Solutions: S - 1 Electrical Circuits (November/December-2012, R09) JNTU-Hyderabad

S.
1 Electrical Circuits (November/December-2012, R09) JNTU-Hyderabad

B.Tech. II-Year I-Sem. ( JNTU-Hyderabad )
Code No.: A109210204
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad
II B.Tech. I Semester Examinations
November/December - 2012
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
( Common to EEE, ECE, ETM )
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 75
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
- - -
1. (a) Name three passive elements of electrical circuit and deduce the relationship between voltage and current for
each passive elements. (Unit-I, Topic No. 1.1)
(b) Distinguish between ideal and practical voltage sources and draw their V-I characteristics. (Unit-I, Topic No. 1.2)
(c) Determine the power being absorbed by each of the circuit element shown in figure. [4+4+7]
(Unit-I, Topic No. 1.1)
4.5 mA
+
13.7 V
+
25 V
+
+
62 V
12 cos 1200t mA
12.5 mA 5 sin 1200t V,
t = 4 ms
2i
x
,i
x
= 10 A
4.5 mA
+
13.7 V
+
25 V
+
+
62 V
12 cos 1200t mA
12.5 mA 5 sin 1200t V,
t = 4 ms
2i
x
,i
x
= 10 A
Figure
2. (a) Using mesh analysis, find the magnitude of the current dependent source and current through the 2 resistor
as shown in figure. (Unit-II, Topic No. 2.3)
2
1
3
1
2 A
5 i
i
+
2
1
3
1
2 A
5 i
i
2
1
3
1
2 A
5 i
i
2
1
3
1
2 A
5 i
i
+
Figure
(b) Find the power loss in the resistors of the network for the figure shown using nodal analysis, [8+7]
(Unit-II, Topic No. 2.3)
+
4 A 2 A
10 V
3
1
2 2
+
4 A 2 A
10 V
3
1
2 2
Figure
R09
Solutions
S. 2 Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013
3. (a) Define the following for alternating quantity,
(i) R.M.S value
(ii) Average value
(iii) Form factor
(iv) Peak factor. (Unit-III, Topic No. 3.1)
(b) For the circuit shown in figure, determine the total impedance, total current and phase angle. [8+7]
(Unit-III, Topic No. 3.3)
~
110 V, 50 Hz
10
70
100 F
210 F
~
110 V, 50 Hz
10
70
100 F
210 F
Figure
4. (a) Define the bandwidth and derive the expressions for bandwidth of series resonating circuit and its relation with
Q-factor. (Unit-IV, Topic No. 4.2.1)
(b) Write the applications of locus diagrams. For the circuit shown in figure, plot the locus of current. [8+7]
(Unit-IV, Topic No. 4.1)
~
R
jX
c
~
R
jX
c
Figure
5. (a) State and explain Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction. (Unit-V, Topic No. 5.2)
(b) An iron ring of 8 cm dia. and 14 cm
2
in cross section is wound with 250 turns of wire for a flux density 1.8 Wb/m
2
and permeability 450. Find the exciting current, the inductance and stored energy. Find corresponding quanti-
ties when there is a 1.8 mm air gap. [5+10] (Unit-V, Topic No. 5.1)
6. (a) Define and illustrate the following with an example,
(i) Branch
(ii) Tree
(iii) Cut-set
(iv) Tie-set. (Unit-VI, Topic No. 6.2)
S. 3 Electrical Circuits (November/December-2012, R09) JNTU-Hyderabad
(b) Figure shown below represents a resistive circuit. Determine the number of branches, number of nodes and
number of links. Write down the incidence matrix for the given network. Also develop the network equilibrium
equations. [8+7] (Unit-VI, Topic No. 6.3)
5
2
2
4
3
1
10 V
+
3
2
4
1
5
2
2
4
3
1
10 V
+
3
2
4
5
2
2
4
3
1
10 V
+
3
2
4
1
Figure
7. (a) Is Norton theorem dual of Thevenins theorem? Justify your answer. (Unit-VII, Topic No. 7.5)
(b) Find the current in the 10 resistor as shown in below figure using superposition theorem. [5+10]
(Unit-VII, Topic No. 7.2)
+
1
5
1
10
1 A
10 V
2 A
A B
+
1
5
1
10
1 A
10 V
2 A
A B
Figure
8. (a) State and explain the compensation theorem. (Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.8)
(b) Apply Thevenins theorem and obtain the current passing through 210 F capacitor of figure. [7+8]
(Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.4)
110 V, 50 Hz
10
70
100 F
210 F
110 V, 50 Hz
10
70
100 F
210 F
Figure
Q1. (a) Name three passive elements of electrical circuit and deduce the relationship between voltage
and current for each passive elements.
Answer : Nov./Dec.-12, (R09), Q1(a) M[4]
Passive Element
For answer refer Unit-I, Q2, Topic: Passive Elements.
Relationship between Voltage and Current of Passive Element
For answer refer Unit-I, Q14, Topic: Voltage-current Relationship of Passive Element.
(b) Distinguish between ideal and practical voltage sources and draw their V-I characteristics.
Answer : Nov./Dec.-12, (R09), Q1(b) M[4]
For answer refer Unit-I, Q4, Topic: Ideal Voltage Source, Practical Voltage Source.
(c) Determine the power being absorbed by each of the circuit element shown in figure.
4.5 mA
+
13.7 V
+
25 V
+
+
62 V
12 cos 1200t mA
12.5 mA 5 sin 1200t V,
t = 4 ms
2i
x
,i
x
= 10 A
4.5 mA
+
13.7 V
+
25 V
+
+
62 V
12 cos 1200t mA
12.5 mA 5 sin 1200t V,
t = 4 ms
2i
x
,i
x
= 10 A
Figure
Answer : Nov./Dec.-12, (R09), Q1(c) M[7]
The given circuit elements are shown in figure,
4.5 mA
+
13.7 V
+
25 V
+
+
62 V
12 cos 1200t mA
12.5 mA 5 sin 1200t V,
t = 4 ms
2i
x
:i
x
= 10 A
4.5 mA
+
13.7 V
+
25 V
+
+
62 V
12 cos 1200t mA
12.5 mA 5 sin 1200t V,
t = 4 ms
2i
x
:i
x
= 10 A
To determine,
The power absorbed by each element = ?
We know that,
The power absorbed by any element is given as,
P = VI
Now,
The power absorbed by element-1 is given as,
P = 13.7 4.5 10
3
= 0.06165 W
P = 25 ( 12.5 10
3
)
= 25
1000
5 . 12
= 0.3125 W
SOLUTIONS TO NOV./DEC.-2012, R09, QP
P= (12 cos 1200t) 10
3
(5 sin 1200t) 10
3
But, t = 4 ms
Substituting t value, we get,
P= [12 cos(1200 4 10
3
) 10
3
[5 sin(1200 4 10
3
)] 10
3
= (12 cos 4.8) 10
3
(5 sin 4.8) 10
3
= (12 0.9965) 10
3
(5 0.0837) 10
3
= (11.958 10
3
) (0.4185 10
3
)
= 5.004 10
6
Watts
P= 62 2 i
x
But, i
x
= 10 A
Substituting i
x
value, we get,
P = 62 2 10
= 620 2
= 1240 Watts
P = 1.2 kW
Q2. (a) Using mesh analysis, find the magnitude
of the current dependent source and
current through the 2 resistor as
shown in figure,
2
1
3
1
2 A
i
+
2
1
3
1
2 A
i
+
Figure
Given circuit is shown in figure (1),
2
1
3
1
2 A
i
+
2
1
3
1
2 A
i
+
Figure (1)
To determine,
Using mesh analysis,
Current dependent source = ?
Current through 2 resistor = ?
By using mesh analysis, marking the mesh currents
as shown in figure (2),
2
1
3
1
2 A
i
+
I
3
5 i
I
1
I
2
2
1
3
1
2 A
i
+
I
3
5 i
I
1
I
2
Figure (2)
From mesh-1, we have,
I
1
= 2 A
Applying KVL to mesh-2, we get,
5i + 3(I
2
+ I
1
) + 1I
2
= 0
5(I
1
+ I
2
) + 3(I
2
+ I
1
) + I
2
= 0 [Q i = I
1
+ I
2
]
5I
1
+ 5I
2
+ 3I
2
+ 3I
1
+ I
2
= 0
8I
1
+ 9I
2
= 0
8(2) + 9I
2
= 0
16 + 9I
2
= 0
9I
2
= 16
I
2
=
9
16
= 1.778 A ... (1)
Applying KVL to mesh-3, we get,
5i = 2I
3
+ 1(I
1
+ I
3
)
5(I
1
+ I
2
) = 2I
3
+ I
1
+ I
3
5I
1
I
1
+ 5I
2
= 3I
3
4I
1
+ 5I
2
= 3I
3
4(2) + 5(1.778) = 3I
3
8 + 8.89 = 3I
3
0.89 = 3I
3
I
3
=
3
89 . 0
I
3
= 0.297 A
I
3

0.3 A
The value of current dependent source,
= 5 i
= 5(I
1
+ I
2
)
= 5(2 + 1.778)
= 1.11 Volts
And current through 2 resistor is given as,
I
3
= 0.3 A
(b) Find the power loss in the resistors of
the network for the figure shown using
nodal analysis.
+
4 A 2 A
10 V
3
1
2 2
V
1
V
2
+
4 A 2 A
10 V
3
1
2 2
V
1
V
2
Figure
Given circuit is shown in figure,
+
4 A 2 A
10 V
3
1
2 2
V
1
V
2
+
4 A 2 A
10 V
3
1
2 2
V
1
V
2
Figure
Note: Node voltages V
1
and V
2
are assumed as shown in
figure,
To determine,
Using noda1 analysis, power loss in each resistor,
i.e., P
2
= ?
P
1
= ?
P
3
= ?
P
2
= ?
Applying KCL at node-1, we get,
4 =
1 3
10
2
2 1 2 1 1
V V V V V
+
+
+
4 =
3
10
1
3
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
2 1
+
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
+ + V V
3
2
3
4
6
11
2 1
V V
= 0 ... (1)
Applying KVL at node-2, we get,
2 =
2 3
10
1
2 1 2 1 2
V V V V V
+

+
2 =
3
10
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
2 1

1
]
1
+ + +
1
]
1
V V
3
16
6
11
3
4
2 1
+
,
_

V V
= 0 ... (2)
On solving equations (1) and (2), we get,
V
1
= 5.26 Volts
V
2
= 6.74 Volts
Power loss across 2 resistor connected at node 1.
P
2
= R I
2
2
But, I
2
=
2
1
V
=
2
26 . 5
= 2.63
P
2
= (2.63)
2
2
= 13.83 Watts
Power loss across 1 resistor connected between
node-1 and node-2.
P
1
= R I .
2
1
But, I
1
=
1
2 1
V V
= 5.26 6.74
= 1.48 A
Here negative sign indicates that the current is in
opposite direction.
P
1
= R I
2
1
= ( 1.48)
2
1
= 2.19 Watts
Power loss across 2 resistor connected across node-2.
P
2
= (I
2
)
2
R
But, I
2
=
2
2
V
=
2
74 . 6
= 3.37 A
P
2
= (3.37)
2
2
= 22.71 Watts
Power loss in 3 resistor is given by,
P
3
= (I
3
)
2
.R
But, I
3
=
3
10
2 1
V V +
=
3
74 . 6 10 26 . 5 +
= 2.84
P
3
= (2.84)
2
3
= 24.19 Watts
Q3. (a) Define the following for alternating
quantity,
(i) R.M.S value
(ii) Average value
(iii) Form factor
(iv) Peak factor.
For answer refer Unit-III, Q1.
(b) For the circuit shown in figure, determine
the total impedance, total current and
phase angle.
~
110 V, 50 Hz
10
70
100 F
210 F
~
110 V, 50 Hz
10
70
100 F
210 F
Figure
Given that,
Voltage, V = 110 V
Frequency, f = 50 Hz
Resistance, R
1
= 10
Capacitance, C

= 100 F
Resistance, R
2
= 70
Capacitance, C' = 210 F
To determine,
(i) Total impedance, Z
total
= ?
(ii) Total current, I
total
= ?
(iii) Phase angle, = ?
The given circuit is shown in figure,
~
110 V, 50 Hz
10
70
100 F
210 F
Z
1
Z
2
Z
3
~
110 V, 50 Hz
10
70
100 F
210 F
Z
1
Z
2
Z
3
Figure
Now,
The reactance,

1
C
X =
fC 2
1
=
6
10 100 50 2
1

=
4
10 50 2
1

=
4
10 100
1

=
2
10
1
100
= 31.831
And also,
The reactance,

2
C
X =
C f 2
1
=
6
10 210 50 2
1

=
06597 . 0
1
= 15.1584
The impedance,
Z
1
= R
1
j
1
C
X
= (10 j31.831)
The impedance,
Z
2
= R
2
= 70
The impedance,
Z
3
= (j15.1584)
Now,
The total impedance is given as,
Z
total
= Z
1
+ (Z
2
|| Z
3
)
= (10 j31.831) + (70 || j15.158)
= (10 j31.831) +
1
]
1

158 . 15 70
158 . 15 70
j
j
= (10 j31.831) +
1061.06
70 15.158
j
j
1
1
]
= (10 j31.831) + (3.135 j14.479)
= 13.135 j46.31
= 164 . 74 1367 . 48
ohms
We know that,
The total current is given as,
I
total
=
total
Z
V
I
total
=
164 . 74 1367 . 48
0 110

I
total
= 2.285 164 . 74 Amps
And also,
The phase angle is given as,
= 74.164
o
Q4. (a) Define the bandwidth and derive the
expressions for bandwidth of series
resonating circuit and its relation with
Q-factor.
For answer refer Unit-IV, Q10(i), Q11.
(b) Write the applications of locus diagrams.
For the circuit shown in figure, plot the
locus of current.
~
R
jX
c
~
R
jX
c
Figure
The following are application of Locus diagram,
1. The locus diagrams are used to determine the
behaviour or response of the circuit networks.
2. These are also used to pre-determine the operating
characteristics of A.C circuits under various
conditions.
3. These are employed in determining the magnitude
and phase of a resistance, inductance and capacitance
parameters.
For remaining answer refer Unit-IV, Q3, Topic:
Variable X
C
.
Q5. (a) State and explain Faradays laws of
electromagnetic induction.
For answer refer Unit-V, Q11.
(b) An iron ring of 8 cm dia. and 14 cm
2
in
cross-section is wound with 250 turns of
wire for a flux density 1.8 Wb/m
2
and
permeability 450. Find the exciting
current, the inductance and stored
energy. Find corresponding quantities
when there is a 1.8 mm air gap.
Given that,
Diameter of ring, D = 8 cm
Cross-section of ring, A = 14 cm
2
Number of turns, N = 250 turns
Flux density, B = 1.8 Wb/m
2
Permeability = 450
To determine,
The exciting current = ?
Inductance, L = ?
Energy stored = ?
And also,
For an air gap of 2 mm,
Determine,
(i) Exciting current = ?
(ii) Inductance, L = ?
(iii) Energy stored = ?
Now,
The length of flux path in the ring is given as,
Length of flux path = D
= 8
= 3.142 8
= 25.136 cm
= 0.25136 m
The flux is given as,
Flux, = Flux density (B) Cross-section area
= 1.8 14 10
4
= 0.00252 Wb
= 25.2 10
4
Wb
And also,
The Ampere turns per meter of flux path length, is
given as,
H=
r
B

0
H=
450 10 4
8 . 1
7

H= 3183.09
We know that,
Total Ampere turns required is given as,
Ampere turns required = H Length of flux path
= 3183.09 0.25136
= 800.10
(i) Exciting Current
The exciting current is given as,
Exciting current,
I =
Total ampere turns required
Number of turns on ring
=
250
10 . 800
= 3.2004 Amps
(ii) Inductance
The inductance is given as,
Inductance,
L =
I
N
=
2004 . 3
10 2 . 25 250
4

=
2004 . 3
63 . 0
= 0.1968 H
(iii) Energy Stored
The energy stored is given as,
Energy stored =
2
2
1
LI
=
2
) 2004 . 3 ( 1968 . 0
2
1

= 1.0079 J
For an Air Gap of 2 mm
Ampere turns per/meter of flux path length in iron
portion is given as,
Ampere turns/meter,
H = 3183.09
Length of flux path in iron portion = 25.136 0.18
= 24.956 cm
= 0.24956 m
~0.25 m
Ampere turns required by iron portion,
AT
i
= 3183.09 0.25
= 795.773
Ampere turns required by 2 mm air gap = 0.796 B l
g
10
6
= 0.796 1.8 1.8 10
3
10
6
= 2579.04
Total ampere turns required = AT
i
+ H
= 795.773 + 3183.09
= 3978.863
(i) Exciting current,
I =
250
863 . 3978
= 15.915 Amps
(ii) Inductance,
L=
I
N
=
915 . 15
10 2 . 25 250
4

=
915 . 15
63 . 0
= 0.03958
~ 0.04
~ 40 10
3
~ 40 mH
(iii) Energy stored=
2
2
1
LI
=
2 3
) 915 . 15 ( 10 40
2
1

= 5.066 J
Q6. (a) Define and illustrate the following with
an example,
(i) Branch
(ii) Tree
(iii) Cut-set
(iv) Tie-set.
(i) Branch
The elements of a tree connecting one node to the other are called as branches. These are denoted by b and are
represented by dark lines. The branches of a tree are also called as twigs. The relation between the number of nodes n and
number of branches b in a tree is given as,
b = n 1
Example
Let us consider the graph as shown figure (1),
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
Figure (1)
The various branches for figure (1) is represented in figure (2),
2
1 3
4
2
1 3
4

1 2 3
4
1 2 3
4
Figure (2)
(ii) Tree
From an oriented connected graph, a subgraph formed with all the nodes connected by it without forming a closed
path is called as tree. The following are the conditions to be satisfied in order to form a tree.
The tree must have (n 1) branches where n is the number of nodes.
The tree must have same number of nodes as that of a graph i.e., n nodes.
All the nodes must be connected.
The tree should not have any closed path.
The tree for figure (1) is represented as shown in
figure (3).
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
Figure (3): Tree
(iii) Cut-set
It is defined as the set of branches which when
removed will divide the connected graph into two connected
sub-graphs.
Example
1 3
2
4
5 6
1 3
2
4
5 6
1 3
2
4
5 6
1 3
2
4
5 6
Figure
When the branches 2, 4 are removed two subgraphs
of elements 1, 6 and 3, 5 are formed 2, 4 are the cut-sets.
(iv) Tie-set
For answer refer Unit-VI, Q9.
(b) Figure shown below represents a
resistive circuit. Determine the number
of branches, number of nodes and
number of links. Write down the
incidence matrix for the given network.
Also develop the network equilibrium
equations.
5
2
2
4
3
1
10 V
+
3
2
4
1
5
2
2
4
3
1
10 V
+
3
2
4
5
2
2
4
3
1
10 V
+
3
2
4
1
Figure
The given resistive circuit is shown in figure (1),
5
2
2
4
3
1
10 V
+
5
2
2
4
3
1
10 V
+
Figure (1)
The graph for given resisitive circuit is shown in
figure (2),
1
1 2
3
4
4
2
5
6
3 1
1 2
3
4
4
2
5
6
3
Figure (2): Graph
From figure (2), we have,
Number of nodes, n = 4
Number of branches, b = 6
Number of links, l = b (n 1)
= 6 (4 1)
= 6 3
= 3
Incidence Matrix
The incidence matrix is given as,
Incidence matrix,
=
1
1
1
1
]
1
1 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2
3
4
Nodes
(n)
branches
(b)
1
1
1
1
]
1
1 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2
3
4
Nodes
(n)
branches
(b)
Network Equilibrium Equations
The fundamental circuit for the given network is
shown in figure (3),
1 2
3
1
4 5
3
L
3
6
L
1
L
2
2
4
1 2
3
1
4 5
3
L
3
6
L
1
L
2
2
4
Figure (3): Fundamental Circuits
Let I
1
, I
2
, I
3
be the loop currents,
Now,
The loop matrix is given as,
Loops\Branches
B =
1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
L
1
L
2
L
3
1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
L
1
L
2
L
3
From the above matrix, we have,
V
2
V
4
V
5
= 0 ... (1)
V
3
+ V
5
V
6
= 0 ... (2)
V
1
+ V
4
+ V
6
= 0 ... (3)
And also,
R
1
= 3 , R
2
= 1 , R
3
= 2
R
4
= 4 , R
5
= 2 , R
6
= 5
Now,
V
1
= i
1
R
1
v
1
V
1
= i
1
(3) 10
V
1
= 3i
1
10
V
2
= i
2
R
2
V
2
= i
2
(1)
V
2
= i
2
V
3
= i
3
.R
3
V
3
= i
3
(2)
V
3
= 2i
3
V
4
= i
4
.R
4
V
4
= i
4
(4)
V
4
= 4i
4
V
5
= i
5
.R
5
V
5
= i
5
(2)
V
5
= 2i
5
V
6
= i
6
.R
6
V
6
= i
6
(5)
V
6
= 5i
6
Substituting V
1
, V
2
, V
3
, V
4
, V
5
, V
6
values in equations
(1), (2) and (3), we get,
i
2
4i
4
2i
5
= 0 ... (4)
2i
3
+ 2i
5
5i
6
= 0 ... (5)
(3i
1
10) + 4i
4
+ 5i
6
= 0
3i
1
+ 4i
4
+ 5i
6
= 10 ... (6)
Now,
B
T
=
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
We know that,
The branch currents in matrix form is given as,
I
b
= B
T
.I
L

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
6
5
4
3
2
1
i
i
i
i
i
i
=
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
3
2
1
1 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
I
I
I
From the above matrix, we have,
i
1
= I
3
i
2
= I
1
i
3
= I
2
i
4
= I
1
+ I
3
= I
3
I
1
i
5
= I
1
+ I
2
= I
2
I
1
i
6
= I
2
+ I
3
= I
3
I
2
Substituting i
2
, i
4
, i
5
values in equation (4), we get,
I
1
4(I
3
I
1
) 2(I
2
I
1
) = 0
I
1
4I
3
+ 4I
1
2I
2
+ 2I
1
= 0
7I
1
2I
2
4I
3
= 0 ... (7)
Substituting i
3
, i
5
, i
6
2(I
2
) + 2(I
2
I
1
) 5(I
3
I
2
) = 0
2I
2
+ 2I
2
2I
1
5I
3
+ 5I
2
= 0
2I
1
+ 9I
2
5I
3
= 0 ... (8)
Substituting i
1
, i
4
, i
6
3(I
3
) + 4(I
3
I
1
) + 5(I
2
I
1
) = 10
3I
3
+ 4I
3
4I
1
+ 5I
2
5I
1
= 10
9I
1
+ 5I
2
+ 7I
3
= 10 ... (9)
The equations (7), (8) and (9) represent the network
equilibrium equations.
Q7. (a) Is Norton theorem dual of Thevenins
theorem? Justify your answer.
Considering a Thevenin circuit, a voltage source is
connected in series with a resistance. However, when a
Norton circuit is considered, the source will be a current
source, which is a dual of voltage source and also the series
resistance will be replaced with a parallel resistance, which
is also a dual representation from series connection to parallel
connection. Hence, from the above, it is clear that the Norton
circuit represent a dual of Thevenin circuit. Further, we can
conclude that the Norton theorem is a dual of Thevenin
theorem.
(b) Find the current in the 10 resistor as
shown in below figure using superposi-
tion theorem.
+
5
1 1
10
1A
2A
10 v
A B
+
5
1 1
10
1A
2A
10 v
A B
Figure
Given circuit is shown in figure (1),
+
5
1 1
10
1A
2A
10 v
A B
+
5
1 1
10
1A
2A
10 v
A B
Figure (1)
To determine the current in 10 resistor using
superposition theorem,
To find the current through 10 resistor, considering
each source at a time.
Firstly, considering the 10 V source i.e., open
circuiting the current sources. The circuit diagram when
considering 10 V source is shown in figure (2),
+
5
1 1
10 10 V
+
5
1 1
10 10 V
Figure (2)
The step by step series parallel reduction of the
circuit of figure (2) is shown as,
+
5
1 1
10 10 V
+
5
1 1
10 10 V
Figure (3)
+
5
1 + 1 = 2
10 10 V
+
5
1 + 1 = 2
10 10 V
Figure (4)
+
10 10 V

+
43 . 1
2 5
2 5
(I
1
)
10
+
10 10 V

+
43 . 1
2 5
2 5
(I
1
)
10
Figure (5)
Current through 10 resistor is given by,
(I
1
)
10
=
43 . 1 10
10
+
= 0.87 A
Now considering the 2 A current source and
neglecting the other sources. Therefore, the circuit of figure (1),
can now be redrawn as shown in figure (6),
5
1 1
10
2 A 5
1 1
10
2 A
Figure (6)
circuit of figure (6) is shown below,
5
1 1
10
2 A
5
1 1
10
2 A
Figure (7)
1
2A
1 10 5
(I
2
)
10
1
2A
1 10 5
(I
2
)
10
Figure (8)
1
2A
1

+
33 . 3
10 5
10 5
1
2A
1

+
33 . 3
10 5
10 5
Figure (9)
Current through (1 + 3.33) branch is given as,

33 . 4 1
1 2
+
=
33 . 5
2
= 0.375 A
Now from figure (8), we have current flowing through
10 resistor is given as,
(I
2
)
10
=
10 5
5 375 . 0
+
= 0.125
Now, considering the 1A current source and
neglecting other source. The circuit from figure can now be
drawn as,
5
1 1
10
1 A
5
1 1
10
1 A
Figure (10)
circuit of figure (10) is shown in figure (11),
5
1 1
10
1 A
5
1 1
10
1 A
Figure (11)
1
1A
1 10 5
(I
3
)
10
1
1A
1 10 5
(I
3
)
10
Figure (12)
1
1A
1

+
33 . 3
10 5
10 5
1
1A
1

+
33 . 3
10 5
10 5
Figure (13)
1A
4.33 1
1A
4.33 1
Figure (14)
Current through branch 4.33 is given as,
I
4.33
=
33 . 4 1
1 1
+
=
33 . 5
1
= 0.188 A
From figure (12), current through 10 resistor
branch is given as,
(I
3
)
10
=
10 5
5 188 . 0
+
= 0.063 A
According to the super position theorem, current
flowing through 10 resistor branch is given as,
I
10
= (I
1
)
10
+ (I
2
)
10
+ (I
3
)
10
= 0.87 0.125 0.063
= 0.682.
Q8. (a) State and explain the compensation
theorem.
For answer refer Unit-VIII, Q20.
(b) Apply Thevenins theorem and obtain
the current passing through 210 F
capacitor of figure.
~
110 V, 50 Hz
10
70
100 F
210 F
~
110 V, 50 Hz
10
70
100 F
210 F
Figure
The given circuit is shown in figure (1),
~
10
100 F
70 210 F ~
10
100 F
70 210 F
Figure (1)
Voltage, V = 110 0 V
Frequency, f = 50 Hz
Resistance, R
1
= 10
Capacitance, C
1
= 100 F
Resistance, R
2
= 70
Capacitance, C
3
= 210 F
And also,
By analyzing the circuit we have,
X
2
= 0
R
3
= 0
Now,
The figure (1) is modified as shown in figure (2),
~
A
B
10 100 F
110 V, 50 Hz
Z
1
= R
1
+
Z
2
= R
2
= 70
1
c
jX
~
A
B
10 100 F
110 V, 50 Hz
Z
1
= R
1
+
Z
2
= R
2
= 70
~
A
B
10 100 F
110 V, 50 Hz
Z
1
= R
1
+
Z
2
= R
2
= 70
1
c
jX
Figure (2)
From figure (2),
The Thevenin voltage is given as,
V
Th
=
2 1
2
.
Z Z
Z
V
+
... (1)
Now,
The capacitive reactance of branch-1 is given as,

1
C
X =
fC 2
1
=
6
10 100 50 2
1

=
03142 . 0
1
= 31.827
Now,
Impedance,
Z
1
= R
1 1
C
jX
= 10 j 31.827
Impedance,
Z
2
= R
2
= 70
Substituting V, Z
1
, Z
2
V
Th
= 110 0
70 ) 827 . 31 10 (
70
+ j
= 110 0
) 827 . 31 80 (
70
j
= 110 0 (0.7554 + j 0.3005)
= 110 0 0.813 21.692
= 89.43 21.692
Now,
The equivalent Thevenin impedance is given as,
Z
Th
= Z
1
+ Z
2
= 10 j31.827 + 70
= (80 j31.827)
The equivalent Thevenin circuit is represented in figure (3),
Z
Th
A
B
C = 210 F
V
Th
Z
Th
A
B
C = 210 F
V
Th
Figure (3)
Now,
The current passing through the 210 F capacitor is given as,
i
C
=
3 Th
Th
Z Z
V
+
... (2)
But,
Z
3
=
3
C
jX =
3
2
fC
j
=
6
10 210 50 2

j
=
066 . 0
j
= j 15.1515
Substituting V
Th
, Z
Th
, Z
3
i
C
=
) 1515 . 15 ( ) 827 . 31 80 (
692 . 21 43 . 89
j j +
=
1515 . 15 827 . 31 80
692 . 21 43 . 89
j j
=
89.43 21.692
80 46.9785 j
=
422 . 30 773 . 92
692 . 21 43 . 89
i
C
= 0.9639 52.114

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