GRAMMAR HEY THERE 2 UNIT 1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT Use the simple present to talk about activities that

t happen regularly, such as habits, customs, routines. People in the United States celebrate Thanksgiving. I get up at six every morning. Use adverbs of frequency (always, usually, often, sometimes, never) or adverbial expressions of frequency (twice a week, every day, and so on) with the simple present tense to say how often an activity happens. She never drinks coffee. We usually go out on Saturdays. I go to the swimming pool twice a week. Use the simple present to talk about perceived permanent situations. My father works in a bank. Use the simple present to talk about scientific facts. Water boils at 100 Celsius. Use the simple present to talk about schedules. The flight to Miami takes off at 3 p.m. Affirmative statements For third person singular subjects (he, she, it), use the base form of a verb + s, or es. He runs fast. For I, you, and plural subject, use the base form of a verb. I run fast Negative statements To form negative statements with third person singular subjects (he, she, it), use does + not + the base form of a verb. He doesnt (does not) run fast.

 To form negative statement with I, you, and plural subjects, use do + not + the base form of a verb. I dont (do not) run fast. Affirmative statements I play soccer You play chess He / She plays chess We / They play soccer Adverbs of frequency Always Usually Often Sometimes Never 100%__________________________________0% I always get up early. I am never late for school YES / NO QUESTIONS The word order in Yes/No questions is: Do/Does + subject + base form of a main verb. Do I, you, we, they run fast? Does he, she, it run fast? Use do or does in short answers. Do you run fast? Yes, I do Does she run fast? Yes, she does. Yes/No questions Do you play sports? Does he play chess? Information questions The word order in information (Wh-) questions is: Question word + do/does + subject + base form of a main verb. Short answers Yes, I do. / No, I dont. Yes, he does. / No, he doesnt Negative statements I dont play soccer You dont play chess He / She doesnt play chess We / They dont play soccer

What How often Where When

Do

I You We They

eat?

What How often Where When

Do es

he she it

eat?

Information questions How often does he visit? Where do you work? When does school start? Who gets up early?

Short answers Once a week In the city At 9 a.m. Tzu-Lee.

SPELLING OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT VERBS: THIRD PERSON SINGULAR (HE, SHE, IT) For most verbs, add s. run = runs eat = eats

ride= rides

For verbs that end in s, x, sh, ch or z, add es. kiss = kisses catch = catches mix = mixes buzz = buzzes rush = rushes Add es to do and go do = does go = goes With verbs than end in a consonant + -y, change y to I and add es. try = tries fry = fries

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY Adverbs of frequency are used to give information about how often an action takes place. I play tennis every Wednesday They are sometimes late for school. Adverbs of frequency come before the main verb of a sentence. We often go to concerts. Adverbs of frequency come after the verb be. I am always on time.

LIKE / DONT LIKE + - ING Like and dont like can be followed by a gerund (base form of verb + ing). A gerund is a verb that ands in ing but that functions as a noun. Other verbs that can follow by verb + - ing are love, like, enjoy, prefer, dont mind, and hate. I love skiing. I like playing in the snow. I enjoy relaxing on the beach. I prefer reading a book to watching a movie. I dont mind feeling hot. I hate cooking. Affirmative statements I like reading You like reading He likes reading She likes reading We like reading They like reading Negative statements I dont like shopping You dont like shopping He doesnt like shopping She doesnt like shopping We dont like shopping They dont like shopping

UNIT 2 THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS Use the present continuous to talk about activities that are happening now, at the time you are speaking. Were studying the present continuous. Use the contracted form in speech and in informal writing. These are some verbs that we dont normally use in the present continuous: Verbs of thinking and opinion Agree, believe, expect, forget, imagine, know, mean, prefer, realize, remember, suppose, think, and understand. Verbs of emotion and feeling Feel, hate, hope, need, like, love, want, wish. Verbs of the senses Hear, look, notice, recognize, see, seem, smell, taste. Verbs of having and being Be, belong, contain, have, own. To form the present continuous, use the verb be + the ing form of the main verb. Were eating dinner. Hes playing volleyball
To form the - ing form of most verbs, just add ing to the infinitive.

Eat = eating

watch = watching

When the verb ends in e, delete the e and add ing. Have = having write = writing When a one syllable verb ends in a consonant, a vowel, and a consonant (CVC), double the last consonant before adding ing. Put = putting sit = sitting

 When the consonant is a y or a w, just add ing. Say = saying row = rowing The word order for information questions is this: Questions word + a form of be + subject + verb ing. What are you doing? Affirmative statements Im working. Hes working. Theyre working. Information questions What are they doing? Where is he working? Negative statements Im not working. He isnt working. They arent working. Answers Theyre working. In a restaurant

THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS. o Use the present continuous to talk about an action that is happening now. Im studying English this year. Shes watching TV right now. o Use the simple present to talk about personal information, general statements of truth, permanent situations, routines and habits, and fixed times and schedules. I live in Texas. The sun rises in the east. She teaches English. I usually visit her once a month. School starts at 7:30. o Use the simple present with verbs like know, believe, and understand. These verbs are not normally used in the present continuous. I go to my music lesson every Monday. Im on my bike. Im riding to my music lesson now.

THE SIMPLE PAST OF BE o Use the simple past of be to talk about states or situations that are finished. They were at the movies yesterday. o Use was with I, he, she and it. I He She It
Was

at the movies

o Use were with you, we and they. You We They

Were

at the movies

o In informal writing and speaking, use wasnt and werent in negative statements and short answers. He wasnt at home. Was he at home? No, he wasnt. o Use past time phrases like yesterday, last night and last month with simple past statements with be. She was at Julies house yesterday We were at the movies last night. o To change statements with the simple past of be into Yes/No questions, switch the positions of the subject and the form of be. Statements He was sick. They were happy. Affirmative statements I was here yesterday. You were here yesterday. He was here yesterday. They were here yesterday. Yes/No questions Was he sick? Were they happy? Negative statements I wasnt at the game. You werent at the game. He wasnt at the game. They werent at the game.

Yes/No questions Was I here yesterday? Were you here yesterday? Was he/she here yesterday? Were we/they here yesterday?

Short answers Yes, you were. / No, you werent. Yes, I was. / No, I wasnt. Yes, he/she was. / No, he/she wasnt. Yes, we/they were. / No, we/they werent.

UNIT 3 THE SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS o Use the simple past to talk about a completed action in the past. o Past-time expressions such as yesterday, last month, last night and last weekend are frequently used with the simple past. We enjoyed the concert last night. o Today, this morning, and this afternoon can be used with the simple past if they mean before now. I walked to school this morning. o For negative statements in the simple past, used did not (didnt) + the base form of the verb. They didnt like the movie. Affirmative statements I He They
Watched a movie last night

Negative statements I He They

Didnt watch TV

I He They

Went to the movies last night

I He They

Didnt go to the mall

REGULAR VERB o To form the simple past of many regular verbs, add ed to the base form of the main verb. Work = Worked Play = Played o If the verb ends in a consonant + -y, replace y with i and add ed Carry = carried o If the verbs ends in e, add d. arrive = arrived invite = invited o If a one syllable verb ends in a consonant, a vowel, and a consonant (CVC), double the last consonant and add ed tap = tapped shrug = shrugged

IRREGULAR VERBS o The simple past form of irregular verbs varies. You should memorize them. Last night I went to my favorite restaurant. She heard a noise.
o Here are some irregular verbs in the simple past.

Base form Become Begin Bring Buy Catch Choose Come Do Drink Eat Fall Feel Find Get Give Go

The simple pas form Became Began Brought Bought Caught Chose Came Did Drank Ate Fell Felt Found Got Gave Went

Have Know Leave Make Say See Sit Sleep Speak Take Teach Tell Think Write YES/NO QUESTIONS

Had Knew Left Made Said Saw Sat Slept Spoke Took Taught Told Thought Wrote

o The word order in Yes/no questions is: Did + subject + the base form of a main verb. Did I work? Dis she work? o Use did or didnt in short answers. Did she eat lunch? Yes, she did. Did they go to the sports complex? No, they didnt. Yes/No questions Did you watch a movie last night? Did she watch a movie last night? Did he go to the movies last night? Did they go to the movies last night? Short answers Yes, I did. / No, I didnt. Yes, she did. / No, she didnt. Yes, he did. / No, he didnt. Yes, they did. / No, they didnt.

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INFORMATION QUESTIONS o In information questions about the subject, the word order is: Question word + the simple past form. Subject Who What Verb came to the mall? happened last night?

o In order information questions, the word order is: Question word + did + subject + the base form of a verb. Question Word Where How often Who What When Why Information questions What movie did she watch? When did she watch a movie? Where did he go last night? Why did they go to the movies? Did did did did did did did subject I you he/she it we they Base form of verb put my phone call her? see? look like? eat luch? go to the park?

Answers A thriller Last night To the movies Because they had nothing to do.

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UNIT 4 COMPARATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES o Use the comparative form of an adjective + than to compare two people, two place, or two things. Sandy is taller than Maria. China is bigger than Japan The black phone is nicer than the red one RULES FOR FORMING THE COMPARATIVE Short adjectives o For most one syllable adjectives, add er and - than to form the comparative. Adjective Comparative form High Long Small Strong Tall Warm Higher than Longer than Smaller than Stronger than Taller than Warmer than

Long adjectives o For adjectives that have more than one syllable, use more + adjective + than. Adjective Beautiful Comfortable Expensive Useful Comparative form More beautiful than More comfortable than More expensive than More useful than

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES o The comparative forms of irregular adjectives vary. You should memorize them. Adjective Bad Good Far Comparative form Worse than Better than Farther than
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SPELLING RULES: COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES o Some adjectives change their spelling in the comparative: a) When a one syllable adjective ends in a consonant, vowel, and consonant (CVC), double the last consonant and add er. Adjective big hot Comparative form

bigger than hotter than b) When a two syllable adjective ends in y, change y to i and add er. Comparative form

Adjective busy easy

busier than easier than c) When the adjective ends in e, just add r. Comparative form larger than nicer than

Adjective large nice

o There are some exceptions to these rules. Fun and tired are one syllable adjectives that follow the rules for long adjectives. Adjective fun tired Comparative form more fun than more tired than

o Quiet and simple are two syllable adjective that follow the rule for one syllable adjectives. Adjective quiet simple REGULAR ADJECTIVES John is taller than val. My jokes are funnier than your jokes. Pop music is more exciting than opera. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES bad worse than good better than far further / farther than
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Comparative form quieter than simpler than

SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES o Use the superlative form of an adjective to say that one person, place, or thing in a group is outstanding. Sandy is the tallest girl in our family. China is the biggest country in Asia. The black phone is the nicest one of all. RULES FOR FORMING THE SUPERLATIVE Short adjectives o For most one syllable adjectives, use the and the suffix est to form the superlative Adjective high long small strong tall warm Superlative form the highest the longest the smallest the strongest the tallest the warmest

Long adjective o For adjective that have more than one syllable, use that most + adjective Adjective beautiful comfortable expensive useful IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES o The superlative forms of irregular adjectives vary. You should memorize them. Adjective bad good far Comparative form the worst the best the farthest Superlative form the most beautiful the most comfortable the most expensive the most useful

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SPELLING RULES: THE SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES o Some adjectives change their spelling in the superlative: a) When a one syllable adjective ends in a consonant, vowel, and consonant (CVC), double the last consonant, then add est. Adjective big hot Superlative form

the biggest the hottest b) When a two syllable adjective ends in y, change y to i and add est. Superlative form

Adjective busy easy

the busiest the easiest c) When the adjective ends in e, just add st. Superlative form the largest the nicest

Adjective large nice

o There are some exceptions to these rules. Fun and tired are one syllable adjectives that follow the rules for long adjectives. Adjective fun tired Superlative form the most fun the most tired

o Quiet and simple are two syllable adjective that follow the rule for one syllable adjectives. Adjective quiet simple Comparative form the quietest the simplest

REGULAR ADJECTIVES Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. Macys is the most famous store in New York. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES bad the worst good the best far the farthest

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UNIT 5 THE PAST CONTINUOUS o Use the past continuous to talk about an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past. What were they doing at six last night? They were walking the dog. o To form the past continuous, use was or were + verb ing. Use was with I, he, she, and it. Use were with you, we and they. I / he / she / it was working just now. You / we / they were working just now. o Use not to change past continuous affirmative sentences into negative sentences. It wasnt working at this time yesterday. They werent working at this time yesterday. o The past continuous is not usually used non-action verbs. Correct: We understood you perfectly Incorrect: We were understanding you perfectly. Affirmative Tilly was playing. They were running for help. YES/NO QUESTIONS o To change past continuous statements into Yes/No questions, switch the positions of the subject and was/were. Statements Yes/No questions He was playing badminton Was he playing badminton? They were playing badminton Were they playing badminton? o Use was and were in affirmative short answers; wasnt or werent in negative short answers. Yes/No questions Was Sarah working at this time yesterday? Were they working at this time yesterday? Short answers Yes, she was. / No, she wasnt. Yes, they were. / No, they werent Negative She wasnt sleeping. They werent jogging.

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INFORMATION QUESTIONS o The word order in information questions is as follows: Questions word + was/were + subject + verb ing Yes/No questions Why was she crying this morning? Who was she calling? Short answers Because she got a D in history. Her mom.

o Use the past continuous with the simple pas to describe an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past when it was interrupted by another action. Use the simple past in the when clause (the interrupting action). I was doing homework when the doorbell rang. o Use the past continuous in the while clause to introduce the action that was in progress and that was interrupted by another action While I was doing homework, I was listening to music. o Then when and while clauses can come at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. The meaning is the same. Use a comma (,) when or while clause comes at the beginning of the sentence. When the doorbell rang, I was doing homework. I was doing homework when the doorbell rang. Yes/No questions Was Tilly swimming? Were they running for help? Information questions What was she doing? Why were they running? Short answers Yes, She was / No, She wasnt Yes, they were / No, they werent Answers She was playing on the beach. They were running to tell the manager.

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THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST CONTINUOUS o Use the past progressive to focus on the duration of an action, not its completion. Robbie was writing his report on last night (Were not sure if Robbie finished writing the report). o Use the simple past to focus on the completion of the action. Robbie wrote his report last night (Robbie finished writing his report). Affirmative I was riding a bike when I fell They were studying when the phone rang Negative I wasnt reading when the lights went out. We werent eating when you arrived.

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UNIT 6 COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUS o o o o o o Count Common nous are either count or noncount Objects that can be counted are count nous Objects that cannot be counted are noncount nouns. Count nous can be singular or plural. You can use a or an with singular count nouns. Do not use a or an with noncount nous Noncount

Singular Plural A shirt Several shirt fruit A chair Several chairs Water One car Three cars Music o Noncount nous do not have a plural form. They always take singular verbs and singular pronouns. o Some noncount are Water Milk Juice Coffee Soda Bread Pasta Rice Count nous Noncount nous Singular Apple Potato Plural Apples Potatoes Milk (no plural form) Rice (no plural form)

EXPRESSING QUANTITIES o Use many, some and a lot of with plural count nous in affirmative statements. Many people attended the party. You have a lot of friends. They bought some clothes. o Use any with plural count nous in negative statements and in questions. I dont have any friends in my new school. Do you have any new magazines? o Use any moncount nous in negative statements and in questions. We dont have any money? Do we have any milk? o Use much with noncount nous in negative statements and in questions. Theres not much homework today. Did she do any work at all?
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Count nous We have some / a lot of apple We dont have any / much rice.

Noncount nous They ate some / a lot of rice They didnt eat any/ many apples.

QUESTIONS ABOUT QUANTITIES

o Use How Much? to ask about the quantity of noncount nous. How much money do you have? How much milk you need? o Use How many? to ask about the quantity of plural count nous. How many posters do you have? How many people are there? o You dont need to repeat the noun afte How much or How many if the nous was mentioned before. A: I want some eggs. B: How many do you want? A: I need some money B: How much do you need? Count nous How many apples do we have? Do we have any/many apples? THE PRESENT PERFECT: Have/has + past participle o Use the present perfect to talk about something that happened at an indefinite time in the past. They have eaten octopus. (We dont know when they ate octopus.) o To form the present prefect, use have/has + the past participle. Use have with I, you, we, and they. Use has with he, she, and it. They have been to Thailand It has gone wrong before. o To form the past participle of regular verbs, add d or ed to the base form. The spelling rules are the same as for the simple past. o The past participle of irregular verb varies. You have to memorize them. Here is a is of the past participle of some common irregular verb: Noncount nous How much rice did they eat? Did they eat any / much rice.

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Base form Be Buy Do Eat Get Give Go Have Know Make Meet Put Read Say See Sleep Speak Tell Think Write

Past partiple form Been Bought Don Eaten Gotten Given Gone Had Known Made Met Put Read Said Seen Slept Spoken Told Thought Written

o Use never to form the negative of the present perfect. Never comes between have/has and the past participle. Ive never played polo. Shes never taken the train. Affirmative Ive eaten couscous Shes/ hes eaten couscous Weve /theyve eaten couscous Ive = I have Youve= you have Shes= she has Negative Ive never eaten sashimi Shes / Hes never eaten sashimi. Theyve never eaten sashimi.
Hes = she has

Weve= we have Theyve they have

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YES/NO QUESTIONS o To change statements in the present perfect into Yes/No questions, switch the positions of the subject and have/has. Statements He has played golf before. They have taken a plane before. Yes/No questions Has he played golf before? Have they taken a plane before?

o Use Never or Not to give a negative answer. Have you played golf before? Yes/No questions Have you eaten sashimi? Has she eaten sashimi? Have they eaten sashimi? No, Never. Or No, I havent. Short answers Yes, I have. / No, I havent. Yes, she has. / No, she hasnt. Yes, they have. / No, they havent.

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UNIT 7 HAVE TO / NOT HAVE TO FOR OBLIGATION o Have to expresses a necessity or an obligation that is imposed, for example, by another person or a company. o To express obligation, use have to / not have to + base form of a verb. o Use have with I, you, we, and they. Use has with he, she and it. I / You / We / They have to be home at 5:00. He /She / It has to do the dishes. o Use not have to to say that something is not necessary You dont have to do the laundry today. I can do it tomorrow. o To make yes/no questions with have to, use do or does before the subject. YES/NO QUESTIONS Do I / you / we / they have to eat dinner now? Yes, I / you / we / they do. No, I / you / we / they dont.

Does he / she / it have to eat dinner now? Yes, he / she / it does. No, he / she / it doesnt. Affirmative She has to wash the dishes. They have to leave at 4:00 Yes/No questions Does she have to wash the dishes? Do they have to leave at 4:00? Negative She doesnt have to wash the dishes. They dont have to leave at 4:00 Short answers Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt. Yes, they do. / No, they dont.

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MUST FOR RULES

Affirmative statements o Must is used in written rules, signs, and notices. Students must wear uniforms at all times during school hours. o In American English, have to is more commonly used to express necessity. I have to go to school very early today. o Must is used in spoken English when the speaker is in a position of power. You must do as I say! (The person speaking is either a parent or an older person.)

Negative statement o Must not is used to express prohibition in writing such as in signs and notices. Visitors must not enter the building without ID. o Cant is more commonly than must not in American English.

Questions o Must is rarely used for questions. To ask a question about an obligation or a necessity, use have to. Do I have to wear a uniform today?

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Students must wear uniforms every day. You must come to class on time.

SHOULD / SHOULDNT FOR ADVICE o Use should / shouldnt to give advice. o Should and shouldnt have the same form I, you, he, she, it, we and they. We shouldnt be late for class. He should do his homework every day. o Should and shouldnt refer to the present or future. You should call your mother now. We shouldnt go to the mall tomorrow. YES/NO QUESTIONS o To change statements with should into Yes/No questions, switch the positions of the subject and should. Statements I should play basketball. They should take the train. Affirmative Yes/No questions Should I play basketball? Should they take the train? Negative

You should take an umbrella. It might You shouldnt talk when your mouth rain. if full. Yes/No questions Should I wear a tie? Short answers Yes, you should. / No, you shouldnt.

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CAN / CANT FOR PERMISSION o Use can to ask for permission and to make requests. May is more formal. Can is used in informal situations. Can we go to Mayas house? Can I go to the bathroom? o To make yes/no questions with can, follow this order: Can + subject + the base form of the verb. Can we go to the movies tonight, Mom? o Use can and cant in short answers. Questions Can Shelly come over today? Yes/No questions Can I go out tonight? Can you take me to the mall? Short answers Yes, she can. / No, she cant. Short answers Yes, you can. / No, you cant. Yes, I can. / No, I cant.

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UNIT 8 BE GOING TO FOR PLANS AND INTENTIONS o Use be going to, to talk about definite plans that were made before now. What are they going to do tomorrow? Theyre going to play in the soccer game. o Use the base form of the verb after be going to. Were going to surf next week. Affirmative Shes going to do a card trick Information questions What are you going to do tomorrow? Negative Im not going to recite a poem. Answers Im going to visit my cousins.

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE PLANS o You can use the present continuous form (be + verb ing) to talk about future plans that have been prearranged. It is normally used with a future time reference to show that it is not happening at the time of speaking. Im seeing my cousin on Thursday evening. Affirmative Im sleeping late tomorrow. Were having a party tonight. Information questions What are you doing tonight? Negative Im not getting up early. Theyre not coming to the party. Answers Im staying home. I have to study.

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WILL FOR PREDICTIONS AND FOR SPONTANEOUS DECISIONS o Use will to make predictions. You will be very rich some day. In fifty years, cars wont need gas to turn. o Use will to make spontaneous decisions. a) Im going for a walk. b) Ill go with you. o Use the base form the verb after will or wont. School will be fun tomorrow. We will get home at 2:30. o Below are the contractions of the subject pronouns and will. Affirmative I will You will He will She will It will We will They will Contractions Ill Youll Hell Shell Itll Well Theyll

o The contraction of will not is wont o Use the contracted forms in speech and informal writing. Prediction The school show will be fun Spontaneous decision Ill go with you to the show Information questions What will you become?

It wont be boring!

I wont go. Answer Ill be a famous actor. Youll see me on TV!

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THE FIRST CONDITIONAL: IF + THE SIMPLE PRESENT o Use the first conditional to talk about future activities under certain conditions. If theres no school tomorrow, Ill get up late. o The first conditional has two parts: The if clause (if + subject + the simple present) and the main clause in the future (will/wont + base form of verb). The if clause states the condition, the main clauses states the result. If you eat sweets every day, youll put on weight. If I dont get to bed before ten, I wont get up in time for school. o Then if clause can come at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. Use a comma (,) after the if clause if it comes at the beginning. If you clean my room today, Ill clean yours next week. Ill clean your room today if you clean mine next week. If + the simple present, will + base form If you study, you will pass your exams. If you dont study, you wont pass.

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