes the
origin of sin to the serpent, but nothing
whatever
said as to the origin or history of the serpent.
is
The
fragmentary account of the Fall in the inscriptions

mentions the dragon Tiamat, or the dragon of the
evidently in the same relation as the serpent,
This
being concerned in bringing about the Fall.
sea,
dragon of tiamat or the sea it

generally conceived of as a griffin, and is connected
dragon
is
is
called the
with the original chaos, the Thalatth of Berosus, the

female principle which, according to both the inscrip
and Berosus, existed before the creation of the

This was the original spirit of chaos and
universe.
tions
disorder, a spirit opposed in principle to the gods,

and, according to the Babylonians, self-existent and
eternal, older
even than the gods, for the birth or
separation of the deities out of this chaos

first step in the creation of the world.
was the
According to Genesis, the serpent addressed the

woman (Genesis, iii. 1), and inquired if God had for
bidden them to eat of every tree of the Garden of
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
88
Eden, eliciting from her the statement that there

was a tree in the middle of the Garden, the fruit of
which was forbidden to them.

the
There
indicating a
present fragments
is
nothing in
belief in the
Garden of Eden or the Tree of Knowledge there is

only an obscure allusion in lines 16 and 22 to a
;
knowledge having been a cause of man s

but outside these inscriptions, from the general
thirst for
fall,
body of Assyrian
texts,
Sir
Henry Kawlinson has
pointed out the agreement of the Babylonian region

of Karduniyas or Ganduniyas with the Eden of the
Bible.
Eden
rivers,
Euphrates, Tigris,
Ganduniyas
is
is
a fruitful place, watered by the four
and Pison, and

similar in description, watered by the
Gihon,
four rivers, Euphrates, Tigris, Surappi, and Ukni.

The loss of this portion of the Creation legend is
unfortunate,
as,
however probable
Hebrew and Babylonian
it
may
be that the
traditions agree about the
Garden and Tree of Knowledge, we cannot now prove

There is a second tree, the Tree of Life, in the
it.
which certainly appears
to correspond to the sacred grove of Anu, which a
later fragment states was guarded by a sword turn
Genesis account
(ch.
iii.
22),
the four points of the compass.

In several other places in the Genesis legends, and
especially in the legends of Izdubar, there are allu
ing to
all
sions to the tree, grove, or forest of the gods, and this

divine tree or grove is often represented on the sculp
tures, both in the Babylonian gem engravings, and on
the walls of the Assyrian palaces and temples.
When
OF THE CREATION.
89
the representation is complete, the tree is attended by

two figures of cherubims, one on each side of the sacred
emblem.
According to Genesis,
Adam and
Eve, tempted by
SACRED TREE, OR GROVE, WITH ATTENDANT CHERUBIM,

FROM ASSYRIAN CYLINDER.
the serpent, eat of the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge,

and so by disobedience brought sin into the world.
These details are also
lost in the
cuneiform text,
which opens again where the gods are cursing the

dragon and the Adam or man for this transgression,
corresponding to the passage, Genesis,
iii.
to 19.
Throughout this, corresponding passages may be

found which show that the same idea runs through
both narratives, but some passages in the cuneiform
account are too mutilated to allow any certainty to
be attached to the translation, and the loss of the
previous parts of the text prevents our
what points the allusions are directed to.
knowing
Although so much of the most important part of

the text is lost, the notices in other parts, and the
allusions in the mythological scenes
gems
on the Babylonian
will serve to guide us as to the probable drift
of the missing portion.
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
90
It is quite clear
that the dragon of the sea or

connected with the Fall like the
dragon of Tiamat is
serpent in the book of Genesis, and
The
equivalent of the serpent.
not written phonetically, but
which
mean the u
is
probably
covered with scales.
in
fact
is
the
name
of the dragon
two
monograms
by
scaly
one,"
or animal
This description, of course,

might apply either to a fabulous dragon, a serpent,
or a
fish.
The only passage where there

planation of the signs
vol.
ii.
p.
32,
1.
9,
is
is
any phonetic ex
in u Cuneiform
Inscriptions,"
where we have turbuhtu
for the
place or den of the dragon, perhaps connected with

the Hebrew am, sea-monster.
The form of this
creature as given on the gems is that of a griffin or

dragon generally with a head like a carnivorous animal,
body covered with scales, legs terminating in claws,

like an eagle, and wings on the back.
Our own
heraldic griffins are so strikingly like the sculptures
of this creature that we might almost suspect them to
be copies from the Chaldean works. In some cases,
however, the early Babylonian seals, which contained

devices taken from these legends, more closely ap
proached the Genesis story.
One
striking
and im
portant specimen of early type in the British Museum

collection has two figures sitting one on each side of a
holding out their hands to the fruit, while at

We know
the back of one is stretched a serpent.
tree,
well that in these

figures
were chance
early sculptures none
of these
devices, but all represented events
OF THE CREATION.
91
or supposed events, and figures in their legends ; thus

it is evident that a form of the story of the Fall,
similar to that of Genesis,
was known
in early times
in Babylonia.
The dragon which,
j;
in the
Chaldean account of the
SACRED TREE, SEATED FIGURE ON EACH SIDE, AND SERPENT

BACKGROUND, FROM AN EARLY BABYLONIAN CYLINDER.
Creation, leads
man
to sin,
is
IN
the creature of Tiamat,
the living principle of the sea and of chaos, and he is

an embodiment of the spirit of chaos or disorder
which was opposed to the
deities at the
creation of
the world.
It is clear that the
dragon
is
included in the curse
and that the gods invoke on the head

of the human race all the evils which afflict hu
Wisdom and knowledge shall injure him
manity.
for the Fall,
he shall have family quarrels (line 23),

shall submit to
tyranny (line 24), he will anger the
gods (line 25), he shall not eat the fruit of his labour
(line 22),
(line 26),
he shall be disappointed in his desires
(line
27), he shall pour out useless prayer (lines 28 and

30), he shall have trouble of mind and body (lines 29
and 31), he shall commit future sin (line 32). No
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
92
doubt subsequent lines continue these topics, but again

our narrative is broken, and it only reopens where the
gods are preparing for war with the powers of evil,
which are led by Tiamat, which war probably arose
from the part played by Tiamat in the fall of man.
idea of this part was that the war with
the powers of evil preceded the Creation
I now
My
first
followed the account of the Fall, but I have

no direct proof of this.
think
it
Of
the subsequent tablets of this series, which

include the war between the gods and powers of
evil,
and the punishment of the dragon Tiamat, there
are several fragments.

The first of these
translate,
4832, too mutilated to

contains speeches of the gods before the
it
is
war.
The
second
fragment,
3473,
contains
speeches, and shows the gods preparing

It is
very fragmentary.
mouth opened
a word he spoke
his
his
satisfy
of thee let
thou ascendest
my
anger
send to thee
me
thee to thy presence
their curse
in a circle
let
10
11.
of
.
may
they sit
them make the vine?
them may they hear the renown
cover them he set and
also
for battle.
OF THE CREATION.
them
13
thee change to
he sent me
14
he held
15
he sinned against
16
and angrily
17
the gods
18
made her hands ....
19
and
12
me
all
me
....
of
them
20
hand Tiamat coming

destroyed not night and day
21
burning
22
23
they made division

the end of all hands
24
formerly thou
25
unyielding I
26
their bodies
27
fear shall cover
The
ject;
his
great serpents
....
fill ....
them
(Several other mutilated lines.)

3938, is on the same sub
third fragment,
some
meaning
lines of this give
the following general
1.
great animal
2.
fear he
3. their
....
made to carry ....

sight was very great ....
....
5
delightful, strong serpent ....
6. Udgallu, Urbat and ....
7. days arranged, five ....
8. carrying weapons
unyielding ....
9. her breast, her back ....
10. flowing? and first ....
4.
93
their bodies
were powerful and
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
94
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
....
....
marching in front before ....
carrying weapons thou ....
upon war ....
among
the gods collected
the god Kingu subdued
16. his
hand appointed
There are many more similar broken

the other side fragments of a speech
who desires Tiamat to make war.
lines,
and on
by some being
All these fragments are not sufficiently complete

to translate with certainty, or even to ascertain their
order.
The fourth fragment, K 3449, relates to the making

of weapons to arm the god who should meet in war
the dragon.
This reads
mutilation
with some doubt on account of
its
1.
heart
2.
3.
burning
from
4.
in the temple
5.
may he
6.
the dwelling of the god
fix
the great gods

8. the gods said?
7.
9.
10.
....
the sword that was
and
they
saw
made
also
the gods saw

the bow which
was
strung
11. the
work
12. carried
gods
that
also
was made they placed
Anu
in
the assembly of
the
OF THE CREATION.
13. the
bow he
fitted she
14.
and he
15.
Noble wood who
against
95
spalê of the
bow
thus and said
shall first thus
drawthee?
16. speed her
punishment the
star of the
bow
in
heaven
17.
18.
and establish the resting place of

from the choice of
and place his throne

in heaven
20
19.
21
The next fragment
or collection of fragments gives
BEL ENCOUNTERING THE DRAGON
FROM
BATLONIAN CYLINDER.
the final struggle between Tiamat and Merodach or

Bel, and this fragment appears to distinguish between
the dragon of Tiamat or the sea monster, and Tiamat
the female personification of the sea; but I am not
The saparu,
or sickle-shaped
sword, is always represented both in the sculptures
and inscriptions as a weapon of Bel in this war.
sure of this distinction.
Sixth Fragment.
....
he fixed
to his right
hand he distributed
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
96
and quiver
3
4.
his
hand hurled,
the lightning he sent before him,
fierceness filled his body.
6.
He made
7.
the seven winds
the sword to silence the dragon of the
sea,
he
fixed not to
come out
of her wound.
8.
On
the South, the North, the East, and the
West,
hand the sword he caused to hold before

the grove of his father the god Anu.
9.
10.
his
He made
the evil wind, the hostile wind, the
tempest, the storm,

11. the four winds,
seven winds, the wind

the irregular wind.
of
.,
12. He brought out the winds he had created seven
.
the
of them,
13. the
dragon of the sea stretched out, came
after him,
14.
he carried the thunderbolt his great weapon,

unrivalled, driving he rode
15. in a chariot
16.
he took her and four
fetters
on her hands he
fastened,
17
18
unyielding, storming .... her

with their sting bringing death
19
sweeping away knowledge
20
destruction and fighting
21
left
22
fear
hand ....
....
(Several other fragmentary lines.)
OF THE CREATION.
97
Reverse.
the god Sar
dwelling
before the
field
above
struck to the god
them
weapon
cut into
8
9.
said to his wife
him
to
11
break the god

evil? thou shalt be delivered and
12
thy
evil
10
13. the tribute to
thou shalt subdue,
thy maternity shall be forced
upon them by thy weapons,

14. I will stand by and
made
to
thee
they shall be
spoil.
16.
Tiamat on hearing this

at once joined and changed her resolution.
17.
Tiamat
15.
called
18. strongly
and quickly
arose,
and firmly she encircled with her
defences,
19. she took a girdle?
20.
and the gods
for
and placed
war prepared
for
them
their
weapons.
21.
Tiamat attacked the just prince of the gods
Merodach,
22. the standards they raised in the conflict like a
battle.
23. Bel also
drew out
his
sword
and.
wounded
her.
BABYLONIAN LEGEND
98
24.
her
The
evil wind
coming afterwards struck against
face.
25.
26.
Tiamat opened her mouth to swallow him,

the evil wind he caused to enter, before she
could shut her lips

27. the force of the wind her stomach
;
28. her heart trembled,
and her
face
filled,
was
and
distorted,
violently seized her stomach,
29
30. her inside
it
broke, and conquered her heart.

her, and her work he ended.
31.
He
32.
Her allies stood over her astonished,

when Tiamat their leader was conquered.
Her ranks he broke, her assembly was scat
33.
34.
imprisoned
tered,
and the gods her helpers who went beside her

36. trembled, feared, and broke up themselves,
35.
37. the expiring of her
life
they fled from,
38. war surrounding they were
ing?
39
them and
40. like a
41.
sword
knowing
cast
fleeing not stand
weapons he broke
down, sitting in darkness,
their
their capture, full of grief,
42. their strength removed, shut in bonds,

43. and at once the strength of their work
overcome with
was
terror,
....
He cast down the enemy, his hand ....
under him ....
part of the enemy
.and the god Kingu again ....
44. the throwing of stones going

45.
46.
47.
48
Again the main
difficulty
arises
from the
frag-
OF THE CREATION.
mentary
state of the
documents,
it
99
being impossible
even to decide the order of the fragments.
It
ap
pears, however, that the gods have fashioned for them

a sword and a bow to fight the dragon Tiamat, and
Anu
proclaims great honour (fourth fragment, lines
15 to 20) to any of the gods who will engage in

battle with her. Bel or Merodach volunteers, and
goes forth armed with these weapons to fight the

dragon. Tiamat is encouraged by one of the Fgods
MERODACH, OR BEL, ARMED FOR THE CONFLICT WITH THE

DRAGON; FROM ASSYRIAN CYLINDER.
who
has become her husband, and meets Merodach in

The description of the fight and the subse
battle.
quent triumph of the god are very fine, and remark

ably curious in their details, but the connection
between the fragments

that
it is
is
better to reserve
so uncertain at present
comment upon them
until
more complete. This war between the

powers of good and evil, chaos and order, is extra to
the text
is
the Creation, does not correspond with anything in

Genesis, but rather finds its parallel in the war
BABYLONIAN LEGEND OF CREATION.
100
between Michael and the dragon

7 to 9, where the dragon is called
in Revelation, xii.
"
the great dragon,
that old serpent, called the devil and Satan, which

This description is
deceiveth the whole world."
from the
strikingly like the impression gathered
of the cuneiform story the dragon Tiamat
fragments
who
fought against the gods and led
whose
fate it
was
man
to sin,
and
to be conquered in a celestial war,
corresponds in all essential points to the

dragon conquered by Michael. These fragments of
the cuneiform account of the Creation and Fall
closely
agree so far as they are preserved with the Biblical

account, and show that in the period from B.C. 2000
to
1500 the Babylonians believed in a similar story
to that in Genesis.
FIGHT BETWEEN BEL AND THE DRAGON,

FROM BABYLONIAN CYLINDER.
CHAPTER VI.
OTHER BABYLONIAN ACCOUNTS OF THE

CREATION.
Cuneiform accounts
Account of Berosus.
Composite
Destruction of men.
Variations.
traditions.
Cutha.
Eagle-headed men.
Seven wicked spirits.
animals.
Variations of story.
originally
Tablet from
Translation.
Seven brothers.
War
in heaven.
Poetical account of Creation.
the
chapter I have given
of
fragments of the principal story
the Creation and Fall from the cunei
the
form
last
inscriptions,
but
it
appears from
traditions"
the tablets that all these legends were
or
stories"
by word of mouth, and after
"
"
repeated
wards committed to writing. When such traditions

are not reduced to writing, and depend on being
handed down from generation to generation by word

of mouth, they are liable to vary, sometimes very
and condition of the
widely, according to the period
Thus many different versions of a story
country.
doubt that this was actually
arise, and there can be no
the
case
with the Creation legends.
There must
OTHER BABYLONIAN ACCOUNTS
102
have been a belief in the Creation and some of the

leading features of this story long before these
Creation legends were committed to writing, and there
evidence of other stories, related to those already

same time committed
given, which were at about the
is
to writing.
The story
of the Creation transmitted
through Berosus (see chapter iii. pp. 37-50) supplies

us with a totally different story, differing entirely from
the cuneiform account in the last chapter and from
the Genesis account, and some fragments of tablets
from Kouyunjik belonging to the library of Assurbanipal give a copy, mutilated as usual, of another
version having many points of agreement with the
This legend, of which the fol

lowing is a translation, is stated to be copied from a
tablet at Cutha.
account of Berosus.
Legend of Creation from Cutha
(Many
1.
lord of
lines lost at
tablet.
commencement.)
....
his lord the strength of the
his host
4. lord of the
lord of angels
5.
....
host
gods ....
....
upper region and the lower region
....
who drank
turbid waters and pure water did
not drink,
6. with his flame, his
weapon, that
man he enclosed,
he took, he destroyed,
8. on a tablet nothing was then written, and
there were not left the carcasses and waste?
7.
EAGLE-HEADED MAN.
FROM NIMROUD SCULPTURE.
OF THE CREATION.
from the earth nothing arose and
9.
come
to
human
had not
it.
Men
10.
11.
103
with the bodies of birds of the desert,
beings
with the faces of ravens,
these the great gods created,

13. and in the earth the gods created for
12.
them
dwelling.
14.
Tamat gave unto them
strength,
15. their life the mistress of the
gods raised,
16. in the midst of the earth they
became great,
17. and increased
grew up and
in
number,
Seven kings brothers of the same family,
19. six thousand in number were their people,
20. Banini their father was king, their mother
18.
21. the
queen was
22. their eldest
Mimangab was
23. their
his
Milili,
who went
brother
before them,
name,
second brother Midudu was his name,
24. their third brother
25. their fourth brother
26. their fifth brother
tur was his name,
dada was
his
name,
tah was his name,
ru was his name,

28. their seventh brother .... was his name.
27. their sixth brother
COLUMN
(Many
1.
.....
2.
man
evil
II.
lines lost.)
....
his will turned
104
3.
4.
5.
6.
.... I purified?
On a tablet the evil curse
in
of
man
he carved ?
worshippers and sent,

seven in width and seven in depth I arranged
I called the
them.
7.
gave them noble reeds ? (pipes ?)
8.
worshipped also the great gods
9.
Ishtar,
10.
Zamania, Anunitu
Sharnas the warrior,
Nebo ....
11. the
12.
gods listened to my doings

he did not give and
13. thus I said in
14.
Now
here
17.
18.
my
am
heart:
and
.... ground
let there not ....
may I go as I trust in Bel .... my
and .... my iron may I take.
15. let there
16.
not
19. In the first

year in the course of it
20. one hundred and
thousand
twenty
out and
heart,
men
I sent
among them,
21. one of
them did not
return.
22. In the second

year in the course of
thousand the same.
it,
ninety
23. In the third

year in the course of it, sixty
thousand seven hundred the same.
24. They were rooted out
they were punished,
I eat,
25. I rejoiced, I
26.
Thus
made a
I said in
27. at this time
my
what
rest.
heart
now
is left ?
here
am
and
OF THE CREATION.
105
am
not the preserver of his country,

29. and the ruler is not the preserver of his people.
30. When I have done may corpses and waste be
28.
I the king,
left,
31. the
from night, death,

saving of the people
spirits, curses,
(Many more broken lines, meaning quite uncertain.)

FRAGMENT OF COLUMN
1.
...
caused to pursue
blood
III.
....
them twelve men
fled
3.
in the midst of
4.
After them I pursued, swiftly I went,
5.
those men, I captured
6.
those
men
7.
Thus
I said in
from me.
them
turned
my
heart
COLUMN IY.
lost at commencement.)
(Several lines
1.
to
2.
the powerful king

the gods ....
3.
....
....
take them
4.
hand
5.
thou king, viceroy, prince, or any one
6.
whom God
shall call,
and who
else,
shall rule the
kingdom,
7.
who
shall rebuild this house, this tablet I write
to thee,
in the city of Cutha, in the temple of Sitlam,

9. in the sanctuary of Nergal, I leave for thee;
8.
106
10. this tablet see, and,
11. to the
12.
do
13.
do not
words of
riot rebel,
fear,
this tablet listen,
do not
and
fail,
and do not turn away,
14. then
may thy support be established,

thou in thy works shall be glorious,
16. thy forts shall be strong,
15.
17.
thy canals shall be
18.
thy treasures, thy corn,
19. thy furniture,
full of
water,
thy
silver,
thy goods,
and thy instruments, shall be multiplied,

(A few more mutilated lines.)
20.
SACRED TREE, ATTENDANT FIGURES AND EAGLE-HEADED MEN, FROM THE

SEAL OF A SYRIAN CHIEF, NINTH CENTURY B.C.
This
a very obscure inscription, the first

column,
forms
however,
part of a relation similar to that of
Berosus in his history of the Creation the
beings who
were killed by the light, and those with men s heads
is
and bird
bodies,
and bird
heads and
men s
bodies,
OF THE CREATION.
107
while
agree with the composite monsters of Berosus,
is
the
is
over
the goddess of chaos, Tiamat, who
them,
same again as the Tiamat of the Creation legends
and the Thalatth of Berosus.
The
relation in the second
the inscription
is
difficult,
with any known incident.
and third columns of
and does not correspond

The fourth column con
any future king who should read

which was deposited in the temple of
tains an address to
the inscription
Nergal at Cutha.
It is probable that this
legend was supposed to be
work of one of the mythical kings of Chaldea,

who describes the condition and history of the world
the
before his time.
another legend which appears to be con

nected with these, the legend of the seven evil spirits,
There
which
is
have given in
Discoveries," p.
my
former work, u Assyrian
398.
Tablet with the story of the Seven Wicked
Gods or
Spirits.
COLUMN
In the
I.
days the evil gods

2. the angels who were in rebellion, who
lower part of heaven
1.
3.
4.
5.
first
had been created,

they caused their evil work
devising with wicked heads
in the
108
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ruling to the river ....

There were seven of them.
The
the second was a great animal
first
was
....
which any one ....

the third was a leopard ....
11. the fourth

12. the fifth
was a serpent ....

terrible .... which
was a
13. the sixth
was a
to
....
which to god and king
striker
did not submit,

14. the seventh
....
which
15.
was the messenger of the
evil
wind
made.
The seven of them messengers of the god Anu
their king
16. from city to city went

17. the tempest of heaven
round
was strongly bound
to
them,
18. the flying clouds of
19. the
heaven surrounded them,

downpour of the skies which in the bright
day
20.
makes darkness, was attached to them
21. with a violent wind,
an
evil
wind, they began,
Vul was their might,

hand of Vul they came,
22. the tempest of

23. at the right
24.
from the surface of heaven
like lightning
they
darted,
25. descending to the abyss of waters, at first
they
came.
In the wide heavens of the god Anu the king

27. evil they set up, and an
opponent they had
26.
not.
OF TEE CREATION.
28.
At
this
109
time Bel of this matter heard and
29. the account sank into his heart.

30.
With Hea
,the
noble sage of the gods he took
counsel, and
31. Sin (the moqn),
(the sun), and Ishtar
Shamas
heaven to control
(Venus) in the lower part of
it
he
appointed.
With Anu to the government of the whole

heaven he set them up.
33. To the three of them the gods his children,
32.
34.
day and night
to be united
of
and not to break
apart,
he urged them.
36. In those days those seven evil spirits
37. in the lower part of heaven commencing,
35.
38. before the light of Sin fiercely they came,

39. the noble
Shamas and Yul
(the
god of the
side they turned

atmosphere) the warrior to their
and
Anu
the king into a noble seat

41. they raised and in the government of heaven
40.
Ishtar with
they fixed.
COLUMN
1.
II.
The god
2
3.
The god
4.
which
5.
In those days the seven of them
....
110
head in the control to
6.
at the
7.
evil
8.
for the drinking of his noble
9.
The god Sin the
ruler
mouth ....
.... mankind
10
of the earth
11
troubled and on high he
12. night
and day
minion he did not
Those
13.
evil
sat,
do
fearing, in the seat of his
sit.
Anu
their
assist
one
gods the messengers of
king
14. devised
wicked
with
heads
to
another, and
they spake together, and

from the midst of heaven like a wind to the
15.
evil
16.
earth they came down.

17. The god Bel of the noble Sin, his trouble
18. in heaven, he saw and
Bel to his attendant the god Nusku said

20.
Attendant Nusku this account to the ocean
19.
"
and
carry,
21. the
news of
greatly troubled
22. to the god
my
child Sin
who
in
heaven
is
23.
24.
25.
god
Hea
in the ocean
repeat."
Nusku the will of his lord obeyed, and

to Hea in the ocean descended and went.
To the prince, the noble sage, the lord,
the
unfailing,
26.
Nusku the message
of his
lord
at once re
peated.
27.
Hea
in the ocean that
message heard, and
OF THE CREATION.
28. his lips spake,
and with wisdom
Ill
his
mouth was
filled.
Hea
29.
his son the
word he spake
"
30.
god Merodach
called,
and
this
Go my son Merodach
31. enter into the shining Sin
who
in
heaven
is
greatly troubled
32. his trouble from heaven expel.
33. Seven of them the evil gods, spirits of death,
;
having no fear,
34. seven of them the
evil gods,
who
like a flood
and sweep over the earth.

To the earth like a storm they come down.
35. descend
36.
came
Shamas and Yul the warrior, to
their side they turned and ....
The end of this legend is lost it probably recorded
37. Before the light of Sin fiercely they
38. the
noble
the interference of Merodach in favour of Sin, the
moon
god.
In this story, which differs again from all the others,

Bel is supposed to place in the heaven the Moon,
Sun, and Yenus, the representative of the stars. The
details have no analogy with the other stories, and
only be considered a poetical
this can
myth
of the
Creation.
This legend
series on evil
part of the sixteenth tablet of the

spirits ; but the tablet contains other
is
matters as well, the legend apparently being only

quoted in it. There is another remarkable legend
of the
same
sort
on another tablet of
this
series
112
ACCOUNTS OF THE CREATION.
published
in
Cuneiform
Inscriptions,"
vol. iv. p. 15.
The whole
of this series concerns the wanderings of

the god Merodach, who goes about the world seeking
to remove curses and spells, and in every difficulty
applying to his father
Hea
to learn
the influence of the evil spirits, to

tunes were attributed.
how
whom
to
combat
all
misfor
CHAPTER VII.
THE SIN OF THE GOD

God Zu.
ZU.
Translation.
Sin of Zu.
Vial s answer.
Speeches of Aim to Vul.
to Nebo.
Answer of Nebo. Sarturda. Changes
Anger of the gods.

Speech of
to
Ann
bird.
The
Bird of prey.
Zti bird.
Sarturda lord of
Amarda.
the legends
of the gods, com

panion stories to the accounts of the
Creation and Deluge, one of the most
JMONG
curious
is
the legend of the sin
mitted by the god Zu.

This legend stands alone
incidents
almost
and
its
principal
among
com
the stories,
its
actor
unknown from cuneiform
being otherwise
sources.
I have at
present only detected one copy of the story, and this

is in so mutilated a condition that it cannot be con
nected with any other of the

legends.
similarity in style, I conjecture that
first
tablet of the series
of the
it
From some
may form
the
which I have termed the
however, no sufficient
evidence to connect the two, and for this reason
"Wars
Gods."
I have,
THE SIN OF THE GOD
114
give
the
it
ZU.
here a separate place, preceding the tablets of
Wars of the Gods."

The principal actor in the legend is a being named
in all three cases of an
Zu, the name being found
noun Zu, Za and Zi. Preceding the name
"
Assyrian
the determinative of divinity, from which
Zu to have been ranked among the gods.
is
judge
The story of the sin of Zu has sometimes re

minded me of the outrage of Ham on his father
his son
Noah, and the mutilation of Ouranus by
Saturn, but there
is
not sufficient evidence to connect
the stories, and there are in the Assyrian account

One of these is par
several very difficult words.
and I only transcribe it here by
ticularly obscure,
the ordinary phonetic values of the characters
or
um~sim-i, it may possibly mean some talisman
oracle in the possession of Bel, which was robbed
from him by Zu. There are besides the two diffi

cult words parzi and tereti, which I have preferred
It must be
translation.
merely transcribing in my
added that the inscription is seriously mutilated in
some
parts, giving
additional difficulty in the trans
lation.
The
Zu,
tablet containing the account of the sin of
3454, in the
Museum
collection,
originally
contained four columns of text, each column having

The first and fourth
lines of writing.
about
sixty
column are almost entirely
lost,
there not being
from.
translate
enough anywhere to
The single fragment preserved, belonging
to the
THE 8IN OF THE GOD

first
column, mentions some being
or firstborn of Plu or Bel, with a
such as
115
Z7.
who was the seed

number of titles,
"
warrior, soldier of the temple of Hamsi,"

and the name of the god Zu occurs, but not so as to
prove these
titles to
The following
of this tablet
is
be
his.
a partial translation of the remains
K. 3454.
COLUMN
I. lost.
COLUMN
the
1.
them he
fate?
going
II.
....
Zu grew
Zu?
3.
of the
all
of
clothing
of
gods
sent.
like
....
Bel
old and
.... him
4.
three? streams? of water in front and
5.
the
6.
The crown
work Bel
finished? he slept in
of his majesty,
the
it.
his divinity,
his umsimi, his
7.
crown? Zu
stripped,
and
he stripped also the father of the

gods, the
venerable of heaven and earth.
8.
The desire? of majesty he conceived
9.
in his
heart,
Zu
10.
stripped also the father of the gods, the
venerable of heaven and earth.
The desire?
11.
heart
of majesty he conceived in his
12.
Let
me
carry
13.
and the
tereti
the umsimi of the gods,

of all the gods may it burn,
away
116
14.
THE SIN OF THE GOD
ZU.
throne be established,
may
may my
I possess
the parzi,
15.
may
of the
govern the whole of the seed
angels.
16. And he hardened his heart to
17. in the vicinity of the
make war,
house where he
slept,
he
waited until the head of the day.

18. When Bel poured out the beautiful waters
on the seat his crown? was placed,

20. the u-msimi he took in his hand,
21. the majesty he carried off, he cast away the
19. spread out
parzi,
22.
Zu
fled
away and
in his country concealed
himself.
23.
Then spread
darkness, and
made
a commotion,
24. the father, their king, the ruler Bel.
he sent the glory of the gods
25
26. divinity
was destroyed
....
mouth opened, and spake
27.
Anu
28.
and said to the gods
29.
Whoever
his
in
will, let
his sons
him
30. in all the countries
slay Zu,
may his name be renowned.
the powerful light the son of Anu

32. a speech he made to him, also and spake
31.
To Yul
to him.
the powerful light the son of Anu

34. a speech he made to him, also and spake
to
33.
To Vul
him
35.
Hero Vul
let
there not be opposition in thee
THE SIN OF THE GOD
117
U.
36. slay Zu with thy weapon.

37. May thy name be renowned in the assembly
of the gods,
38. in the midst of thy brothers,
39.
.... made
first set
up,
also fragrant with spices,
40. in the four regions they shall fix thy city.

41. May thy city be exalted like the temple,
42. they shall cry in the presence of the gods

praise thy
43.
and
name.
Yul answered
44. to his father
the speech,
Ami word
he spake
45. Father to a desert country
do thou consign
him.
46. Let
Zu
not come
among
umsimi he took
47. for the
the gods thy sons,
in his hand,
48. the majesty he carried
he cast away the
off,
parzi,
49.
and Zu
fled
away and
country concealed
in his
himself.
opening his mouth

of heaven and earth
50
51
like
52
like the
venerable
mud
was, the gods swept away

I will not go he said.
53
(Sixteen lines lost here, part on this column,
on Column
COLUMN
1.
and Zu
himself.
fled
away and
part
III.)
III.
in his
country concealed
THE SIN OF THE GOD Z U.
118
opening his mouth like the venerable
of heaven and earth

3
like
mud
was, the gods swept away

not go he said.
I will
To NeBo
the
7.
a speech he
made to him
8.
Hero Nebo
let there
9.
slay
6.
powerful
....
the child
of
Ishtar,
10.
also and spake to him

not be opposition in thee,
Zu with thy weapon.

May thy name be renowned
of the gods,
11
made
in the
assembly
also fragrant with spices,
12. in the four regions they shall fix

13.
May
thy city.
be
exalted
like
the
temple,
thy city
14. they shall cry in the presence of the
gods and
praise thy name.

15. Nebo answered the speech,
16. to his father
Anu word
17. Father to a desert
he spake
country do thou consign
him.
Let Zu not come among the gods thy sons,

19. for the umsimi he took in his hand,
18.
20. the
parzi,
21.
majesty he carried off he cast away the
and Zu
fled
away and
in
his
country con
cealed himself.
22
opening his mouth
heaven and earth
like the venerable of
THE SIN OF THE GOD

About ten
33.
And
ZU.
119
lines lost here.
....
thus the god
....
and thus ....
He heard also ....
34. I also
35.
36.
37. he turned
38.
The god
39. to
....
of noble face
....
Ami ....
COLUMN IV.
lost.
Such are the fragments of the story

can be translated at present.
mentioned whose sin
The
spoken of
is
so far as they
divine Zu here
is
never counted
among the gods, and there would be no clue to his

nature were it not for a curious tablet printed in
"
Cuneiform
Inscriptions,"
vol. iv. p. 14,
from which
appears that he was in the likeness of a bird of

This tablet gives the following curious rela
prey.
it
tion
:
L.
1.
^Q
\j
^k
(the lesser king) to a country
c\xv
The god Sarturda
a place remote [went],

2. in the land of Sabu
3.
4.
[he dwelt].
His mother had not placed him and had not ....
his father had not placed him and with him did
not [go],
5.
6.
not
7.
8.
the strength of his
From
....
knowledge
....
the will of his heart j a resolution he did
In his own heart a resolution he made,

to the likeness of a bird he changed,
THE SIN OF THE GOD
120
9.
ZU.
to the likeness of the divine storni bird (or
Zu
bird) he changed,
10. his wife forcibly he associated with,
Zu
11. the wife of the divine
divine
Zu
12. in
13.
bird, the son of the
bird,
companionship he made
The
sit.
goddess Enna, the lady of Tigenna,
14. in the
mountain he loved,
15. a female fashioned? of her
mother
in her like
ness,
16. the goddess of
perfumes a female fashioned?
of her mother in her likeness

17.
Her appearance was
like bright
18. her girdle
was adorned with
19. brightness
was fixed
20.
brightness was
set in
silver
and gold,
....
....
in
lines lost here, the story
Many
ukni stone,
recommences on
reverse.
1
2.
the crown he placed on his head

from the nest of the divine Zu bird he came.
bird I suppose to be the same as the god

Zu of the inscriptions, his nature is shown by a pas
u
In
sage in the annals of Assurnazirpal ( Cuneiform
This
Zu
scriptions,"
vol.
i.
p.
22, col.
ii.
1.
107), where he
like the divine zu bird upon them

says his warriors
This bird is called the cloud or storm bird,
darted."
"
the flesh eating bird, the lion or giant bird, the bird
of prey, the bird with sharp beak, and it evidently
indicates
some ravenous bird which was
deified
by the
THE SIN OF THE GOD
Z U.
121
remarks on the nature

Babylonians. Some excellent
of this bird are given by Delitzsch in his Assyrische
"
studien,"
pp. 96, 116.
In the legend of Sarturda it is said that he changed

Sarturda which may be explained
into a Zu bird.
"the
young
king"
and he
or Marad,
is
was lord of the
city of
Amarda
said to have been the deity
shipped by Izdubar.
The Zu of the legend,
suppose to be the same
wor
who
offends against Bel, I

as the divine bird of prey
other inscriptions, otherwise we

have no mention in any other inscription of this per
mentioned
in
the
sonage.
In the story of the offence of Zu there is another
instance of the variations which constantly occur in
relation
the
inscriptions with respect to the
Assyrian
Nebo is usually called son of

ship of the gods.
Merodach, but in this inscription he is called son of
Anu.
In
of
my
Zu
is
translation of the legend on
very obscure, and I
am
3454, the sin

quite unable to see
through the allusions in the text; but
it
is
quite
evident that his sin was considered to be great, as it
raises the anger of Bel,
and causes
sons in succession to slay

god Anu request that he
company of the gods.

The second legend,
Zu
may
in
Anu
to call on his
while the sons of the
be expelled from the
which the god Sarturda
there
changes into a Zu bird, is as obscure as the first,
and mutilated pasbeing also in this doubtful words
122
THE SIN OF THE GOD
ZU.
Sarturda, although a celebrated god in early

times, is seldom mentioned in the later inscriptions,
sages.
and there
no information anywhere as to the females

or goddesses mentioned in the legend.
The idea of
is
the gods sometimes changing themselves into animals

was not uncommon in early times.
The explanation of these legends must be left until

the meanings of several words in them are better
known.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE EXPLOITS OF LUBARA.

Lubara.
God
of Pestilence.
Itak.
The Plague.
Seven
Goddess of
Anu.
warrior gods.
of
and
destruction
Sin
of
Elu.
Babylonians.
Karrak. Speech
Shamas.
Sin and destruction of Erech.
god and Duran.
Cutha.
Internal wars.
Ishtar.
The great
Itak goes to Syria.
Power and glory of Lubara. Song of Lubara. Blessings on

God Ner. Prayer to arrest the Plague.
worship.
[HE
his
tablets recording this story (which I

u war of the
called the
gods
formerly
")
are five in number, but I have only dis

covered a few fragments of them. From
the indications presented by these fragments I be
lieve the first four tablets had each four columns
of writing, and the fifth tablet was a smaller one of
two columns to contain the remainder of the story.
The god whose exploits are principally recorded

bears a name which I read with much hesitation
on
as Lubara or Dabara and whom I conjecture
some doubtful grounds to be a form of the god
Ninip.
124
The passages
Assurbanipal"
have given in
and in
340, 343, serve to
my
History of
"Assyrian Discoveries,"
show
that this deity
pp. 339,
was the god
of pestilence, or the personification of the plague,

and the passage in the Deluge table
Assyrian Dis
("
coveries,"
p.
192,
1.
20),
shows
this
name with
the
same meaning.
My
"
reading
Cuneiform
Lubara
is
Inscriptions,"
taken from the passage,

vol.
ii.
p.
25,
1.
13.
Lubara has a companion deity named Itak who

marches before him, and seven gods who follow him
in his destructive course.
The
point of the story in these tablets appears to

be, that the people of the world had offended Anu
god of heaven, and that deity ordered Lubara

forth and strike the people with the pest.
to
go
It
is
evident here that exactly the same views prevailed

in Babylonia as those among the Jews, visitations
from pestilence or famine being always supposed to
be sent by the deity in punishment for some sin.

The whole of this series of tablets may be described
as a poetical picture of the destruction caused
by a
plague, sweeping over district after district, and de

stroying everything before it.
The fragment which appears
me
to
to
come
first in
a very mutilated portion of a tablet, con

taining parts of three columns of writing.
Only a
the
of
first
column
is
fragment
perfect enough to
the series
translate,
is
and the characters on
this are
so
worn
that the translation cannot be other than doubtful. It
appears to read

to capture he
1.
125
....
was turned
.... above and below seeking

seven I? say? strengthened ....
4. the words of the account of the seven gods all
of them Anu heard and
the fifth time
2.
3.
he said? to them also to Lubara the warrior of
5.
may thy hand move
the gods
....
of the people of the nations their pit
6. like
he will strike
thy heart also to make a destruction
the people of the dark races to ruin thou shalt
7. set
8.
god Ner
and thy weapon against their swords may thy
strike with the desolation of the

9.
hand move
10. slay
11.
He
12.
thy
them and cast down their weapons.

Lubara do thou go and
said to
....
like
an old man, thy son name?
afterwards?
13. like
a slaughter in the house,
name
in
the
house,
14. against the seat devised
15. like in
war not
....
....
This passage appears to describe the forthcoming

destruction, the god Anu commanding the slaughter.
The next fragment
is
of a different character, but
appears from its style to belong to this series.

1
he ....
2.
spake to him and he
3.
spake to
4.
Anu
at the
....
him and he learned? ....

doing of Hea
TEE EXPLOITS OF LUBAEA.
12G
5. the gods of heaven and earth

thus answered
6.
his will
which was
there were
all
like the will of
Anu who
who
.
extending from the horizon of heaven to

the top of heaven
8
looked and his fear he saw
7
Anu who hand?

Hea
over him
made
10
of
11
strong to later days to

sin of mankind
12
13
14
15
16
his calamity
.... made
....
he broke
triumphantly the net
to heaven he ascended, she thus
.
4,021 people he placed

the illness which was on the body of
the people he placed

17
the illness the goddess of Karrak
to cease
The next portion
of the legend
is
made
a considerable
part of one of the tablets, probably the fourth, all

four columns of writing being represented.
There
curious points in this tablet, beside the

special purpose of the legend, such as the peoples
enumerated in the fourth column, the action of the
are
many
gods of the various
cities,
&c.
COLUMN
I.
thou dost not sweep away
his
thou turnest his troop
dwelling

4
thou enterest within
thou
an appointment has not
thy ... he gathers

he draws out his sword
he
callest, like
his
fills
11
12
and he seeks
13
he destroys
14
great curse
15
strike their
16
the
17
taken
19.
a tent
made
war
like a bird
18.
it
bow
10
is
127
he
flies
hands
fire
Eluhis fierceness? covered? and

in his heart he said:
Lubara is couching
of chiefs and slaves
20.
at his gate, over the corpses
21. thou placest his seat.
22.
The wicked Babylonians watched
it
and
23. thou art their curse.

24.
To
the floor thou tramplest
didst break through
them and thou
....
25.
Warrior Lubara.
26.
Thou
leavest also the land, thou goest out to
another
thou destroyest the land, thou enterest
27
the palace.
28.
The people
weapons.
see
thee
and they reach
their
THE EXPLOITS OF LUSAKA.
128
29.
The high
priest the
avenger of Babylon hardens
his heart,
30. like the spoiling of enemies to spoil he sends
forth his soldiers.

31. Before
the face of the people they do evil
violently.
that city I send thee, thou man

33. shalt not fear, do not tremble at a man.
32.
To
34. Small
35
and great at once cast down and

of evil leaving fear ? thou dost not save
any one.
36.
The
collection of the goods of
Babylon thou
spoilest,
king gathers, and enters the
37. the people the

city,
38. shaking the
bow, raising the sword
39. of the people
spoiled
who
are punished
by
Anu and Dagon.

40. Their swords thou takest,
41. their corpses like the pouring down of rain
thou dost cast down in the vicinity of the city,
42.
and their treasures thou openest, thou dost
sweep into the

43.
river.
The great
lord
Merodach saw and angrily
spoke,
44. in his heart he resolved,
on an unsparing curse his face is set,

.of the river fled not ....
46.
45.
THE EXPLOITS OF LUBAEA.

COLUMN
Many
II.
lines lost.
of the lord of the earth
129
....
2.
a deluge he did not
3.
Against Shamas his tower thou destroyest thou
dost cast
make ....
....
4.
Of Erech the
5.
the city of the ladies, Samhati and

Harimati,
of Ishtar. Death
fear
are
delivered
they
they
6.
seat of
Ami and
Ishtar
into thy hands.
The
Suti with the Suti are

placed in ....
8. slay the house of
the
heaven,
priests, the festival
7.
makers,
who to make the people

manhood turn to ....
9.
10.
of Ishtar fear, their
carrying swords, carrying nakldbi, dupe, and
zurri
11.
who
to raise the
spirit of Ishtar trust
12. the high

priest, hardened,
bows
....
his face over
them day and night?

13. Their
foundations, their countenance turn ....
14. Ishtar is
angry and troubled over the city of
Erech,
15. the enemies she strikes
and
like corn
Parra
....
on the
waters she scatters.
....
16.
Dwelling
17.
he does not lead the

expedition?
The enemies whom thou
destroyest do not
18.
return to
in his
....
K
THE EXPLOITS OF LUSAKA.
130
The great god answered the speech

The city of Duran to blood ....
the people who are in the midst
19.
20.
21.
of
reeds are trembling

22. like sick? before the waters their pit
23. and of me thou dost not leave me
it
like
....
24. to the Suti
25. I in
my
city
Duran judge uprightly
26. I do not
evil?
27.
do not give and ....
28. the upright people I leave

29. a fire is fixed ....
Four other broken
....
lines.
COLUMN
Many
III.
lines lost,
....
country and father ....
foundation and fixed ....
house built now ....
this all and the portion ....
the day he brought me fate I ....
....
him, his seat also he lays waste?
Afterwards may he waste to another ....
swear and the house
4
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The warrior Lubara, the

also of
just also of
Kutha?
10.
and the unjust
11.
who sin against thee also in Kutha,

who do not sin against thee also in Kutha,
12.
13
14
Two
Kutha,
of the god of Kutha,

head of the king of Kutha?
other mutilated lines.
131
COLUMN IV.
1.
The planet Jupiter fearing and ....
....
2.
to his
3.
not rejoicing ....

who the side carried him, destroyed ...
to the seat of the
king of the gods may he
4.
might
5.
send and
6.
7.
8.
9.
....
The warrior Lubara heard also

the words Itak
spoke to him then ....
and thus spake the warrior Lubara:
The sea coast with the sea coast, Subarta with
Subarta, Assyrian with Assyrian.

10. Elamite with
Elamite
11. Cossean with Cossean

12.
Sutu with Sutu
13.
Goim with Goim
14.
Lulubu with Lulubu
15.
Country with country, house with house, man

with man,
16. brother
together, arid
with brother, in the

country, close
may they destroy each other,
and afterwards may

increase, and
17.
18. the
whole of them
the
may
people of
Akkad
they destroy, and fight
against them.
The warrior Lubara

him a word spake
19.
to Itak
who goes
before
20.
Go
also Itak, in the
according to all thy heart.

21. Itak to the land of
word thou
hast spoken do
Syria set his face,
THE EXPLOITS OF
132
and the seven warrior gods unequalled

23. marched after him.
22.
To
the country of Syria the warrior went,

25. his hand he also lifted and destroyed the land,
24.
26. the land of Syria he took for his country,
....
27. the forests of people
he broke through
the ranks?
28
....
like
The next fragments
of the story are on a muti
1282. This tablet, as

lated copy of the last tablet,
I have before stated, is only a smaller supplemental
one to include the end of the story, which could not

be written on the fourth tablet.
K. 1282.
Obverse.
1.
When
Lubara
....
3.
the gods all of them ....

the angels and spirits all ....
4.
Lubara
5.
shake also
6.
2.
mouth opened and ....

the whole of you ....
his
am
placed? and in the first sin

heart is angry and ....
7.
my
8.
like a flock of
sheep
....
may ....
against the setting up of boundaries ....

10. like spoiling the country right and ....
11. in the mouth of a dog noble?
9.
12.
and the place
....
much broken here.

the land of Akkad its
Fifteen lines
28
strength
....
THE EXPLOITS OF LUBAUA.

29. one of thy seven chiefs like
30. his
cities
to
ruins
....
and mounds
thou dost
....
reduce
31. his great spoil
of
133
thou dost
to the midst
spoil,
....
32. the gods of the country strong thou removest
....
afar off
33. the
god Ner and
....
....
34. the productions of the countries
they gather ....

Four mutilated lines here.
35. within
it
Eeverse.
1.
For years untold the
glory
....
When Lubara was angry
countries ....
the
of
great
lord
2.
3.
4.
6.
he set
sweep the
also to
his face
Itak his adviser quieted him and stayed ....

one of the
collecting his .... to the mighty
gods, Merodach son of ....

7. in the commencement of the night he sent
him, and like in the year ....

8. Not any one ....
9
10. his
and went not down against ....

.... also Lubara received and before ....
11
Itak went before
12
all
13.
Any
Lubara
one
of
him
rejoicing
....
them placed with him.
who
shall
speak
of
the
warrior
THE EXPLOITS OF LI7BARA.
134
and that song
14.
shall glorify
wilt
guard continually
cover and
15
....
may he
in his place,
not fall?
name shall be proclaimed over the

Whoever my heroism shall recount,
16. his
1.7.
18.
an adversary
19.
The prophet
thou
may he not meet.

who shall cry it out,
world.
shall not die
by the chastisement;
20. higher than king
people.
21. The tablet writer
and prince he
shall raise his
who studies
and
it
flees
from
the wicked, shall be great in the land.

22. In the places of the people the established
my name
they proclaim,
I
ears
23. their
open.
places,
24. In the house the place
when Lubara
placed,
25.
26.
may
may
is
where their goods are
angry
the seven gods turn him aside,

the chastising sword not touch
him whose
face thou establishest.
That song
27.
they
fix the part
for ever
may they
....
28. the countries all of
glorify
my
heroism
them may they
hear,
and
29. the people of all the cities
exalt
and may
establish
may
they
see,
and
my name.
Fifth tablet of the exploits of ....

Here we see a picture of Oriental feeling with
reference to natural phenomenon or disaster to man-
135
supposed that some deity or angel stands

with a sword over the devoted people and sweeps
kind.
them
It is
into eternity.
What
these Babylonians had been guilty of the
The first
not perfect enough to show.
fragment shows the anger of Anu at their sin or
supposed sin and his command to Lubara to take his
record
is
weapon, slay the people, and desolate the land like

This god Ner was a legendary being
the God Ner.
believed in at the time of Izdubar, who is mentioned
as having a terrible
name and being with Etana
dweller in Hades.
The next fragment
exhibits the goddess of Karrak
as healing the illness of
some of the people, 4102 being
mentioned as struck with disease.

In the next and largest fragment the story becomes
a little more connected, it commences with a descrip
tion of preparation for battle,
speeches and
and
and goes on through

Lubara
actions to describe the course of
where he spares neither

and enters even the palace. It is
his plague over Babylon,
chief nor slave,
supposed in lines 29-31 that the sin of the Babylo

nians arose from the chief priest or governor of the
arming the troops and sending them out to

plunder the people. For this the plague is sent, and
The next city
its progress is graphically described.
city
or
belongs to Shamas, being either Larsa,
The
Sippara, and then the plague reaches Erech.
visited
character of this city is described, the Venus worship,

the women of pleasure Samhati and Harimati, the
136
THE EXPLOITS OF LUBAEA.
priests
and ceremonies, and the

progress of the
Then the great god the deity

plague over the place.
of Duran comes forward arid
pleads for his city,
calling
to
praying
its
Cutha
is
mind
uprightness and justice,

exemption from the plague.
its
and
next mentioned in the obscure third
column, and then the
fourth
column describes a
prophecy of Lubara that there should be internal war

among the Mesopotamian peoples of the sea-coast,
Subarti, Assyrians, Elamites, Cosseans, Guti, Goim,
and Lulubu, from all which troubles benefit should

come to the Akkadians or upper Babylonians.
Then according
to his wish
Lubara sends Itak his

the
with
seven
warrior
servant,
gods to destroy
Syria, and Itak sweeps over the country and de
stroys
The
it.
last tablet deals in

generalities pointing
the action of Lubara
when
out
was neglected,
and telling all the glories and good that should come
to those who should spread a song in honour of this
On
his praise
the spread of a plague it is evident that

the Babylonians had no better means of
arresting it
than to pray and praise the supposed terrible
deity
of the scourge, that he might sheathe his sword of
deity.
anger.
CHAPTER IX.
BABYLONIAN FABLES.
Fables.
Common
speech in animals.
The
eagle caught.
in
the
East.
of
Shamas.
Story of the eagle. Serpent.
Eats the serpent.
Anger of birds. Etana.
Seven gods. Third tablet.

Speech of
His cunning. Judgment of Shamas.
fox.
His punishment.
Power
Description.
Speech of
eagle.
Story of the
His show of sorrow.
Fable of the horse and ox.
fox.
They consort together. Speech of the ox. His good fortune.

Contrast with the horse.
Hunting the ox. Speech of the
horse.
Offers
to
recount story.
Further
Story of Ishtar.
tablets.
COMBINED
with these stories of the gods,
traditions of the early history of man,
and
accounts of the Creation, are fragments

of a series in Avhich the various animals
speak and
act.
I call these tablets
"
Fables
"
to dis
tinguish them from the others, but, as many of the

others are equally fabulous and very similar in style,
the
name must not be taken
character in this direction.
to
imply any distinctive
It is probable that all
these stories even in Babylonia were equally believed

in by the devout and the ignorant, treated as alle-
BABYLONIAN FABLES.
138
gories
by the
poets,
the learned.
and repudiated
In the
"
Fables
"
as fabulous
by
or stories in which
animals play prominent parts, each creature is en

dowed with the power of speech, and this idea was
common even
in that
day
in the
whole of Western
Asia and Egypt, it is found in various

Egyptian
stories, it occurs in Genesis, where we have a speaking
serpent, in
Numbers where Balaam
master, and
in the stories of Jotharo.
the trees are
ass reproves his
and Joash, where
made
legends, where
in
to speak; again in the Izdubar

the trees answer Heabani.
These legends so
number.
far as I
The first contained
have discovered are four
at least four tablets each
having
four columns of writing.

Two of the acting animals
in it are the eagle and the
serpent.
The second is similar in character, the leading
animal being the fox or jackal, there are only four
fragments, and I have no evidence as to the number

of tablets this
may belong to the same series as the
;
fable of the eagle.
The
third
writing,
it is
The fourth
a single tablet with two columns of

a discussion between the horse and ox.
is
is
a single fragment in which a calf

is
nothing to show the nature of
speaks, but there
the story.
I.
THE STORY OF THE EAGLE.
This story appears to be the longest and most

curious of these legends, but the
very mutilated
condition of the various
fragments gives as usual
BABYLONIAN FABLES.
139
considerable difficulty in attempting an explanation.

One of the actors in the story is an ancient monarch
named Etana who
is
mentioned as already dead, and
as being an inhabitant of the infernal regions in the
time of Izdubar.
I
am unable
to ascertain the order of the fragments
of these legends and
must translate them as they come.
K
Many
lines lost at
2527.
commencement.
...
command ?
1.
The serpent
2.
I give
in
the eagle
Again the nest
3. to
4.
nest I leave
5.
my
6.
the assembly? of my people

I go down and enter ?
7.
8.
the sentence which
9.
I feel ?
Shamas has pronounced on
me
Shamas thy
10. thy stroke? this
11. in thy
sight? let
sight ? in the earth
....
me not ....
12. doing evil the goddess

13.
14.
to
Bau (Gula) was
Go
the
way
16. I cut thee off ?
....
pass
.
open also his heart ....

18.
he placed ....
17.
19.
The sorrow of the serpent [shamas saw and]

Shamas opened his mouth and word he spoke
....
15.
....
birds of heaven
BABYLONIAN FABLES.
140
Reverse.
1.
The
2. the
....
eagle with them
....
god? knew
to enter to the food he sought
3.
4. to
cover the
....
....
the midst at his entering ....

enclosed the feathers of his wings ....
5. to
6.
and
7.
his claws ?
8.
dying of hunger and
9.
pent
at the
work
....
....
his pinions to
of
thirst
Shamas the
warrior, the ser
....
....
....
10. he took also the serpent to

11. he
12.
opened also his heart

seat he placed
.
13. the anger of the birds of
heaven
....
May the eagle ....

15. with the young of the birds
14.
....
mouth ....
16. The eagle opened his

Five other mutilated lines.
On
words
another
are
fragment
the
following
Obverse.
1
issu to
him
also
father
3.
like
god my
Etana kill thee
4.
like
me ....
5.
Etana the king ....

took him ....
6.
....
....
....
Reverse.
1.
Within the gate of Anu, Elu
....
few
BABYLONIAN FABLES.
we
2.
....
will fix
Shamas, Vul and
3.
within the gate of
....
I sweep ....
in the midst ....
the king ....
turned? and ....
I cover the throne ....
5
6
7.
8.
9.
sin,
and greatly
....
break
eagle to him also to Etana

13. I fear the serpent? ....
12.
The
14. the course
do thou
The next fragment,
....
me ....
....
fix for
make me great
15
....
opened
10. I take also

11.
141
2606,
is
curious, as con
taining an account of
some early legendary story
in
This tablet formed the third
Babylonian history.
in the series, and from
it
we
gain part of the
title
the tablets.
K
1
2606.
....
back bone ....
.... placed ....
placed
2
3. this
fixed
to the
its
brickwork
government of them
Etana he gave them

sword ....
7
6.
8.
....
the seven spirits
....
....
....
they took their counsel
....
of
BABYLONIAN FABLES.
142
10
11
placed in the country ......

all of them the angels ....
12
they
....
....
13. In those days also

14.
....
and a sceptre of ukni stone
15. to rule the

16. the seven
country
....
gods over the people they raised ....
17. over the cities they raised

18. the city of the angels
....
Surippak?
19. Ishtar to the neighbourhood to

20.
.....
and the king flew ....
21. Inninna to the
neighbourhood
and the king flew ....

23. Elu encircled the sanctuary of
....
22.
....
in the wide country ....
the kingdom ....
24. he sought also

25.
26.
27. he took and

28. the gods of the country
Reverse.
Many
lines lost.
1.
from of old he caused to wait
2.
Third tablet of
3.
The eagle
his
"
The
....
city
they
mouth opened and
to
....
Shamas
his lord he spake
The next fragment
is
a small portion probably of
the fourth tablet.

1.
The
eagle his
mouth opened ....
BABYLONIAN FABLES.
the people of the birds
3.
143
....
4
5.
angrily he spake
6.
angrily I speak
in the mouth of
7.
....
....
Shamas the warrior ....
8.
the people of the birds
9.
The
eagle his
comest thou
10.
Why
11.
Etana
his
12. speech?
....
....
....
he
....
Such are the principal fragments of
this curious
According to the fragment K 2527, the

had
committed some sin for which it was
serpent
condemned by the god Shamas to be eaten by the
legend.
but the eagle declined the repast.

After this, some one, whose name is lost, baits a
eagle
and the bird goi-ng to get the

into the trap and is caught.
Now the
trap for the eagle,
meat,
falls
eagle is left, until dying for want of food it is glad

to eat the serpent, which it takes and tares
open.
The other birds then take offence, and desire that
the eagle should be excluded from their ranks.

The other fragments concern the building of
city,
Etana being king, and
some
in these relations the
eagle again appears, there are seven spirits or angels

principal actors in the matter, but the whole story is
obscure at present, and a connected plot cannot be
made
out.
This fable has evidently some direct connection
BABYLONIAN FABLES.
144
with the mythical history of Babylonia, for Etana is

mentioned as an ancient Babylonian monarch in the
Izdubar legends.
His memory was cherished as
belonging to one of the terrible monarchs who were
inhabiting Hades, probably on account of their deeds.
II.
The next
the
same
that they
STORY OF THE Fox.
fable, that of the fox, is
perhaps part of
the
are
so
disconnected
story,
fragments
must be given without any attempt
at ar
rangement.
3641.
COLUMN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
let
not
I.
To ....
....
father ....
mother called ....
he had asked and ....
he had raised life ....
thou in that day also ....
the people
thou knowest enticing ? and cunning, thou ....

of .... chains, his will he ....
about the rising of the jackal also he sent
....
11. in a firm
command he
12. again
his will is the destruction of
13.
me
set
my
feet,
by
Shamas in thy sentence, the answer
not escape,
life.
let
him
BABYLONIAN FABLES.
14.
by wisdom and cunning
let
them put
145
to death
the fox.
The fox on hearing this, bowed his head in

the presence of Shamas and wept.
16. To the powerful presence of Shamas he went
15.
in his tears
17.
With
Shamas do not destroy
this sentence
me,
(Columns
II.
and
III. lost.)
COLUMN IY.
1.
Go
to
my
forest,
shall not
do not turn back afterwards
come
out,
and the sun
shall
not be seen,
thou, any one shall not cut thee off ....
4. by the anger of
my heart and fierceness of
3.
face
my
thou shalt fear before me,
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
may
may
may
may
they keep thee and I will not ....

they take hold of thee and not ....
they bind thee and not ....
they fell thy limbs ....
Then wept the jackal ....

bowed his head ....
10. he
11.
....
....
thou hast fixed
12. taking the
Four other mutilated lines.

The next fragment has lost the commencements
and ends of
all
the lines.
carried in his
before his
mouth ....
....
L
BABYLONIAN FABLES.
146
....
in .... of the jackal it was ....
in the field the fox ....
.... was decided under the ruler the ....
thou knowest wisdom and
4
5
6.
all
of ....
down under him and
all
laying
he
....
an g r y command, and not any one ....

and
mayest thou become old ....
10
also
....
he
fled
....
....
take
11
in those days also the fox carried
12
the people he spoke.

the dog is removed and
....
Why ....
13
....
The following fragment is in similar condition.

The limbs not ....
1
I did not weave and unclothed I am
2
not
....
know ....
stranger I
from of old
brother
caught and I surrounded

also
the
....
dog was
my
....
he begot me, a good place ....

of the city of Nisin I of Bel ....
limbs and the bodies did not stand
life I
10
brought
....
up .... me ....
contains
only
also right
and
five
legible
lines.
1
was placed
their ruler sought

.
let it
did not end
The fourth fragment
3.
not be
....
left
....
BABYLONIAN FABLES.
he feared and did not throw down his
4
spoil
147
fox in the forest
The
....
a small scrap, at the end of

which the fox petitions Shamas to spare him.
The incidental allusions in these fragments show
last
is
fragment
was even then considered cun

and the animal in the story was evidently a
that the fox or jackal

ning,
watery specimen, as he brings tears to his assistance

whenever anything is to be gained by it. He had
offended Shamas by some means and the god sen
tenced him to death, a sentence which he escaped
through powerful pleading on his own behalf.
FABLE OF THE HORSE AND Ox.
III.
The next
single
and the ox, is a

tablet with only two columns of text.
The
fable, that of the horse
date of the
tablet
and there
no statement that
is
is
in the reign of Assurbanipal,

it is
copied from an
There are altogether four portions of

but only one is perfect enough to be worth
earlier text.
the text,
This largest fragment,

tains about one third of the story.
translating.
3456.
(Several lines lost at commencement.)

1
the river ....
2.
of food
3.
height
....
....
rest
....
the Tigris situated
3456, con
BABYLONIAN FABLES.
148
.... was ....
4.
they ended
5.
in the flowers
....
they disported in the
floods ?
7.
the high places .... appearance

the vallies .... the country
8.
at the appearance
6.
.... made the timid
....
a boundless place
10. in the side ....
9.
11. of the
12.
and
waste
....
afraid
he turned
earth were free within
the tribes of beasts rejoiced in
it
companionship
friendship,
13.
between the ox and the horse friendship was
made,
....
14. they rejoiced their

15.
over the friendship,
they consorted and pleased their hearts, and
were prosperous.
16.
The ox opened
his
to the horse glorious in

17.
my
am
pondering
mouth, and spake and said
war
now upon
the good fortune at
hand.
18.
From
the beginning of the year to the end of
the year I ponder at

19.
He
my
appearance.
destroyed abundance of food, he dried up
rivers of waters,
20. in the flowers he rolled, a carpet he made,

21. the vallies
and springs he made
for his country,
22. the high places he despised, he raged in the

floods,
BABYLONIAN FABLES.
23. the sight of his
149
horns make the timid afraid,
boundless place is portioned for his

25. the man .... learned ceased ....
24.
....
he broke the ropes and waited ....

and the horse will not approach a child, and he
26.
2 7.
drives
him ....
they catch thee thyself
he ascends also
28.
29.
Here the ox gives a good picture of his state and

enjoyment, and looks with contempt on the horse
because he is tamed.
After this conies a speech from the horse to the
bull, the rest of the tablet being occupied by speeches
and answers between the two animals.
Most of these
speeches are lost or only present in small fragments,

and the story recommences on the reverse with the
end of a speech from the horse.

fate
1.
strong brass ?
with a cloak I
2.
3.
like
4..
over
me any
king,
high
5.
seek
6.
clothed and
one not suited

priest,
lord
....
....
and
prince
do not
The ox opened
to the horse glorious

7.
am
I say I
8. in
thy
am
his
mouth and spake and
noble and thou gatherest
fighting
said
....
why ....
....
BABYLONIAN FABLES.
350
9.
lation
10.
11.
deso
....
in my body I am firm ....
in my inside I am firm ....
12. the warrior
draws out of
13. strength carries a curse

14. the
15.
me and
the lord of the chariot

destroys
weapon
of
my
his quiver
....
in thee
is
....
masters over
he causes to see servitude like
16
....
....
not
17.
he causes to go on the path over
18.
The horse opened
said to the
19. In
20. the
21. the
ox
....
his
....
mouth and spake and
....
....
....
weapon
swords ....
my
hearing
22
23. strength? of the heart
24. in crossing that river
25. in the paths of thy
which does not
....
....
29.
....
I reveal? ox the
story ....
in thy appearance, it is not ....
thy splendour is subdued? ....
like .... the horse ....
30.
The ox opened
country
26.
27.
28.
to the horse
31.
Of the
his
mouth and spake and
....
stories
which thou
tellest
said
BABYLONIAN FABLES.
32.
tar
first
open
.
(that
"When
of)
151
the noble Ish-
(Colophon)
Palace of Assurbanipal, king of nations, king
appears from these fragments that the story de

scribed a time when the animals associated together,
It
and the ox and horse
The
ox,
fell
into a friendly conversation.
commencing the
discussion, praised himself;
the answer of the horse
recommences
is
lost,
but where the story
appears that the ox objects to the
it
horse drawing the chariot from which he (the ox) is

hunted, and the horse ultimately offers to tell the ox
a story, the ox choosing the story called
noble Ishtar
probably some story of the
"
When
the
same cha
",
racter as Ishtar
descent into Hades.
It is uncertain if
is,
any other
tablet followed this
it
however, probable that there was one containing
the story told by the horse.

Although there is no
indication to show the date of this fable, I should
think,
by the
style
and matter,
it
belonged to about
the same date as the other writings given in this

volume. The loss of the tablet containing the story
of Ishtar, told
by
the horse to the ox,
is
unfortunate.
It is evident that Ishtar was a very celebrated god

of many
dess, and her adventures formed the subject
Some of the words and forms in these
narratives.
fables are exactly the
same as those used
bar and Creation legends, and
in the Izdu-
in all these stories the
152
BABYLONIAN FABLES.
deity Shamas figures more prominently than is usual

The last fable is a mere fragment
in the mythology.
similar to the others, containing a story in which
the calf speaks. There is not enough of tnis to make
it
worth
translation.
CHAPTER X.
FRAGMENTS OF MISCELLANEOUS TEXTS.

Atarpi.
Zamu.
Sin of the world.
Mother and daughter

Hea.
Punishment of world.
Famine.
drought.
Building.
Divining by fracture of reed.
Orders
Riddle of wise man.
Nusku.
Nature and universal presence of
quarrel.
Calls his sons.
Gods.
Sinuri.
Dream.
Tower
air.
Incantation.
Not noticed by Berosus.
Babel.
mentary
Destruction of Tower.
tablet.
Babylon.
Birs Nimrud.
Babil.
of
Frag
Locality
Dispersion.
Assyrian representations.
HAVE
included in this chapter a num

ber of stories of a similar character to
those of Genesis, but which are not
and a fragment re
The first and principal
directly connected,
lating to the
text
story
is
is
tower of Babel.
This
the story of Atarpi, or Atarpi-iiisi.
on a tablet in six columns, and there is only
one copy.
It is
very mutilated, very
little
III., and there are
preserved except Column

rous repetitions throughout the text.
The
being
nume
inscrip
tion has originally been a long one, probably extend

differs
ing to about 400 lines of writing, the text
FRAGMENTS OF
154
from the generality of these inscriptions,

being very
obscure and difficult. In
of
this and
consequence
other reasons, I only give an outline of most of the
story.
We
are
told of a quarrel between a mother

her daughter, and that the mother shuts the door
and
first
of the house, and turns her

The
daughter adrift.
doings of a man named Zamu have some connection
with the
affair;
and
at
the close
we
are told of
Atarpi, sometimes called Atarpi-nisi, or Atarpi the

"man" who
had his couch beside a river, and was
pious to the gods, but took no notice of these things.
Where
the story next opens, the god Elu or Bel calls

together an assembly of the gods his sons, and relates
them
to
stating
that he
also
is
angry
at the
sin
of the world,
down upon them

This is followed by
that he will bring
disease, poison, and distress.

the statement that these things
Atarpi then invoked the god
came
Hea
to
to pass, and
remove these
Hea
answers, and announces his resolve to

After this the story reads
destroy the people.
1. Hea called his
assembly he said to the gods his
evils.
sons
2
made them
3.
...
4.
Their wickedness I
5.
their
6.
I will look to
shall not stretch until before
punishment
am
he turns.
angry at,
be small,
shall not
judge the people,

their stomach let food be exhausted,
7.
in
8.
above
let
Vul drink up
his rain,
MISCELLANEOUS TEXTS.
155
the lower regions be shut up, and the floods

not be carried in the streams,
9.
let
10.
let
the ground be hardened which was over
flown,
growth of corn
11. let the
overspread the
12. let the
13.
and
it
14.
15.
may
cease,
may
blackness
fields,
bring forth thorns,

the cultivation be broken up, food not arise
plowed
fields
not produce,
may
may
be spread over the people,

favour be broken off, and good not be
distress
given.
16.
He
18.
Above Vul drank up
looked also to judge the people,

17. in their stomach food he exhausted,
19. the
his rains,
lower regions were shut up, and floods not
carried in the streams,

20.
The ground was hardened which had been
overflown,
21. the
over the
growth of corn ceased, blackness spread
fields,
plowed fields brought forth thorns, the

cultivation was broken up,
22. the
and
did not produce,

was spread over the people,
25. favour was broken off, good was not given.
23. food did not rise,
it
24. distress
This will serve to show the style of the tablet.

The instrument of punishment was apparently a
FRAGMENTS OF
156
famine from want of
rain, but there are some obscure

words even in this passage.
Here the story is again lost, and where it recom
mences some one
making a speech, directing
is
another person to cut something into portions, and

place seven on each side, then to build brickwork
round them.
the
After this comes a single fragment,

connection of which with the former part is
obscure.
1.
I curse the
2.
to her face also
3.
Aim
....
....
goddess
opened
his
mouth and spake and
said to
Nusku
4. Nusku
open thy
5.
gate thy weapons take

in the assembly of the great
gods the will? ....
6.
their speech?
7.
Anu
8.
your king
At present no
of the
....
me ....
has sent? ....
has sent
satisfactory story can be
made out
detached fragments of this tablet,
evidently belongs to the mythical portion of

lonian history.
The next text
is a
single fragment,
a
curious story of a wise man
longing to
riddle to the gods.
K
(Many
1.
which in the house
2.
which
2407.
lines lost.)
is
....
in the secret place
is
....
but
it
Baby
2407, be
who
puts a
3.
which
4.
which
6.
7.
on the
of
floor?
the
house
....
house
stands,
....
which
5.
in the foundation of the
is
157
which
in the vicinity
....
which by the sides of the house goes down ....

which in the ditch of the house open, lays
....
down
8.
which roars
9.
which
which brays like an ass,

a sail, which bleats like a
like a bull,
flutters like
sheep,
10.
which barks
11.
which growls like a bear,

which into the breast of a man
12.
into the breast of a

13. Sar-nerra
of
like a dog,
woman
enters,
which
enters.
heard the word which the wise son
man
14. asked,
and
all
the gods he sent to
.... to you
Friends are ye I am
After this there is a mutilated passage containing
the names, titles, and actions of the gods who con
unable
15.
sider the riddle.
which the wise
It is evident that it is air or
man means
everywhere, and in
its
wind
in his riddle, for this
sounds imitates the
cries
is
of
animals.
Next we have another single fragment about a

person named Sinuri, who uses a divining rod to
ascertain the
meaning of a dream.
1.
Sinuri with the cut reed pondered
2.
with his right hand he broke
and thus
said
it,
....
and Sinuri spake
FRAGMENTS OF
158
3.
Now
the plant of Nusku, shrub
of
Shamas
at
thou,
4.
Judge, thou judgest (or divinest), divine con
cerning this dream,

5. which in the evening, at midnight, or in the
morning,
6. has come, which thou knowest, but I do not know.
7. If it be good may its good not be lost to me,
not happen to me.
There are some more obscure and broken lines, but
8.
if it
be evil
no indication as
One
may
its evil
to the story to
which
it
belongs.
of the most obscure incidents in the Book of
Genesis
undoubtedly the building of the Tower of
is
MEN ENGAGED
So
IN BUILDING $
we can judge from
the fragments
of his copyists, there was no reference to it in the
work of Berosus, and early writers had to quote from
Babel.
more than doubtful authority
writers of
confirm
far as
in order to
it.
no representation on any of the

Babylonian gems which can with any certainty be
described as belonging to this story.
I have, howThere
is
also
ever, picked out three
which
think
may
from a
159
series of these carvings
be distorted representations of
the event.
In these and some others of the same
sort, figures
have their hands on
ing them; and there
MEN ENGAGED
much
a god always represented
is
IN BUILDING
tall piles, as if erect
the same attitude.
no proper
proportion between the supposed structure and the
men, and I would not urge more than a possible con
near, in
There
is
nection with the myth.

The utter absence of any
allusion to the tower, either in Berosus or the
inscrip
tions, led
me
to
doubt at one time
if
formed part of the Babylonian history.
the story ever
FRAGMENTS OF
160
Early this year I was astonished to find, on having

one of the Assyrian fragments cleaned, that it con
tained a mutilated account of part of the story of the
I have since searched through the whole col
tower.
but have been unable to find any more of

tablet, except two minute fragments which add
lection,
this
nothing to the text.

It is evident from the wording of the fragment that
it was
preceded by at least one tablet, describing the
sin of the people in building the tower.
ment preserved belongs
The
to a tablet containing
frag
from
four to six columns of writing, of which fragments of

The principal part is the beginning of
four remain.
Column
I.
COLUMN
them? the father
*1
2.
I.
....
of him, his heart was evil,

against the father of all the gods
wicked,
4
5
of him, his heart
was
Babylon brought
to subjection,
was
evil,
6.
[small] and great he confounded their speech.
Babylon brought to subjection,

[small] and great he confounded their speech.
8.
9,
their strong place (tower)
founded
all
the day they
10. to their strong place in the night

11.
made an end.
anger also word thus he poured
entirely he
12. In his
out:
13.
[to] scatter
abroad he
161
set his face
he gave this? command, their counsel was

confused
14.
15
the course he broke
16
There
is
fixed the sanctuary

a small fragment of Column
Column
connection with
I. is
COLUMN
II.,
but the
not apparent.
II.
....
in front carried Anu ....
to Bel-sara his father ....
like his heart also ....
which carried wisdom ....
In those days also ....
he carried him ....
Niri-kina ....
My son I rise and ....
1. Sar-tul-elli
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. his
11. entirely
There
....
....
number(?)
a third portion on the same tablet be

longing to a column on the other side, either the
third or the fifth.
is
REVERSE COLUMN
III.
OR V.
....
1.
In
2.
he blew and
3.
for a long time in the cities
4.
Nunanner went
5.
He
said, like
....
....
....
heaven and earth
FRAGMENTS OF
162
....
6.
that path they went
7.
fiercely
8.
he saw them and the earth
they approached to the presence
....
of stopping not ....

10. of the gods ....
9.
....
....
11.
the gods looked
12.
violence(?)
....
....
very much they grieved
at their misfortune and ....
13. Bitterly
14.
15.
they wept at Babi
VIEW OF THE BlRS NlMRUD, THE SUPPOSED
SITE OF
THE TOWER OF BABEL.
These fragments are so remarkable that it is most

unfortunate we have not the remainder of the tablet.
In the first part we have the anger of the gods
at the sin of the world, the place
Babylon.
tazimtu, a
The
word meaning
building or
work
is
strong,
mentioned being
called tazimat or
and there
is
curious relation, lines 9 to 11, that what they built

the
in the
destroyed in the night.
day
god
163
The remainder- of the fragment and the two frag

ments of the other columns agree with the story as far
as their mutilated condition allows.
The
fractured
fragment has the

beginning of a name Babi, which may be completed
Babil or Babel, but I have not ventured on the re
end of the 13th
In the case of the
storation.
of the
line of the third
6th and
8th lines
fragment I have translated the word

with a prejudice; I have never seen the
first
"speech"
Assyrian word with this meaning.
VIEW or THE BABIL MOUND AT BABYLON, THE
SITE OF THE
TEMPLE OF BEL.
The whole account

that I think
it
is
better to
at present so
make no
fragmentary
detailed
compa
more of the text is obtained. The
various notices which have come down to us seem
risons until
me to point to the great pile of Birs Nimrud,

near Babylon, as the site of the tower, this opinion
is held
by Sir Henry Rawlinson and most other
to
authorities of weight.
This ruin has been examined
FRAGMENTS OF
164
by
Sir
Henry Rawlinson;
here are given in
and Rawlinson
"
"Jour.
Ancient
details of his
operations
Asiatic
vol. xviii.,
Henry discovered by excavation

sisted of seven
TOWER
Soc.,"
Monarchies," p.
544.
Sir
that the tower con
stages of brickwork on an earthen
IN STAGES,
FROM AN ASSYRIAN BAS-RELIEF.
each stage being of a different colour.

the
temple was devoted to the seven planets;
platform,
The
was not ascertained,

height of the earthen platform
the first stage, which was an exact square, was
272 feet each way, and 26 feet high, the bricks
blackened with bitumen; this stage is supposed to
165
have been devoted to the planet Saturn. The second

faced
stage was a square of 230 feet, 26 feet high,
with orange- coloured bricks; supposed to be devoted
The third stage, 188 feet square, and 26
to Jupiter.
feet high, faced
cated to Mars.
with red bricks, was probably dedi

The fourth stage, 146 feet square, and
15 feet high, was probably devoted to the Sun, and
is
supposed by Sir H. Rawlinson to have been originally

The fifth stage is supposed to have
plated with gold.
been 104, the sixth 62, and the seventh 20 feet square,
but the top was too ruinous to decide these measure

ments. These stages were probably devoted to Yenus,
Mercury, and the Moon.
was not
Each stage of the building
set in the centre of the stage
on which
it
was placed 30 feet from the front, and

The ruin at present rises
12 feet from the back.
154 feet above the level of the plain, and is the
most imposing pile in the whole country. The
rested, but
to represent
only other ruin which has any claim
the tower is the Babil mound within the enclosure
of Babylon, which
I
is
the site of the
Temple of
Bel.
have given views of both ruins as the possible
alternative sites.
In the Babylonian and Assyrian sculptures there

are occasionally representations of towers similar in
supposed Tower of Babel; one of these

is given on the stone of Merodach Baladan I., oppo
site p. 236 of
Assyrian Discoveries;" another occurs
style to the
"
on the sculptures at Nineveh, representing the city

of Babylon this tower is probably the Borsippa pile,
;
166
supposed to represent the Tower of Babel.

Birs Nimrucl now consists of seven stages, but the
which
is
before
top stages were only built by Nebuchadnezzar
his time it probably presented the appearance shown
in the Assyrian sculpture, and in the similar Baby
lonian representation figured opposite page 236 of
;
"Assyrian
Discoveries."
CHAPTER XI.

Account of Deluge.
Babylonian cylinders.
City.
Nimrod.
Izdubar.
Age
Izdubar.
Notices of
of Legends.
Surippak.
Ark
Extent of Legends. Description. In

of
Heabani and Izdubar. Destruction of
Meeting
Humbaba. Adventures of Ishtar. Illness and wander
Twelve
tablets.
troduction.
tyrant
ings of Izdubar.
Tablet.
Description of Deluge and conclusion.
Kingdom
Translation.
of Nimrod.
Elamite Conquest.
Traditions.
First
Identifications.
Dates.
HESE
in
legends, which I discovered
1872, are principally of interest from
their containing the
Chaldean account
I have published the

of the Deluge.
most perfect portions in various forms since, the most
Discoveries."
complete account being in my "Assyrian
These legends have also been commented upon by
Les Premieres Civilizations,"

M. Lenormant in his
Transactions of the
and by Mr. Fox Talbot in the
"
"
Society of Biblical
Archaeology."
The Izdubar legends
of
give, I believe, the history
the Biblical hero Nimrod.
They record
the adven
whom
whose name cannot
at
tures of a famous sovereign of Babylonia
but
provisionally call Izdubar,
168
He appears to me
present be phonetically rendered.
to be the monarch who bears the closest resemblance
fame and actions to the Nimrod of the Bible.
in his
Since
the
first
discovery of his history, very
has
thrown on the age and exploits
been
light
of Izdubar.
Among all the references and allusions
little
there
in
nothing exact or satisfactory to
is
scheme of Babylonian
the
fix his place
history.
The age
of the legends of Izdubar in their present form
is
unknown, but may fairly be placed about B.C. 2000,

As these stories were traditions in the country be
fore they
were committed to writing, their antiquity
as traditions
The
is
earliest
probably much greater than that.

evidence we have of these traditions
is
on early Babylonian cylindrical seals.

the earliest known devices on these seals we
in the carvings
Among
have scenes from the legends of Izdubar, and from

the story of the Creation. These seals belong to the
age of the kings of Akkad and of Ur, and some of
them may be older than
B.C. 2000.
The principal
incidents represented on these seals are the struggles
of Izdubar and his companion Heabani with the lion
and the
journey of Izdubar in search of

Hasisadra, Noah or Hasisadra in his ark, and the
war between Tiamat the sea-dragon and the god
bull, the
Merodach.
There
the British
Museum
an omen
is
a fragment of one document in

which claims to be copied from
tablet belonging to the time of Izdubar
himself, but
it is
when many
similar tablets
probably not earlier than
were written.
B.C. 1600,

There
is
169
an incidental notice of Izdubar and his
ship, in allusion to the story of his
wanderings, in
the tablet printed in "Cuneiform Inscriptions," vol. ii.

This tablet, which contains lists of wooden
p. 46.
objects,
was written
in the time of Assurbanipal,
but
is copied from an original, which must have been

written at least eighteen hundred years before the
Christian era. The geographical notices on this tablet
suit the period
between
2000 and 1800, long be
B.C.
In this tablet Surippak

of Babylon.
ark
or
ship
city, this name forming
another reference to the Flood legends. Izdubar is
fore the rise

is
called the
also
mentioned in a
witchcraft,
and on a
series
of tablets relating to
tablet containing prayers to
him
this last showing that he was deified, an
as a god
honour also given to several other Babylonian kings.
The legends of Izdubar are inscribed on twelve
;
tablets, of
which there are remains of
editions.
All the tablets are in fragments, and none

is a fortunate circum
them are complete but it

stance that the most perfect
of
at least four
tablet
is
the eleventh,
which describes the Deluge, this being the most

In chapter i. I have
important of the series.
described the successive steps in the discovery of
these legends, and may now pass on to the descrip
tion
and translation of the various fragments.
All
the fragments .of our present copies belong, as I

have before stated, to the reign of Assurbanipal,
king of Assyria, in the seventh century B.C. From
the mutilated condition of
many
of
them
it is
im-
170
possible at present to gain an accurate idea of the
whole scope of the legends, and many parts which

are lost have to be supplied by conjecture, the
order even of some of the tablets cannot be deter
mined, and
is
it
uncertain
if
the whole twelve tablets;
we have fragments
in
my
of
present account,
have conjecturally divided the fragments

however,
into groups corresponding roughly with the subjects
I
Each tablet when complete contained

columns of writing, and each column had generally
from forty to fifty lines of writing, there being
The
in all about 3,000 lines of cuneiform text.
of the tablets.
six
divisions I have adopted will be seen
summary, which exhibits
my
by the following
present knowledge of
the fragments.
Part
Tablet
/.
Number
I.
about 240.
First
second column
Introduction.
of lines uncertain, probably
column
lost, third
initial
line
preserved,
column twenty-six
lines
preserved, fourth column doubtful fragment inserted,

fifth and sixth columns lost.
Probable subjects conquest of Babylonia by the

Elamites, birth and parentage of Izdubar.
:
Part
Tablet
IT.
II.
about 240.
Meeting of Heabani and Izdubar.
Number
of lines uncertain, probably

First and second columns lost, third and
fourth columns about half preserved,
columns
lost.
fifth
and sixth

Tablet III.
Number
171
of lines about 270.
First
column fourteen lines preserved, second, third, fourth

and fifth columns nearly perfect, sixth column a
fragment.
Probable subjects: dream of Izdubar, Heabani

invited comes to Erech, and explains the dream.
Part III.
Humbaba.
Number
of lines probably about 260.

one-third of first, second, and third columns,
Tablet IV.
About
Destruction of the tyrant
doubtful
of
fragments
fourth,
fifth,
and
sixth
columns.
Tablet V.
Number
of lines about 260.
Most of
first column, and part of second column preserved,

of
third, fourth, and fifth columns lost, fragment
sixth column.
Probable subjects: contests with wild animals,

Izdubar and Heabani slay the tyrant Humbaba.
Part IV.
Tablet VI.
Adventures of Ishtar.
Number
of lines about 210.
Most of
column preserved, second column nearly perfect,

third and fourth columns partly preserved, fifth and
first
sixth columns nearly perfect.

Tablet VII. Number of lines probably about 240.
column preserved, second column

fifth
lost, third and fourth column partly preserved,
and sixth columns conjecturally restored from tablet
First line of first
of descent of Ishtar into Hades.
172
Probable
subjects: Ishtar loves Izdubar, her

her
ascent to heaven, destruction of her
amours,
bull, her descent to hell.
Part
Illness
V.
Tablet VIII.
270.
and wanderings of Izdubar.
Number
of lines
Conjectured fragments
third columns, fourth
and
of
fifth
probably about
and
second,
first,
columns
lost,
con
jectured fragments of sixth column.
Number
Tablet IX.
of lines about 190.
Portions
of all six columns preserved.

Tablet X.
Number of lines about 270.
Portions
of
columns preserved.
Probable subjects discourse
all six
to trees,
dreams,
ill
ness of Izdubar, death of Heabani, wanderings of

Izdubar in search of the hero of the Deluge.
Part VI.
Description of Deluge,
Tablet XI.
nearly perfect.
Tablet XII.
Number of lines
294.
and
conclusion.
All six columns
Number of lines about
200. Portions
four columns preserved, two lines of

column, sixth column perfect.
of
first
fifth
Probable subjects description of Deluge, cure of

Izdubar, his lamentation over Heabani.
:
In
this chapter I give
tablet
an account of
under the head of the
my
latest conclusions
first
on the
subject of the personality of Nimrod, and his identity

with the Izdubar of these legends.

TABLET
173
I.
The opening words of the
first tablet
are pre
title of the
served, they happen as usual to form the
in the title are obscure,
series, but the expressions
from want of any context to explain them. There
two principal or key words, naqbi and kugar ; the

and naqbi is
meaning of kugar is quite unknown,
are
several
ambiguous, having
"
channel"
or
water-course,"
conceived to be
its
meaning, which
meaning here
now
of the legends, this

fortune."
Taking
which
;
but
think better
meaning
is
fits
one
being
have before
it
has another
meanings,
"
the character
or
"curse"
"mis
meaning, the opening line

Of the mis
of the legends,
this
"
will read as the title
This makes
fortune seen to happen to Izdubar."
which
misfortune
the legends the story of a curse or
now
befell the great Babylonian king Izdubar and,
;
that the fragments are put together and arranged in

a correct description of
order, it appears that this is
the contents of these curious tablets.
After the heading and opening line there is a

considerable blank in the story, two columns of
It is probable that this
writing being entirely lost.
the account of the parentage and
part contained
of Izdubar, forming the introduc
previous history
In the subsequent portions of the
tion to the story.
little information to supply the
history there is very
loss of this part of the inscription; but it appears
that
the
mother of Izdubar was named Dannat,
174
u wife of
only a title meaning "lady" or
the chief."
His father is not named in any of our
which
is
present fragments, but he
He
is
referred to in the third
most probably represented to be a

god, and the most likely deity is Samas, who is
tablet.
is
supposed to interfere very
much
in his behalf.
It
was a common idea of antiquity, that men who

distinguished themselves very much, although born
of earthly
mothers, had. divine fathers. Izdubar,

parentage, like that of so many heroes
whose
of antiquity, is thus doubtful, appears as a

mighty
a
leader, a man strong in war and
hunting,
The
giant who gained dominion in Babylonia.
whole of the Euphrates valley was at this time
divided into petty kingdoms, and Izdubar
by his
prowess established a dominion over
many
of these,
making thus the first empire in Asia.

The centre of the empire of Izdubar appears to
have
laid
in
the
region of Shiriar,
at
Babylon,
and
with
the
Nipur,
agrees
site of the kingdom of Ximrod,
according to Genesis
x. 8, 9, 10, where we read: "And Gush
begat
Akkad, Erech, and
Nimrod
he began to be a mighty one in the earth.

He was a mighty hunter before the Lord wherefore
it is said, even as Nimrod the
mighty hunter before
:
And the beginning of his kingdom was

and
Babel,
Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the
land of Shinar."
All these cities were
ultimately
within the dominion of Izdubar, whose character as
the Lord.
hunter, leader, and king corresponds with that of
175
the sunNimrod, and the name of Shamas, or Samas

as his father,
god, who is most probably represented
read Kusu, the same name as that of the father
may
of Nimrod.
The next passage in Genesis after the one de

dominion also in my opinion refers
scribing Nimrod s
to Nimrod, and relates the extension of his kingdom
Our version makes Assur the moving
into Assyria.
Out
to read with the margin,
but I
"
prefer
party here,
of that land he went forth to
"
Out
of that land
went forth
Assyria,"
Assur."
instead of
These verses
Out of that land

he went forth to Assyria, and builded Nineveh, and
Nineveh
Rehobothair, and Calah, and Resen, between
and Calah the same is a great
indemnification of Izdubar with Nimrod has
As
will then read (Genesis, x. 11, 12)
"
city."
iny
some objection, I think it will be useful to
with
met
notice the various accounts of this hero, and the
different hypotheses
propounded with respect
to his
identification.
The two passages already quoted from Genesis

afford the only reliable information with respect to
outside the cuneiform inscriptions. Accord

was a son of Gush," that is a
ing to Genesis Nimrod
himself
Cushite, or Ethiopian, and he distinguished
as a mighty hunter, his prowess being so great that
He afterwards
his name passed into a proverb.
became king, commencing his reign in Shinar or
Nimrod
"
Babylonia, and
still
later
extended
his
empire into
he laid the foundations of that state

Assyria, where
THE IZDUBAB LEGENDS.
176
by
the foundation of the four

leading
Calah, Rehobothair, and Resen.
rod
is
cities,
The fame
Nineveh,
Nim-
of
again alluded to in the Bible, where Assyria

called the land of Nimrod.
is
After the date of the later books of the Old Testa
ment we know nothing of Nirnrod for some time it

is
probable that he was fully mentioned by Berosus
;
in his history, but his account of the

giant hunter has
been
lost.
The reason of
this appears to be, that a
had grown up among

early Christian
writers that the Biblical Niinrod was the first
king
false
idea
of Babylonia after the

Flood, and looking at the list of
Berosus they found that after the Flood
according to
him Evechous first reigned in Babylonia, and

they at
once assumed that the Evechous of Berosus was the
Nimrod of the Bible, and as Evechous has
given to
him the extravagant reign of four ners or 2,400
years,
and his son and successor, Chomasbelus, four ners
and five sosses, or 2,700 years, this identification
gives
hope of finding an historical Nimrod.

It is most probable that this false identification of
Nimrod with Evechous, made by the early chronololittle
gists,
epoch
has caused them to overlook his

in the list of Berosus,
his position in the series of
Belonging
name and
and has thus
true
lost to us
Babylonian sovereigns.
to the first centuries of the Christian
era are the works of various Jewish and Christian

writers,
who have made
us familiar with a
of later traditions of Nimrod.

that he was a prime
mover
in
number
Josephus declares
building the
Tower
of
THE IZDUSAR LEGENDS.

Babel, an
enemy
of God,
177
and that he reigned at
writers make
Babylon during the dispersion. Later
him contemporary with Abraham, the inventor of
At
idol worship, an,d a furious worshipper of fire.
have
cast
to
said
is
he
the city of Orfa, in Syria,
into a burning fiery furnace because he
These traditions
not bow down to his idols.
Abraham
would
have been taken up by the Arabs, and although his

and replaced by absurd and
history has been lost
worthless stories Nimrod still remains the most pro
minent name in the traditions of the country every

and the most
thing good or evil is attributed to him,
;
after his name.

important ruins are even now called
From the time of the early Christian writers down
to to-day,
men have been busy framing systems
of
Nimrod was always

known as a famous sovereign it was necessary to
find a definite place for him in any chronological
general
scheme.
chronology,
and as
Africanus and Eusebius held that he was
the Evechous of Berosus, and reigned
Flood.
Moses of Khorene
identified
first after
him with
the
Bel,
the great god of Babylon; and he is said to have

extended his dominions to the foot of the Armenian
mountains, falling in battle there when attempting

to enforce his authority over Haic, king of Armenia.
Some other writers identified Nimrod with Ninus,
the mythical founder of the city of Nineveh. These
remained the principal identifications before modern
research took
up the matter
but so wide a door was
open to conjecture, that one writer actually identified

N
178
Nimrod with the Alorus of Berosus,
the
first
king
of Babylonia before the Flood.

One of the most curious theories about Nimrod,
suggested in modern times, was grounded on the

u
Book of Nabatean Agriculture." This work is a
comparatively modern forgery, pretending to be a

of the early Chaldean period.
What grounds there may be for any of its statements
I do not know
but it is possible that some of the
literary production
may be compiled from traditions now lost. In

this work, Nimrod heads a list of Babylonian kings
book
Canaanite, and a writer, whose
called
known
name
is
un
me, argued with considerable force in

Canaanites being the Arabs of Be
to
favour of these
rosus,
who
reigned about B.C. 1550 to 1300.
Part
was certainly Cushite, and, as Nimrod is

Cushite in Genesis, there was a great tempta
identify him with the leader of the Aral)
of Arabia
called a
tion to
dynasty.
and has
This idea, however, gained little favour,

not, I think, been held by any sec
tion of inquirers as fixing the position of
The discovery of the cuneiform
new
light
Nimrod.
inscriptions
threw a
on the subject of Babylonian history, and
soon after the decipherment of the inscriptions atten
was directed
age of Nimrod.
tion
to the question of the identity

Sir
Henry
and
Kawlinson, the father
of Assyrian discovery, first seriously attempted to

fix the name of Nimrod in the cuneiform inscrip
tions,
and he endeavoured
of the second
god
to find the
n^me
in that
of the great Chaldean triad.
(See

Rawlinson
Ancient
vol.
Monarchies,"
179
i.
p. 117.)
The names of this deity are really Enu, Elu, Kaptu,

and Bel, and he was evidently worshipped at the
dawn
of Babylonian history, in fact he is

represented
as one of the creators of the world
beside which,
time has shown that the cuneiform characters on
;
which the
identification
was grounded
do. not bear
the phonetic values then supposed.

Sir Henry Rawlinson also suggested
u
(
Ancient
Monarchies," p. 136) that the god Nergal was a deifi

cation of Nimrocl.
Sir Henry rightly explains Ner(jal
as
meaning "great man," and his character as

and hunter-god is similar to that of Nimrod,
a warrior
but even
if
Mmrod
was
deified
under the name of
does not explain his position or epoch.

Canon Eawlinson, brother of Sir Henry, in the
Nergal
first
this
volume of
his
"
Ancient
Monarchies,"
p.
153,
and following, makes some judicious remarks on the

chronological position of Nimrocl, and suggests that
he
may have
reigned a century or two before B.C.

2286; he also recognizes the historical character of
his reign,
and supposes him
to
have founded the
Babylonian monarchy, but he does not himself iden

tify him with any king known from the inscriptions.
At
when this was written (1871), the con

Canon Rawlinson were the most satisfac
tory that had been advanced since the discovery of
the time
clusions of
the cuneiform inscriptions.
Since this time, however,

started, with the idea
some new theories have been

of identifying
Ximrod one
;
of these, brought forward
180
word
by Professor Oppert, makes the
name, but such an explanation
is
a geographical
evidently quite
insufficient to account for the traditions attached to
the name.
Another theory brought forward by the Rev. A.

H. Sayce and Josef Grivel, Transactions of Society
of Biblical Archeology," vol. ii. part 2, p. 243, and vol.
"
Nimrod with Merodach,

the god of Babylon; but, beside other objections, we
have the fact that Merodach was considered by the
iii.
part
1, p.
136, identifies
of the creators of the

Babylonians to have been one
world, and therefore they could not have supposed
him to be a deified king whose reign was after the
Flood.
figures
I have
so
always
Nimrod, whose name

Eastern tradition, and
felt that
prominently in
whose reign is clearly stated in Genesis, ought to be

found somewhere in the cuneiform text, but I first
Ham
inclined to the mistaken idea that he might be

murabi, the first Arab king of Berosus, as this line
of kings appeared to be connected with the Cosseans.

This identification failing, I was entirely in the dark
until I discovered the
Deluge tablet in 1872,
I then
whose name I provisionally

conjectured that the hero
called Izdubar was the Nimrod of the Bible, a con
have strengthened
jecture which I
from time to time.
by
fresh evidence
Considering that Nimrod was the most famous of the

Babylonian kings in tradition, it is evident that no his
be complete without some no

tory of the country can
His absence from previous histories, and
tice of him.

unsatisfactory theories
the
pounded
culties
to account for
which surround
it,
18J
which have been pro

serve to
show the
diffi
his identification.
Nimrod was an ethnic or

geographical name, which was slightly favoured by
Sir Henry Rawlinson, and has since been urged by
Professor Oppert, is quite untenable, for it would be
The supposition
that
impossible on this theory to account for the tradi
which spread abroad with regard to Nimrod.

The idea that Nimrod was Bel, or Elu, the second
tions
Babylonian triad, was equally im

possible for the same reason, and because the worship
of Bel was, as I have already stated, much more
god
in the great
ancient, he being considered one of the creators of

Bel was
the universe and the father of the gods.
the deification of the powers of nature on earth, just

as Anu was a deification of the powers of nature in
Similar objections apply to the supposition
that Nimrod was Merodach, the god of Babylon, and
heaven.
to his identification with Nergal,
headed
who was
Of course Nimrod was
lion.
several other celebrated kings, but in
the man-
deified like
no case was
a deified king invested as one of the supreme gods

and represented as a creator such a process could
only come if a nation entirely forgot its history, and
;
lost its original
My
own
hitherto
mythology.
opinion that he was the hero
called
Izdubar was
first
have
founded on the
discovery that he formed the centre of the national

historical poetry, and was the hero of Babylonian
THE IZDUBAE LEGENDS.
182
cuneiform history, just as Ximrod

been in the later traditions.
stated to have
is
subsequently found that he agreed exactly in

character with Ximrod; he was a giant hunter, ac
cording to the cuneiform legends, who contended
I
with and destroyed the lion, tiger, leopard, and wild

bull or buffalo, animals the most formidable in the
He ruled first in Babylonia

chase in any country.
over the region which from other sources we know
to
have been the centre of Ximrod
extended
his
He
kingdom.
dominion to the Armenian mountains,
the boundary of his late conquests according to tra

dition, and one principal scene of his exploits and
triumphs was the city of Erech, which, according to
Genesis,
was the second
There remains the

hero
of this
is
capital of
Ximrod.
fact that the cuneiform
undeciphered, the
name
name Izdubar,
him, being, as I have always

stated, a makeshift, only adhered to because some
scholars were reluctant to believe he was Ximrod,
which
and
I applied to
thought it better to continue the use of a

name which did not prejudice the question of his
I
identity, arid could consequently be
used by
all irre
My own conviction is,

spective of their opinions.
however, that when the phonetic reading of the cha
racters is found it will turn out to correspond with
the
name Ximrod.
plying this
have already evidence for ap
reading to the characters, but
I believe
that
im
work like the

the translations and notes
possible to give the proofs in a popular
present.
it is
183
given in this book will lead to the general admission

of the identity of the hero I call Izdubar with the
Nimrod, and when this result is estab

shall myself abandon the provisional name
traditional
lished I
Izdubar, which cannot possibly be correct.

At the time of the opening of this story, the great
of
city of the south of Babylonia, and the capital
was Uruk or Aruk, called, in

Erech was
the Genesis account of Mnirod, Erech.
devoted to the worship of Anu, god of heaven, and
this part of the country,
his wife, the
goddess Anatu, and was ruled at this
time by a queen named Istar or Ishtar, who was

supposed to be daughter of Anu and Anatu. Istar
had been the wife of the
Dumuzi
chief of Erech,
Tammuz
of the Greeks), who like her was after

wards deified. On the death of Dumuzi, Ishtar had
(the
ruled at Erech, and according to the accounts had

indulged in a dissolute course of life, which was the
scandal of the whole country.
Here
fragment of
This fragment con
provisionally place the
first
3200.
the Izdubar legends,
sists of part of the third column
believe of the first tablet
and
it
of a
tablet,
gives an account
of a conquest of Erech by some enemy, which hap

pened during the time of Istar and Izdubar. This
fragment reads
1.
his
2.
his
3. in
he
the river
were
left
went down to the river,

his ships were placed.
.... and wept
bitterly
THE IZDUEAE LEGENDS.
184
5
placed, the city of
Ganganna was power
less.
their
their
9.
The gods
great.
of Erech Suburi
11. turned to flies
The
12.
and
fled
away
in drove?.
spirits of Erech Suburi
13. turned to
14.
she asses
Like animals the people feared,

like doves the slaves mourned.
8.
10.
....
....
Sikkim and went out
in companies.
For three years the city of Erech could not

enemy,
the great gates were thrown down and
trampled
resist the
15.
upon,
16.
not
lift
the goddess Istar before her enemies could

her head.
mouth opened and
17. Bel his
spake,
a
queen speech he made
the midst of Nipur
my
18. to Ishtar the
19
in
have placed,
20
my
my
country?
hands
Babylon the house of
delight,
21.
and
people? my hands have given.

he looked at the sanctuaries
my
22
23.
.....
24
Here we
in the
day
the great gods.

have a graphic account of the condition
of Erech,
when
the
question which occurs
first
conquerors
the
My
enemy overran
original idea
is,
the country, and
who were
these
was that they were

a tribe
who
185
held Erech for a short time, and were
by Izdubar, whose exploit and subsequent

of Erech were related in
assumption of the crown
driven out
Assyrian Dis
has not been
169), but this conjecture
the remainder of the

coveries,"
p.
first
tablet (see
"
in fact
subsequent investigations;
the crown
it appears that Izdubar did not assume
until long after the events recorded on this tablet,
It appears that Izdubar did not become king until
confirmed by
after
my
he had slain the tyrant Humbaba, and this
Hum
that it was
directly to the conclusion
he belonged, that
baba, or at least the race to which
leads
conquered and tyrannized over

over the whole of Babylonia.
Hubaba, as it is occa
evidently Elamite and composed
The name of Humbaba,

sionally written,
of two elements,
is
Erech and probably
or
the
"
Humba,"
name
of a celebrated
a verb, usually a contraction

Elamite god, and
u to
make," the
for ban, bana, and bani, meaning
"ba,"
17
Humbaba has made [me].

whole name meaning
with Humba
Many other Elamite names compounded
are mentioned in the inscriptions: Humba-sidir,
an early chief; Humba-undasa, an Elamite general
an Elamite
opposed to Sennacherib; Humba-nigas,
monarch opposed to Sargon Tul-humba, an Elamite
;
city, &c.
The
notice of foreign dominion,
and particularly
I think,
supremacy at this time, may,
form a clue from which to ascertain the approximate
but I would first guard against the
age of Izdubar
of Elamite
186
impression that the Elamites of this age were the

same race as the Elamites known in later times. It
probable that new waves of conquest and coloniza

tion passed over all these regions between the time
is
of Izdubar and the Assyrian period, although the same

deities continued to be adored in the countries.
Looking at the fragments of Berosus and the no

tices of Greek and Koman authors, the question now
arises, is there any epoch of conquest and foreign
dominion which can approximately be fixed upon as
the era of Izdubar ? I think there is.
The
earlier
part of the
following dynasties or,

the Flood downwards
list
of Berosus gives the
more properly, periods from
86 Chaldean kings reigned from the Flood
down to
Median conquest, 34,080 or 33,091 years.

8 Median kings who conquered and held Babylon,
the
234, or 224, or 190 years.

11 other kings, race and duration unknown.
49 Chaldean kings, 458 years.
The
as I
B.C.
49 kings, reigned,
have already pointed out in p. 25, from about
2000 to 1550, and throughout their time the
last of these dynasties, the
Izdubar legends were known, and allusions to them

are found.
The tims of Izdubar must therefore be
before their period, and, as he headed a native rule
after a period of conquest, the only possible place for
him, according to our present knowledge, is at the

head of the 11 kings, and succeeding the Medes of
Berosus.
THE 1ZDUBAE LEGENDS.
187
This position for Izdubar or Nimrod, if it should

turn out correct, will guide us to several valuable
So far as the
conclusions as to
history.
Babylonian
concerned, which Berosus
calls Median, it
dynasty
cer
is most probable that these kings were Elaniites
of the Arian Medes
tainly we have no knowledge
is
until several centuries

being on the Assyrian frontier
conceded that Berosus, in
later, and it is generally
has only expressed their Eastern
calling them Medes,
or inhabit
orioin.
Allowing them to be Elaniites,
ants of Elam, there remains the question, to what

race did they belong ?
The later Elaniites are believed to have been either
Turanians or Arians
but we are by no means cer
no new race had come into the country since

There was a constant stream
the time of Izdubar.
of immigration from the east and north, which
tain that
altered the character of several

gradually but surely
of the races of
Western Asia.
In Babylonia itself it is believed that a change of

this sort took place in early times, the original
Turanian population having been conquered and en
Semitic tribes, and there has always been
slaved
by
a difficulty as to
where the Semitic peoples
origi
nated.
The Semitic race was already dominant in Baby

lonia two thousand years before the Christian era,
and before
this time there is only
cordedthat
of Babylonia
and
it
I think
is
one conquest re
by the Medes
or Elaniites,
most likely that from Elam the
188
Semites
first
came.
The usual theory
Semitic race came from Arabia

is
likely, as there
from
but
that the
is
this is quite
un
no known conquest of Babylonia
this direction previous to the sixteenth
century
before the Christian era.
MIGRATION OF EASTERN TRIBE
FROM EARLY BABYLONIAN UTLINDEB,
Elam
In the Book of Genesis
is
counted as the
son of Shem or Semitic nation, and

indicate a knowledge, at
the time
written, that the Semitic race
I think this
first
may
that book was
came from
this direc
they were probably driven westward by the

advance of the Arians, and these latter in their pro
tion
of
gress may have obliterated nearly all the traces
the Semites whom they dispossessed.
The next question which
strikes an observer
is
as
Some years back pub

which I gave the texts
of
a
curious
lished
inscription,
and translations in my History of Assurbanipal,"
to the date of these events.
"
the
pp. 234 to 251, referring to the goddess Nana,
In these
Ishtar of Erech, also called Uzur-amat-sa.
inscriptions a period of 1635
is
mentioned as ending
189
Shushan, the capital of Elam, by the

about B.C. 645, thus making the initial
at the capture of
Assyrians,
date B.C. 2280.
that time an image of Nana was

carried into captivity from Erech by the Elamite king,
Kudur-nanhundi, who, according to these inscriptions,
At
ruled over and oppressed the

appears to have then
It is possible that the ravaging
land of Babylonia.
of the city of Erech, mentioned in the fragment of
the
first
tablet of the Izdubar legends, recounts the
This date
very event alluded to by Assurbanipal.
and the circumstances of the Elamite conquest form,
I think, a clue to the
who plundered Erech, was probably one
hundi,
the later kings of this dynasty,

the
"
Kudur-nan
age of Izdubar.
last.
Cuneiform
fragment which
Inscriptions,"
and Hurnba-ba was
refers to this period
vol.
of
iii.
p.
destruction wrought in the country
in
38, relates the
by the Elamites,
and gives Kudur-nanhundi as following one of the

other monarchs of this line, and as exceeding his
he did to the country.
predecessors in the injury
of this
Putting together the detached notices
to be
period, I conjecture the following
somewhere
about the chronology, the dates being understood as

round numbers.
2450, Elamites overrun Babylonia.
2280, Kudur-nanhundi, king of Elam, ravages
B.C.
B.C.
Erech
B.C.
2250, Izdubar or Nimrod slays Humba-ba, and
restores the Chaldean power.
190
There
one serious objection to this idea. Al

though the date B.C. 2280 appears to be given in the
is
inscription of Assurbanipal for the ravages of
Kudur-
nanhundi, yet the other mutilated notices of this

Elamite monarch are combined with names of Baby
lonian monarchs
who do
like so ancient.
One
"
Cuneiform
not appear to be anything

of these, said in the inscription,
Inscriptions,"
vol.
iii.
p. 38,
contemporary with Kudur-nanhundi,

uzur.
No name compounded
been found
earlier
than
B.C.
No.
2, to
be
Bel-zakir-
is
in this form has yet
1500.
Although the dates transmitted through ancient

authors are as a rule vague and doubtful, there are
many independent
notices which
seem
to
point to
somewhere about the twenty-third century before

the Christian era for the foundation of the
Baby
lonian and Assyrian power.

Several of these dates
are connected either directly or by implication with
Ximrod, who first formed a united empire over these
regions.
The following
are
some of these notices
Simplicius relates that Callisthenis, the friend of
Alexander, sent to Aristotle from Babylon a series of

stellar observations reaching back 1,903 years before
the taking of Babylon
by Alexander.
make 1903 + 331=B.c. 2234.
This would
Stephen, made the

foundation of Babylon 1,002 years before Semiramis
and the Trojan war, as these later were supposed to
Philo-biblius,
according to
191
This comes
have been in the thirteenth century B.C.

to about the same date.
Berosus and Critodemus are said by Pliny to have

made the inscribed stellar observations reach to 480
the latter date
years before the era of Phoroneus;
was supposed to be about the middle of the eighteenth
century
B.C.,
480 years before
it,
comes
also to
about
the same date.
These three instances are given in Bawlinson

"Ancient Monarchies," p.
149.
Diodorus makes the Assyrian empire commence a

thousand years or more before the Trojan war.
Ctesius and Cephalion
make
its
foundation early
B.C.
in the
twenty-second century
Auctor Barbarus makes it in the twenty-third
century B.C.
These and other notices probably point to about
the same period, the time when Nimrod united
Nineveh
Babylonia into one monarchy, and founded
in Assyria.
Before parting with the consideration of the first

tablet, I will give a small fragment, which I provision
want of a better
ally insert here for

1.
...
3.
Bel thy father sent

thus .... heard
4.
When
5.
he rejoiced at
6.
at first
2.
place.
to thee
in the
me ....
....
....
....
midst of those forests
its
.
fragrance and
192

....
....
7.
Go and thou
shalt take
8.
Mayest thou
rejoice
Of
the latter part of the
first tablet
no knowledge.
/vr
we have
as yet
CHAPTER XII.
MEETING OF HEABANI AND IZDUBAR.

Dream
life.
of Izdubar.
Izdubar
Heabani.
petition.
His wisdom.
Harimtu
Zaidu.
His solitary
and
Samliat.
Might and fame of Izdubar. Speech of Hea

The midannu or tiger. Festival
His journey to Erech.
Tempt Heabani.
bani.
at Erech.
Dream
of Izdubar.
Friendship with Heabani.
have included the fragments of what appear to be the second

this chapter I
and
story Izdubar
ward,
In
this section of the
conies
prominently for
I have already
third tablets.
and meets with Heabani.
noticed the supposed parentage of Izdubar the notice

of his mother Dannat appears in one of the tablets
;
given in this chapter.
is
Izdubar, in the Babylonian and Assyrian sculptures,

always represented with a marked physiognomy,
and
his
peculiarities can
be
seen
by
noticing the
at the
beginning
photograph from a Babylonian gem
of the book, the engraving from an Assyrian sculpture
o
MEETING OF HEABANI
194
and the engraving in page 239

showing Izdubar and Heabani struggling with wild
In all these cases, and in every other
animals.
in the last chapter,
represented, he is indicated
as a man with [masses of curls over his head and a
So marked is this, and different in
large curly beard.
instance where Izdubar
cast to the usual
the impression of
is
Babylonian type, that

its
I cannot help
being a representation of a dis
and probably Ethiopian type.

The deity of Izdubar was Sarturda, from which
tinct
suppose he was a native of the district of Amarda or

Marad, where that god was worshipped. This district
was probably the Amordacia or Mardocrca of Ptolemy,

but I do not know where it was situated.
The fragments of the second and third tablets

assume by their notices that Izdubar was already
known as a mighty hunter, and it appeared a little
he claimed descent from the old Babylonian
u father."
kings, calling Hasisadra his
later that
TABLET
I
II.
have recovered a single
believe to belong to this tablet;

contains part of the third and
fragment,
it is
which
3389, and
I
it
fourth columns of
appears from this that Izdubar was

then at Erech, and he had a curious dream. He
writing.
It
thought he saw the stars of heaven
and
the ground,
his back. He
fall to
they struck upon

then saw standing over him a terrible being, the
armed with
aspect of his face was fierce, and he was
in their descent
AND IZDUBAE.
195
The greater part of
claws, like the claws of lions.
dream is lost; it probably

occupied columns I. and II. of the second tablet.
Thinking that ^he dream portended some fate to
the
description
of the
himself, Izdubar calls on all the wise

it,
and
men
the dream.
COLUMN
III.
....
ru
he and the princes may he

in the vicinity send him,
kili I
may
at the
may
may he
8
9.
to explain
reward to any one who can interpret

Here the fragment K 3389 comes in
offers a
...
they ennoble his family,

head of his feast may he set thee
he array thee in jewels and gold
in his
enclose thee
....
seat thee
into the houses of the gods
he cause thee
may
to enter
10
seven wives
11
cause illness in his stomach
12
went up alone
13
his heaviness to his friend
14
15
the stars of heaven
16
17
his face
18
his face
dream
stood
dreamed
in
my
fell to
sleep
the earth
still
was
terrible
19
like the claws of a lion,
20
the strength in
me
were
his claws
MEETING OF HEABANI
196
21
he slew
22
me
23
over
24
The
first
me
corpse ....
to contain
part of this fragment appears
the honours offered
by Izdubar
to
any one who should
These included the ennobling

interpret the dream.
of his family, his recognition in assemblies, his
invested with jewels of honour, and his wives
being
being increased.
the hero,
much
Nebuchadnezzar
of
the
description of
mutilated, follows.
in
the
Book
dream
of
The conduct
of Daniel,
with
reference to his dreams, bears some resemblance to

that of Izdubar.
After this fragment
and
story,
it
we have again
would appear that
in
a blank in the
this
interval
named Heabani
was made
would go to the city of Erech and interpret
the dream of Izdubar.
Heabani appears, from the representations on seals
and other objects on which he is figured, to have
been a satyr or faun. He is always drawn with the
feet and tail of an ox, and with horns on his head.
application
to a hermit
that he
He
have lived in a cave among the wild

animals of the forest, and was supposed to possess
is
said to
wonderful knowledge both of nature and human

Heabani was angry at the request that he
affairs.
should abandon his solitary life for the friendship of
Izdubar, and where our narrative reopens the god
Samas
is
persuading him to accept the
offer.
AND IZDUBAE.
197
COLUMN IV.
1
me
on
3.
4.
my
back
And Shamas
opened his mouth

and spake and from heaven said to him:
and the female Samhat (delightful)
thou shalt choose

6.
they shall array thee in trappings of divinity
7.
they shall give thee the insignia of royalty
8.
they shall make thee become great

and Izdubar thou shalt call and incline him
9.
towards thee
make
10.
and Izdubar
11.
he
12.
on a beautiful couch he shall seat thee
13.
he will cause thee to
shall
friendship unto thee

on a grand couch
shall cause thee to recline
a seat on the
sit
on a comfortable seat
left
14. the kings of the earth shall kiss

15.
shall
16.
he shall enrich thee and the
make
thy
men
feet
of Erech he
silent before thee
and he
after thee shall take all
....
17. he shall clothe thy body in raiment and ....
18.
Heabani heard the words of Shamas the warrior
and the anger of his heart was appeased

was appeased
20
19.
Here we are
dealing with the honours which

Izdubar promises to the interpreter of his dream,
and these seem to show that Izdubar had some power
still
MEETING OF HEABANI
198
at
Erech at
this
time
he does not, however, appear
have been an independent king, and it is probable

that the next two columns of this tablet, now lost,
to
contain negotiations for bringing Heabani to Erech,

the subject being continued on the third tablet.
TABLET
This tablet
is
III.
far better preserved than the
two
previous ones it gives the account of the successful

mission to bring Heabani to Ur, opening with a
broken account of the wisdom of Heabani.
;
COLUMN
1
knows
and
wisdom of
5
6.
things
difficult
all
things
the knowledge that
which
all
I.
is
seen and that
is
hidden
bring word of peace to

from a far off road he will come and I rest
.
and ....
7
on tablets and
and tower of Erech Suburi
beautiful
all
....
....
10
which
11
I strove
12
god? who from
like
that rests
with him not to leave
13
carry
....
14
leave
....
(Many
....
lines lost.)
....
AND IZVUBAE.
COLUMN
199
II.
1.
Izdubar did not leave
2.
Daughter of a warrior
3.
their
4.
the gods of heaven, lord

thou makest to be sons and family
there is not any other like thee
5.
6.
7.
8.
might
?
depth made
Izdubar did not leave, the son to his father day
in the
and night
9.
he the ruler also of Erech
10.
he their ruler and
11.
made firm
12.
Izdubar did not leave Dannat, the son to his
and wise
mother
14.
Daughter of a warrior, wife of

their might the god .... heard and
15.
Aruru strong and
13.
great,
thou
....
Aruru hast
made
16. again
making
his strength,
one day his heart
he changed and the city of Erech

18. Aruru on hearing this, the strength of
17.
made
19.
in.
Anu
the midst
Aruru put
in her hands, she
bowed her
breast
and lay on the ground

20. ... Heabani she made a warrior, begotten of
the seed of the soldier Ninip
covered his body, retiring in
21
panionship like a woman,
com
MEETING OF HEABANI
200
22. the features of his aspect
were concealed
like
the corn god

23. possessing knowledge of men and countries, in
clothing clothed like the god Ner
24. with the gazelles he eat food in the
night
25. with the beasts of the field he consorted in the
day
26. with the
creeping things of the waters
heart delighted
27. Zaidu catcher of
men
in front of that field confronted
28.
29. the first
day
his
the second
him
day and the third
in
the front of that field the same

30. the courage of Zaidu dried
31.
and he and
up before him
his beast entered into his
house
and
32.
33
his
34.
up and overcome
courage grew before him
fear dried
his face
was
terrible
COLUMN
III.
1.
Zaidu opened his mouth and spake and said to
2.
My
3.
in the land of
4.
like the soldier of
father the first leader
who
shall
go
Anu
march over the country
5.
shall
6.
and firmly with the beast

and firmly his feet in the front of the
I feared and I did not approach it
7.
8.
field
AND IZDUBAE.
9.
lie filled
201
the cave which he had
dug
10
11. I
ascended on
hands
my
to the
....
12. I did not reach to the
13
and said to Zaitlu
14
Erech, Izdubar
15
ascend his
16
his
17
thy face
18
the might of a
field
might
man
19
20
like a chief
21
field
22 to 24 three lines of directions

25. According to the advice of his father
26. Zaiclu
went
27. he took the road
and
in the
midst of Erech he
halted
Izdubar
28
29. the first leader
....
who
shall
go ....
....
soldier of Aim ....
30. in the land of

31. like the
32. shall
33.
34.
march over the country ....
and firmly with the beast ....

and firmly his feet ....
35. I feared
36. he filled
37.
and
I did .not
approach it
the cave which he had dug
......
38. I ascended
39.
....
on
was not able
my
hands
to reach to the covert.
MEETING OF IIEABANI
202
40.
Izdubar to him also said to Zaidu
41.
go Zaidu and with thee the female Harimtu,
and Samhat
42.
take,
and when the beast ...
in front of the field
43 to 45. directions to the female
how
to entice
Heabani.
46.
Zaidu went and with him Harimtu, and Sam-
hat he took, and

47. they took the road, and went
along the path.
48. On the third day they reached the land where
the flood happened.
49. Zaidu and Harimtu in their places sat,
50. the first day and the second
day in front of
the field they sat,

51. the land where the beast drank of drink,
COLUMN IV.
the land where the creeping things of the water
rejoiced his heart.
1.
2.
And
he
Heabani
had made
for
himself
mountain
3.
4.
5.
with the gazelles he eat food,

with the beasts he drank of drink,
with the creeping things of the waters his heart
rejoiced.
6.
Samhat the
enticer of
men saw him
7 to 26. details of the actions of the female
hat and Heabani.
Sam-
AND IZDUBAR.
27.
And Heabani
203
approached Harimtu then, who
before had not enticed him.
.... and was
28.
And
29.
and he turned and
30.
32.
Harimtu bent down her face,

and Harimtu spake; and his ears heard
and to him also she said to Heabani
33.
Famous Heabani
34.
Why
31.
he listened
attentive,
sat at the feet of
Harimtu.
like a
god
art thou,
dost thou associate with
the
creeping
things in the desert ?
35. I desire thy company to the midst of Erech
Suburi,
36. to the temple of Elli-tardusi the seat of
and
Anu
Ishtar,
37. the dwelling of Izdubar the

38.
who
39. She spake to

40. the
mighty
giant,
also like a bull towers over the chiefs.
wisdom
him and
before her speech,

of his heart flew away and dis
appeared.
41.
Heabani to her also
42. I join to
Samhat
said to
my
Harimtu
companionship,
43. to the temple of Elli-tardusi the seat of
and
Anu
Ishtar,
44. the dwelling of Izdubar the mighty giant,

45. who also like a bull towers over the chiefs.
46. I will
meet him and
see his power,
COLUMN V.
1.
I will bring to the
2.
and
if
he
is
midst of Erech a
able he will destroy
it.
tiger,
MEETING OF HE A BAN I
204-
3.
In the desert it
everything there
it
is I
has great strength,
know
Heabani went to the midst of Erech Suburi
6.
the chiefs
made submission
day they made a
8.
in that
9.
.....
10
11.
is
begotten,
before thee
festival
city
daughter
.
12
made
rejoicing
13
becoming great
mingled and
14
Izdubar rejoicing the people
15.
went before him
16.
prince thou becomest glory thou hast
17
fills
18
who day and
19
destroy thy terror

the god Samas loves
20
his
body
night
him and
and Hea have given intelligence
21
to his
ears
come from the mountain

the midst of Erech he will ponder
thy
22. he has
23. to
dream
24.
Izdubar his dream revealed and said to
mother
25.
dream
dreamed
in
my
sleep
26
the stars of heaven
27
28
struck upon my back

of heaven over me
29
did not rise over
it
his
AND IZDUBAR.
205
stood over
30
him and
over him
31
32
his
33
....
34
princess
35
me
know
36
37
to Izdubar
38
of heaven
39
40
over thy back

over thee
41
did not rise over
42
my
43
thee
it
one other mutilated fragment of this and

the next column with part of a relation respecting
Izdu
beasts and a fragment of a conversation between
bar and his mother.
There
is
The whole
of this tablet
is
curious,
and
it
certainly
successful issue of the attempt to bring

gives the
Heabani to Erech, and in very fragmentary condition
the
I
dream of the monarch.

have omitted some of the
details in
columns
III.
and IV. because they were on the one side obscure,

for
and on the other hand appeared hardly adapted
general reading.
and Harimtu
It appears that the females Samhat
Heabani to come to Erech and see the
prevailed upon
the giant Izdubar, and he declared that he
exploits of
would bring a Midannu, most probably a tiger, to
HEABANI AND IZDUBAR.
206
Erech, in order to
bar,
and
make
trial
of the strength of Izdu-
to see if he could
destroy
The Midannu
is
mentioned
it.
in the
Assyrian texts
as a fierce carnivorous animal allied to the lion
leopard
In the
;
it is
festivities
called
and
Midannu, Mindinu, and Mandinu.
fifth
column, after the description of the

which followed the arrival of
Heabani,
there appears a break between lines 15 and

16, some
of
the
part
original story being probably omitted
here.
I believe that the
is here
Assyrian
copy
defective, at least one line being lost.
The portion
here
omitted probably stated that the

following
speech was made by the mother of Izdubar, who
figures
legends.
prominently in the earlier
part of
these
CHAPTER XIII.
DESTRUCTION OF THE TYRANT HUMBABA.

Elamite dominion.
tion.
Petition
to
Forest
Shamas.
Humbaba.
region.
Journey
to
Conversa
Dwelling of
forest.
Humbaba. Entrance to forest. Meeting with Humbaba.

Death of Humbaba. Izdubar king.
HAVE
had considerable
difficulty
in
writing this chapter; in fact I have

arranged the matter now three times,
and such is the wretched broken con
dition of the fragments that I
uncertain
if I
am
now
even
quite
The various
the fourth and fifth
have the correct order.
detached fragments belong to

tablets in the series,
and
relate the contest
between
Izdubar and Humbaba.

I
have already stated
my
opinion that
was an Elamite, and that he was the
Humbaba
last
of the
dynasty which, according to Berosus, conquered and

held Babylonia for about two centuries, between B.C.
2450 and 2250.
Humbaba
held his court in
midst of a region of erini trees,
the
where there were
of the specie called Survan; these two

words are very vaguely used in the inscriptions, and
also trees
DESTRUCTION OF THE
208
appear to refer rather to the quality and appearance

of the trees than to the exact species.
Erini is used
for a tall fine tree
ash.
used for the pine, cedar, and
it is
have here translated the word
survan I have translated

tion
Lebanon
allusion to
its
is
"
pine,"
and
In one inscrip
"
cedar."
said to be the country of survan, in
cedar trees.
This section of the
Izdubar
was
legends
un
was
doubtedly of great importance, for, although it

disfigured by the poetical adornments deemed neces
sary to give interest to the narrative, yet of itself, as

described the overthrow of a dynasty and the
it
accession of Izdubar to the throne,
us in spite of
its
has interest for
it
mutilated condition.
Discoveries
When
pub
none of these
"
my Assyrian
fragments were in condition for publication, but I
have since joined arid restored some of them,- and the
new fragments have given sufficient aid to enable me
"
lished
now
them
to present
possible that
would
any
alter the
in
some
sort,
but
further accession of
arrangement
it
is
quite
new fragments
have here given.
placed in this division a fragment of the

story made up from three parts of a tablet, and con
taining a discourse of Heabani to some trees, but sub
I at first
sequent investigation has caused
me
to
withdraw
this
fragment and place it in the space of the eighth tablet.

In the case of the fourth tablet I think I have
fragments of all six columns, but some of these
are useless until we have further fragfragments
o
o
ments to complete them.
T YE ANT
HUMS ABA.
209
TABLET IV.
COLUMN
1
rn,u
I.
....
....
thy
me, return
the birds shall rend
in
him
thy presence
of the forest of pine trees
6
7
all
8.
the battle
.... may
the birds of prey surround him

that, his carcass may they destroy
me and we
10
to
11
thou shalt direct after the manner of a
will appoint thee king,
king
opened his mouth and spake,

13. and said to Heabani:
12. [Izdubar]
14.
... he
goes to the great palace

the breast of the great queen
15
knowledge, everything he knows

establish to our feet
16.
17
hand
18
his
19
I to the great palace
20
the great queen
(Probably over twenty
was
lines lost here.)
fragment, which gives part of the con

versation between Heabani and Izdubar previous to
It
this
the attack on Hunibaba, which led me to the opinion

that Izdubar was not yet king of Babylonia, for
DESTRUCTION OF THE
210
Heabani promises (lines 10 and 11) that they will

make Izdubar king when they have slain Humbaba
and given
and 9).
his corpse
to the
COLUMN
vultures
8,
(lines 4,
II.
enter
he raised
the ornaments of her
the ornaments of her breast
and her crown
....
I divided
7.
of the earth he opened

he ... .he ascended to the city
8.
he went up to the presence of Shamas he made
a sacrifice?
9.
he built an
he lifted his hands

10.
Why
hast
In the presence of Shamas
altar.
:
thou established Izdubar, in thy
heart thou hast given him protection,

11. when the son .... and he goes
12.
13.
1 4.
15.
on the remote path to Humbaba,

A battle he knows not he will confront,
an expedition he knows not he will ride
for long he will go and will return,
to,
16. to take the course to the forest of pine trees,
Humbaba of [whom his city may] he destroy,

and every one who is evil whom thou hatest
17. to
18.
In the day of the year he will ....

20. May she not return at all, may she not
19.
21.
him to
fix
TYRANT HUMBABA.
(About ten
Here we
see
that
211
lines lost here.)
Izdubar, impressed with the
magnitude of the task he had undertaken, makes a

prayer and sacrifice to Shamas to aid him in his task.
The next fragment appears
also to belong to this
column, and may refer to preliminaries for sacrificing

to Ishtar, with a view also to gain her aid in the
enterprise.
This fragment of Column
II.
neighbourhood of Erech
strong and
....
....
city
and the collection ....
placed the people together ....
he burst open the road
4.
and that
6.
7.
8.
....
3.
5.
reads
the people were ended

like of a king ....
....
long time had been made

10. to the goddess Ishtar the bed ....
9.
11.
which
for a
to Izdubar like the
....
god Sakim ....
Heabani opened the great gate of the house of

assembly ....
12.
13.
14
for
Izdubar to enter
....
in the gate of the
COLUMN
1.
2.
3.
the corpse of
to
....
....
to the rising of
...
house
III.
....
DESTRUCTION OF THE
212
4.
5.
....
the angels
may she not return
....
....
6.
him
7.
the expedition which he
8.
may
9.
to fix
he destroy also
of which he knows
10. the
road
knows not
....
....
....
Five more mutilated
lines, the rest of the
being lost.
This fragment shows
Izdubar
column
invoking the
Under the next
still
gods for his coming expedition.

column I have placed a fragment, the position and
meaning of which are quite unknown.
UNCERTAIN FRAGMENT.
COLUMN IV.
....
1.
he was heavy
2.
Heabani was
3.
Heabani strong not rising
4.
When ....
5.
with thy song?
6.
the sister of the gods faithful

...
wandering he fixed to
7.
8.
9.
....
....
....
....
....
the sister of the gods lifted

and the daughters of the gods grew
10. I
Heabani
....
he
lifted to
Somewhere here should be the
story,
....
....
now
lost,
of
the starting of Izdubar on his expedition accompanied

The sequel shows they
by his friend Heabani.
arrive at the palace or residence of Heabani, which
is
surrounded by a forest of pine and cedar, the whole
TYRANT HUMS ABA.
213
being enclosed by some barrier or wall, with a gate

Heabani and Izdubar open this gate
for entrance.
where the story reopens on the
fifth
column.
COLUMN V.
1.
the sharp
2.
to
3.
Humbaba
4.
he heard the gate of the forest [open]
5.
the sharp
weapon
make men fear him
....
poured a tempest out of his mouth.
weapon
to
make men
fear
him [he
took]
6.
and in the path of
his forest he
stood
and
[waited]
7.
Izdubar to him also [said to Heabani]
Here we see Humbaba waiting

but the rest of the column is lost
for the intruders,
appears to have
principally consisted of speeches by Izdubar and
Heabani on the magnificent trees they saw, and the
;
work before them.
A single
it
fragment of Column VI.,
containing fragments of six lines, shows them still

at the gate, and when the next tablet, No. V., opens,
they had not yet entered.
The
fifth tablet
TABLET V.
is more certain than the
last;
it
conquest of Humbaba or
Hubaba. I have only discovered fragments of this
tablet, which opens with a description of the retreat
appears to refer
of
Humbaba.
to the
DESTRUCTION OF THE
214
COLUMN
1.
He
I.
stood and surveyed the forest
of pine trees, he perceived its height,

3. of the forest he
perceived its approach,
2.
4.
in the place
where Humbaba went
his step
was
placed,
5.
6.
on a straight road and a good path.

He saw the land of the pine trees, the seat of
the gods, the sanctuary of the angels,

7. in front ? of the seed the
pine tree carried
its
fruit,
8.
9.
good was its shadow, full of pleasure,

an excellent tree, the choice of the forest,
....
10
the pine heaped
11
for
12
cedar two-thirds of
13
grown ....
14.
one kaspu
like it
(7 miles)
it
(About 10
lines lost here.)
....
he made and he ....
drove to ....
he opened and ....
25
he looked
26
27
28
29. Izdubar opened his
to [Heabani]
friend
30.
mouth and
spake, and said
My
31
//A
....
with their slaughter
....
TYRANT HUMBABA.
215
he did not speak before her, he made
32
with him
33
34. in
....
knowledge of war who made fighting,
entering to the house thou shalt not fear,
and
35
her also they
like I take
....
38
....
thy hand ....
took my friend first ....
39
his heart prepared for war, that year
36. to
an end
37
and day
40
may they
also
41
on
his falling appoint the people
slay him, his corpse
prey surround
42
they performed
45
make
it,
their will they established
they entered into the forest

II.
(Five lines mutilated.)

they passed through the forest
7.
Humbaba
8.
he did not
9.
he did not
....
come ....
....
(Seven lines
17.
the birds of
ne took the weight
COLUMN
6.
may
of them he shall
gi n g
43
44.
seat
heavy
....
lost.)
....
DESTRUGTION OF HU3IBABA.
216
Heabani opened
18.
his
19
Humbaba
20
one by one
....
....
and ....
mouth
in
(Many other broken
lines.)
There are a few fragments of Columns III., IV.,

and Y. and a small portion of Column VI. which
reads
....
he placed and ....
120 .... Heabani ....
the head of
his
tablet of the story of fate of
cedar to
Humbaba ....
weapon he sharpened ....
....
from the various mutilated fragments

of this tablet that Izdubar and Heabani
conquer and
slay Humbaba and take his goods, but much is wanted
It appears
to connect the fragments.
The conclusion of
story and
of
Izdubar
are
at
the
commencement
triumph
given
of the sixth tablet.
It appears, when the matter is
stripped of the marvellous incidents with which the
this
stage of the
poets have surrounded it, that Izdubar and his friend

went privately to the palace of Humbaba, killed the
monarch and carried
off his regalia, the
death of the
oppressor being the signal for the proclamation of

Babylonian freedom and the reign of Izdubar.
CHAPTER XIV.
THE ADVENTURES OF ISHTAR.

Triumph of Izdubar. Ishtar s love. Her offer of marriage.
Her promises. Izdubar s answer. Tammuz. Amours of IshHis refusal. Ishtar s anger. Ascends to Heaven. The
tar.
The
Ishtar
Slain by Izdubar.
bull.
feast.
Ishtar
The seven
tion.
s despair.
Release of Ishtar.
The
Lament
gates.
curse.
Izdubar
Her descent
curses.
for
triumph.
Hades.
Descrip
Uddusunamir.
Sphinx.
Tammuz.
this section I
and seventh
to
have included the sixth
tablets,
which both
pri
marily refer to the doings of Ishtar.
TABLET VI.
The
sixth tablet
is
in better condition than
any of
the former ones, and allows of something like a con
nected translation.
COLUMN
1
2.
I.
weapon, he sharpened his weapon,

Like a bull his country he ascended after him.
his
THE ADVENTURES OF ISHTAE.
218
3.
He destroyed him and his memorial was hidden.
4.
The country he wasted,
crown he
the fastening of the
took.
crown put on (the fastening of

the crown he took).
6. For the favour of Izdubar the
princess Ishtar
5.
Izdubar
lifted
her eyes
7.
his
I will take thee
Izdubar as husband,
shall be thy bond,
thy oath to me
9. thou shalt be husband and I will be
thy wife.
10. Thou shalt drive in a chariot of ukni stone
8.
and gold,
11. of
which the body
is
gold and splendid
its
pole.
12.
Thou
shalt acquire days of great conquests,
13. to Bitani in the
country where the pine trees
grow.
Bitani at thy entrance
15. to the river Euphrates kiss thy feet,
14.
May
16.
There
shall be
under thee kings,
lords,
and
princes.
17.
The
tribute of the mountains
and plains they
shall bring to thee, taxes
18. they shall give thee,
may thy
herds and flocks
bring forth twins,
19
mules be
20
in the chariot strong not
21
in
not be.
the
swift
yoke.
rival
weak
may
there

22. Izdubar
opened his inouth and spake, and
23. said to the princess Ishtar
24.
....
to thee thy possession
25
boply and rottenness
26
baldness and famine
27
28
instruments of divinity
instruments of royalty
29
storm
30
he poured
31
was destroyed
32
thy possession
33
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
sent in
.... ended wind and showers

palace .... courage
beauty .... cover her
he said .... carry her
body glorious .... carry her
grand .... tower of stone
let not be placed .... land of the enemy
body .... her lord
let them not marry thee .... for ever
let not praise thee .... he ascended
I take also the torch ? .... destroy thee
...
after
COLUMN
1.
2.
3.
4.
219
II.
Which alone .... her side

of thee,
to Dumuzi the husband
country after country mourn his love.
The wild eagle also thou didst love and
.
220
thou didst strike him, and his wings thou didst
5.
break
6.
he stood in the forest and begged for his

wings.
7.
Thou
didst love also a lion complete in might,

thou didst draw out by sevens his claws.
8.
Thou
didst love also a horse glorious in war,

he poured out to the end and extent his love,
11. After seven
kaspu (fourteen hours) his love
was not sweet,
9.
10.
and tumultuous was his love.

mother Silele he was weeping for
12. shaking
To his
Thou didst
13.
14.
love.
love also a ruler of the country,

15. and
continually thou didst break his weapons.
16.
Every day he
17.
Thou
propitiated thee with offerings,

didst strike him and to a leopard thou
didst change him,

18. his
own
19. his
dogs tore his wounds.
Thou
20.
city drove
him away, and
didst love also Isullanu the
husbandman
of thy father,
21.
who
22.
and every day delighted in thy portion.

In thy taking him also thou didst turn cruel,
23.
continually was subject to thy order,
24. Isullanu thy cruelty resisted,

25. and thy hand was brought out
strike?
and thou didst
....
26. Isullanu said to thee
27.
To me why
28.
mother thou wilt not be and
dost thou
29. of eaten food for
come
beauty
do not
and charms
eat,
?

30. trembling
and faintness overcome
Thou
....
31.
nearest this
32. thou didst strike him,
didst change him,

33. thou didst
place
him
and to a
the
in
221
me
pillar?
thou
midst of the
ground ....
34. he riseth not up,
35.
And me
he goeth not
....
thou dost love, and like to them thou
[wilt serve me].
36. Ishtar
on her hearing
this,
was angry and to heaven she ascended,

and Ishtar went to the presence of Ann her
37. Ishtar
38.
father,
39. to the presence of
and said
Anatu her mother she went
40. Father, Izdubar hates me,
COLUMN
1.
and
III.
Izdubar despises
beauty and
my beauty,
my charms.
2.
my
3.
Anu
4.
said to the princess Ishtar:
5.
My
6.
opened
hi s
mouth and
spake, and
daughter thou shalt remove ....

and Izdubar will count thy beauty,
7.
thy beauty and thy charms.
8.
Ishtar opened her mouth and spake, and

said to Anu her father
9.
THE ADVENTURES OF
222
10.
My
father, create a divine bull
and
....
11. Izdubar
12.
ISIITAE.
when he
....
....
....
is filled
13. I will strike
14. I will join
15
16. over
17.
Ann
....
opened his mouth and spake, and
18. said to the

princess Ishtar:
19
thou shalt join
20
of noble
....
names
21
mashi
....
22
which
is
23. Ishtar
opened her mouth and spake, and
24.
said to
Aim
magnified
her father
25
I will strike
26
I will break
27
of noble
28
reducer
29
30
....
names
of foods
....
of
him
(Some
lines lost here.)
COLUMN IV.
(Some
1
lines lost.)
warriors
to the midst
three hundred warriors
THE ADVENTURES OF ISHTAK.

to the
4
5
two
midst
slay Heabani
divisions he parted in the midst of
6.
in
7.
two hundred warriors
....
it
made, the divine
....
bull
8.
.... his horns

his might
....
Heabani struck?
and Heabani pierced .... joy ....
in the third division
9.
10.
11. the
of
223
divine
bull
by
his
head he took hold
....
....
12.
the length of his tail
13.
Heabani opened his mouth and spake, and

said to Izdubar
4.
17.
we will stretch out ....

then we will overthrow ....
and the might ....
18.
may
15.
16.
Friend
it
....
(Three lines
lost.)
.... to Yul and Xebo

tarJca .... um ....
Heabani took hold .... the
hands
22
23
24
bull
he
25
....
also
.... by
Heabani
26
COLUMN V.
1.
2.
And
....
....
Izdubar like a
might and
his tail
divine
THE ADVENTURES OF I8HTAR.
224
3.
in the
vicinity
of the
middle of his horns
....
and
4.
5.
6.
from the city he destroyed, the heart ....

to the presence of Shamas ....
he had extended to the presence of Sha
mas ....
7.
he placed at the side the bulk
8.
And
....
Ishtar ascended unto the wall of Erech
Suburi,
destroyed the covering and uttered a curse

10. I curse Izdubar who dwells here, and the
9.
winged bull has slain.

11. Heabani heard the speech of
Ishtar,
12. and he cut off the member of the divine
and before her threw it

13. I answer it, I will take thee and
bull
14. I
as in this
have heard thee,
the curse I will turn against thy side.

16. Ishtar gathered her maidens
15.
17.
Samhati and Harimati,
and over the member of the divine bull a

mourning she made.
18.
19. Izdubar called
on the people
....
20. all of them,
21.
and the weight of
his
horns the young
took,
manas of zamat stone within them,

the sharpness of the points was
destroyed,
6 gurs its mass
together.
22. 30
23.
24.
men
THE ADVENTURES OF ISETAR.

25.
To
the ark of his god Sarturda he dedicated
26. he took
it
29.
30.
it
and they took and went

round the city of Erech riding,
and the assembly of the chiefs of Erech
marked
it.
31.
Izdubar to the inhabitants of Erech
32
a proclamation made.
COLUMN VI.
Any one of ability among

Any one noble among men,
"
1.
2.
3.
Izdubar
is
4.
Izdubar
is
5
6
9.
the chiefs,
among the chiefs,

noble among men,
able
placed hearing
vicinity, not of the inhabitants
8.
him."
Izdubar in his palace made a rejoicing,

the chiefs reclining on couches at night,
Heabani lay down, slept, and a dream he

dreamed.
11. Heabani spake and the dream he explained,
10.
12.
and worshipped at his fire;

Euphrates they washed their hands,
in
27. in the river

28.
225
and
said to Izdubar.
TABLET VII.
The seventh
tablet opens with the words,
u Friend
the gods take council." I am uncertain if I

have found any other portion of this tablet, but I
why do
have provisionally placed here part of a remarkable

Q
226
of Ishtar.
fragment, with a continuation of the story
It appears that this goddess, failing in her attempt in
heaven to avenge herself on Izdubar for his slight,

resolved to descend to hell, to search out, if possible,
new modes
Columns
of attacking him.
I. and II. are lost, the fragments recom
mencing on column
III.
COLUMN
1
people
to
III.
destroy
his
hand
ap
proached
2
raise in
like before
Zaidu
thy presence
shall accomplish the
wish of his
heart
5.
thee, the female
ends and
8.
them weep
10.
12
Samhat
he takes
will expel thee
.... good
kept by the great jailor

like
11.
....
with the female Samhat
going down they were angry?
for thee
... goods of the house of thy fullness

... like death .... of thy depression
for the females
them bow
13
let
14
sink
15
down
those who
16
she
17
placed in thy house
18
occupy thy seat
are collected
let

19
thy resting place
20
thy feet
21
may
22
23
thee
227
they destroy
may they invoke
they gave
After
many lines
in the fourth
destroyed, the story recommences
column.
COLUMN IY.
1.
[To Hades the country unseen]
2.
I spread like a bird
3.
I descend, I
my
I turn myself,
wings.
descend to the house of darkness,
5.
god Irkalla
To the house entering which there is no exit,
to the road the course of which never returns:
6.
To the house in which
to the dwelling of the

4.
the place where dust

their food mud.
7.
8.
chiefs also
Its
are
the dwellers long for light,

is
their
like
nourishment and
birds
covered with
feathers
and
never seen, in darkness they dwell.

10. In the house my friend which I will enter,
9.
11. for
12.
light
me
is
is
treasured
up
a crown;
with those wearing crowns
who from days
of
old ruled the earth,

13. to
terrible
14.
water.
whom
the gods
Anu and
Bel have given
names.
The food
is
made
carrion, they drink stagnant
228
15.
In the house
which
my friend
I will enter,
and unconquered
dwell the bards and great men,
16. dwell the chiefs

17.
18. dwell the monsters of the

19.
it is
20
ones,
deep of the great gods,
the dwelling of Etana, the dwelling of Ner,

the queen of the lower regions Ninkigal
21* the mistress of the fields the
mother of the
queen of the lower regions before her submits,

22. and there is not any one that stands against
her in her presence.
23. I will approach her
24.
and she
Here the story
is
and she
will bring
will see
me
me
to her
again lost, columns V. and VI.

evident that in the third column
being absent. It is
some one is speaking to Ishtar trying to persuade her
not to descend to Hades, while in the fourth column
the goddess,
and
who
suffering all the pangs of jealousy

hate, revels in the dark details of the description
is
of the lower regions, and declares her determination

to
go there.
There can be no doubt that
this part of the
legend
with
connected
the
beautiful
closely
story of the
Descent of Ishtar into Hades on a tablet which I
is
u
published in the
Daily
Telegraph,"
in fact I think
that tablet to have been an extract from this part of

the Izdubar legends, and it so closely connects itself
with the story here that I give
it
as part of the sequel
to this tablet.
1.
The descent of Ishtar

To Hades the land of
into
.
Hades from K.
.THE
Ishtar daughter of Sin (the
2.
clined
ADVENTURES OF ISHTAR.
229
moon) her ear
in
inclined also the daughter of Sin her ear,

4. to the house of darkness the dwelling of the
3.
god
Irkalla,
6.
house entering which there is no exit,

to the road the course of which never returns,
7.
to the house
to the
which on entering
it
they long for
light,
8.
the place where dust
their
nourishment an d
mud.
their food
9.
is
never seen in darkness they dwell,

chiefs also are like birds covered with
Light
10. its
is
feathers,
11. over the
12. Ishtar
door and bolts
is
scattered dust.
on her arrival at the gate of Hades,
keeper of the gate a command she called

14. Keeper of the waters open thy gate,
13. to the
open thy gate that I may enter.

16. If thou openest not the gate and I
15.
am
not ad
mitted ;
17. I will strike the
door and the door posts
I will
shatter,
18. I will strike the hinges
the doors
and
I will burst
open
up the dead devourers of the
19. I will raise
20. over the living the

21.
The keeper
22.
and called
23. Stay lady
his
dead
mouth opened and
to the princess Ishtar:
do not do
this,
living,
shall triumph.
spake,
TEE ADVENTURES OF
230
24. let
me go and
ISIITAE.
thy speech repeat to the queen
Ninkigal.
25.
The keeper entered and
26. this
water thy
called to Ninkigal
sister Ishtar
27
....
....
of the great vaults

28. Ninkigal on her hearing this
29. like the cutting off of
30. like the bite of
31
an insect
Will her heart support
it,
it
....
will her spirit
uphold
it;
32. this water I
....
with
33. like food eaten like jugs of water drank

34. Let her mourn for the husbands who forsake
.
their wives.
35.
Let her mourn
for the
bosom of their husbands

36. for the children
who
who from
wives
the
depart.
who miscarry
let
her mourn,
are not born in their proper time.
38.
Go keeper open thy gate

and enclose her like former
39.
The keeper went and opened
37.
visitors.
his gate,
40. on entering lady may the city of Cutha be

41. the palace of Hades is rejoicing at thy presence.
.
The
gate he passed her through and drew

her in, and he took away the great crown of her head.
43. Why keeper hast thou taken away the great
crown of my head.
42.
On
first
Entering lady, the goddess of the lower

regions does thus with her visitors.
45. The second gate he passed her through and
44.

drew her
in,
231
and he took away the earrings of her
ears.
46.
of
Why keeper hast thou taken away
the earrings
ears.
my
entering Lady, the goddess

with her visitors.
regions does thus
47.
On
48.
The
drew her
of the lower
her through and

gate he passed
and he took away the necklace of her
third
in,
neck.
of
49.
Why keeper hast
my
neck.
thou taken away the necklace
of the lower
with her visitors.
regions does thus
51. The fourth gate he passed her through and
the ornaments of her
and he took
drew her
50.
On
away
in,
breast.
52.
ments
Why keeper hast

of my breast.
thou taken away the orna
of the lower
with her visitors.
regions does thus
drew
54. The fifth gate he passed her through and
53.
her
in,
On
and he took away the binding girdle of her
waist.
55.
girdle
Why keeper
of my waist.
hast thou taken
away
the binding
of the lower
entering lady, the goddess
with her visitors.
regions does thus
and
57. The sixth gate he passed her through
drew her in, and he took away the bracelets of her
56.
On
hands and her
feet.
232
Why
58.
lets of
59.
my
keeper hast thou taken away the brace

hands and my feet.
On
entering lady, the goddess of tire lower

does
thus with her visitors.
regions
60. The seventh gate he passed her
through and
drew her
in,
and he took away the covering cloak of
her body.
61.
Why
ing cloak of
62.
keeper hast thou taken away the cover
my
body.
On
entering lady, the goddess of the lower

regions does thus with her visitors.
63. When a long time Ishtar to Hades had de
scended
64. Ninkigal
saw her and
at her presence
65. Ishtar did not consider

66.
and
at her she swore.
Mnkigal her mouth opened and spake,
67. to Simtar her attendant a

68.
was angry,
Go Simtar
command she
me and
called:
[take Ishtar from]
69. take her out to
....
Ishtar
70. diseased eyes strike her with,
diseased side strike her with,

72. diseased feet strike her
with,
71.
73. diseased heart strike her with,
diseased head strike her with,

75. to her the whole of her
[strike with disease].
76. After Ishtar the
lady [to Hades had descended],
77. with the cow the bull would not
unite, and the
74.
would not approach

and the female slave would not
approach the
ass the female ass
78.
vicinity of the master.
THE ADVENTURES OF
79.
The master ceased
in his
I SETAE.
233
command,
80. the female slave ceased in her gift.
COLUMN
1.
II.
Papsukul the attendant of the gods,
against
set his face
them
2.
turned
3.
Samas
....
....
full
(the sun)
went and
in the presence
of
his father he wept,
into the presence of
4.
tears
Hea
the king he went in
5.
Ishtar to the lower regions has descended, she
has not returned.

6.
When
a long time Ishtar to
Hades had. de
scended,
with the cow the bull would not unite, and the
ass the female ass would not approach;
7.
8.
and the female slave would not approach the
vicinity of the master.

9.
The master ceased
in his
command,
10. the female slave ceased in her gift.
11.
12.
13.
set
wisdom of his heart considered,

and made Uddusu-namir the sphinx:
Go Uddusu-namir towards the gates of Hades
Hea
thy face
14.
may
in the
the seven gates of
thy presence
15.
may
arrival.
Hades be opened
at
Ninkigal see thee and rejoice
at
thy
234
That her heart be
16.
removed
satisfied,
and her anger be
17. appease her
by the names of the great gods.
18. Raise thy heads,
on the flowing stream
set
thy
mind,
19. when command over the
flowing stream shall
be given, the waters in the midst mayest thou drink.
20. Ninkigal on her
hearing this,
and wrung her hands,

22. she turned at this and comfort would not take
23. go Uddusu-namir may the great
jailor keep
21. beat her breasts
thee,
May food of the refuse of the city be thy food,

May the drains of the city be thy drink,
May the shadow of the dungeon be thy resting
24.
25.
26.
place,
27.
28.
May a slab of stone be thy seat

May bondage and want strike thy
refuge
Ninkigal her mouth opened and spake,
30. to Sirntar her attendant a command she called
29.
Go Simtar
31.
strike the palace of

judgment,
32. the stone slab press
33. bring out the spirit,
throne
34.
upon with the pa-stone,

and seat it on the golden
Over Ishtar pour the water of
life
and bring
her before me.

Simtar went, he struck the palace of judgment,
36. the stone slab he pressed
upon with the pa-stone,
37. he brought out the spirit and seated it on the
35.
golden throne.

38.
Ishtar he poured the water of
On
brought
235
life
and
her.
her out of, and he

gate he passed
restored to her the covering cloak of her body.
he
40. The second gate he passed her out of, and
her
restored to her the bracelets of her hands and
39.
The
first
feet.
third gate he passed her out of, and he

restored to her the binding girdle of her waist.
41.
The
42.
The fourth gate he passed her out
of,
and he
restored to her the ornaments of her breast.

he
43. The fifth gate he passed her out of, and
restored to her the necklace of her neck.
sixth gate he passed her out
restored to her the earrings of her ears.
44.
The
of,
and he
The seventh gate he passed her out of, and he

restored to her the great crown of her head.
thee
46. When her freedom she would not grant to
45.
to her also turn,
the husband of her youth;

48. beautiful waters pour out beautiful boxes ....
of
49. in splendid clothing dress him, bracelets?
47. to
Dumuzi
jewels place
....
appease her grief,

51. and Belele give to her comfort.
52. Precious stones like eyes are not
50.
May Samhat
53. her
brother
was
slain?
....
....
she
struck,
Belele gave her comfort.

54. Precious stones like birds eyes are not better
than thee,
236
55.
my
only brother thou didst never wrong me

day that Dumuzi adorned me, with
rings of rubies, with bracelets of emeralds, with him
56. In
the
adorned me,
him adorned me, men mourners and
57. with
women
58.
mourners,
on a bier may they
raise,
and gashes
may
they cut?
This remarkable text shows Ishtar
threat
and descending
fulfilling
her
to Hades, but
it does not
appear that she accomplished her vengeance against
Izdubar yet.
At
the opening of the sixth tablet we have the

final scene of the contest with Humbaba.
Izdubar,
slaying Humbaba, takes the crown from the
head of the monarch and
places it on his own
thus
head,
signifying that he assumed the empire.
There were, as we are informed in several
places,
after
kings, lords,
and
princes, merely local rulers, but

submitted
to the greatest
generally
power;
and just as they had bowed to
so
Humbaba,
they
were ready now to submit to Izdubar. The
these
kingdom
promised to Izdubar when he started to encounter
Humbaba now became

and he entered the
his
by right of superior force,

ErecK and
halls of the
palace of
feasted with his heroes.
We now
come
to a curious
part of the
story, the
romance of Izdubar and Ishtar. One of the

strange
and dark features of the
Babylonian religion was the
Ishtar or Venus
worship, which was an adoration of
ADVENTURES OF ISHTAE.
237
the reproductive power of nature, accompanied by

ceremonies which were a reproach to the country.
of Erech, originally a seat of the worship of
The
city
Anu, was now one of the foremost
cities
in
this
in
Ishtar worship.
Certainly Ishtar is represented
the legends as living at the time, and as being the
widow
of Dumuzi, the ruler of Erech, and
BOWAREYEH MOUND AT W-VRKA (ERECH),
sible there
SITE OF
may have been some
it is
pos-
THE TEMPLE OF ISHTAR.
basis for the story
some dissolute queen whose favour

Izdubar refused but we have to remember that these
Izdubar legends were not intended for history, but
Ishtar
for historical romance, and the whole story of
be only introduced to show the hero s opposi
in a tradition of
may
tion to this worship, or to
superstition
make an
by quoting Izdubar
of the goddess.
attack
upon the
supposed defiance
238
The
thirteenth to sixteenth lines of the
first
column
appear to mark out the ultimate boundaries of the
empire of Izdubar, and the limits mark somewhere

about the extent assigned to the kingdom of Nimrod
by
tradition.
Armenian
the
The northern boundary was

mountains,
the
eastern
Bitani
by
boundary
the mountain ranges which separated

Assyria and
from
and
the
south
was the Persian
Babylonia
Media,
beyond which nothing was known, and the

Arabian desert, which also bounded part of the west.
Gulf,
On
western boundary his dominions stretched
the
along the region of the Euphrates, perhaps to Orfa,

a city which has still traditions of Nimrod.
In the
course of the answer Izdubar

gives to
Ishtar, he calls to mind the various amours of Ishtar,
and
cannot avoid the impression that the author

has here typified the universal
power of love, extend
over
and
men
and
animals.
ing
low,
high
I
The
lines
show
Ishtar obtaining from

subsequent
her father the creation of a bull called
the divine
"
animal
have supposed to be the

winged
bull so often depicted on
Assyrian sculpture, but I
bull;"
this
am now
inclined to think
that this bull is

represented
without wings. The struggle with a
bull, represented
on the Babylonian cylinder,
and
figured here,
similar representations, seem to refer to
this incident.
There is no struggle with a
winged
bull on the Izdubar cylinders.
numerous
would appear from the broken fragments of

column IV. that Heabani laid hold of the bull
by
It

the
head and
tail
while Izdubar killed
bani in the engraving
by
its
head and
is
and
it,
II ea-
represented holding the bull
tail.
the close of the sixth tablet the story
At
239
is
again
of the third and fourth columns

lost, only portions
of the next tablet being preserved, but light is thrown
on
this portion of the narrative
by the remarkable
tablet describing the descent of Ishtar into Hades.

that this tablet was in great part
I think it
probable
IZDUBAR AND HEABANI
IN
CONFLICT WITH THE LION AND BULL.
an extract from the seventh tablet of the Izdubar

legends.
The
tablet with the descent of Ishtar into
was first noticed by Mr. Fox Talbotin the
"
Hades
Transac
of the Royal Society of Literature," but he

was entirely abroad as to the meaning of the words.
tions
After this I published a short notice of
it
in the
North British Review," to clear up some of the

translated
difficulties, and it has been subsequently
by Lenormant and Oppert, and re-translated by Mr.
Fox
Talbot.
These translations and various notices
THE ADVENTURES OF
240
ISHTAIl.
of the Deluge tablets will be found in

Les Premieres
Civilisations
of Francois Lenormant, Paris,
1874,
"
"
a small pamphlet on the Descent of Ishtar,

by Pro
fessor Oppert, and various
on
these
papers
subjects
by Mr. Fox Talbot,

Society of Biblical
and
my own
in the
"
Transactions
Archaeology," vols.
translation in the
August 19, 1873.

The story of the descent
i.,
ii.,
of the
and
in.,
"
Daily
Telegraph,"
of Ishtar into
Hades
is
one of the most beautiful myths in the

Assyrian
it has,
inscriptions
however, received so much atten
tion, and been so fully commented upon by various
;
need be said on the subject here.

evident that we are dealing with the same
scholars, that little

It is
goddess as the Ishtar, daughter of A.nu, in the

Izdubar legends, although she is here called daughter
of Sin (the
moon
god)
The description of the region of Hades is most
graphic, and vividly portrays the sufferings of the
.
prisoners there but there are several difficulties in

the story, as there is no indication in some cases as to
;
who
acts or speaks.
to deliver Ishtar,
is
Uddusu-namir, created by Hea

described as a composite animal,
more than one head,
half bitch and half man, with

and appears to correspond, in
Cerberus of the
classics,
cording to some,
fifty
The
some
respects, to the
which had three heads ac
heads according to others.
latter part of the tablet is obscure,
to refer to the custom of lamenting for
Tammuz.
and appears
Dumuzi
or
CHAPTER XV.
AND WANDERINGS OF IZDUBAR.
ILLNESS
and the
Heabani
trees.
Illness
of
Izdubar.
His dream.
Journey of Izdubar.
Heabani.
Death of
Scorpion men,
The Desert of Mas. The paradise. Siduri and Sabitu, Urhamsi. Water of death.
Ragmu. The conversation. Hasisadra.
the three tablets in this section, the
first
one
is
very uncertain, and
is
put
the
together from two separate sources;
other two are more complete and satis
factory.
TABLET VIII.
I
am
uncertain again
this tablet
of the
I provisionally place here
first,
second, third,
which may belong

ment worth translating
tablet
given in
have discovered any of
if I
some fragments
and sixth columns of a

to
at
but the only .frag

present is one I .have
it,
"Assyrian Discoveries," p.
176.
In some
as I
portions of these fragments there are references,,
have there, stated, to the story of Humbaba, but as
ILLNESS AND WANDERINGS
242
the fragment appears to refer to the illness of Izdubar

I think it belongs here.
COLUMN
1.
I.
....
to his friend
....
name ....
and 3
4.
thy
made ....
6.
his speech he
7.
Izdubar
my
8.
Izdubar
....
father
....
....
10. joined
11.
Heabani
12.
said to
his
mouth opened and spake and
....
him ....
13. I join
....
15. the door ....
16. of ....
17 and 18 ....
19. in ....
14. in the
20.
Heabani
21.
with the
.... carried
door .... thy
22. the door on its sides does not

23.
it
has not aroused her hearing
24. for
twenty kaspu (140 miles) it

25. and the pine tree a bush I see
26. there
is
is
.
not another like thy tree
raised
.
OF IZDVBAR.
243
two gars (40
27. Six gars (120 feet) is thy height,

feet) is
....
thy breadth
28. thy circuit, thy contents, thy mass

29. thy make which is in thee in the city of
.
30. I
know thy
31. arid this

32. for I
33. I
is
entrance like this
good
have his
Nipur
...
face, for I
fill
34
35. for he took
36. the pine tree, the cedar,
37. in its cover

38.
thou also
39.
may
take
....
.
40. in the collection of everything
41. a great destruction
42. the whole of the trees
shadow
not great
46. and thy smell is not agreeable
47.
48.
is
The Izmanubani tree was angry

made a likeness ?
49. like the tree
The second,
43. in thy land Izmanubani

44. thy bush ? is not strong
45. thy
third, fourth
and
fifth
columns appear
on
to be entirely absent, the

inscription reappearing
a fragment of the sixth column.
244
COLUMN
(Many
lines lost.)
2.
The dream which I saw ....

... made ? the mountain ....
3.
he struck
4.
They
1.
5.
6.
II.
like
....
nimgi struck
....
brought? forth in the vicinity ....

He said to his friend Heabani the dream
7.
... good omen
8.
the
9.
all
0.
when we captured Humbaba and we

... of his helpers to thy ....
11.
dream
...
dream was deceptive ....

the mountain which thou didst see
12. in the storm to
13.
of the
....
For twenty kaspu he journeyed a stage
kaspu he made a halt?

15. in the presence of Shamas he dug out a
14. at thirty
pit
....
16.
Izdubar ascended to over
17.
side of his house he approached

mountain was subdued, the dream
he made it and ....
by the
18. the
19.
COLUMN
1.
2.
III.
The mountain was subdued, the dream

he made it and ....
3.
... turban? ....
4.
he cast him down and
5.
the mountain like corn of the field
....
.
OF IZDUBAR.
245
Izdubar at the destruction set up
6.
...
Anatu the injurer of men upon him struck,

and in the midst of his limbs he died.
7.
8.
He
spake and said to his friend

10. Friend thou dost not ask me why I
9.
am naked,
am spoiled,
thou dost not inquire of me why I

God will not depart, why do my limbs burn.
11.
12.
14.
Friend I saw a third dream,

and the dream which I saw entirely disappeared,
15.
He invoked
13.
the god of the earth and desired
death.
17.
storm came out of the darkness,

the lightning struck and kindled a
18.
and came out the shadow of death.
16.
fire,
19. It disappeared, the fire sank,
he struck
20.
...
And
21.
22.
and
it
it
turned to a palm
tree,
and in the desert thy lord was proceeding.

Heabani the dream considered and said
to Izdubar.
The fourth and

lost.
illness
fifth
columns of
are
this tablet
This part of the legend appears to refer to the

of Izdubar.
COLUMN VI.
the
dream which
not
My
the day he dreamed the dream, the end
3.
4.
5.
friend
Heabani lay down also one day

which Heabani in that evening
is
the third day and the fourth day which
246
6.
the
7.
when Heabani was troubled
8.
the eleventh and twelfth
fifth,
sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth
11. is
12.
my
friend hostile to
14. the friend

15. I in
It
who
and
me
.
in battle
then in the midst of fight
13. I turn to battle
Heabani in that evening

10. Izdubar asked also
9.
must here be noted that
this the eighth tablet are
my grounds
for
making
extremely doubtful,
it
is
possible that the fragments are of different tablets;
but they fill up an evident blank in the story here,

and I have inserted them pending further discoveries
as to their true position.
In the
column Heabani appears to be address

ing certain trees, and they are supposed to have the
Heabani
power of hearing and answering him.
one
tree
and
sneers at another, but from the
praises
first
mutilation of the text

so.
I conjecture
it
does not appear
why
he acts
he was seeking a charm to open the
door he mentions, and that according to the story
charm was known to the trees. The fragment

of the sixth column shows Heabani unable to
interpret
this
a dream, while Izdubar asks his friend to

fight.
After this happened the violent death of Heabani,
which added to the misfortunes of Izdubar

fragment of this part of the story
is
but no
preserved.
OF IZDUBAR.
247
TABLET IX.
This tablet
others,
and
somewhat better state than the

the narrative is clearer from this point,
in a
is.
all
not a single column of the inscription being entirely

The ninth tablet commences with the sorrow
lost.
of Izdubar at the death of Heabani.
COLUMN
I.
1.
Izdubar over Heabani his seer
2.
bitterly lamented,
3.
4.
7.
Weakness entered into my soul

death I feared, and lay down on the ground.
For the advice of Hasisadra, son of Ubaratutu
The road I was taking, and joyfully I went,
8.
to the
5.
6.
and lay down on the ground.

had no judgment like Heabani;
;
neighbourhood of the mountains
took
at night.
9.
10. I
dream
I saw,
bowed on my
and
I feared.
face,
and
to Sin (the
moon god)
prayed;
11.
and into the presence of the gods came
supplication
12.
and they sent peace unto me.

dream.
13
Sin, erred in
14
15.
precious stones
16.
were bound to
17. like the time

18.
he struck
...
life.
to his hand.
his girdle
.
their
fruit ?
... he
he broke
struck
my
248
and
19.
....
20. he
threw
21. he
was guarded
/4~.
name ....
new name ....
22. the former

23. the
he carried
24.
25. to
....
....
(About six lines lost here.)

The second column shows Izdubar in some fabulous
region, whither he has wandered in search of Hasis-
Here he
adra.
sees composite monsters with their feet
resting in hell, and their heads reaching heaven.

These beings are supposed to guide and direct the
sun at
follows
its
rising
and
setting.
COLUMN
1
2.
3.
4.
This passage
is
as
II.
Of the country hearing him ....

To the mountains of Mas in his course ....
who each day guard the rising sun.
Their crown was at the lattice of heaven,
5.
under
6.
The scorpion-man guarded the
7.
burning with terribleness, their appearance was
hell their feet
were placed.
gate,
like death,
8.
9.
the might of his fear shook the forests.

At the rising of the sun and the setting of the
guarded the sun.

Izdubar saw them and
sun, they
10.
into his face.
fear
and terror came
OF IZDUBAR.
11.
fore
them.
12.
The scorpion-man
13.
Who
his
he approached be
his resolution
Summoning
249
of his female asked:
god on
affliction of
comes to us with the
body
the scorpion-man his female answered
15. The work of god is laid upon the man,
14.
To
16.
The scorpion-man
of the hero asked,
word he
17
of the gods the
18
distant road
19
come
20
of which the passage
The
to
rest of this
my
is
said
presence
column
telling
is difficult.
lost.
is
converses with the monsters
column begins he
In
it
Izdubar
and where the third
them
his purpose, to seek
Hasisadra.
COLUMN
(1
3.
4.
5.
6.
and 2
He Hasisadra my
who is established
III.
lost.)
father
assembly of the gods

death and life [are known to him]
The monster opened his mouth and spake
in the
8.
and said to Izdubar

Do it not Izdubar ....
9.
of the country
7.
10. for twelve

11.
there
which
is
is
....
the journey]
with
sand, and
completely covered
kaspu (84 miles)
not a cultivated
12. to the rising sun
field,
....
[is
250
....
to the setting sun ....
he brought out ....
sun
13. to the setting
14.
15.
In this mutilated passage, the monster describes

the journey to be taken by Izdubar there are now
;
lines wanting,
many
until
we come
to the fourth
column.
COLUMN IV.
6.
....
again thou ....
the monster ....
Izdubar ....
go Izdubar ....
lands of Mas ....
7.
the road of the sun
8.
kaspu he went ....

which was completely covered with sand, and
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
9.
in prayer
....
there was not a cultivated
field,
was not able to look behind him.

2 kaspu he went ....
10. he
11.
This
is
the bottom of the fourth column
five lines lost at the top of the fifth
the narrative reopens; the text

lated and doubtful.
there are
column, and then
is,
however, muti
.COLUMN V.
6.
4 kaspu he went
....
7. which was
completely covered with sand, and
there was not a cultivated field,
8.
he was not able to look behind him.
OF IZDUBAE.
9.
10.
251
kaspu he went ....

5
was not a, cultivated field,

11. he was not able to look behind him.
12. 6 kaspu he went ....
there

there was not a cultivated field,
13.
kaspu he went ....

15. 7
16.
was not a cultivated field,

turned? ....
18. 8 kaspu he went
with sand, and
covered
19. which was completely
there
was not a cultivated field,

21. 9 kaspu he went .... to the north
there
22
his face
23
a field
24
to look
25.
behind him
10 kaspu? he went?
.... him
26
meeting
27
4 kaspu
28
shadow
29
beautiful situation
30. to
the
appearance
it
forest
was
31. Emeralds
32.
the
covered,
it
of the sun
....
of the trees of
the
gods in
equal.
carried as
branches
its fruit,
were encircled
to
the
points
252
33.
Ukni stones
it
carried as shoots?
it carried to the
sight were large
of the words in this fragment are obscure,
the general meaning is clear.
In the next
34. the fruit
Some
but
column the wanderings of Izdubar are continued,

and he comes to a country near the sea. Fragments
of several lines of this column are preserved, but too
with certainty.
mutilated to translate
ments are
The
frag
COLUMN VI.
(About six
2.
the pine tree ....

its nest of stone
3.
not striking the sea
1.
4. like
5.
6. jet
stone,
ukni stone?
....
jet stones
.... gugmi
....
beautiful
caught?
ka stone .... the goddess Ishtar
worms? and
a bustard
lines lost.)
caterpillars
it
he carried
.... asgege
which .... the sea
was .... may he raise
like
8.
9.
10.
Izdubar [saw this] in his travelling

and he carried .... that
11.
12.
This tablet brings Izdubar to the region of the

sea-coast, but his way is then barred by two women,
one named Siduri, and the other Sabitu. His further

adventures are given on the tenth tablet, which
opens
OF IZDUBAR.
253
TABLET X.
1.
Siduri
and Sabitu who
in the land beside the
sea dwelt
2.
dwelt also
....
a dwelling,
making ....
3.
making
4.
5.
covered with stripes of affliction in

Izdubar struck with disease ....
6.
illness
covering his
....
....
7. having the brand of the gods on his

8. there was shame of face on ....
9.
to
go on the distant path his face was
set.
10. Sabitu afar off pondered,
11. spake within her heart, and a resolution made.

12. Within herself also she considered
:
13.
What
14.
There
18.
he struck his hands and made
is
this
message
no one upright in ....
15. And Sabitu saw him and shut her place?
16. her gate she shut, and shut her place?
17. And he Izdubar having ears heard her
is
....
19. Izdubar to her also said to Sabitu
20. Sabitu
why
....
....
21.
thy gate thou closest
22.
I will strike the
The
rest of this
dost thou shut thy place?
column
is lost,
but
am
able to
say it described the meeting of Izdubar with a boat

man named Urhamsi, and they commence together a
journey by water in a boat on the second column.
254
Very
of this column
little
is
preserved; I give two
fragments only here.
1.
Urharnsi to
COLUMN II.
him also said to Izdubar
....
2.
Why
3.
and thy heart is tried ....

there is shame of face on ....
thou goest on the distant path ....
4.
5.
should I curse thee
....
burning and affliction

thus thou ....
8.
Izdubar to him also said to Urhamsi
10
my hand has not ....

my heart is not ....
shame of face on ....

Here again there are many
wanting lines, and then
we have some fragments of the bottom of the column.
11
said to Izdubar
and
the ship
of death
wide
lower part
his
ends
to the river
ship
in the
vicinity
10
boatman
11
he burned
12
to thee
Here there
are
many
lines lost,
then recommencing
the story proceeds on the third column.
OF IZDUBAR.
COLUMN
whom
255
III.
I loved
1.
the friend
2.
3.
Izdubar to him also said to Ur-hamsi
am
not like him
....
5.
why ....
Again Ur-hamsi
what brings (matters) to me if it
6.
if
4.
carried to cross the sea, if not carried [to
cross the sea]
7.
8.
Ur-hamsi to him also said to Izdubar

Thy hand Izdubar ceases ....
thou hidest in the place of the stones thou

10. in the place of the stones hidden and they
11. Take Izdubar the axe in thy hand ....
9.
12.
13.
of five gar
go down to the forest and a spear
of it, and carry it
capture and make a burden
...
Izdubar on his hearing this,

15. took the axe in his hand ....
14.
16.
gar
five
....
17.
it
he went down to the forest and a spear of
he took and made a burden of
it,
and carried
[to the ship]
Izdubar and Urhamsi rode in the ship

19. the ship the waves took and they ....
20. a journey of one month and fifteen days.
18.
the third day in their course

21. took Urhamsi the waters of death
....
On
256
COLUMN IV.
1.
Urhamsi
2.
the tablets? Izdubar
3.
Let not
hand
to
him
the
also said to Izdubar
waters
....
death enclose thy
of
....
the second time, the third time, and the fourth

time Izdubar was lifting the spear ....
5. the fifth, sixth, and seventh time Izdubar was
4.
lifting the spear
....
the eighth, ninth, and tenth time Izdubar was

lifting the spear ....
7. the eleventh and twelfth
time, Izdubar was
6.
lifting the
spear
....
on the one hundred and twentieth time Izdu
8.
bar finished the spear

9. and he broke his
girdle to
10. Izdubar seized the
11.
on his wings a cord he
....
....
12. Hasisadra afar off

pondered,
spake within his heart and a resolution made.

14. Within himself also he considered:
13.
Why
the ship still hidden

16. is not ended the
voyage ....
17. the man is not come to me and
15.
18. I
19. I
20.
is
wonder he is not ....

wonder he is not ....
wonder ....
Here there
certain,
....
is
a blank, the extent of which
is
un
and where the narrative recommences.it
is
OF IZDUBAR.
257
on a small fragment of the third and fourth column

of another copy.
It appears that the lost lines
record the meeting between Izdubar and a
person
named Ragmu-seri-ina-namari.
that
have conjectured
individual was the wife of Hasisadra or
this
Noah; but there
is
no ground for
possible that this individual
this opinion; it is
was the gatekeeper or
IZDUBAR, COMPOSITE FIGURES, AND HASISADRA (NOAH) IN THE

ARK ; FROM AN EARLY BABYLONIAN CYLINDER.
guard, by whom Izdubar had to pass in going to

reach Hasisadra.
curious that, whenever Izdubar
speaks to this
the
name
being,
Ragmua is usecj, while, whenever
It is
Izdubar
is
spoken
to,
the full
the story
re-opens Izdubar is
of his first connection with Hea-
informing Ragmu
bani and his offers to him
come
when he
to Erech.
COLUMN
1.
name Ragmu-seri-ina-
Where
namari occurs.
for
2. free
my
III. (fragment).
....
....
friend
thee
3.
weapon ...
4.
bright star
....
desired
him
to
258
COLUMN IV.
1.
On
a beautiful couch I will seat thee,
cause thee to
2. I will
on the
(fragment).
sit
on a comfortable seat
left,
the kings of the earth shall kiss thy feet.

4. I will enrich thee and the men of Erech I will
3.
make
silent before thee,
and
5.
I after thee will take all
....
in raiment
and ....
6.
I will clothe thy
7.
Ragmu-seri-ina-namari on his hearing this
8.
his fetters loosed
body
....
The speech of Ragmu
to Izdubar
and the
rest of
the column are lost, the narrative recommencing on

Column V. with another speech of Izdubar.
COLUMN V.
me
my ...
(fragment).
to
1
2.
bitterly I
wept
spoke
hand
my
ascended to
to
leopard of the desert
me
me
COLUMN V.
1.
Izdubar opened his mouth and said to
my
presence?
Ragmu
OF IZDUBAE.
259
not strong
my
fay down in the field,

of the mountain, the leopard
face
of the
field,
7.
Heabani
8.
No
my friend ....
one else was with
the same.
us,
we ascended
the
mountain.
9.
10.
We took it and the city we destroyed.

We conquered also Humbaba who in the
forest
of pine trees dwelt.

11.
Again why did
his fingers lay
hold to slay the
lions.
12.
Thou wouldst have
not have
all
feared and thou wouldst
the difficulty.
And
he did not succeed in slaying the same

14. his heart failed, and he did not strike ....
13.
over him I wept,

15. he covered also
my
friend like a corpse in a
grave,
16. like a lion?
he tore? him
17. like a lioness? placed
18. he
was
cast
down
....
field
to the face of the earth
he broke? and destroyed his defence?

20. he was cut off and given to pour out?
19.
21. Ragmu-seri-ina-namari on hearing this
Here the record
again mutilated, Izdubar further

informs Ragmu what he did in conjunction with
Heabani. Where the story reopens on Column VI.
is
260
Izdubar relates part of their adventure with
Hum-
baba.
COLUMN VI.
1
taking
to thee
thou art great

all the account
forest of pine trees
went night and day

the extent of Erech Suburi
he approached after us
he opened the land of forests
8
9
10
we ascended
11
in the midst like
cedar and pine trees
12
13.
thy mother
with our strength
14
silent
15
he of the
16
by her
field
side
17
the Euphrates
Here again our narrative
is
lost,
and where we
again meet the story Izdubar has spoken to Hasisadra

and is receiving his answer.
was angry ....

2. Whenever a house was built, whenever
treasure was collected
3. Whenever brothers fixed ....
4. Whenever hatred is in ....
5. Whenever the river makes a great flood.
1.
OF IZDUBAR.
6.
7.
8.
9.
261
mouth ....
the face that bowed before Shamas
from of old was not ....
exist
Spoiling and death together
Whenever
reviling within the
10.
of death the image has not been seen.
11.
The man
12. the spirit

13.
or servant on approaching death,

of the great gods takes his hand.
The goddess Mamitu maker
of fate, to
them
their fate brings,

14. she has fixed
death and
life
of death the day is not known.

This statement of Hasisadra closes the tenth tablet
15.
and leads to the next question of Izdubar and

of the Flood.
answer, which included the story
The present
division of the legends has
in the
peculiar difficulties;
first
place
it
its
its
own
does not
killed.
My original idea,
appear how Heabani was
the
that he was killed by
poisonous insect tambukku,
1 find to be incorrect, and it now appears most likely
either that he
was
killed in a quarrel with Izdubar, as
seems suggested by the fragment in p. 246, or that

he fell in an attempt to slay a lion, which is implied
passage p. 259.
In the ninth tablet I
in the
to
my former
am
translation
able to
make
I find the
a correction
monsters seen by
Izdubar were composite beings, half scorpions, half

men. The word for scorpion has been some time ago
Professor Oppert, and I find it occurs
discovered
by
in the description of these beings
also
on a fragment
of
of a tablet which I found at Kouyunjik the star
WANDERINGS OF IZDUBAR.
262
the scorpion is said to belong to the eighth month, in

which, of course, it should naturally appear.
This assists in explaining a curious tablet printed
in
"Cuneiform
Inscriptions,"
vol.
iii.
p.
52,
No.
1,
This tablet speaks

one
of
which has a tail
of
of the appearance
comets,
"like a lizard (or
creeping thing) and a scorpion."
which has been misunderstood.
The land
of
Mas
Mas over which
or desert of
Izdubar travels in this tablet
the desert on
is
the;
west of the Euphrates; on the sixth column the frag

ments appear to refer to some bird with magnificent
COMPOSITE FIGURES ^SCORPION MEN)

ASSYRIAN CYLINDER,
feathers like precious stones, seen
FROM AN
by Izdubar on
his
journey.
I
have altered
my translation
255, 256, which I
now
of the passage in pp.
believe to relate that Izdubar
the direction of Urhamsi made a spear from one

of the trees of the forest before
going across the
waters of death which separated the abode of Hasistit
adra from the world of mortals.
do
not, however,
understand the passage, as from the mutilated con
dition of the inscription it does not
appear what he
attacked with
it.
CHAPTER XVI.
THE STORY OF THE FLOOD AND CONCLUSION.

Eleventh
The gods.
tablet.
to build the ark.
Sin of the world.
The
Its contents.
building.
Fear of the gods.
of
ark.
The birds. The
Resting
Nizir.
Command
The Flood.
End
of Deluge.
descent from the
The
ark.
adra.
sacrifice.
Speeches of gods. Translation of HasisCure of Izdubar. His return. Lament over Heabani.
Burial of warrior,
Resurrection of Heabani.
Connection of legends.
Genesis.
Syrian nation.
contact.
Duration of deluge.
tions.
Early
cities.
HE
is
Comparison with
Age
Mount
of descent.
Points
of
Ten genera
of Izdubar.
eleventh tablet of the Izdubar series

the one which
first
attracted attention,
and certainly the most important on

account of
the Flood.
This tablet
series, scarcely
any
its
is
containing the story of

the most perfect in the
line being entirely lost.
TABLET
COLUMN
1.
XI.
I.
Izdubar after this manner also said to Hasis-
adra afar
off:
THE STORY OF THE FLOOD
264
2.
I consider the matter,
3.
why
4.
and thou repeatest not
5.
thy ceasing
6.
presses? of thee, I come up after thee,

... how thou hast done, and in the assembly
7.
them repeatest not to
my
to
heart to
me from thee,
me from thee,
make war
of the gods alive thou art placed.
8.
9.
10.
Hasisadra after this manner also said to Izdubar

Be revealed to thee Izdubar the concealed story,
:
and the judgment of the gods be related to
thee,
11.
not
The
city
Surippak the city where thou standest
....
12.
13
placed,
that city is ancient .... the
gods within
their servant, the great
gods
14
the god Ami,

the god Bel,
15
16
the
god Mnip,
....
17.
and the god
18.
their will he revealed in the midst
lord of Hades;
was hearing and he spake

Surippakite son of Ubaratutu
19. I his will

20.
21
make
22
a ship after this
destroy? the sinner and
....
life all
of
it
shalt make,
25. 600? cubits shall be the
and
life
cause to go in? the seed of

to the midst of the ship.
The ship which thou
.... and
to me
....
23
24.
it
measure of
its
length,
AND CONCLUSION.
26.
60? cubits the amount of
its
265
breadth and
its
height.
...
into the deep launch it.

28. I perceived and said to Hea my lord
.27.
30.
The ship making which thou commandest me,

when I shall have made,
31.
young and
32.
Hea opened
29.
me
his servant
old will deride me.

his
mouth and spake and
34
thou shalt say unto them,

he has turned from me and
35
fixed over
33.
..
like caves
36
37.
38.
39.
me
....
... above and below

... closed the ship
... the flood which I
.
40. into
it
said to
will send to you,
enter and the door of the ship turn.
41. Into the midst of
it
thy grain, thy furniture,
and thy goods,

42. thy wealth, thy woman servants, thy female
slaves, and the young men,
43. the beasts of the field, the animals of the field
all,
I will gather
and
and they
44. I will send to thee,

in
shall
be enclosed
thy door.
45. Adrahasis his
46. said to
Hea
mouth opened and
his lord
one the ship will not make
47.
Any
48.
on the earth fixed
spake, and
....
266
49
....
see also the ship
may
on the ground the ship ....

51. the ship making which thou commandest
50
52.
which
in
strong
2. on the
COLUMN
1.
me
II.
....
fifth
day
....
it
3.
in its circuit
14 measures ...
4.
14 measures
it
5.
I placed its roof, it
6.
I rode in
it
measured
....
interior I
frame.
over
it.
I enclosed
on the sixth time
exterior on the seventh time
its
it.
examined
its
examined on the eighth time.
7.
its
8.
Planks against the waters within
it
I placed.
saw rents and the wanting parts I added.

3 measures of bitumen I poured over the
9. I
10.
outside.
11. 3
measures of bitumen
poured over the
inside.
12.
... men
carrying
its
baskets,
they con
structed boxes
13.
placed in the boxes the offering they sacri
ficed.
14.
Two
measures of boxes I had distributed to
the boatmen.
15.
16
17
18.
To
were
sacrificed
oxen
dust and
wine
in receptacle of goats
I collected like the
waters of a river, also
AND CONCLUSION.
267
19. food like the dust of the earth also

20. I collected in
boxes with
my
hand
I placed.
Shamas .... material of the
21
ship
completed.
22
strong and
23. the reed oars of the ship I caused to bring
above and below.

they went in two-thirds of
24
25. All I possessed the strength of

sessed the strength of it silver,
26. all I possessed the strength of
it
27. all I possessed the strength of

life,
all
it,
it.
I pos
gold,
the seed of
it
the whole
28. I caused to
servants and
my
go up into the ship;
all
my
male
female servants,
29. the beast of the field, the animal of the field,
the sons of the people all of them, I caused to go up.

flood Shamas made and
30.
it
31. he spake saying in the night

to rain heavily,
32. enter to the midst
will cause
of the ship and shut thy
door.
33. that flood happened, of
34.
which
he spake saying in the night: I will cause

it will rain) from heaven
heavily.
it
to rain (or
35.
In the day I celebrated his festival
36. the
day of watching fear
37. I entered to the
door.
I had.
midst of the ship and shut
my
268
38.
To
close the ship to Buzur-sadirabi the .boat
man
39. the palace I gave, with
40.
its
goods.
Ragmu-seri-ina-namari
from the horizon of heaven extending
41. arose,
and wide.
42.
43.
Yul in the midst of it thundered, and

Nebo and Saru went in front,
44. the throne bearers
went over mountains and
plains,
45. the destroyer Nergal overturned,

46. Ninip went in front and cast down,
47. the spirits carried destruction,
48. in their glory they
the earth
swept
Vul the flood reached to heaven.

The bright earth to a waste was turned,
49. of
50.
COLUMN
III.
1.
the surface of the earth like
2.
it
earth
destroyed
all
life
....
it
swept,
from the face of the
....
the strong deluge over the people, reached to

heaven.
3.
Brother saw not his brother, they did not know

the people. In heaven
4.
5.
the gods feared the tempest and
6.
sought refuge
The gods
dogs fixed in droves prostrate.
they ascended to the heaven of
Anu.
7.
like
AND CONCLUSION.
8.
Spake Ishtar
269
like a child,
uttered Rubat her speech

10. All to corruption are turned and
9.
11. then I in the presence of the
gods prophesied
evil.
12.
As
prophesied in the presence of the gods
evil,
13. to evil
phesied
14. thus
15.
16.
were devoted
I
all
have begotten
my
my
people and I pro
people and
like the
young of the fishes they fill the sea.

The gods concerning the spirits were weeping
with her,
17. the
gods in seats seated in lamentation,

18. covered were their lips for the
coming evil.
19. Six
days and nights
20. passed, the
wind, deluge, and storm,
over
whelmed.
21.
On
the seventh day in
its
course was calmed
the storm, and all the deluge

22. which had destroyed like an
earthquake,
23. quieted.
The sea he caused to dry, and the
wind and deluge ended.

24.
I perceived the sea

making a tossing
and the whole of mankind turned to corruption,
;
25.
26. like reeds the corpses floated.

27. I
opened the window, and the light broke over
my face,
28.
it
passed.
29. over
my
I sat
down and
face flowed
my
wept,
tears.
270
30. I perceived the shore at the
boundary of the
sea,
31. for twelve measures the land rose.
To
the country of Nizir went the ship;

33. the mountain of Nizir stopped the ship, and
32.
to pass over
34.
The
was not able.

day, and the second day, the moun
it it
first
tain of Nizir the same.

35.
The
36.
The
third day, and the fourth day, the

tain of Nizir the same.
fifth,
and
sixth, the
moun
mountain of Nizir the
same.
37.
On
38.
the seventh
day
in the course of
sent forth a dove and
it
it
The dove
left.
went and turned, and

39. a resting-place it did not find,
40.
I sent forth a
swallow and
and
it left.
it
returned.
The swallow
went and turned, and

41. a resting-place
42. I sent forth a
43.
it
it
The raven went,
saw, and
44. it did eat,
it
did not
raven and
find,
and
it
returned.
it left.
arid the decrease of the
water
swam, and wandered away, and
did not return.

45. I sent the animals forth to the
poured out a
four winds, I
libation,
46. I built an altar on the peak of the mountain,

47. by sevens herbs I cut,
AND CONCLUSION.
48. at the
bottom of them
271
I placed reeds, pines,
and simgar.
49.
The gods
collected at
its
savour,
the
gods
savour
good
50. the gods like flies over the sacrifice
gathered.
51. From of old also Rubat in her course
collected at
52.
its
The great brightness of Anu had
created.
When
the glory
53. of those gods on the
would not leave
charm round
neck
my
COLUMN IY.
1.
in those days I desired that for ever I
might
not leave them.

2.
3.
May the gods come to my altar,

may Elu not come to my altar,
4.
for he did not consider
5.
and
6.
From
and had made a deluge,
people he had consigned to the deep.

of old also Elu in his course
my
saw the ship, and went Elu with anger

the gods and spirits
7.
filled to
Let not any one come out

be saved from the deep,
8.
9.
not a
man
Ninip his mouth opened, and spake and said to
the warrior Elu
10.
Who then will ask Hea,
11.
and Hea knew
12.
Hea
his
"
Thou
the matter he has done?
all things.
mouth opened and
the warrior Bel

13.
alive, let
spake,
prince of the gods warrior,
and
said to
272
when thou
14.
15. the
angry a deluge thou makest
art
doer of sin did his
sin,
the doer of evil did
his evil.
16. the just prince let
ful let
him not be cut
him not be destroyed.

making
17. Instead of thee
crease and
men be reduced
a deluge,
off,
the faith
may lions
in
18. instead of thee
increase
making a deluge, may leopards

and men be reduced
;
19. instead of thee
making a deluge, may a famine
happen and the country be destroyed

20. instead of thee
increase
and men be
making
a deluge,
may
pestilence
destroyed."
21. I did not peer into the

22. Adrahasis a
judgment of the gods.

dream they sent, and the judgment
of the gods he heard.
When
his judgment was

accomplished, Bel
went up to the midst of the ship.
24. He took my hand and raised me
up,
25. he caused to raise and to
bring my wife to
23.
my
side;
he made a bond, he established in a covenant,

and gave this blessing,
27. in the presence of Hasisadra and the
people
26.
thus
When
Hasisadra, and his wife, and the people,

to be like the gods are carried
away;
28.
29. then shall dwell Hasisadra in a
at the
30.
mouth
mouth
remote place
of the rivers.
They took me, and
a remote place at the

of the rivers they seated me.
in
AND CONCLUSION.
When
273
whom the
gods have chosen also,

32. for the health which thou seekest and askest,
31.
to thee
done six days and seven nights,

his seat,
sitting on the edge of
33. this be
34. like
35. the
way
like a
storm shall be
laid,
upon him.
36.
Hasisadra to her also said to his wife
37.
38.
announce that the chief who grasps at health

the way like a storm shall be laid upon him.
39.
His wife to him also said to Hasisadra afar
off:
40. clothe him,
and
let the
man be
sent
away
he came
may he return in peace,

42. the great gate open and may he return to his
41. the road that
country.
43. Hasisadra to her also said to his wife
44.
The cry
46.
And
man
alarms thee,
45. this do his kurummat place on his head.
of a
the day
when he ascended
the side of the
ship,
47. she did, his
48.
And
kurummat she placed on
the day
when he ascended
his head.
the side of the
ship,
49. first the sabusat of his kurummat,

50. second the mussukat, third the radbat, fourth
she opened his zikaman,

51. fifth the cloak she placed, sixth the bassat,
COLUMN V.
1.
the
seventh in a mantle she clothed him and let
man go
free.
274
2.
Izdubar to him also said to Hasisadra afar
off:
3.
4.
way thou wast compassionate over me,

hast made me, and thou hast
joyfully thou
In
this
restored me.
5.
Hasisadra to him also said to Izdubar.
thy kurummit)
(j
separated thee,
thy kurummat,
the
second
9.
mussukat, third the radbat,
10. fourth she opened the zikaman,
8
11. fifth the cloak she placed, sixth the bassat,
12.
seventh in a cloak I have clothed thee and
let
thee go free.
13. Izdubar to
him
also
said to Hasisadra afar
off:
Hasisadra
14
come,
15
to
thee
may we
not
collected
16
dwelling in death,
17
his
18. Hasisadra
back? dies
to
him
boatman
19. Urhamsi
also.
also said to
Urhamsi the
to
thee
we
cross to
pre
serve thee.
20.
Who
21. the
filled his
is
man whom
body
of support
thou comest before, disease has
beside the
22. illness has destroyed the strength of his limbs.
AND CONCLUSION.
275
23. carry him Urhamsi, to cleanse take

him,
24. his disease in the water to
it
beauty may
turn,
may he cast off his illness, and the sea carry it
away, may health cover his skin,
26. may it restore the hair of his
head,
25.
27.
hanging to cover the cloak of his body.

That he may go to his country, that he
28.
may
take his road,

29. the
alone
30.
may
may he
hanging cloak
he leave.
Urhamsi carried him,
not cast
off,
but
to cleanse he took him,
31. his disease in the water to

beauty turned,
32. he cast off his illness, and the sea carried
away, and health covered
33. he restored the hair of his

head, hanging
to cover the cloak of his body.
34.
it
his skin,
down
That he might go to
his country, that he

might
take his road,
35. the hanging cloak he did not cast
off, but alone
he
left.
and Urhamsi rode in the ship,

where they placed them they rode.
36. Izdubar
37.
38. His wife to
him
also
said to Hasisadra afar
off:
39.
Izdubar goes
away, he
is
satisfied,
he per
forms
40. that which thou hast given him, and returns to
his
country.
THE STOEY OF THE FLOOD
276
And
he carried the spear? of Izdubar,

42. and the ship touched the shore.
43. Hasisadra to him also said to Izdubar
41.
44. Izdubar thou goest away, thou art satisfied,

thou performest
45. that which I have given thee, and thou re-
turnest to thy country.

46. Be revealed to thee Izdubar the concealed
story
47.
and the judgment of the gods be related
to
thee.
48. This account like
....
when the account a hand shall take ....
Izdubar, this in his hearing heard, and ....
he collected great stones ....
49. its
50.
51.
52.
bitumen ....
renown
like the
Amurclin tree
COLUMN VI.
1.
2.
they dragged it and to

he carried the account
....
....
up the great stones ....

his mule ....
3.
piled
4.
to
5.
Izdubar to him also said
6.
to
7.
If a
8.
may
this account
....
in his heart take
....
Urhamsi:
man
they bring him to Erech Suburi

speech
10. I will give
....
an account and turn
to.
...
AND CONCLUSION.
11.
stage,
277
For 10 kaspu (70 miles) they journeyed the

for 20 kapsu (140 miles) they journeyed the
stage
12.
and Izdubar saw the hole
13. they returned to the

14. noble of
midst of Erech Suburi.
....
16.
Izdubar approached
17.
and over
18.
Urhamsi
coursed his tears, and he
face
his
....
At my misfortune Urhamsi
19. at
my
men ....
15. in his return
said to
misfortune
20. I have not done
is
my
good
to
my turning,
heart troubled.
in
my own
self;
21. and the lion of the earth does good.

22.
Then
for
23
20 kaspu (140 miles)
then
opened
....
....
the instrument
24. the sea not to its wall then could I get,
And
the ship by the shore, 20 kaspu

(140 miles) they journeyed the stage.
26. For 30 kaspu (210 miles) they made the ascent,
25.
they
left
they came to the midst of Erech Suburi.
27.
Izdubar to her also said to Urhamsi the boat
man:
28.
Erech
Ascend Urhamsi
will
go
over where
of
the wall
29. the cylinders are
scattered, the bricks of its
casing are not made,

30.
and
its
foundation
is
not laid to thy height
278
31.
measure the
circuit of the city, 1
measure of
measure the boundary of the temple of

Nantur the house of Ishtar,
plantations, 1
32.
3 measures together the divisions of
The opening
it
reads
was
"
left."
several
Tammabukku
next tablet
in the
for
and where
Heabani.
it
is
preserved,
house of the
After this the story
lines,
mourning
line of the
Erech
....
again lost for

reappears Izdubar is
In
is
my
account in
first
Assyrian Discoveries" there are several errors which

were unavoidable from the state of the twelfth tablet.
I
am now
able to correct
some of
these,
and
find
the words tambuJcku and mikke do not refer to the
author or manner of the death of Heabani, who most

probably died in attempting to imitate the feat of
Izdubar when he destroyed the
The fragments
of this tablet are
COLUMN
1.
lion.
Tammabukku
I.
in the house of the
.... was
left
(Several lines lost.)
....
....
1.
Izdubar
2.
When
3.
to happiness thou
4.
5.
to
....
a cloak shining ....
like a misfortune also ....
6.
The noble banquet thou dost not
7.
to the
assembly they do not
share,
call thee
AND CONCLUSION.
8.
9.
279
The bow from the ground thou dost not lift,

what the bow has struck escapes thee
The mape in thy hand thou dost not grasp,
:
10.
11. the spoil defies thee
Shoes on thy feet thou dost not wear,

13. the slain on the ground thou dost not stretch.
12.
14.
Thy wife whom thou
15.
thy wife
lovest thou dost not kiss,
17.
whom thou hatest thou dost not strike

Thy child whom thou lovest thou dost not kiss,
thy child whom thou hatest thou dost not strike
18.
The arms of the earth have taken
16.
19.
darkness,
darkness, mother
thee.
Mnazu,
darkness.
20.
Her noble
stature as his mantle covers
him
21. her
deep well enclose him.
The next
This is the bottom of the first column.
feet like a
column has
upper part, it appears to have

contained the remainder of this lament, an appeal to
lost all the
one of the gods on behalf of Heabani, and a repetition

of the lamentation, the third person being used in-,
stead of the second.
the middle of this
1.
The fragments commence
whom he hated he struck,

whom he loved he kissed
child whom he hated he struck,
his wife
2. his child
3.
his
4.
the might of the earth has taken him.
5.
darkness,
darkness,
mother Ninazu,
darkness
6.
Her noble
7.
her feet like a deep well enclose him.
stature as his mantle covers him,
at
280
8.
Then Heabani from
the earth
9. Simtar did not take him, Asakku did not take

him, the earth took him.
The
resting place of Nergal the unconquered

did not take him, the earth took him.
10.
11. In the place of the battle of heroes they did
not strike him, the earth took him.

ni son of Ninsun for his servant
12. Then
.
Heabani wept
13. to the house of Bel alone he went.
;
14.
u Father
struck me,
15. a deadly
Bel,
wound
Heabani who to
2.
Simtar did not
the
earth
has
to the earth has struck me,
COLUMN
1.
to
sting
III.
....
take him ....
fly
the resting place of Nergal the unconquered

did not take him
3.
....
4.
not
In the place of the battle of heroes they did
....
5.
6.
Father Bel the matter do not despise

Father Sin, a sting ....
8.
wound ....
Heabani who to fly ....
9.
Simtar did not take him
7.
....
a deadly
....
....
10. the resting-place of Nergal
(About 12
lines lost, containing repetition of this
passage.)
23. Simtar
AND CONCLUSION.
24. the resting place of
281
Nergal the unconquered
25. in the place of the battle of heroes they did
not
....
26. Father
27.
28.
Hea
Merodach ....
Noble warrior Merodach ....
To
the noble warrior
....
the spirit ....
To his father ....
29. the divider

30.
31.
32.. the
noble warrior Merodach son of
33. the divider the earth opened,

34. the spirit (or ghost) of
Heabani
transparent) from the earth arose
35
36.
Hea
and
like glass (or
and thou explainest,

he pondered and repeated this
COLUMN IY.
1.
Terrible
my
friend, terrible
my
friend,
2.
may the earth cover what thou hast seen, terrible,
3.
I will not tell
4.
When
my
friend, I will not tell,
the earth covers what I have seen I will
tell thee.
thou
may you
in
become
in
10.
sittest
youth
weeping
sit
may you weep
also thy heart rejoice
old, the
worm
entering
youth also thy heart rejoice
full of dust
282
11
passed over
lie
12
I see
Here there
is
a serious blank in the inscription,
about twenty lines being
lost,
and
I conjecturally
fragment which appears to belong to this

from the
part of the narrative. It is very curious
insert a
geographical names
it
contains.
poured out ....

which thou trusted ....
city of
Babylon ri
which he was blessed
4
5
may
may
....
my fault ....
he mourn for
he mourn for him and for
Kisu and Harriskalama,
his
....
may
he mourn
....
....
Cutha
Eridu?and Nipur
The rest of Column IV. is lost, and of the next
column there are only remains of the two first lines.
9
COLUMN V.
1.
like a
2.
like
good prince who
....
....
Here there are about thirty
lines missing, the story
recommencing with Column VI., which
is perfect.
COLUMN VI.
1.
On
2.
pure water drinking.
3.
He who
a couch reclining and
in battle
is slain,
thou seest and I see
AND CONCLUSION.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
283
His father and his mother carry his head,

and his wife over him weeps;
His friends on the ground are standing,
thou seest and I see.
His spoil on the ground is uncovered,

of the spoil account is not taken, t
10.
thou seest and I
11.
12.
The captives conquered come after; the food

which in the tents is placed is eaten.
13.
The twelfth
see.
tablet of the. legends of Izdubar.
Like the ancient copy written and made clear.

This passage closes this great national work, which
14.
even in
its
present mutilated form
is
of the greatest
HASISADRA OR NOAH AND IZDUBAR; FROM AN EARLY

BABYLONIAN CYLINDER.
importance in relation to the civilization, manners,

and customs of this ancient people. The main feature
in this part of the Izdubar legends
is
the description
of the Flood in the eleventh tablet, which evidently

refers to the same event as the Flood of Noah in
Genesis.
In
my
two papers
in
Biblical Archaeological
"
The Transactions of the
Society,"
vol.
ii.
and
vol.
iii.
284
have given some comparisons with the Biblical

account arid that of Berosus, and I have made similar
I
comparisons in my work, "Assyrian Discoveries;"

but I have myself to acknowledge that these com
parisons are to a great extent superficial, a thorough
comparison of the Biblical and Babylonian accounts

of the Flood being
only possible in conjunction with a
critical examination both of the Chaldean and Biblical
texts.
Biblical criticism
is, however, a subject on

not competent to pronounce an inde
pendent opinion, and the views of Biblical scholars
on the matter are so widely at variance, and some
which
of
them
am
so unmistakably coloured
by prejudice, that
I feel I could riot take
up any of the prevailing views

without being a party to the controversy.
There is only one point which I think should not
be avoided in this matter
it is the view of a
:
Book of Genesis
taken from two
large
section of scholars that the
contains,
some form, matter
principal
in
independent sources one is termed the Jehovistic

The authorship
narrative, the other the Elohistic.
and dates of the original documents and the manner,
;
and extent of
their
combination, are points

not require to notice, and I must confess
I do not think we are at
present in a position to form
date,
which
I shall
judgment upon them. I think all will admit a

of some sort between the Biblical
narrative and those of Berosus and the cuneiform
a
connection
but between Chaldea and Palestine was a

wide extent of country inhabited by different nations,
texts,
AND CONCLUSION.
285
formed a connecting link between

The Aramean and Hittite
these two extremes.
whose
races
territories
who
once inhabited the region along the
Eu
have passed away, their history

phrates and in Syria
has been lost, and their mythology and traditions are
unknown until future researches on the sites of their
;
the position in which their tradi

tions stood towards those of Babylonia and Palestine,
cities shall reveal
we
not be able
shall
between the two.

There are some
to
clear
differences
up the connection
between the accounts in
Genesis and the Inscriptions, but when we consider

the differences between the two countries of Palestine
and Babylonia these variations do not appear greater

than we should expect. Chaldea was essentially a
mercantile and maritime country, well watered and
was a hilly region with no great
flat, while Palestine
and the Jews were shut out from the coast,

the maritime regions being mostly in the hands of
There was a total
the Philistines and Phoenicians.
difference between the religious ideas of the two
rivers,
in one God, the creator

peoples, the Jews believing
and lord of the Universe, while the Babylonians
worshipped gods and lords many, every city having

its local deity, and these being joined by complicated
mythology, which was in
marked contrast to the severe simplicity of the Jewish
relations
system.
that, in
colour
in a
poetical
With such differences it was only natural

nation should
relating the same stories, each
them
in accordance with its
own
ideas,
and
286
stress
would naturally
each case be laid upon
in
points with which they were familiar. Thus we should

expect beforehand that there would be differences in
the narrative such as
we
actually find, and
we may
also notice that the cuneiform account does not always
same events
coincide even with the account of the
given by Berosus from Chaldean sources.

The great value of the inscriptions describing the
Flood consists
pendent
form an inde
in the fact that they
testimony in favour of the Biblical narrative
at a
much
and
differences
between the two.
Command
to build the
any other evidence. The

principal points in the two narratives compared in
their order will serve to show the correspondences
earlier date than
Bible
1.
ark
Genesis. Deluge tablet.
Chap.
vi.
v.
14
Col.
1.
I.
21
2.
Sin of the world
...
v. 5
1.22
3.
Threat
it
v. 7
1.
22
4.
Seed of
v.
19
1.
23
5.
Size of the ark
v.
15
6.
Animals to go
v.
20
to destroy
life
to be saved
...
in ark
1.
25, 26
1.
43
Col. II.
...
8.
Building of ark
Coated within and with
9.
Food taken
7.
out with bitumen
10.
Coming
in the ark
of flood
22
v.
v.
14
v.
21
...
Chap.
v.
1.1-9
1.
10, 11
1.
19
vii.
11
1.40
AND CONCLUSION.
Bible
287
Genesis. Deluge tablet.

vii.
Chap.
11. Destruction of
people
12. Duration of
deluge
v.!2,17,24,&c.
1.19-21
1.21-26
v. 6
13
v.
1-15
1.
viii.
Chap.
End
of deluge.
14. Opening of window
13.
Col. III.
21
v.
1.
27
1.
33
15.
Ark
16.
Sending forth of the birds
v. 7
12
17.
Leaving the ark
v. 18,
19
1.
45
1.
46
rests
on a mountain
18. Building the altar
v.
20
v.
20
offering
v.
21
Chap.
ix.
v.
11
20.
21.
deluge not to happen
again
22.
Covenant and blessing
23.
Translation
triarch
of the
(in
pa-
Genesis
the
first
384-4
1.
1.
47, 48
1.
1.
v. 9
17-20
1.
26
1.
28
v.
Chap.
v.
24
no unexpected or material difference

four of these points, but with reference
is
the size of the ark there
49
IV.
Col.
of
Enoch)
There
....
The sacrifice
The savour of the
19.
v.
in
to
certainly a discrepancy,
for although the Chaldean measures are effaced it is
evident that in the inscription the breadth and
height
of the vessel are stated to be the
same, while these
are given in Genesis as
fifty cubits and thirty cubits
is
respectively.
With regard
there
is
to those
who were saved
in the ark
again a clear difference between
the
two
288
accounts, the Bible stating that only eight persons,

all of the family of Noah, were saved, while the in
and boatmen
scription includes his servants, friends,
but certainly the most remarkable difference
or
;
pilots
with respect to the duration of the

this point the inscription gives seven
between the two

deluge.
days
On
is
for the flood,
and seven days
for the resting of
the ark on the mountain, while the Bible gives the

commencement of the flood on the 1 7th day of the
second month and
termination on the 27th day of
making a
duration of one year and ten days. Here it
the second
total
its
month
in the following year,
be remarked, that those scholars who believe in

two distinct documents being included in Genesis,
hold that in the Jehovistic narrative the statement
may
that the flood lasted forty days, which is certainly

nearer to the time specified in the cuneiform text.
is
however, often an ambiguous word, meaning

and not necessarily fixing exactly the
many,"
Forty
"
is,
again a difference as to the moun

tain on which the ark rested
Nizir, the place men
number.
There
is
tioned in the cuneiform text, being east of Assyria,

latitudes 35 and 36 (see
Assy
probably between
rian Discoveries," pp. 216, 217), while Ararat, the
"
mountain mentioned in the Bible, was north of

Lake Van. It is evident that different
Assyria, near
have placed the mountain of the ark in
and there is not positive
totally different positions,
is
the
earlier traditionary spot.
proof as to which
traditions
The word Ararat is derived from an old Babylonian

word Urdu, meaning highland," and might be a
"
AND CONCLUSION.
289
general term for any hilly country, and I think it

quite possible that when Genesis was written the land
of
Armenia
view
is
intended by this term. My own

that the more southern part of the mountains
wa.s not
east of Assyria
tion,
was the region of the
and that the other
fications
due
sites are
original tradi
subsequent identi
to changes in geographical
names and
other causes.
In the account of sending forth the birds there is

a difference in detail between the Bible and the In
scriptions which cannot be explained away; this and
other similar differences will serve to show that
neither of the two documents
is
copied directly from
the other.
Some of the other differences are evidently due to

the opposite religious systems of the two countries,
but there is again a curious point in connection with
the close of the Chaldean legend, this
tion of the hero of the Flood.
In the Book of Genesis
it is
seventh patriarch Enoch who

generations before the Flood.
not
is
is
the transla
Noah but
translated,
the
three
There
appears to have been some connection

or confusion between Enoch and Noah in ancient
both are holy men, and Enoch

Noah, to have predicted the Flood.
tradition
is said, like
It is a curious fact that the
dynasty of gods, with

which Egyptian mythical history commences, shows
some
similar points.
This dynasty has sometimes seven, sometimes ten

u
TEE STORY OF THE FLOOD
290
Turin Papyrus of kings, which

same name for the
gives ten reigns, there is the
seventh and tenth reign, both being called Horns,
and the seventh reign is stated at 300 years, which
reigns,
and
in the
the length of life of the seventh patriarch

after the birth of his son.
is
Enoch
show the three lists, the Egyptian gods,

the Jewish patriarchs, and Chaldean kings.
I here
Chaldean Kings.
Egypt.
Patriarchs.
Ptah.
Adam.
Ra.
Seth.
Alaparus.
Su.
Enos.
Almelon.
Seb.
Cainan.
Ammenon.
Hosiri.
Mahalaleel.
Set.
Jared.
Amegalarus.
Daonus.
Hor.
Enoch.
Êdorachus.
Tut
Methusaleh.
Amempsin.
Ma.
Lamech.
Otiartes.
Hor.
Noah.
Xisuthrus.
I think it cannot
we have
Alorus.
be accidental that in each case
ten names, but on the other hand there
is
no resemblance between the names, which appear to

be independent in origin. What connection there
may be between the three lists we have at present
no means of knowing.
It is probable that the lite
rature of the old Syrian peoples, if it should ever be

recovered, may help us to the discovery of the con
nection between these various accounts.
The
seal
which
have figured,
p. 106,
belonged to
AND CONCLUSION.
291
a Syrian chief in the ninth century B.C., and the

devices upon it, the sacred tree, and composite
show
beings,
similar stories
and ideas to have pre
vailed there to those in Babylonia.
One question which

vain
is
"
will be asked,
Did either of the two
races,
and asked
in
Jews or Baby
lonians, borrow from the other the traditions of these

early times, and if so, when
?"
There
one point in connection with this question

worth noticing these traditions are not fixed to any
is
localities
near Palestine, but are, even on the showing
of the Jews themselves, fixed to the neighbourhood

of the Euphrates valley, and Babylonia in particular
;
this of course is clearly stated in the
inscriptions
and
Babylonian
traditions.
Eden, according even to the Jews, was by the

Euphrates and Tigris the cities of Babylon, Larancha, and Sippara were supposed to have been
;
founded before the Flood.
Surippak was the city of

the ark, the mountains east of the Tigris were the
resting-place of the ark,
tower, and
Abraham.
Ur
Babylon was the
of the Chaldees
site
of the
the
birthplace of
These facts and the further statement
Abraham, the father and first leader of the

race, migrated from Ur to Harran in Syria,
and from there to Palestine, are all so much evidence
that
Hebrew
in favour of the
hypothesis that Chaldea was the
home
of these stories, and that the Jews

them originally from the Babylonians but
on the other hand there are such striking differences
original
received
292
some parts of the legends, particularly in the

names of the patriarchs before the Flood, that it is
in
required before at
to the
tempting to decide the question. Passing
the picture there
next, the twelfth and last tablet,
evident further information
is
for Heabani, and the curious story

given, the lament
of his ghost rising from the ground at the bidding
of Merodach, serve to make this as important in

relation to the Babylonian religion as the eleventh
was
Asakku
tablet
Simtar
is
to the
book of Genesis.
the spirit of one of the diseases, and

the attendant of the goddess of Hades the
is
trouble appears to be that Simtar and Asakku would

not receive the soul of Heabarii, while he was equally
repudiated by Nergal and shut out from the region

Heabani
appointed for warlike heroes. The soul of
was confined to the earth, and, not resting there, in

tercession was made to transfer him to the region of
I at one time added to this tablet a
the blessed.
fragment which then appeared to belong and which
I interpreted to refer to Heabani s dwelling in hell
and taking
way from there to heaven. The dis

new fragment has forced me to alter
his
covery of a
both the translation and position of this notice,
This
which I now place in the seventh tablet.
considerably weakens my argument that the Baby
lonians had two separate regions for a future state,
one of bliss, the other of joy.
Under
column
have provisionally
placed a curious fragment where Izdubar appears
the
fourth
AND CONCLUSION.
293
mourn with him for his friend.

remarkable for the number of cities
to call on his cities to
This tablet
is
mentioned as already existing in the time of Izdubar.

Combining this notice with other parts of the legends,
the statements of Berosus and the notice of the cities
Nimrod in Genesis, we get the following list

oldest known cities in the Euphrates valley.
of
of the
1.
Babylon.
11. Sippara.
2.
12. Kisu.
3.
Borsippa.
Cutha.
4.
Larancha.
14.
Ganganna.
Surippak.
Eridu.
15.
Amarda.
16.
Assur.
17.
Nineveh.
8.
Nipur.
Erech.
18. Rehobothair.
9.
Akkad.
19. Resen.
10. Calneh.
20. Calah.
5.
6.
7.
So
13. Harriskalama.
far as the various statements go, all these cities
and probably many others were in existence in the

time of Nimrod, and some of them even before the
Flood; the fact, that the Babylonians four thousand
years ago believed their cities to be of such an
tiquity, shows that they were not recent foundations,
and
their attainments at that time in the arts
and
sciences proves that their civilization had already

known ages of progress. The epoch of Izdubar must
be considered at present as the commencement of

the united monarchy in Babylonia, and as marking
of the series of great conquests in Western
Asia, but how far back we have to go from our
the
first
THE STORY OF THE FLOOD.
294
earliest
now
known monuments
to reach his era
we cannot
tell.
probable that after the death of Izdubar the

empire he had founded fell to pieces, and was only
partially restored when Urukh, king of Ur, extended
It is
his
power over the country and founded the Chaldean
or Southern Surnerian dynasty.
Every nation has
its
hero,
and
it
was only natural
on the revival of his empire that the Babylonians

should consecrate the memory of the king, who had
first
aimed
to give
them that unity without which
they were powerless as a nation.
CHAPTER XVII.
CONCLUSION.
Abram.
Correspondence of names.
in
Concealed
His
birth.
Ishmael.
Sargon.
Notices of Genesis.
Ur
of Chaldees.
ark.
Age
of Eden.
of Nimrod.
Oannes.
Babylonian
seals.
Doubtful theories.
Berosus.
Creation.
Izdubar legends.
Egyptian names.
Garden
Urukh
of Ur.
Assyrian sculptures.
CATTERED
through various cuneiform

or
inscriptions are other notices, names,
of
passages, connected with the Book
Genesis.
Although the names of the
Genesis patriarchs are not in the inscriptions giving

the history of the mythical period, the corresponding
personages being, as I have shown

different names, yet
(p.
290), all under
some of these Genesis patriarchal
names are found detached in the inscriptions.

The name Adam is in the Creation legends, but
name.
a
only in a general sense as man, not as proper
Several of the other names of antediluvian patriarchs
such
correspond with Babylonian words and roots,
stand upright," to be
as Cain with gina and kinu, to
"
CONCLUSION.
296
Enoch withEmukor Enuk," wise," and Noah
"
right,"
with nuh,
but beyond these

some of the names appear as proper names also in
Babylonia, and among these are Cainan, Lamech, and
or
"
rest,"
satisfaction
"
Tubal Cain.
Cainan
found as the name of a Babylonian town

the meaning may be
fish canal," its people
is
Kan-nan
were sometimes called Kanunai or Canaanites, the
same name as that of the original inhabitants of
"
In early times tribes often migrated and
Palestine.
names to their new homes

possible that there was some connection of this
between the two Canaans.
carried their geographical

it is
sort
Lamech has already been pointed out by Palmer

(
Egyptian Chronicles," vol.
p. 56), in the name of
the Deified Phoenician patriarch Diamich this name is
u
i.
found in the cuneiform texts as
Dumugu and Lamga,
two forms of a name of the moon.

Tubal Cain, the father or instructor of all metal
workers, has been compared with the name of Yulcan,
the god of smiths, the two certainly
corresponding
both in name and character.
The corresponding
deity in Babylonian mythology, the god of fire,
melter of metals, &c., has a name formed of two
characters which read Bil-kan.
Some
names of patriarchs after the Flood

names of towns in Syria, but not in
of the
are found as
Babylonia
among
these are
Reu
or
Ragu, Serug,
and Harran.
The name
of
Abramu
or
Abram,
called
no doubt
CONCLUSION.
after
the
father
of the
faithful,
297
is
Assyrian inscriptions in the time
found in the
of Esarhaddon.
After the captivity of the ten tribes, some of the

Israelites prospered in Assyria, and rose to positions
of trust in the empire. Abram was one of these, he
was sukulu rabu or u great attendant of Esarhaddon,
"
and was eponym in Assyria,
MUGHEIR, THE SITE OF
B.C. 677.
Various other
OF THE CflALDEES.
Hebrew names
are found in Assyria about this time,

including Pekah, Hoshea, and several compounded with
the two Divine names Elohim and Jehovah, showing

that both these names were in use among the Israelites.
The presence of proper names founded on the Genesis

stories, like Abram, and the use at this time of these
forms of the Divine name, should be taken into con
sideration in discussing the evidence of the antiquity
of Genesis.
CONCLUSION.
298
It is a
Ur(cir.
curious fact that the rise of the kingdom of

2000 to 1850) coincides with the date
B.C.
generally given for the

(Genesis
31) to
xi.
life
who is stated
of Ur of the
of Abraham,
have come out
Chaldees, by which title I have no doubt the Baby

lonian city of Ur is meant. There is not the slightest
evidence of a northern
Ur and
a northern land o
the Chaldees at this period.

Some of the other Genesis
much
<7
earlier, the
names are found very

which appears on a contem-
first
porary monument being Ishmael.
In the reign of
about B.C. 1550,
Hammurabi, king of Babyjonia,

among the witnesses to some documents
Babylonia,
appears a
man named
at
Larsa in
Abuha
son of
This period in Babylonia is supposed to

have been one of foreign and Arabian dominion, and
Ishmael."
other Hittite and Arabian
names are found
in the
inscriptions of the time.
In the Babylonian records we might expect to find

some notice of the wars of Chedorlaomer, king of
Elam, mentioned in Genesis xiv. Now although

evidence has been found confirming the existence of
a powerful
monarchy
in
Elam
at this age,
and
satis
factory proof of the correctness of the proper names

mentioned in this chapter, no direct record of these
conquests has been discovered, but we must remem

ber that our knowledge of Babylonian history is yet
in its infancy,
and even the outlines of the chronology
are unknown.
After the time of
Abraham
the book of Genesis
is
CONCLUSION.
concerned with the
countries in
its
affairs
immediate
299
of Palestine, and of the

vicinity,
and
it
has no
connection with Babylonian history and traditions

there remains, however, one story which has a strik;
likeness to that of
inoo
Moses
in the ark,
and which,
although not within the period covered by Genesis,

is of great interest in connection with the early history
of the Jews.
monarch
Sargina or Sargon I. was a Babylonian
who reigned at the city of Akkad about B.C. 1600.
The name
of Sargon signifies the right, true, or legi
timate king, and may have been assumed on his

Sargon was probably of
ascending the throne.
obscure origin, and desiring to strengthen his claim

to the throne put out the story given in this tablet to
connect himself with the old line of kings. This
curious story is found on fragments of tablets from
Kouyunjik, and reads as follows

Akkad
1.
Sargina the powerful king the king of
:
am
I.
My
2.
mother was a prg&cgsiny father
know, a brother of
my
father ruled over the country.

which by the side of
In the city of Azupiranu
3.
the river Euphrates is situated

4. my mother the
princess
me
forth
she
brought
difficulty
She placed
5.
my
I did
me
conceived
in an ark of rushes, with
me
in
bitumen
exit she sealed up.
6.
She launched
drown me.
me on
the river which did not
CONCLUSION.
300
The
7.
it
river carried me, to
Akki the water
carrier
brought me.
Akki the water
8.
lifted
9.
me
carrier in tenderness of bowels
me;
Akki the water
carrier as his child brought
up,
10.
Akki the water
husbandman
carrier as his
placed me,
11.
and in
45
my
husbandry Ishtar prospered me.
years the kingdom I have ruled,

13. the people of the dark races I
governed,
12.
14
over rugged countries with chariots of
bronze I rode,
15.
govern the upper countries
16. I rule? over the chiefs of the lower countries

17. To the sea
Dilmun submitted,
18.
coast
three
times
advanced,
Durankigal bowed, &c. &c.
After this follows an address to

any king
should at a later time notice the
inscription.
who
This story is supposed to have

happened about
B.C. 1600, rather earlier than the
supposed age of
Moses; and, as we know that the fame of Sargon
reached Egypt, it is quite likely that this account

had a connection with the events related in Exodus
every action, when
tendency to be repeated.
ii.,
for
once performed, has a
In the body of my present work I have

given the
various fragments of the Legends
describing the
time
of
Creation, Flood,
Nimrod, &c. and I have
;
CONCLUSION.
301
indicated, as well as I can at present, the grounds
respecting them, and

what are their principal points of contact with the
Bible narrative of Genesis.
my
for
I
for
present conclusions
have also put forward some theories to account

various difficulties in the stories, and to connect
together the fragmentary accounts.

The most hazardous of these theories
which makes Izdubar or Nimrod reign
is
the one
in the
middle
of the twenty-third century before the Christian era.

I have founded this theory on several plausible, but
probably merely superficial grounds and if any one

accepts my view on this point, it will be only for
;
which caused me to propose

it; namely, because, failing this, we have no clue
whatever to the age and position of the most famous
similar reasons to those
hero in Oriental tradition.
never lose sight myself of the
that apart
from the more perfect and main parts of these texts,
both in the decipherment of the broken fragments
I
and
fact,
in the various theories I have projected respect
ing them, I have changed
my own
opinions
many
have no doubt that any accession of

new material would change again my views respect
times, and
ing the parts affected by
it.
These theories and
conclusions, however, although not always correct,

have, on their way, assisted the inquiry, and have
more accurate knowledge of the texts for

certainly in cuneiform matters we have often had to
led to the
advance through error to truth.
CONCLUSION.
302
In
my
thing
low
is
Nimrod, one
placed him as
the position of
theory for
certainly clear
in the chronology
as
it
have
is
possible
make
to
him.
Making the date of Nimrod
so recent as B.C. 2250,
I have only left from 200 to 250 years between his

time and the age of the oldest known monuments.
Looking
at the fact that
it is
highly probable that

about B.C. 2000, the
legends were written

intervening period of two centuries does not appear
I think it probable that the traditions on
too great.
these
which these legends were founded arose shortly

the death of Izdubar
dition
in fact, I think that
which has any foundation in
within a generation of the time

stances happened.
With regard
after
every tra
fact springs
when
up
the circum
to the supernatural
element introduced into the story, it is similar in

nature to many such additions to historical -narra
tives, especially in the
those events which
East; but
may
would not
reject
have happened, because in
a current belief, or add to the

romance of the story, the writer has introduced the
order to illustrate
supernatural.
now
too general a tendency

to repudiate the earlier part of history, because of
its evident inaccuracies and the marvellous element
There
is,
I think,
with it. The early poems and

generally combined
stories of almost every nation are, by some writers,
resolved into elaborate descriptions of natural phe
nomena; and
in
some
cases, if this
were
true, the
CONCLUSION.
myth would have taken
to create
as that of the philosophers
it
303
a genius as great
who
explain it.
The stories and myths given in the foregoing
some
pages have, probably, very different values
some compiled to account
are genuine traditions
;
phenomena, and some pure romances.

head of their history and traditions the
for natural
At the
Babylonians placed an account of the creation of the

world; and, although different forms of this story
were current,
in
certain
features they
all
agreed.
account of the present animals, they

Beside
related the creation of legions of monster forms
the
which disappeared before the human epoch, and they

accounted for the great problem of humanity the
out that it
presence of evil in the world by making
proceeded from the original chaos, the spirit of con
fusion and darkness, which was the origin of all
older than the gods.
things, and which was even
The
principal Babylonian story of the
Creation,
given in Chapter V., substantially agrees, as far as it

is preserved, with the Biblical account.
According
to
it,
there was a chaos of watery matter before the
Creation, and from this all things were generated.

have then a considerable blank, the con
"We
tents of
this
which we can only conjecture, and
we come
The
fifth
after
to the creation of the heavenly orbs.
tablet in the series relates
how God
created the constellations of the stars, the signs of

the zodiac, the planets or wandering stars, the moon
and the sun.
After another blank
we have
a frag-
CONCL USION.
304
ment, the first I recognized which relates the crea

tion of wild and domestic animals it is curious here
;
that the original taming of domestic animals

even then so far back that all knowledge of it
was
was
and the u animals of the city," or domestic
animals, were considered different creations to the
lost,
u animals of the
desert,"
or wild animals.
Our next fragments refer to the creation of man

kind, called Adam, as in the Bible he is made per
;
fect,
and instructed
in his various religious duties,
but afterwards he joins with the dragon of the deep,

the animal of Tiamat, the spirit of chaos, arid
offends against his god,
who
down on
the
his
head
all
curses him, and calls

evils
and troubles of
humanity.
This is followed by a war between the dragon and
powers of evil, or chaos on one side and the gods on
The gods have weapons forged for them,

and Merodach undertakes to lead the heavenly host
The war, which is described
against the dragon.
the other.
with
ends of course in the triumph of the

principles of good, and so far as I know the Creation
tablets end here.
spirit,
In Chapter V. I have given as far as possible

translations
and comments on these
texts,
and
to
meet the requirements of those who desire to study

them in the cuneiform character I have arranged to
publish copies of the principal fragments of the Crea
tion tablets in the "Transactions of the Society of
Biblical Archaeology."
CONCLUSION.
The fragments
are
305
have selected for this purpose
of the first tablet, describing the

the
chaos at
beginning of the world.
II. Fragment of the fifth tablet, describing the
I.
Fragment
creation of the heavenly bodies.

III. Obverse and reverse of the tablet, describing
the
fall
of man.
IV. Obverse and reverse of the principal fragment,

describing the conflict between the gods and
the spirit of chaos.
Besides this account of the Creation I have given

other fragments bearing upon the same events, these
differing considerably
from the longer account.
The
is the de
principal feature in the second account
scription of the eagle-headed men with their family
of leaders
this
legend clearly showing the origin of
the eagle-headed figures represented on the Assyrian

sculptures.
probable that some of these Babylonian le

gends contained detailed descriptions of the Garden
It is
of Eden,
which was most
likely the district of
Kar-
duniyas, as Sir Henry Rawlinson believes.

There are coincidences in respect to the geography
of the region and
fication
its
very probable
name which render

;
the identi
the four rivers in each case,
two, the Euphrates and Tigris, certainly identical,

the known fertility of the region, its name, some
times Gan-dunu, so similar to Gan-eden (the Gar

den of Eden), and other considerations, all tend
CONCLUSION.
306
towards
the
view
that
it
is
the
Paradise
of
Genesis.
There are evidences of the belief in the tree of

life,
which
is
one of the most
common emblems on
the seals and larger sculptures, and is even used

as an ornament on dresses ; a sacred tree is also
mentioned
these legends, but at

there
is
no
direct
connection
known between
present
the tree and the Fall, although the gem engravings
several times
render
this
it
kind
in
very probable that there was a legend of

like the one in Genesis.
made of a
named Cannes,
In the history of Berosus mention
is
composite being, half man, half fish,

who was supposed to have appeared out of the sea
and to have taught to the Babylonians all their
The Babylonian and Assyrian sculptures

have made us familiar with the figure of Cannes, and
learning.
have so far given evidence that Berosus has truly

described this mythological figure, but it is a curious
legend of Cannes, which must have been
one of the Babylonian stories of the Creation, has not
fact that the
yet been recovered.

Besides this, there are evidently
early times still unknown, or only
many
stories of
known by mere
fragments or allusions.
The
fables
form a
series
others,
and
was
my
which
have given in Chapter IX.

now appearing to be separate from the
my
only excuse for inserting them here
desire to exhibit as
clearly and
possible the literature of the great epoch

duced the Genesis tablets.
fully as
which pro
CANNES.
FROM NIMROUD SCULPTURE.
CONCLUSION.
Most of the other
stories,
307
so far as I can judge,
when
are fixed to the great period before the Flood,

celestial visitors
came backwards and forwards
to the
earth, and the inhabitants of the world were very

clearly divided into the good and bad, but the stories
and have
little
connection with Babylonian history.

Two of these stories are very curious, and
may
are only fables with a moral attached,
hereafter turn out of great importance; one is the

story of the sin committed by the god Zu, and the
other the story of Atarpi.
Berosus in his history has given an account of ten

Chaldean kings who reigned before the Flood, and the
close of this period is well known from the
descriptions
of the Deluge in the Bible, the
Deluge tablet, and
the work of Berosus.
According to Berosus several
of the Babylonian cities were built before the
Flood,
and various arts were known, including writing. The
enormous reigns given by Berosus to his ten kings,

making a total of 432,000 years, force us to discard
the idea that the details are historical,
although there
may be some foundation for his statement of a civili
zation before the
The details given in the
Deluge.
the
Flood
leave no doubt that
inscriptions describing
both the Bible and the Babylonian

story describe
the same event, and the Flood becomes the
startingpoint for the
modern world
in
both histories. Accord
ing to Berosus 86 kings reigned for 34,080 years after

the Flood down to the Median
If these
conquest.
kings are historical, it is doubtful if they formed a
continuous line, and they could scarcely cover a
longer
CONCLUSION.
period than 1,000 years.
conquest took place about
round number
the
period,
it
will
make
The Median
or
Elamite
2450, and, if we allow

1,000 years for the previous
the Flood fall about B.C. 3500.
B.C.
a fragmentary inscription with a list of Babylonian
Iir
kings, some names are given which appear to belong

to the 86 kings of Berosus, but our information about
scanty that nothing can be said

about this dynasty, and a suggestion as to the date
this period
is
so
of the Deluge must be received with more than the
usual grain of salt.

can see, however, that there was a civilized
We
race in Babylonia before the Median Conquest, the

progress of which must have received a rude shock
when
the country
Eastern borderers.
was overrun by the uncivilized
the fragmentary notices of this period is

the portion of the inscription describing the building
Among
Tower of Babel and the dispersion, unfortunately

mutilated to make much use of it.
of the
too
probable from the fragments of Berosus that

the incursions and dominion of the Elamites lasted
It
is
about two hundred years, during which the country

suffered very much from them.
probable that Izdubar, or Nimrod, owed
a great portion of his fame in the first instance to his
slaying Humbaba, and that he readily found the
I think it
means of uniting the country under one sceptre, as

the people saw the evils of disunion, which weakened
them and
laid
them open
to foreign invasion.
CONCLUSION.
The legends of Izdubar
or
309
Nimrod commence with
a description of the evils brought upon Babylonia by

foreign invasion, the conquest and sacking of the city
of Erech being one of the incidents in the story.
who
Izdubar, a famous hunter,
a long;
O
O reaching
o line of kings,
claimed descent from
up
1
to the time of the
now comes forward he has a dream, and after

much trouble a hermit named Heabani is persuaded
Flood,
by Zaidu, a hunter, and two females, to come to

Erech and interpret the dream of Izdubar. Heabani,
having heard the fame of Izdubar, brings to Erech a
midannu or tiger to test his strength, and Izdubar
After these things, Izdubar and Heabani
become friends, and, having invoked the gods, they
slays
it.
Humbaba, an Elamite, who tyrannized
start to attack
Humbaba dwelt in a thick forest,

over Babylonia.
surrounded by a wall, and here he was visited by the
two friends, who slew him and carried off his regalia.
now
proclaimed king, and extended

his authority from the Persian Gulf to the Armenian
mountains, his court and palace being at Erech.
Izdubar was
Ishtar, called
Nana and Uzur-amatsa,
the daughter
some authorities of Ami, according to

others of Elu or Bel, and according to others of Sin,
according to
the
moon
He
refused,
was widow of Dumuzi, a rihu or ruler.

She was queen and goddess of Erech, and fell in love
with Izdubar, offering him her hand and kingdom.
god,
ascended to
and the goddess, angry at his answer,

heaven and petitioned her father Anu to
create a bull for her, to be
an instrument of her
CONCLUSION.
310
vengeance against
Izdubar.
Anu
complied,
and
the bull, on which Izdubar and Heabani

collected a band of warriors and went against it.
created
Heabani took hold of the animal by

while Izdubar slew
its
head and
tail,
it.
Ishtar on this cursed Izdubar, and descended to

Hell or Hades to attempt once more to summon
She descends
which are vividly described,
unearthly powers against Izdubar.

to the infernal regions,
and, passing through its seven gates,

the presence of the queen of the dead.
is
ushered into
The world of
and on the
in the absence of Ishtar,
love goes wrong

petition of the gods she
once more brought to the

earth, ultimately Anatu, her mother, satisfying her
vengeance by striking Izdubar with a loathsome
is
disease.
Heabani, the friend of Izdubar, is now killed, and

Izdubar, mourning his double affliction, abandons his
kingdom and wanders
into the desert to seek the
who had been trans

and now dwelt with the gods.
Izdubar now had a dream, and after this wandered
to the region where gigantic composite monsters held
and controlled the rising and setting sun, from these
advice of Hasisadra his ancestor,
lated for his piety
learned the road to the region of the blessed, and,

passing across a great waste of sand, he arrived at a
region where splendid trees were laden with jewels

instead of fruit.
Izdubar then met two females, named Siduri and

Sabitu, after an adventure with whom he found a
CONCLUSION.
311
boatman named Ur-hamsi, who undertook

him to the region of Hasisadra.
it
Coming near the dwelling

surrounded by the waters
to navigate
of the blessed, he found

of death,
which he had
to cross in order to reach the region.
On
arriving at the other side, Izdubar was met by

one Ragmu, who engaged him in conversation about
Heabani, and then Hasisadra, taking up the conver

Izdubar was
sation, described to him the Deluge.
afterwards cured of his illness and returned with
Urhamsi
to Erech,
where he mourned anew
friend Heabani, and on
for his
intercession with the gods
the ghost of Heabani arises from the ground where

the body had lain.
The
details
of
this
story,
and especially the
accounts of the regions inhabited by the dead, are
very
striking,
and
illustrate, in a
wonderful manner,
the religious views of the people.

It is probable that Izdubar was, as I have already
stated, Nimrod, and that he commenced his life as a
afterwards
delivering his country

foreign dominion, and slaying the usurper.
hunter,
from
He
then extended his empire into Assyria, which

The empire
he colonized, and founded Nineveh.
founded by Nimrod probably fell to pieces at his

death but the Assyrian colonies grew into a power
ful state, and after a brief period, Babylonia revived
;
under Urukh, king of Ur, with

the
monumental
whom commenced
era.
Here the legendary and traditional age ends, and
CONCLUSION.
312
about this time the stories appear to have been com

mitted to writing.
worth while here to pause, and consider the
It is
evidence of the existence of these legends from this

time down to the seventh century B.C.
We
have
hundreds
the seals
first
of these there are some
European museums, and among the

many specimens carved with scenes from
Genesis legends; some of these are probably
in
earliest are
the
older
than
2000, others
B.C.
may
down to B.C. 1500.

The specimens engraved in pp.
be
ranged at
various dates
39, 91, 95, 100,
158, 159, 188, 239, 257, 262, 283 are from Babylo
nian seals, while those in pp. 41, 89, 99 are from
Assyrian
One very fine and
seals.
early example is
photographed as the frontispiece of the present work.
The character and style of the cuneiform legend
which accompanies this shows it to be one of the

most ancient specimens; it is engraved on a hard
jasper cylinder in bold style, and is a remarkable
example
of
early Babylonian art.

similar cylinders of the same period are
relief
on them
is
which from about
Many other
known the
bolder than on the later

B.C.
seals,
1600 or 1700, a change
on
in the
inscriptions becomes general.

The numerous illustrations to the present work,
which I have collected from these early Babylonian
seals, will
were
serve to
show the
at that time well
ture of the country.
fact that the legends
known, and part of the
litera
CONCLUSION.
313
another curious illustration of the legends

Cunei
of Izdubar in the tablet printed, p. 46 of
There
form
is
Inscriptions,"
vol.
ii.
Our copy
of this tablet
dated in the seventh century B.C.; but the geo

that the original must
graphical notices on it show
is
have been written during the supremacy of the city

In this tablet
of Ur, between B.C. 2000 and 1850.
is made
mention
and
ark
city,
Surippak is called the
of the ship of Izdubar, showing a knowledge of the
Hasisadra.
story of his voyage to find
After
B.C.
1500, the literature
of Babylonia
is
unknown, and we lose sight of all

meantime Egypt
legends for some centuries. In the
on the subject, which
supplies a few notices bearing
serve to show that knowledge of them was still kept
evidence of these
before the
Nearly thirteen hundred years
Christian era one of the Egyptian poems likens a
hero to the Assyrian chief, Kazartu, a great hunter.
up.
Kazartu probably means a

powerful,"
strong,"
that the
one, and it has already been suggested
A little
reference here is to the fame of Nimrod.
B.C. 1100 to 800, we have in
later, in the
"
"
period
Egypt many persons named after Nirnrod, showing

a knowledge of the mighty hunter there.
the revival of the Assyrian empire, about B.C.
to the
990, we come again to numerous references
Genesis legends, and these continue through almost
On
The
the empire.
every reign down to the close of
and cherubims on
Assyrians carved the sacred tree
their walls, they depicted in the temples the struggle
CONCLUSION.
314
between Merodach and the dragon, the figure of

Cannes and the eagle-headed man, they decorated
their portals with
figures of
Nimrod
strangling a
lion, and carved the

struggles of Mmrod
Heabani with the lion and the bull even on
and
their
stone vases.
Just as the sculptures of the Greek

temples, the
paintings on the vases and the carving on their gems
were taken from their myths and legends, so the

series of myths and
legends belonging to the valley of
the Euphrates furnished materials for the
sculptor,
the engraver, and the painter,
the
ancient
among
Babylonians and Assyrians.

In this way we have continued evidence of the
down to the time of Assurbanipal, B.C. 673 to 626, who caused the present
known copies to be made for his library at Nineveh.
Search in Babylonia would, no doubt, yield much
existence of these legends
earlier copies of all these works,
but that search has
not yet been instituted, and for the

present we have
to be contented with our
Assyrian copies.
Looking,
however, at the world- wide interest of the subjects,

and at the important evidence which perfect copies of
these works would undoubtedly give, there can be no
doubt that the subject of further search and discovery

will not slumber, and that all I have here written
will
one day be superseded by newer texts and fuller
and more perfect
light.
INDEX.
,
29G.
Arnold, Mr. E.,
Accad or Akkad, 25,
Arrangement
6.
of tablets, 20, 21,
Assorus, 50.
293.
Assur, 31, 293.
Adrahasis, 265, 272.
Age
Armenia, 47.
Abydenus, 45, 46.
of documents, 23.
Assurbanipal, 6, 33.
Alaparus, 46.
Assur-nazir-pal, 31.
Alexander Polyhistor, 38, 49.

Alexander the Great, 1.
Assyrian excavations,
Alorus, 45, 46.
Athenaeum,
Amarda, 293.
Aus, 50.
Atarpi, story
of,
6.
154, 155.
8.
Amempsin, 46.
Babel, 17.
Amillarus, 46.
Ammenon,
Babil mound, 163.
46.
Anatu, 55.
Babylon, 45, 48, 293.
Anementus, 47.
Babylonia, 44.
Animals, creation
of,
76.
Babylonian
cities,
293.
Antiquity of legends, 28.
legends, 3.
Ami, 53, 54, 109, 116.
seals,
Anus, 50.
sources of literature, 22.
168.
Apason, 49.
Bel, 53, 58, 99.
Apollodorus, 45.
Belat, 53.
Ardates, 42.
Belus, 42, 50.
Ark, 48, 264, 265.
Berosus, 1, 14, 37, 46.
INDEX.
316
Bil-kan, 56.
Cronos, 47, 48, 49.
Birs Nimrud, 162.
Cure of Izdubar, 275.
Borsippa, 293.
Cutha, 27, 105, 293.
Bull, destruction of, 224.
Dache, 50.
Calah, 293.
Dachus, 50.
Calneh, 293.
Da3sius, month, 47.
Cedars, 208.
"Daily
Chaldean account of deluge,
7.
Telegraph,"
astrology, 26.
Damascius, 49.
dynasties, 186.
Dannat, 199.
Change
in Assyrian
language, 23.
6,11, 16.
collection, 15.
Daonus, 45.
Chaos, 65.
Daos, 46.
Chronology, 24, 25, 189-191.

Clay records, 22.
Davce, 50.
Coming of deluge, 267, 268.

Comparison of accounts of creation,
Death of Heabani, 257.
72.
Date of Nimrod, 302.

Davkina, 57.
Delitzsch, Dr., 121.
of deluge, 284-289.
Deluge,
Composite creatures, 40, 41, 102,

103.
1, 4, 5,
46, 48, 167, 169.
tablet, 10, 16.
predicted, 265.
Conclusion, 295.
commencement
Conquest of Babylon, 24.
destruction wrought by, 268.
of Erech, 184.
of
end
Humbaba, 216.
Constellations, creation of, 69.
Descent
of,
38-50.
Creation, 1,3, 7,12,17, 61,101, 303.
269.
Hades, 227.
of Izdubar legends, 170.
made by
Destruction
Corcyrscan mountains, 44.

Cory, translations
deluge, 268,
269.
Dragon, 90, 91.
Dreams
of Izdubar, 194, 245.
Creation of animals, 76.

of
man, 15, 77, 78.
267.
Description of Hades, 227-229.
Contents of library, 34.

Copies of texts, 305.
of,
to
of,
Eagle, 17.
of moon, 70.
Eagle-headed men, 106.
of stars, 69.
Eagle, fable
of sun, 70.
Eden,
of,
3, 88,
138.
291, 306.
INDEX.
317
Elamites, 187.
Heabani comes
Eneuboulus, 47.
History of Izdubar, 309-311.
Encugamus, 47.
Horse and
Erech, 129, 183, 293,
Humbaba, 185, 207, 213.
to
Erech, 204.
ox, fable of, 147-150.
Eridu, 293.
Esarhaddon, 32.
Illinus, 50.
Etana, 17,140,141.
Ishmael, 298.
Euedocus, 47.
Ishtar, 17, 54, 56, 108,
129,217.
Euedorachus, 45.
loves Izdubar, 218.
Euedoreschus, 47.
amours
Evil spirits, legend of, 27.
anger
Expedition to Assyria, 11.

Exploits of Lubara, 26.
descent to Hades, 227.

in
220.
of,
221.
of,
Hades, 231.
return
235.
of,
Fables, 17, 18, 137.
Ismi-dagan, 26.
Fall, 13.
Itak, 124.
Fifth tablet of the creation, 69-71.
Izdubar, 5, 173, 194, 308.
Filling the ark, 267.
legends, 8, 18, 27, 167, 170.
First tablet of the creation, 62.
same
Flood, 1, 264, 307.
parentage, 173.
Forest of
Humbaba, 214.
Fox, fable
Fox
144.
of,
Talbot, Mr., 239.
Fragments of
tablets, 19.
Ximrod, 167, 168.
as
exploits of, 174, 203.
conquers
Humbaba, 216.
loved by Ishtar, 218.

struck with disease, 245.
wanderings
of,
247.
Generation of the gods, 66.
meets scorpion men, 248.

travels over desert, 251.
Genesis, 1, 3, 11.
meets Sabitu and Siduri, 253.
Ganganna, 293.
stories, 33.
God Zu, 113, 122.
meets Urhamsi, 254.

sees Hasisadra, 260.
hears the story of the flood, 264.
Hammurabi,
24.
cured of his
illness,
275.
Harriskalama, 293.
returns to Erech, 277.
Hasisadra, 256, 262.
mourns
Hea, 53, 109, 111.

Heabani,
7,
193, 198.
Heabani, 279.
with
Heabani, 1 93.
friendship
dream
for
of,
194.
INDEX.
318
Jewish traditions, 284.
Moymis, 50.
Jove, 49.
Mummu-tiamat, 63-65.
Mythological tablets,
Karrak, 25, 30.
4.
Mythology, 51.
Kissare, 50.
Kisu, 293.
Xabubalidina, 32.
Kouyunjik, 2, 19.
Xames
Kudur-mabuk, 31.
Lament
in Genesis, 295.
Natural history, 35.
Nebo, 58, 118.

of Izdubar, 278-280.
Language
Nebuchadnezzar, 36, 166.
of inscriptions, 23.
Nergal, 53, 59, 105.
Larancha, 46, 293.
Nicolaus Damascenus, 48.
Larsa, 25, 26, 30.
Nimrod, 167, 174-183, 301.
Layard, Mr., 2.
Lecture on the deluge, 11.
Lenormant, M.
F., 8,
Nineveh, 293.
Ninip, 53, 59.
239.
Nipur, 293.
Libraries, 20.
Nizir, 4, 270.
Library of Assurbanipal, 33.
"
Literary period, 29.

Literature, Babylonian
North British
Review,"
239.
Notices of legends, 312-314.
and Assy
Nusku, 53.
rian, 19.
Local mythology, 52.
Cannes, 39, 45, 46, 306.
Lubara, 17.
exploits
of,
Odacon, 45.
123-136.
Omoroca, 41.
Oppert, Prof., 239.
Mamitu, 261.
Man,
Otiartes, 46.
creation of, 77, 78.

fall of,
83-87.
pure, 79, 80.
Pantibiblon, 45, 46.
rebels, 81.
Paradise, 251
Megalarus, 45, 46.
Patriarchs, 290.
Merodach, 53,57, 112.
Pentateuch, 14.
Minyas, 48.
Pine
Miscellaneous texts, 153.
Planets, creation
Moon,
creation of, 70.
Moses, 48, 300.
trees,
207.
of,
70.
Position of inscribed
fragments, 20.
i
Prometheus, 49.
INDEX.
Queen, great, 209.
319
Stars, creation of, 69.
Story of Ishtar, 151.
Ragmu, 257.
Sumir, 25.
Rawlinson, Sir H. C., 2, 3, 8, 86,
Sun, creation
88, 164, 165, 178, 179.
70.
of,
Surippak, 293.
Rehobothair, 293.
Sibyl, 49.
Resen, 293.
Resurrection of Heabani, 281.
Return of Izdubar
to Erech,
277.
Riddle of the wise man, 156, 157.
Table of gods, 60.

Tablets, mutilation
Tablets upon evil
of, 9.
spirits,
111.
Tauth, 49.
Thalassa, 41.
Sabitu, 253.
Sacrifice,
Thalatth, 14, 41.
271.
Sargon, 26, 32, 299.

saved in ark, 299.
Tiamat, 14, 99, 107.

Tiglath Pileser, 32.
Sarturda, 119, 194.
Tisallat, 14.
Satan, 14.
Titan, 48, 49.
Sayce, Rev. A. H., 8.
Tower
in stages,
Scorpion men, 249.
Tower
of Babel, 8, 9, 13, 48, 158-
161.
Semitic race, 188.
Traditions collected, 28.
Senaar, 49.
Sending out
164, 165.
birds,
of Genesis, 29.
270.
Sennacherib, 32.
Tugulti-ninip, 24.
Serpent, 139, 140.

Seven evil spirits, 17, 107.
Uddusu-namir, 240.
Ur, 25, 30.
Siduri, 253.
Urhamsi, 254, 274, 275.
Sin, 53, 59.
Urukh, 25, 30, 294.
SinofZu, 113.
Sinuri, 157, 158.
Vul, 53, 55, 108, 109, 116, 117.
Sippara, 43, 45, 293.
War
Sisithrus, 47.
Shalmaneser
II., 32.
in heaven,
with
evil,
92-98.
304.
Shainas, 53, 59, 109, 197.

Society of Biblical Archaeology, 5,
Speaking
trees,
Xisuthrus, 42, 43, 44, 46.

Zaidu, 200.
283, 304.
243.
Zirat-banit, 58.
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The Chaldean account
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L

(NIMROD) IN CONFLICT WITH

HENRY CEBSWICKE RAWLINSON,

MY TEACHER AND PREDECESSOR

THE DESCRIPTION OF THE CREATION, THE FALL OF MAN,

THE DELUGE, THE TOWER OF BABEL, THE

FROM THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS.

BUILDINGS, FLEET STREET.

(All Rights Reserved.)

PRINTED BY TMIITTINGHAM AND WILKINS,

TOOKS COUKT, CHANCERY LANE.

IZDUBAR STRANGLING A LlON.

FROM KHORSABAD SCULPTURE.

has elapsed since I discovered the most

to collect the various fragments of the legends, copy,

matter from time

have gone to press with one of the fragments of the

The present condition of the legends and

recent discovery alike forbid me to call this anything

have avoided some of the most important com

obtain the recognition of the

evidence without prejudice.

The chronological notes in the book

any system of chronology.

tions of Genesis to be invaluable for the

the evidence that positive conclusions

my present work is intended

account, and I have introduced only so much expla

ing of the subject. I have added translations of some

passages which I have omitted, but these are of small

THE DISCOVERY OF THE GENESIS

origin of Assyrian literature.

Urukh, king of Ur.

Syllabaries and bilingual

BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN LITERATURE.

Interest of Creation legends.

Lecture on Deluge tablets.

Later Babylonian libraries

Berosus and his copyists.

Alexander PolyCory s translation.

Cronos and Titan.

Dispersion from Hestiaeus.

Kissare and Assorus.

son with Genesis.

Three great gods.

OTHER BABYLONIAN ACCOUNTS OF THE CREATION.

Tablet from Cutha.

Poetical account of Creation

Curse for disobedience.

BABYLONIAN LEGEND OP THE CREATION.

Mutilated condition of tablets.

Babylonian colonies. Tower of Babel.

THE SIN OF THE GOD

CHAPTER VIII. THE EXPLOITS OF

and glory of Lubara.

Blessings on his worship.