Music Theory Online

The Online Journal of the Society for Music Theory

Volume 12, Number 1, February 2006 Copyright 2006 Society for Music Theory

Guy Capuzzo*
Pat Martinos The Nature of the Guitar: An Intersection of Jazz Theory and Neo-Riemannian Theory KEYWORDS: Pat Martino, Jazz Theory, Neo-Riemannian Theory, Guitar, Parsimonious VoiceLeading, John Coltrane, Giant Steps ABSTRACT: This paper studies a set of instructional materials by the renowned jazz guitarist and pedagogue Pat Martino, winner of Downbeat Magazine's 2004 reader's poll for jazz guitarist of the year. The materials, titled The Nature of the Guitar, represent an ongoing project of Martino's begun in 1972. The Nature of Guitar is remarkable in its degree of overlap with NeoRiemannian ideas. After discussing excerpts from The Nature of Guitar that engage parsimonious voice-leading, I compare Martino's analysis of John Coltrane's "Giant Steps" to that of Matthew Santa.
Submission received November 2005

Music Theory Online 12.1 (2006) page 2

Pat Martinos The Nature of the Guitar: An Intersection of Jazz Theory and Neo-Riemannian Theory
GUY CAPUZZO

I: INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS [1.1] This paper studies a set of instructional materials by the renowned jazz guitarist Pat Martino, winner of Downbeat magazines 2004 readers poll for jazz guitarist of the year. 1 The materials, titled The Nature of the Guitar, represent an ongoing project of Martinos begun in 1972. The Nature of the Guitar is remarkable in its degree of overlap with neo-Riemannian ideas; much of it may be viewed online at www.patmartino.com. 2 While I shall support my arguments with quotes from interviews with Martino (two of which I conducted), the aim of this paper is to survey the relations between Martinos work and present-day neo-Riemannian theory, not to reconstruct the development of his theories. [1.2] Applications of neo-Riemannian theory to jazz harmony all extend the theory to accommodate the tall tertian sonorities characteristic of jazz. Callender (2004) employs contextual transformations and altered Tonnetze in an analysis of Ligetis Arc-en-ciel, a work that Ligeti (1996, 11) describes as almost a jazz piece. Santa (2004) adapts Cohns (1996) hexatonic systems to analyze John Coltranes Giant Steps. Strunk (2003) develops contextual operations to analyze seventh-chord progressions in post-bebop jazz. And Waters (2004) probes the interaction of the hexatonic, diatonic, acoustic, and octatonic collections with Cohns (1996) hyper-hexatonic system. Martinos work, while sharing many features with the foregoing research, derives from the idiosyncratic organization of the guitar fretboard. 3

A version of this paper was presented to the Dublin International Conference on Music Analysis

on June 24, 2005. I am grateful to the MTO readers for their valuable suggestions (particularly on 2.1, 2.5, and 3.5), and also to Pat Martino, Paul Capuzzo, Adam Ricci, Matthew Santa, Theresa Vaughan, and Keith Waters for their input.
2

Examples 1, 3, 4, 9, and 10 are available on patmartino.com. Examples 6, 7, and 8 were given to Capuzzo (2004, 182-184) also discusses neo-Riemannian theory from the perspective of the guitar

me by Martino. All of these examples are reproduced with the kind permission of Pat Martino.
3

fretboard, albeit in a pop-rock context.

Music Theory Online 12.1 (2006) page 3

II: THE GUITAR FRETBOARD AND PARSIMONIOUS VOICE-LEADING [2.1] Example 1 reproduces two of Martinos diagrams. Here Martino grounds his conception of the guitar fretboard through a comparison with the piano. Two aspects of the piano diagram are noteworthy. First, Martino observes that the arrangement of white and black keys partitions the keyboard into seven white keys, representing the diatonic scale, and five black keys, representing the pentatonic scale. Second, he notes that the union of these two scales forms the total chromatic through the addition of seven and five. By contrast, Martino considers the fretboard to be generated by multiplication. He parses the first octave of the fretboard into two equal divisionsthree major thirds and four minor thirds. The major thirds brackets above the fretboard indicate that each of the indicate that each of the enclosed frets belongs to a different & chord (Martino uses the term diminished to indicate &). To the right of the fretboard diagram, Martino writes augmented 4 frets 3. Here he multiplies the interval in semitones by which the aug triad symmetrically divides the octave (4) by the cardinality of the aug triad (3). To the right of the fretboard diagram symmetrically divides the octave (3) by the cardinality of the & chord (4). This yields 4 3 = 12 & chords. 5 Martino summarizes Example 1 as follows: Unlike the piano, which uses a seven plus five system of addition, the guitar uses multiplication. With [the aug triads and chords] we cover all twelve notes of the chromatic scale by multiplying three times four (quoted in Gold 2004, 92). [2.2] As a point of departure for a comparison of Martinos concepts with those of neo-Riemannian theory, Example 2 reproduces a diagram from Weitzmann (1853) discussed by Cohn (2000, 90-91). also appears diminished 3 frets 4. Here Martino multiplies the interval by which the & chord enclosed frets belongs to a different augmented (aug) triad. 4 Likewise, the minor thirds brackets

and 3 4 = 12, demonstrating how the chromatic scale emerges as the cross product of the aug and

seventh), O& (half-diminished seventh), & (fully-diminished seventh). For reasons given in 3.5, I use a mod 4 labeling system for hexatonic, whole-tone, and nonatonic collections. For example, {3478B0} is labeled as Hex03 since every pc in {3478B0} is congruent to 0 or 3 mod 4. The remaining labels are thus Hex01, 12, and 23; WT02 and 13; and Non012, 123, 023, and 013.
5

(augmented), ma& (major-major seventh), mi& (minor-minor seventh), & or dom& (major-minor

I adopt the following abbreviations and symbols: + (major), - (minor), (diminished), aug

Balzano (1980, 72-74) studies essentially the same phenomenon: the isomorphism between the

cyclic group C12 and the cross product of C3 and C4.

Music Theory Online 12.1 (2006) page 4 Example 1. Martino, The keyboard is based on addition (7+5; diatonic plus pentatonic); the fretboard is based on multiplication (4 3; diminished multiplied by augmented)

Music Theory Online 12.1 (2006) page 5 Example 2. Weitzmann, The total chromatic is the cross product of diminished-seventh chords and augmented triads (after Weitzmann 1853, 22 and Cohn 2000, 91) E C A E C A Aaug G E C Caug B G E Eaug D B G Gaug

triads and show that each aug triad contains one note from each & chord, and conversely that each & chord contains one note from each aug triad. For instance, following Weitzmanns diagram from

Martino and Weitzmann both view the total chromatic as the cross product of & chords and aug

and G from E&. Likewise, following the diagram from west to east starting on the note C shows that C& contains the note C from Aaug, E from Caug, G from Eaug, and B from Gaug.

south to north starting on the note C shows that Caug contains the note C from A&, E from C&,

[2.3] Martino views the aug triad and o& chord as symmetrical collections that act as reference points for generating asymmetrical collections. Examples 3 and 4 (on pages 6 and 7) present two diagrams from The Nature of the Guitar that portray semitonal relations between symmetrical and asymmetrical harmonies.6 Example 3 presents The Augmented Formula, indicating the movement of any single tone [by] half-step. Starting with the Caug triad denoted by the boldface triangle, the augmented formula yields six triads, which form two major thirds cycles (hereafter T4 cycles) of relative major/minor triads (F-/A+, A-/C+, D-/E+). The right side of Example 3, labeled Transformation, indicates these semitonal displacements. A similar process obtains with the Diminished Formula in Example 4. Each boldface square indicates a o& chord, and the notation V7ths indicates the four dom& chords that obtain by moving one note by semitone from Eo&. 7 An exact parallel between Martinos Example 3 and neo-Riemannian theory appears in Example 5. The four Weitzmann regions (Cohn 2000, 94) are identical to Martinos diagrams in Example 3.

6 7

Enharmonic equivalence holds for all of Martinos examples.

It is curious that Martino does not generate the four possible O& chords in like fashion. In

conversation, he acknowledged this point (interview, July 11, 2005) but did not explain the omission. Cohn (2000, 102) observes the same omission in Weitzmann (1853).

Music Theory Online 12.1 (2006) page 6

Example 3. Martino, Half-step relations among minor, augmented, and major triads

Music Theory Online 12.1 (2006) page 7 Example 4. Martino, Half-step relations between diminished 7th and dominant 7th chords

Music Theory Online 12.1 (2006) page 8

Example 5. Four Weitzmann regions (after Cohn 2000, 94) {C, E, A} C+, A+, E+, A-, F-, C{E, G, B} E+, B+, G+, C-, A-, E{C, F, A} C+, A+, F+, B-, F-, D-

{D, F, B} D+, B+, G+, B-, G-, E-

For instance, the Caug diagram in both examples shows the six triads formed by holding two notes of Caug and moving the remaining note by half-step. The remaining diagrams work analogously. [2.4] In Example 6, Martino uses the semitonal relationship between o& and dom& chords from Example 4 to form slash chords. 8 On the fretboard diagrams, the vertical lines represent the six strings of the guitar (ordered from left to right as E, A, D, G, B, E) while the horizontal lines represent the frets. Dots on the fretboard indicate the placement of left-hand fingers, while the dot above the A string indicates an open string. With the fretboard labeled diminished/V& polychords, Martino refers to E&, G&, B&, and D& over an A bass note. The union of the five

notes at hand, {A, Cv, E, G, B}, forms an A79 chord, which is another name for E&/A. The words vertical and horizontal indicate that the chords can be moved horizontally up and down the fretboard on the same strings, or vertically across the fingerboard on different strings. 9 However, changing strings eliminates the A pedal. On the fretboard labeled horizontal, 4 inversions/4 positions, Martino lowers one note from each & chord to form a dom& chord. By doing this, he creates E&/A, which is an appropriate slash chord for an altered dominant harmony such as A759.
8

Some musicians use the term polychord to indicate a chord over a separate bass note, as does

Martino in Example 6. Others (e.g. Levine 1995, 103-110) prefer the term slash chord, which is the term I use. Depending on context, polychord can suggest the amalgam of two triads.
9

Vertical and horizontal indicate motion on the fingerboard as it is held, not as depicted in

Example 6. With a vertical motion from the D, G, B, E strings to the A, D, G, B strings, the fingering must be altered by one note to maintain chord quality (and likewise from A, D, G, B to E, A, D, G).

Music Theory Online 12.1 (2006) page 9 The word horizontal indicates that the E& chord labeled I is followed by a horizontal motion up illustrates Martinos view of semitonal relations and symmetry, which he summarizes as follows:

the fretboard to the Ee chord labeled II, and likewise from II to III, and III to IV. Example 6 nicely [The aug triads and & chords] are great for generating chord progressions. By lowering one note here, raising another there, you have a very efficient way of generating complex harmoniesand with the smoothest of voice-leading (quoted in Gold 2004, 92). Example 6. Martino, Harmonic substitution based on Example 4

Strings:

EAD GBE

EAD GBE

[2.5] Martino also treats the remaining method of generating the number 12 by multiplying two integers, namely 6 2. Example 7 displays Martinos tritone diagram, consisting of two clockfaces, one with C at 12:00 and the other with G at 12:00. The diagram also represents two tritone-related circles of fifths. A triangle encloses each tritone, while the vertices of the three smallest squares at the center indicate the three & chords (e.g. the union of {C, G}, {E, A}, {G, C}, and {A, E}). In Example 8, Martino displays the ability of the tritone (ic 6) to generate perfect fourths and fifths (ic 5) via semitonal displacement. The diagram in Example 8 duplicates that of Example 7 and superimposes upon it two dodecagrams, each in boldface font.10 Clockwise motion along either dodecagram yields ascending perfect fifths while counterclockwise motion yields descending perfect fifths. Holding one note of an ic 6 and moving the other note one place to the right or to the left along a clockface yields an ic 5, e.g. {C, G} to {C, G} or {C, F} or {G, B} or {G ,D}.

10

The irregularities in the dodecagrams are not of consequence.

Music Theory Online 12.1 (2006) page 10 Example 7. Martinos tritone diagram

Example 8. Martino, Tritones yield perfect fifths and fourths via semitonal displacement

III: MARTINOS ANALYSIS OF GIANT STEPS

Music Theory Online 12.1 (2006) page 11

III: MARTINOS ANALYSIS OF GIANT STEPS [3.1] Analysts have taken disparate approaches to the striking harmonic structure of Giant Steps, a lead sheet for which appears in Example 9. Many of these approaches do not overlap with neoRiemannian work. For instance, Martins (1988, 15; 25) concept of harmonic prolongation by arrival, which occurs whenever a circle of fifths segment tonicizes a harmony at the end of a phrase, forms the basis of higher-level patterns that mirror the giant step structure of the melody itself. In contrast, Goodhearts (2001, 63; 76; 81) positional analysis of Giant Steps uses just intonation to posit G major as the harmonic midpoint of the tune. In Goodhearts view, G is flanked by B and D above it and E and C below it; the tune ends hanging up there on D major. Finally, Russells Lydian Chromatic Concept (2001, 95-99) represents a third analytic approach to Giant Steps, in which each chord receives a Roman numeral designation based on major or Lydian scales. For instance, Ami-D-Gma (mm. 4-5) is designated as vi in C Lydian, II in C Lydian, and Ima in G major, not ii-V-Ima in G major. By contrast, Martinos analysis, shown in Example 10, is cyclic in orientation; nowhere are his views on symmetry on better display. The tune is in two sections, labeled A and B. The numbers 1 through 6 on the triangles representing aug triads match the order of chords on the first line of the analysis; the letter T stands for turnaround, referring to the ii-V-Is at mm. 4-5 and 8-9. Martino parses the A section into second cycle, which I have labeled Non013, contains Ami&, Cvmi&, and Fmi&. Example 9. Martinos lead sheet for Giant Steps A two T4 cycles. The first cycle, which I have labeled Hex23, contains Ema&, Gma&, and Bma&. The

Music Theory Online 12.1 (2006) page 12 Example 10. Martinos analysis of Giant Steps

Hex23 Non013 Hex23 Non013

[3.2] Not all of the chords in Example 9 appear in Example 10. Specifically, Martino prunes the

dom& chords from the A and B sections. Martino explained to me that he did this for two reasons, both of which intend to simplify the progression. The first reason involves harmonic substitution and chord extensions. By substituting the mi&s (ii&s) for the dom&s, ii& occurs over ^5 in the bass (the bass line typically still outlines ^2-^5-^1), sounding the fifth, seventh, ninth, and eleventh of the V chord. Second, this substitution weaves two WT13 segments through the A section, formed by the chord roots B-A-G-F-E (mm. 1-3) and G-F-E-Cv-B (mm. 5-7). Omitting the dom&s from the B section has a different effect on the tune; it creates a T4 cycle of chord roots that relate by tritone followed by descending whole-step, E-A, G-Cv, B-F, E-Cv, forming a complete WT13 collection. Martino finds the tritone/whole-step pattern easier to improvise over than a series of ii-V-Is, given they create a T4 cycle containing D&, Fv&, and B&, the total pc content of which forms Non012.

the rapid tempo of Giant Steps. Even so, it would be easy to add the pruned dom&s to his analysis;

[3.3] To further appreciate how extensively Martinos take on Giant Steps overlaps with neoRiemannian analytic practice, Examples 11 and 12 reproduce Santas analysis of Giant Steps. Example 11 displays Santas (2003, 8) nonatonic systems, which are modifications of Cohns hexatonic systems. Each nonatonic system contains a T4 cycle of three + triads and their respective dom&s, with the chordal fifths of the dom&s omitted. Example 12 shows how Giant Steps employs

Music Theory Online 12.1 (2006) page 13

Santas Western nonatonic system (Non023). Parentheses isolate the chords that fall outside the Santas analysis); the two chord types are interchangeable, depending on the performers use of extensions. While Martino and Santa both parse Giant Steps in a manner that reveals nonatonic collections, Martino privileges the ii& chord while Santa privileges the V& chord.

Western nonatonic system, all of which are mi& (on Martinos lead sheet and analysis) or - (on

Example 11. Santas (2003, 8) nonatonic systems Northern: Southern: Eastern: Western: C+, E, A+, B, E+, G, C+ D+, F, B+, C, F+, A, D+ D+, E, A+, C, F+, A, D+ E+, F, B+, D, G+, B, E+

Example 12. Santas analysis of Giant Steps

[3.4] Another link between Martinos analysis of Giant Steps and neo-Riemannian analytic practice emerges through Cohns (2000, 100) analysis of a passage from Liszts Faust Symphony, shown in Example 13. The six triads match those of the Caug diagrams in Examples 3 and 5, and the total pc content of the Liszt excerpt forms Non013, the same collection found in Example 10. Example 13 presents six triads in a Nebenverwandt-Relative cycle, in contrast with the T4 cycle of mi chords in Example 10.11 But despite this difference, the Liszt progression is identical in pc content to the
11

The Nebenverwandt operation maps a + triad to the - triad a perfect fourth above it, and a -

triad to the + triad a perfect fourth below it (Cohn 2000, 98).

Music Theory Online 12.1 (2006) page 14 Fmi-Ami-Cmi-Fmi cycle (on the downbeats of mm. 8, 10, 12, 14) of Giant Steps; the union of A- and C+ is Ami, the union of F- and A+ is Fmi, and the union of C- and E+ is Cmi.12 Example 13. Cohns analysis of Liszt, Faust Symphony, mm. 305-311 (after Cohn 2000, 100)

E+

A-

C+

F-

A+

C-

E+

Caug Weitzmann region; Non013 [3.5] A relevant question raised by Example 10 is why the T4 cycles of ma& chords form hexatonic labeling system introduced in footnote 2 answers this question. The T4 cycle in Example 10 that

collections, while the T4 cycles of dom& and mi& chords form nonatonic collections. The mod 4 starts with Bma& forms Hex23 since every pc in Bma& is congruent to 2 or 3 mod 4, and reiterated transposition by T4 does not change these values mod 4. Likewise, the T4 cycle beginning on Ami& by T4 does not change these values mod 4. The dom chord works similarly. Example 14 summarizes the interaction of the mod 4 labeling system and T4 cycles of mod 12 pcsets as follows: a mod 12 pcset that reduces to 1, 2, 3, or 4 values mod 4 will form aug triads, hexatonic (if one value is odd and the other even) or whole-tone collections (if both values are odd or both are even), nonatonic collections, and the total chromatic, respectively, under a T4 cycle. forms Non013 since every pc in Ami& is congruent to 0, 1, or 3 mod 4, and reiterated transposition

12

While attached to their respective tonics, Fmi-Ami-Cmi-Fmi also attach to one another since

each initiates a ii-V-I as well as the descending major second/ascending perfect fourth melodic contour.

Music Theory Online 12.1 (2006) page 15

Example 14. The interaction of the mod 4 labeling system and T4 cycles of mod 12 pcsets Example of a mod 12 pcset Any major 3rd dyad Any + triad, - triad, or ma chord Any dom75 or dom75 chord Any triad, dom7 chord, chord, or mi chord Any chord Number of values mod 4 1 2 (1 odd value, 1 even value) 2 (both odd values or both even values) 3 4 Resulting mod 12 collection under a T4 cycle Augmented triad Hexatonic collection Whole-tone collection Nonatonic collection Total chromatic

IV: FINAL CONSIDERATIONS [4.1] For many musicians, the question raised by The Nature of the Guitar is: How did Martino get this stuff? As for the T4 cycles, initial signs pointed to Martinos private studies with the late Philadelphia jazz guitarist Dennis Sandole, who also taught Coltrane, introducing Coltrane to equal divisions of the octave and third relationships (Demsey 1995, 63). Another promising lead was Slonimskys Thesaurus of Scales and Melodic Patterns (1947), whose terminology Martino uses freely in conversation (e.g. ditone progression for T4 cycle). As for the parsimonious voiceleading, I found no precedents in the jazz literature. My conversations with Martino confirmed that he developed this material independently, perhaps as a devout student of Coltranes music and ideas, whose interests in numerology and sacred geometry, documented in Thomas (1976) and Demsey (1991; 1995), are shared by Martino. A second question raised by The Nature of the Guitar is whether its material applies to single-note improvisation. It turns out that Martino teaches improvisation through a two-page document titled Chromatic Pivots.13 The concept unfolds in three stages. First, Martino offers a Cmi& chord. Second, Martino generates a single-note line, Cmi& chord. Third, he uses a single-note chromatic scale run (typically three to four notes in drawn from the C Aeolian and C Dorian modes, whose notes occupy the same fretboard area as the length) to pivot to a second Cmi& voicing in a different area of the fretboard, at which point the player repeats the three stages, ad infinitum. This approach to improvisation is at once traditional in its matching of chord type with scale type (for a mi& chord, play an Aeolian or Dorian scale) and original in its use of chromatic pivots to connect areas of the fretboard.
13

Martino (1972-present). The term is unrelated to chromatic pivot chords in tonal harmony.

Music Theory Online 12.1 (2006) page 16

[4.2] To further appreciate the originality of Martinos pedagogical methods, one need only compare them to those of other jazz guitar pedagogues, such as the widely-used books Chord Chemistry by Ted Greene (1971) and The Advancing Guitarist by Mick Goodrick (1987). Greene and Goodrick teach jazz harmony through chord formulas based on the major scale. For example, a + triad is represented as 1-3-5, a - triad as 1-3-5, a o triad as 1-3-5, and so forth. While reliable, this method places considerable cognitive demands on a novice musician. Martinos method is chords, and then moves one finger to produce the + and - triads, and the dom chords. With this, Martino imparts a tactile component to the abstract world of parsimonious voice-leading. Of course, neither approach is better than the other; Martinos, Greenes, and Goodricks methods have influenced legions of jazz guitarists. [4.3] While this paper forges numerous connections between The Nature of the Guitar and neoRiemannian theory, it is fitting to close by observing two differences as well. First, Martinos theory is not transformational. The objects are the same as those found in neo-Riemannian theory (+ and - triads, seventh chords, hexatonic and nonatonic collections) but the operations that characterize neo-Riemannian theory, such as L, P, and R, are absent. A second difference is evident in Martinos use of pc diagrams. Those in Example 10 vaguely resemble the Tonnetz, but none of Martinos diagrams duplicate it. Most of Martinos diagrams are more akin to the pc clockface used in atonal theory (cf. Examples 1, 3, 4, 7, and 8), with various notes set to 12:00 (or 0:00). But despite these differences, the heart of Martinos theoriesthe interplay of symmetry and asymmetrylies at the core of neo-Riemannian theory as well. For Martino, asymmetrical perfect fourths and fifths, + and triads, and dom chords are born of semitonal displacements of symmetrical tritones, aug triads, and o chords respectively; Cohn (2000, 100-101) shows the very same relations in the neo-Riemannian sphere. more tactile than cerebral. In effect, Martinos student learns the fingerings for aug triads and &

____________________________________________ Guy Capuzzo School of Music University of North Carolina - Greensboro POB 26170 Greensboro, NC 27402-6170 Email: [email protected]

Music Theory Online 12.1 (2006) page 17

Works Cited Balzano, Gerald. 1980. The Group-theoretic Description of 12-Fold and Microtonal Pitch Systems. Computer Music Journal 4/4: 66-84. Callender, Clifton. 2004. The Lamento Motif, Jazz Harmony, and Transformational Voice Leading in Gyorgy Ligetis Arc-en-ciel. Paper presented to the Society for Music Theory, Seattle. Capuzzo, Guy. 2004. Neo-Riemannian Theory and the Analysis of Pop-Rock Music. Music Theory Spectrum 26/2: 177-199. Cohn, Richard. 1996. Maximally Smooth Cycles, Hexatonic Systems, and the Analysis of Late-Romantic Triadic Progressions. Music Analysis 15/1: 9-40. _____. 2000. Weitzmanns Regions, My Cycles, and Douthetts Dancing Cubes. Music Theory Spectrum 22/1: 89-103. Demsey, David. 1991. Chromatic Third Relations in the Music of John Coltrane. Annual Review of Jazz Studies 5: 145-180. _____. 1995. Earthly Origins of Coltranes Thirds Cycles. Downbeat 62/7: 63. Gold, Jude. 2004. Sacred Geometry: Simplifying the Fretboard with Pat Martino. Guitar Player (April): 86-96. Goodheart, Matthew. 2001. The Giant Steps Fragment. Perspectives of New Music 39/2: 6393. Goodrick, Mick. 1987. The Advancing Guitarist. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard Publishing Corporation. Greene, Ted. 1971. Chord Chemistry. Dale Zdenek Publications. Levine, Mark. 1995. The Jazz Theory Book. Petaluma: Sher Music Co. Ligeti, Gyrgy. 1996. Liner notes to Ligeti: Works for Piano: tudes, Musica Ricercata. Sony SK 62308. Martin, Henry. 1988. Jazz Harmony: A Syntactic Background. Annual Review of Jazz Studies 4: 9-30. Martino, Pat. 1972-present. The Nature of the Guitar. <www.patmartino.com> Russell, George. 2001. George Russells Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization, 4th ed, vol. 1. Brookline: Concept Publishing Company. Santa, Matthew. 2003. Nonatonic Systems and the Parsimonious Interpretation of DominantTonic Progressions. Theory and Practice 28: 1-28. _____. 2004. Nonatonic Progressions in the Music of John Coltrane. Annual Review of Jazz Studies 14, forthcoming. Slonimsky, Nicolas. 1947. Thesaurus of Scales and Melodic Patterns. New York: Charles Scribners Sons. Strunk, Steven. 2003. Tonnetz Chains and Clusters in Post-Bebop Jazz. Paper presented to the West Coast Conference of Music Theory and Analysis, Albuquerque. Thomas, J.C. 1976. Chasin The Trane: The Music and Mystique of John Coltrane. New York: Da Capo Press. Waters, Keith. 2004. Riffing on [0148]: Maj75, the Tonnetz, and Hexatonic and Acoustic Systems. Paper presented to the Society for Music Theory, Seattle. Weitzmann, Carl Friedrich. 1853. Der bermssige Dreiklang. Berlin: T. Trautweinschen.

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