Trash FlipBook

TRASH FLIPBOOK
Primary students explore the basics of trash and its relationship to energy.
GRADE LEVEL
Primary
SUBJECT AREAS
Science Social Studies Math Language Arts
Teacher Advisory Board

Shelly Baumann, Rockford, MI Constance Beatty, Kankakee, IL Sara Brownell, Canyon Country, CA Amy Constant, Raleigh, NC Joanne Coons, Clifton Park, NY Regina Donour, Whitesburg, KY Darren Fisher, Houston, TX Deborah Fitton, Cape Light Compact, MA Linda Fonner, New Martinsville, WV Melanie Harper, Odessa, TX Viola Henry, Thaxton, VA Linda Hutton, Kitty Hawk, NC Doug Keaton, Russell, KY Barbara Lazar, Albuquerque, NM Robert Lazar, Albuquerque, NM Hallie Mills, Bonney Lake, WA Mollie Mukhamedov, Port St. Lucie, FL Don Pruett, Sumner, WA Larry Richards, Eaton, IN Barry Scott, Stockton, CA Joanne Spaziano, Cranston, RI Gina Spencer, Virginia Beach, VA Tom Spencer, Chesapeake, VA Nancy Stanley, Pensacola, FL Scott Sutherland, Providence, RI Robin Thacker, Henderson, KY Doris Tomas, Rosenberg, TX Patricia Underwood, Anchorage, AK Jim Wilkie, Long Beach, CA Carolyn Wuest, Pensacola, FL Debby Yerkes, Ohio Energy Project, OH Wayne Yonkelowitz, Fayetteville, WV
The mission of the NEED Project is to promote an energy conscious and educated society by creating effective networks of students, educators, business, government and community leaders to design and deliver objective, multi-sided energy education programs.
NEED Mission Statement
In support of NEED, the national Teacher Advisory Board (TAB) is dedicated to developing and promoting standards-based energy curriculum and training. NEED materials may be reproduced for non-commercial educational purposes.
Teacher Advisory Board Vision Statement
Permission to Copy
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Correlations to National Science Standards ..................... 4 Teacher Guide ................................................................. 5 Topics: Trash ........................................................................ 6-7 Lots of Trash ............................................................. 8-9 How Much We Throw Away a Day........................... 10-11 Kinds of Trash ....................................................... 12-13 Where It Goes ....................................................... 14-15 Reduce ................................................................. 16-17 Reuse ................................................................... 18-19 Repair .................................................................. 20-21 Compost ............................................................... 22-23 Recycle................................................................. 24-25 Things We Recycle ................................................ 26-27 Recycling Glass .................................................... 28-31 Recycling Paper .................................................... 32-35 Recycling Metals ................................................... 36-39 Recycling Plastics ................................................. 40-43 Burning Trash ........................................................ 44-49 Landfills: Burying Trash ......................................... 50-53 Review ........................................................................... 54 Evaluation Form ............................................................. 55
Correlations to National Science Standards

(Bolded standards are emphasized in the unit.)
PRIMARY (GRADES K4) CONTENT STANDARDB: PHYSICAL SCIENCE

1. Properties of Objects and Materials
a. Objects have many observable properties, including size, weight, shape, color, temperature, and the ability to react with other substances. Those properties can be measured using tools such as rulers, balances, and thermometers. b. Objects are made of one or more materials, such as paper, wood, and metal. Objects can be described by the properties of the materials from which they are made, and those properties can be used to separate or sort a group of objects or materials.
PRIMARY STANDARDC: LIFE SCIENCE

3. Organisms and Their Environments
d. Humans depend on their natural and constructed environments. Humans change environments in ways that can be either beneficial or detrimental for themselves and other organisms.
PRIMARY STANDARDF: SCIENCE IN PERSONAL AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES

3. Types of Resources
c. The supply of many resources is limited. If used, resources can be extended through recycling and decreased use.
4. Changes in Environments
a. b.
Environments are the space, conditions, and factors that affect an individuals and a populations ability to survive and their quality of life.
Changes in environments can be natural or influenced by humans. Some changes are good, some are bad, and some are neither good nor bad. Pollution is a change in the environment that can influence the health, survival, or activities of organisms, including humans. People keep inventing new ways of doing things, solving problems, and getting work done. New ideas and inventions often affect other people; sometimes the effects are good and sometimes they are bad. It is helpful to try to determine in advance how ideas and inventions will affect other people.
5. Science and Technology in Local Challenges

a.
b.
Science and technology have greatly improved food quality and quantity, transportation, health, sanitation, and communication. These benefits of science and technology are not available to all of the people in the world.
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TRASH FLIPBOOK 2008 THE NEED PROJECT P.O. BOX 10101 MANASSAS, VA 20108 1-800-875-5029
Teacher Guide
PRIMARY STUDENTS ARE INTRODUCED TO CONCEPTS OF TRASH DISPOSAL AND THE ENERGY IMPLICATIONS WITH A FLIPBOOK OF BOLD GRAPHICS, SIMPLE WORDS AND GRAPHS, AND SENTENCES. STUDENTS ENHANCE THEIR READING, COMPREHENSION, GRAPH ANALYSIS, AND ARTISTIC SKILLS.
BACKGROUND
The flipbook design allows teachers to fold each page of the booklet so that the student page can be shown on one side, with teacher background information, discussion questions, and suggested activities on the other side facing the teacher.
PREPARATION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Familiarize yourself with the format of and information in the booklet. Highlight the information in the background section that you want to present to the students, as well as the discussion questions you want to use. Decide which activities you want to conduct to reinforce the knowledge presented in the booklet. Plan your unit and procure any materials you need to conduct the activities. Make copies of any of the graphics from the booklet that the students might need for the activities, especially the exhibits. If you want the students to work in groups to prepare exhibits, the following exhibit topics are suggested: Introduction to Trash What We Can Do Recycling Glass Recycling Paper Recycling Metals Recycling Plastics Burning Trash Burying Trash
PROCEDURE
1. 2. 3. 4. Introduce the subject to the students with a brief discussion of trash. Read the booklet with the students, using the discussion questions you have selected. Conduct the activities you have planned. Evaluate the activities with the students.
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PAGE 6
INTRODUCTION TO TRASH
Parents have told their children for centuries, Please take out the trash! Trash is anything that homes and businesses throw away. It is old food, bags, boxes, jars, toys, clothes, branches, and furniture. It is paper, wood, cloth, metal, plastic, yard and food waste, and glass. People have always had trash. The Greek city-state of Athens opened the first dump more than 2,500 years ago. During the Middle Ages, people threw their trash out the door. They didnt know that rotting trash could make them sick. In the 1700s cities began collecting their trash to get it off the streets and out of waterways. By the late 1800s, Europeans were even burning their trash and using the energy to make electricity. America was a little different. To the colonists, the land seemed endless. When dumping on city streets became a problem, they dumped their trash outside of town. Today, we bury about half of our trash in modern dumps called landfills.
TRASH FLIPBOOK 2008 THE NEED PROJECT P.O. BOX 10101 MANASSAS, VA 20108 1-800-875-5029 PAGE 7
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Why is it important to learn about trash? 2. What kinds of things do we throw away at school? 3. What happens to the trash we throw away at school?
ACTIVITY
Ask the janitor to talk to the students about the kinds of trash the school produces, how much trash is produced at the school every day, and what is done with it.
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ALL KINDS OF TRASH
Trash can be grouped in two ways: By Materialwhat the trash is made of. Trash can be plastic, paper, metal, rubber, food waste, or yard waste. A plastic toy and a plastic milk jug would be in the same group because they are both made of plastic. By Producthow the trash was used. The trash may be a potato chip bag, an old shoe, or a broken toy. A plastic soda bottle and a soda can would be in the same group because they are both containers. What do you think makes up most of the trash in this country? Paper? Plastics? Metals? The answer is paper. By weight, paper makes up 35 percent of the trash. Plastics are 11 percent by weight.
1. What kinds of trash do you produce? 2. Is the trash different from schools, homes, and businesses? 3. What kinds of trash might be in a typical trash bag from a home? 4. What kinds of things do we throw away every day? What kinds of things do we throw away once in a while? 5. What kinds of things would we never throw away?
ACTIVITY
Look in the trash cans in the classroom, office, bathroom, clinic and cafeteria. Compare.
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FOUR POUNDS OF TRASH
Think about all the things you throw away every day. You wake up in the morning and eat breakfast. You throw away a napkin or a wrapper or an empty cereal box. You go to school. You use paper for math and reading. In art, you use more paper. In the cafeteria, the trashcans are filled with disposable trays, juice boxes, sandwich bags, paper napkins, and uneaten food. After school, you throw away more trash. By the end of the day the average American has created four and one-half pounds of trash. This is more than people in any other country.
2. What does average mean?
1. Does this mean that every person throws away four pounds of trash every day? 3. Why do Americans produce more trash than people in other countries? 4. Is all trash bad?
ACTIVITY
Have the students keep a journal of all the trash they throw away in a day. Weigh the amount of trash produced in the classroom every day for a week.
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KINDS OF TRASH
Sometimes people who study garbage find it more useful to know what waste was used for, instead of what it was made from. They put waste in five product categories: Containers/Packaging: This includes cans, jars, bags, bottles, boxes, and wrapping materials. Containers and packaging form the biggest product category. Packaging is the single largest product in the waste stream. Bread is wrapped in a plastic bag. Soup comes in a can. Cookies are arranged on plastic trays that are slipped inside paper bags. Six bottles of cola are wrapped together in plastic. Yet packaging serves many useful purposes. The bread wrapper keeps the bread fresh and clean. The soup can keeps the soup fresh for months on grocery store shelves. The cookie tray keeps the cookies from getting crushed. The plastic wrapping around soft drinks makes it easy to grasp six bottles of cola in one hand. Bagged potatoes mean less time selecting food. Without a doubt, packaging provides a convenient and sanitary way to store and transport food and other products. Nondurable consumer goods: These goods are called nondurable because they are not meant to last a long time. This category includes many paper products such as newspapers, magazines, and paper towels. This category also includes clothing and disposable dinner plates. Durable consumer goods: The goods in this category are called durable because they are meant to last a long time. This category is made of many bulky and oversized items like washing machines, old furniture, and rubber tires. Yard wastes: This category is made mostly of grass clippings, but it also includes dead plants and bushes, branches blown down by the wind, and even dirt! Food wastes: This is what you didnt eat for dinner, or the green gunk in the bottom of your refrigerator.
DISCUSSION QUESTION
1. Why is packaging important?
ACTIVITY
Make a list of things that come in packaging and a list of things that have too much packaging.
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WHAT WE DO WITH OUR TRASH TODAY
1. We bury it in landfills. When we bury trash in a landfill, we cant recover any of its potential value (except for methane or landfill gas that is sometimes recovered). It takes up valuable land to bury trash. 2. We recycle it. We recover its value and conserve natural resources. 3. We burn it in waste-to-energy plants to make electricity. We use the energy in the trash to generate electricity.
1. Do you think a lot of the trash that is buried could be recycled or burned? 2. Do you sometimes throw things away that could be recycled? 3. How could we get people to recycle more of their trash?
ACTIVITY
Make a bar graph using the information in the pie chart.
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REDUCE
Buy the largest size package and products that do more than one thingfor example, shampoos that include conditioners. Buy concentrated products or compact packages, such as frozen juices and fabric softeners you mix with water at home. Look for products with minimal packaging. You will be using fewer natural resources, and youll have less to throw away. Leave grass clippings on the ground instead of bagging them when you mow your lawn. Grass clipping decompose quickly, adding nutrients to the soil.
DISCUSSION QUESTION
1. Why do you think the cafeteria uses small drink containers instead of large ones? (more sanitary, easier)
ACTIVITY
Make a list of times when small packages are a good idea. (traveling, lunch boxes, games)
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REUSE
Buy reusable products such as rechargeable batteries. Pass on magazines, catalogs, and books to neighbors, hospitals, libraries, schools, and nursing homes. Reuse plastic or glass containers for food storage, nails, and so on. Reuse shopping bags, boxes, and lumber. Reuse wrapping paper, gift bags, and bows. Use the Sunday comics for wrapping birthday presents.
1. What kinds of things do you reuse at home? 2. What things could we reuse in the classroom?
ACTIVITY
Make an art project using things that would otherwise be thrown away.
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REPAIR
Try to repair before you consider replacement of lawn mowers, tools, vacuum cleaners, and TVs. Donate items you cant repair to local charities or vocational schools. Keep appliances in good working order. Properly maintained appliances are less likely to wear out or break and will not have to be replaced as frequently.
1. Does your family donate old things to charities? 2. What kinds of things do people usually get fixed when they break? (Expensive items - television, washer, dryer, refrigerator, air conditioner, furnace, car)
ACTIVITY
Make a list of things in the classroom that would be fixed if they broke. Make a list of things that would be thrown away.
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COMPOST
Recycling the leftovers of living things like grass, leaves, and food is called composting. Composting turns these wastes into humus (hyoo mas). Humus can be used to mulch around plants or be mixed into the soil to add nutrients, help it hold water, and keep it loose and crumbly. The waste of all living matter decays in time. Youve all seen food in the refrigerator with mold growing on it. Thats decay. Youve all slipped on the black, slimy leaves in the woods after a long winter, or picked up a huge stick that crumbled in your hands. Thats decay, too. Decay is caused by bacteria feeding on the dead matter and breaking it down. Composting speeds up the natural decay of yard wastes and food scraps to make humus. All you need is the right mixture of waste, water, soil, and air. If the mixture is right, billions of bacteria will break down the waste in a very short time, usually six weeks to three months. This fast decay produces a lot of heatthe inside of a good compost pile can reach 140-160 degrees Fahrenheit. If the mixture doesnt have enough air (oxygen), it will rot instead of decay. Different kinds of bacteria will be at work, ones that dont need oxygen. They will break down the waste, but it will take much longer and it might smell bad. Many of the nutrients will be lost and the humus wont be as good for the soil. A rotting pile doesnt produce heat like a compost pile does. Too much (or too little) water can also slow down the decay. A good compost pile should be damp, but not soggy. Bacteria need water to do their work, but you dont want to drown them. Before you put sticks, bushes and tree limbs into a compost pile, you must cut them into small pieces. There are machines called chippers to do this. If the pieces of wood are too big, they will take longer to decay. Meat, bones, dairy products, and grease should not be put in a compost pile. They will smell bad and attract wild animals and flies. Other kitchen scraps are good for the pile and will help it decay faster. The best compost piles have a mixture of food wastes, grass, wood pieces, and leaves.
1. Do you compost at home? 2. Does the school compost? 3. Does your community compost?
ACTIVITY
Start a school compost pile. Use the humus to nourish the schools flower beds or start a vegetable garden.
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WHAT IS RECYCLING?
Recycling means to use something again. Newspapers are used to make new newspapers. Aluminum cans are used to make new aluminum cans. Glass jars are used to make new glass jars. There are many reasons why recycling makes sense. Recycling Saves Landfill Space. Americans make more trash each year. Most of the trash is buried in landfills. Recycling is one way to reduce the amount of trash that is buried. Recycling Saves Money. Getting rid of trash isnt free. Garbage trucks must pay to dump their loads at landfills. Recycling reduces landfill costs because less waste is buried. Recycling Saves Energy. It almost always takes less energy to make a product from recycled materials than it does to make it from new materials. Recycling aluminum cans, for example, uses 95 percent less energy than making aluminum cans from new materials. One exception to the rule is plastics. Sometimes it takes more energy to recycle plastics than it does to use new materials. Recycling Saves Natural Resources. Natural resources are valuable. Natural resources include land, plants, minerals, and water. By using materials more than once, we conserve natural resources. In the case of paper, recycling saves trees, water, and energy. Making a ton of paper from recycled paper saves up to 17 trees and uses 50 percent less water. Recycling Reduces Air and Water Pollution. Using old cans instead of raw materials to make new aluminum cans reduces air and water pollution by 95 percent.
2. Do you recycle at school?
1. Do you recycle at home? What kinds of things do you recycle?
ACTIVITY
Make a poster or write a song to remind people to recycle at home and at school.
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1. Why do you think we recycle so many car batteries and so few old tires? (Service stations are required to recycle batteries by law. Lots of people change their own tires, so they dont have a simple way to recycle them. You cant put them in your recycling bin.) 2. Why are so few glass jars and bottles recycled? (In many places, people must clean and sort glass by color. When people have to do work to recycle, they dont recycle as much.)
ACTIVITY
With the help of adults, have the students count the number of aluminum, steel, glass, and plastic containers thrown away in a week at their homes. Have them count how many could have been recycled.
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RECYCLING GLASS
Glass is used to package many foods: juices, jellies, baby food, and more. Glass makes up about five percent of the trash by weight, two percent by volume. The best way to deal with glass trash is to recycle it. Burning glass in waste-to-energy plants is not a good choice. Glass does not provide any heat energy. Burying glass recovers none of its value either. So, recycling is usually the best choice. Recycling glass is a good energy saver. Using recycled glass to make new products uses less energy than making it from new materials. It saves energy because crushed glass melts at a lower temperature than the raw materials used to make glass. New glass is made from sand, soda ash, and limestone. Old glass is easily made into new glass jars and bottles. And glass jars and bottles can be recycled over and over again. The glass doesnt wear out.
1. Do you recycle glass at home? 2. Does the school recycle glass?
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HOW TO RECYCLE GLASS
Preparing glass containers for recycling is easy. All you need to do is remove the lids or caps and rinse the containers in water. You dont need to scrub off the labels, since they will burn up when the glass is melted. Recyclers sort glass containers by colorclear, green, and amber (golden brown). Once glass has been colored, the color cannot be removed. That means a maker of clear glass jars cannot use colored glass. You cannot recycle all glass products. Light bulbs, ceramics, mirrors, windows, and dishes are not made with the same materials as glass jars and bottles. Still, its the bottles and jars that we throw away every day, not the light bulbs and dishes, that make up most of our trash.
1. What glass objects in the classroom could be recycled? 2. What glass objects could not be recycled?
ACTIVITY
Make an exhibit of glass objects that can and cannot be recycled.
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RECYCLING PAPER
What is the number one material in trash? Look around your classroom. What do you see? Posters? Notebooks? Cardboard boxes? Textbooks? Bulletin boards decorated with construction paper? You get the picture. Paper is everywhere! Paper is the number one material that we throw away. Of every 100 pounds of trash we throw away, 35 pounds is paper. Newspapers take up about 14 percent of landfill space, and paper packaging accounts for 15 to 20 percent. There are many kinds of paper. It can be glossy or ragged, thin or thick. It can be for newspapers or stuffing diapers. Most paper products are made from trees, though paper can also be made from old cloth or grass.
HOW PAPER IS MADE
Papermaking uses a renewable resourcetrees! The first step is cutting down the trees. Paper companies plant trees just for papermaking, like an apple farmer plants apple trees. If one tree is cut down, another is planted. After the trees are cut, they are taken to a paper mill. Paper mills use every part of the tree, so nothing is wasted. The bark and roots are burned and used for energy to run the paper mill. The rest of the tree is chopped into small chips to be made into paper. The raw paper is the color of grocery bags. Good papers are whitened with bleach and sometimes coated with clay to make them shiny. Paper mills need a lot of energy to make paper. About 50 percent of their energy comes from burning wood scraps they cannot use to make paper. They buy the rest of the energy they need.
1. Do you recycle paper at home? 2. Does the school recycle paper?
ACTIVITY
Make recycled paper. Try different types of paper as the feedstock.
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RECYCLED PAPER
Recycled paper is made from waste paper, usually mixed with new materials. Almost all paper can be recycled today, but some types are harder to recycle than others. Papers that have wax, paste, or gumor papers that are coated with plastic or aluminum foilare usually not recycled because the process is too expensive. Even papers that are recycled are not usually recycled together. Waste papers must be sorted. Newspapers and cardboard boxes cant be mixed together for recycling. Today, about 50 percent of old paper is recycled.
NOT ALWAYS RECYCLABLE
Paper cannot be recycled over and over again. After a few times, the paper becomes too weak to be used again. That is why new paper fiber is usually mixed with recycled paper. Most cardboard boxes are a mixture of 50 percent new and 50 percent recycled paper.
SAVING ENERGY
Paper recycling saves energy. Making recycled paper also uses fewer chemicals and bleaches than making all-new paper. Paper recycling means fewer trees are used to make paper. All-new paper is almost always made from trees grown just for papermaking. A tree harvested for papermaking is soon replaced by another tree, so the cycle continues.
1. What kinds of paper in the classroom could be recycled? 2. What kinds of paper could not be recycled?
ACTIVITY
Make an exhibit of paper that can and cannot be recycled.
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RECYCLING METALS
In the U.S., the metals we recycle are mainly aluminum and steel. Some other metalslike gold, silver, brass, and copperare so valuable that we rarely throw them away. They do not create a trash problem. We use a lot of aluminum and steel. Americans use 100 million steel cans and 200 million aluminum cans every day. Recycling is the best way to deal with aluminum and steel waste. Burning metal trash is not good because metals do not provide any heat energy. Aluminum melts and steel just gets very hot. Burying is usually not a good idea either. Aluminum, especially, is so valuable that it does not make sense to bury it.
RECYCLING ALUMINUM
Like most metals, aluminum is an ore. An ore is a mineral that is mined for a valuable material in it. Bauxite, a reddish clay-like ore, is rich in aluminum. To get the aluminum out, though, takes a huge amount of energy. That is why recycling aluminum makes sense. It saves energya lot of energy. Recycling just four aluminum cans saves as much energy as the energy in one cup of gasoline. Companies save energy and money by using recycled aluminum, so they will pay you for your old cansabout a penny for every can. After you have put your old aluminum cans in a recycling bin, what happens next? The old aluminum cans are taken to an aluminum plant. The cans are shredded into potato chip sized pieces and put into a furnace. The melted aluminum is made into thin sheets. The sheets are usually made into new aluminum cans. This is called closed-loop recycling because the old cans are turned into the same thing again. Aluminum cans are recycled into new cans and put back onto store shelves within 60 days! Aluminum can be recycled over and over again. It does not lose its quality, and recycling it saves money, energy, and natural resources every time.
1. Do you recycle aluminum at home? 2. Does the school recycle aluminum?
ACTIVITY
Make an exhibit of aluminum items that can be recycled.
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STEEL RECYCLING
Steel is the most recycled metal. We recycle huge amounts of steel from cars, appliances, old buildings and bridges. Today, all steel products are made with some recycled steel. The cans with your soup, your dogs food, and Moms coffee are made of steel. In fact, about 90 percent of all metal food containers are made of steel. You have probably heard people call a steel can a tin can. Steel cans are sometimes called tin cans because the inside is coated with a thin layer of tin. Tin protects the food in the can. Steel and aluminum are both mined from ores, and are made in a similar way. Steel recycling saves a lot of energy. It takes about 60 percent less energy to make steel from recycled materials than it does from iron ore. Thats why todays steel makers always use some steel scrap to make new steel products. Steel is the easiest material to separate from the rest of the trash. Steel is attracted to magnets. If youre not sure which cans are steel and which are aluminum, use a magnet to separate them. Steel will stick to the magnet; aluminum will not. Recycling your used steel cans at home is easy, too. All you need to do is rinse the food from the cans. Thats it. Steel can recycling is like aluminum can recycling. Steel is melted in a furnace and then flattened into sheets. Recycled steel cans can be made into new cars, girders for buildings, or new food cans. Like aluminum, steel can also be recycled again and again. It does not lose any of its strength or quality in the recycling process. It can be a never-ending process that continues to save energy and resources.
1. Do you recycle steel at home? 2. Does the school recycle steel?
ACTIVITY
Make an exhibit of steel items that can be recycled. Use a magnet to determine whether metals are aluminum or steel.
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We use plastic products more all the time. We cover our food in plastic wrap, drink hot chocolate from Styrofoam cups, wear clothes made from nylon, polyester, and rayon, and even buy our plastic things with plastic credit cards! We use plastic hundreds of times every day. The basic raw materials for plastic are petroleum and/or natural gas. These fossil fuels are sometimes combined with other elements, such as oxygen or chlorine, to make different types of plastic. Plastic can be soft or hard, clear or colored. It can look like leather, wood, or silk. It can be made into toys or heart valves. There are more than 10,000 different kinds of plastics. Plastics are energy efficient. It takes less energy to make a plastic ketchup bottle than a glass ketchup bottle. And since plastics are lightweight, it takes less energy to ship a truckload of plastic bottles than a truckload of glass bottles.
PLASTICS RECYCLING
Is plastic trash choking the Earth with Styrofoam cups and fast-food plates? Not really. By weight, plastics make up about 11 percent of Americas trash. Plastics are generally very lightweight. When plastics are buried in a landfill, they take up about 25 percent of the space. Burying plastics is not always the best thing to do. There are other choicesrecycling and burning. Recycling recovers the raw material, which can be used to make new plastic products. Burning recovers the energy, which can be used to make electricity. Burying plastics does neither of these things. The value of the plastic is buried forever.
DISPOSING OF PLASTIC
1. Do you recycle plastics at home? 2. Does the school recycle plastics?
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RECYCLING PLASTICS
Recycling plastics is easy. You need to know what types of plastics can be recycled. Every plastic container has a code on it to tell you what kind it is. Plastics are made of different materials and should be sorted before they are recycled. Mixed plastics can be recycled, but they are not as valuable as sorted plastics. Once you know what kinds of plastics you can recycle, you should rinse the container and squash it. You can leave the paper labels on the containers, but throw away the plastic caps. Plastic caps are made from a different plastic than the container and cannot be easily recycled.
ENERGY TO BURN
Plastics are made from fossil fuels. Pound for pound, plastics contain as much energy as petroleum or natural gas. That is much more energy than other types of trash. This makes plastic a good fuel for waste-to-energy plants. Waste-to-energy plants turn trash into electricity. Should we burn or recycle plastics? It depends. Sometimes it takes more energy to recycle plastics than it does to use new materials. In that case, its better to burn the plastics at a waste-to-energy plant than to recycle them.
DISCUSSION QUESTION ACTIVITY
1. Have you ever noticed the triangles with the numbers on a plastic object?
Look at plastic objects in the classroom to see if you can find a recycle code, then sort them by code. Make an exhibit of plastic items that can be recycled. See if you can find a plastic object with each number from 1 - 7.
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BURNING TRASH FOR ENERGY
Some of our trash is full of energy. We can burn it to heat buildings or make electricity. Today, there are over 90 waste-to-energy plants in the United States. We burn about 14 percent of our trash in the U.S. Waste-to-energy plants make enough electricity for millions of houses. Burning our trash also reduces the amount we have to bury in landfills. Some areas are running out of land for new landfills. And most people dont want landfills near their homes. Some people worry that burning trash might hurt the environment. Waste-to-energy plants can pollute the air if they are not managed well. People also worry that burning waste will hurt recycling programs. If everyone sends their trash to a waste-to-energy plant, they say, there will be no reason to recycle.
1. Do you know anyone who burns their trash? 2. Do you think we should burn trash to make electricity?
ACTIVITY
Take a tour of a waste-to-energy plant or recycling center.
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BURN OR RECYCLE?
Recycling and burning can work together. It makes good sense to recycle some materials, and better sense to burn others. Lets look at metals. Aluminum and steel can be recycled over and over. Burning them produces no heat energy. Metals are valuable to recycle and not useful to burn. Glass is another material that should be recycled. Burning glass produces no heat energy. Paper is made of wood and has energy in it. It can be either burned or recycled. Shiny and colored papers are not easily recycled and should be burned for their energy. Other papers should be recycled if there is a demand for the paper. If there is too much paper, it should be burned. Plastics are another matter. Because plastics are made from petroleum and natural gas, they are good fuels for waste-to-energy plants. Plastics are not as easy to recycle as steel, aluminum, or paper. Sometimes it costs more to recycle plastic than to make new plastic. In that case, plastic should be burned. Trash is a mix of energy-rich fuels. In 100 pounds of trash, more than 80 pounds can be burned as fuel to make electricity. Those fuels include paper, plastics, and yard waste. Trash doesnt have as much energy as coal. It takes 2,000 pounds of trash to equal the energy in 500 pounds of coal.
DISCUSSION ACTIVITY
Go over the chart you make with the students (see page 49) and have them decide which each materials should be recycled or burned.
PAGE 48
Make a chart like the one below to fill in with the students input.
ACTIVITY
PAGE 49
PAGE 50
YESTERDAY AND TODAY
For hundreds of years, people used dumps to get rid of their trash. The dump was just a pit or field outside of town where people left their trash. People tossed all sorts of waste into these dumps. The dumps were breeding grounds for flies, mosquitoes, and rats. Rainwater washed filthy, and sometimes poisonous, liquids from the dump into streams and groundwater supplies that people used for drinking, bathing, and clothes washing. Today, we still bury our trash, but not in the open dumps of yesterday. More than half of our garbage is hauled off in garbage trucks and put into landfills. Landfills are Americas number one way of getting rid of trash. Building new landfills is hard because people dont want trash buried near them. It is expensive, too. A new landfill costs about $10 million to build. There will always be a need for landfills. Why? Because not all waste can be recycled or burned. How do you recycle a broken light bulb, and why burn it if it doesnt provide any energy? Landfill burial is the only good way to dispose of some types of waste. Sometimes its the safest way, too. The best way of taking care of some dangerous wastesold medicines, paints, pesticides, and other chemicalsare landfills. The landfills are made to keep dangerous wastes from seeping into underground water supplies. Many items like paints and pesticides shouldnt be placed in the trash, but taken to special facilities for disposal.
DISCUSSION QUESTION ACTIVITIES
1. Would you like to live near a landfill?
Look for things in the classroom that should be buried in a landfill. Make a poster or exhibit of things that should be buried in a landfill. Take a tour of a landfill.
PAGE 52
A MODERN LANDFILL
Todays landfills are very different from the dumps of the past. The landfills are lined with layers of clay or plastic to keep any liquid waste from escaping into the soil. A network of drains collects the liquid and pumps it to the surface where it can be treated. Wells are drilled around the landfill to check the groundwater and make sure it is clean. At the end of each day, workers spread a layer of earthcalled the daily coverover the trash to reduce odor and control pests. The workers seal each section of the landfill when it is full with a layer of clay and earth, and then seed the area with native grasses.
A FULL LANDFILL
When a landfill is full, workers seal the landfill with a final cover of clay and dirt. Workers continue to check the wells for years after a landfill is closed to make sure nothing is leaking into the water. Closed landfills can be turned into parks, parking lots, golf courses, and ski slopes. Building homes and businesses on landfills isnt allowed, though, since it can take many years for the ground to settle.
1. Why cant we just throw the trash in a hole and bury it? 2. Have you ever seen a modern landfill?
ACTIVITY
Make a poster or model of a modern landfill with dirt and clay, and other materials. Put colored water into it and see if it keeps the liquid from leaking.
PAGE 54
TRASH FLIPBOOK
Evaluation Form
State: ___________ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. How would you rate the activity overall (excellent, good, fair, poor)? How would your students rate the activity overall (excellent, good, fair, poor)? What would make the activity more useful to you? Did you conduct the entire activity? Were the instructions clear and easy to follow? Did the activity meet your academic objectives? Was the activity age appropriate? Were the allotted times sufficient to conduct the activity? Was the activity easy to use? Was the preparation required acceptable for the activity? Were the students interested and motivated? Was the energy knowledge content age appropriate? Would you use the activity again? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No Grade Level: ___________ Number of Students: __________
Other Comments:
Please fax or mail to: NEED Project PO Box 10101 Manassas, VA 20108 FAX: 1-800-847-1820
NEED National Sponsors and Partners

American Association of Blacks in Energy American Electric Power American Electric Power Foundation American Petroleum Institute American Solar Energy Society American Wind Energy Association Aramco Services Company Armstrong Energy Corporation Association of Desk & Derrick Clubs All Wild About Kentuckys Environment Robert L. Bayless, Producer, LLC BP Foundation BP BP Alaska BP Solar Bureau of Land Management U.S. Department of the Interior C&E Operators Cape and Islands Self Reliance Cape Cod Cooperative Extension Cape Light CompactMassachusetts L.J. and Wilma Carr Center for the Advancement of Process TechnologyCollege of the MainlandTX Chesapeake Public SchoolsVA Chesterfield County Public SchoolsVA Chevron Chevron Energy Solutions City of MelroseMA Colorado Energy Science Center ComEd ConEd Solutions ConocoPhillips CPS Energy Cypress-Fairbanks Independent School DistrictTX Dart Foundation Desk and Derrick of Roswell, NM Devon Energy Dominion Dominion Foundation Duke Energy Kentucky Duke Energy Indiana Duke Energy North Carolina Duke Energy South Carolina East Kentucky Power EnCana Energy Information Administration U.S. Department of Energy Energy Training Solutions Energy and Mineral Law Foundation Energy Training Solutions Equitable Resources Escambia County School DistrictFL FPL Energy EncounterFL First Roswell Company Florida Department of Environmental Protection Foundation for Environmental Education Robert Gorham Guam Energy Office Halliburton Foundation Gerald Harrington, Geologist Houston Museum of Natural Science Hydropower Research Foundation Illinois Clean Energy Community Foundation Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity Independent Petroleum Association of America Independent Petroleum Association of New Mexico Indiana Office of Energy and Defense Development Interstate Renewable Energy Council Iowa Energy Center Kentucky Clean Fuels Coalition Kentucky Office of Energy Policy Kentucky Oil and Gas Association Kentucky Propane Education and Research Council Kentucky River Properties LLC Keyspan KidWind Llano Land and Exploration Long Island Power AuthorityNY Maine Energy Education Project Maine Public Service Company Marianas Islands Energy Office Maryland Energy Administration Massachusetts Division of Energy Resources Michigan Energy Office Michigan Oil and Gas Producers Education Foundation Minerals Management Service U.S. Department of the Interior Mississippi Development AuthorityEnergy Division Montana Energy Education Council Narragansett Electric A National Grid Company NASA Educator Resource CenterWV National Alternative Fuels Training Center West Virginia University National Association of State Energy Officials National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges National Hydropower Association National Ocean Industries Association National Renewable Energy Laboratory New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection New York Power Authority North Carolina Department of AdministrationState Energy Office Nebraska Public Power District New Mexico Oil Corporation New Mexico Landmans Association New York State Energy Research and Development Authority Offshore Energy Center/Ocean Star/ OEC Society Offshore Technology Conference Ohio Energy Project Pacific Gas and Electric Company Petroleum Equipment Suppliers Association Poudre School DistrictCO Puerto Rico Energy Affairs Administration Puget Sound Energy Roswell Desk and Derrick Club Roswell Geological Society Rhode Island State Energy Office Sacramento Municipal Utility District Saudi Aramco Schlumberger Sentech, Inc. Shell Exploration and Production Snohomish County Public Utility District WA Society of Petroleum Engineers David Sorenson Southwest Gas Spring Branch Independent School DistrictTX Tennessee Department of Economic and Community DevelopmentEnergy Division Toyota TransOptions, Inc. TXU Energy University of NevadaLas Vegas, NV United Illuminating Company U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Department of EnergyHydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies Virgin Islands Energy Office Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy Virginia Department of Education Virginia General Assembly Wake County Public SchoolsNC Western Kentucky Science Alliance W. Plack Carr Company Yates Petroleum
The NEED Project
PO Box 10101
Manassas, VA 20108
1-800-875-5029
www.NEED.org

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Teacher Advisory Board

NEED Mission Statement

Teacher Advisory Board Vision Statement

Correlations to National Science Standards

PRIMARY (GRADES K4) CONTENT STANDARDB: PHYSICAL SCIENCE

PRIMARY STANDARDC: LIFE SCIENCE

PRIMARY STANDARDF: SCIENCE IN PERSONAL AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES

5. Science and Technology in Local Challenges

ALL KINDS OF TRASH

FOUR POUNDS OF TRASH

WHAT WE DO WITH OUR TRASH TODAY

Make a bar graph using the information in the pie chart.

1. Do you recycle at home? What kinds of things do you recycle?

HOW TO RECYCLE GLASS

Make an exhibit of glass objects that can and cannot be recycled.

HOW PAPER IS MADE

Make recycled paper. Try different types of paper as the feedstock.

NOT ALWAYS RECYCLABLE

Make an exhibit of paper that can and cannot be recycled.

Make an exhibit of aluminum items that can be recycled.

DISCUSSION QUESTION ACTIVITY

BURNING TRASH FOR ENERGY

Take a tour of a waste-to-energy plant or recycling center.

YESTERDAY AND TODAY

DISCUSSION QUESTION ACTIVITIES

1. Would you like to live near a landfill?

NEED National Sponsors and Partners

The NEED Project

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