Thesis Report - Housing With Sustainable Technologies

HOUSINGWITHSUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES HIGHRISEAPARTMENTS
gayathri
A R C H I T E C T U R A L D E S I G N T H E S I S S H R A V A N I G U P T A
R O L L . N O : 0 4 1 6 1 B 0 0 2 8 I X S E M B . A R C H I T E C T U R E Y E A R 2 0 0 8 2 0 0 9
DESIGNTHESIS ON
HOUSINGWITHSUSTAINABLETECHNOLOGIES
HIGHRISEAPARTMENTS
SUBMITTEDIN PARTIALFULFILLMENTOFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHE AWARDOF THEDEGREEOF BACHELOROFARCHITECTURE TO
JAWAHARLALNEHRUTECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BY
S.SHRAVANIGUPTA 04161B0028
UNDERTHEGUIDANCEOF
Prof.VASANTASHOBHA
SRIVENKATESHWARACOLLEGEOFARCHITECTURE 86MADHAPUR,HITECHCITYROAD,HYDERABAD500033
JAWAHARLALNEHRUTECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SRIVENKATESHWARACOLLEGEOFARCHITECTURE 86,MADHAPUR,HITECHCITYROAD,HYDERABAD33
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THIS THESIS TITLED HOUSINGWITH
SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES HIGH RISE APARTMENTS HAS

BEEN SUBMITTED BY S.SHRAVANI GUPTA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE FROM JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY FOR THE YEAR 2008 2009.
GUIDE
THESISCO.ORDINATOR
PROF.VASANTASHOBHA
PROF.KAMINISINGH
EXAMINERS
PRINCIPAL
PROF.DR.PRAMODSHINDE
ACKNOWLDGEMENTS
ItisdifficulttoputintoafewwordsthegratitudeIfeelfortheassistancerenderedbymany individuals and sources for the completion of this thesis. However I take this opportunity to acknowledgethosewhohavegiventheirvaluablesuggestionsinshapingthisstudyintoacogent form. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my guide Prof. Vasanta shobha, for her guidanceandalsoforastrongsupportthroughthegoodandbadtimes,andmysincerethanksto Prof.Shalini&Prof.KaminiSingh,notonlyforshapingtheoutcomeofthisthesis,whichhe didtakingalotoftimefromhisbusyschedule,butalsoforshapingmyentireoutlooktowards architectureearlier. I would like to express my thanks also to my friends Shravan Kumar Reddy, Sraavani, Pooja.Y,Arun,Aparna,HusnaHussainandmyseniorsSupreet,Harish,RohitandShravan for theirvaluablesupportintimeswhenIlostmyconfidenceinthewayofcompletionmythesis. The acknowledgements will not be completed till I express my regards and thanks to my parentsfortheirblessingsandprayersfortheirencouragementandsupport.
IexpressmydeepsenseofgratitudetomyguideMrs.VASANTASHOBHAandthefaculty for their valuable guidance, encouragement and supervision during the course of designing, preparationofdrawingsandinfinalizingthisprojectreport. I am also thankful to Mrs. MADHAVI and Mrs. SHALINI for their valuable guidance.IwouldalsoliketothankMrs.KAMINISINGHthesiscoordinator,forgivingmethis opportunitytoprosecutemystudy. Iamalsothankfultomyclassmates,friendsandparentsfortheiractiveinvolvement inthediscussionsforgeneratingnewideasintheconcept. Iamhighly indebtedtothemanagementandtheinmatesoftheconcernedinstitutes for providing valuable data, information and suggestions for bringing out improvements in the proposal. S.SHRAVANIGUPTA
Idedicatethisbookto
Prof.M.Kalpana
TheprofessorwhohasbeenmysourceofinspirationforthesubjectGreenandSustainable Architectureduringourclimatologyclassesanddiscussions.
CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT CONTENTS Synopsis LiteratureStudy Page.No 1 5 5 5 5 6 6 7
A.1. INTRODUCTIONToSUSTAINABILITY 1.1 whatisSustainability? 1.2Sustainability @ Habitatdesign 1.3Objectivesofsustainabledevelopment 1.4Sustainability aspectsofhabitatdesign 1.5Principlesofsustainabledevolvementinbuildingdesign 1.6Integratedapproachtobuildingdesign&Characteristicsof sustainable buildings 2.SITEPLANNING 2.1 SiteAssessment 2.1.1 SiteSelection 2.1.2 SiteAnalysis 2.1.2.1Dataassessment 2.1.3 SiteDevelopment&Layout 3.PASSIVESOLARDESIGN 3.1 ThermalComfort 3.2 Buildingdesign 3.2.1BuildingForm 3.2.1.1CompactnessandZoning 3.2.1.2Streetsorwalkwaysonsite 3.2.1.3Lowerperimetertoarearatio 3.2.2Orientation 3.3 AdvancedSolarPassiveTechniques 3.3.1Passivesolarheating 3.3.2Passivesolarcooling 3.3.2.1EvaporativeCooling 3.3.2.2Ventilation 3.4Daylighting 3.4.1 Roomdepth 3.4.2Heightofwindowhead 3.4.3 ShadingDevices 3.4.3.1Externalshading 3.4.3.1.1Verticaldevices 3.4.3.1.2Horizontaldevices 3.4.3.1.3Eggcratedevices
8 8 8 9 9 9 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 16 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21
3.4.3.2Internalshading 3.4.3.3Solarcontrol glazing 4.BUILDINGMATERIALS 5.BUILDINGTECHNOLOGIES 5.1Roofing/flooringsystems 5.1.1Zipblocsystem 5.1.2Prestressedslabelements 5.1.3Hollowfloorslabs 5.1.4Precastwaffleunits 5.1.5Precastcoredunits 5.1.6Precast/insituthinribbedslab 5.2Walling systems 5.2.1Castinsituflyashwalls 5.2.2Reinforcedandorgroutedbrickmasonry 5.2.3InterlockingbricksorLokbricks 5.2.4Reinforced/hollowbrickmasonry 5.2.5Precaststoneblocks 5.2.6Precastconcreteblocks 5.2.7Flyashbasedlightweightaeratedconcretewalling androofingblocks 5.2.8Compositeferrocementsystem
21 21 23 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 29
6.EFFICIENTWATERMANAGEMENT 30 6.1Reducingwaterdemand 30 6.1.1Reducingwaterloss 30 6.1.2Basicstepsforreducingwaterconsumption 31 6.1.3Waterconservationinlandscapeirrigation 31 6.2Rainwaterharvesting 31 6.2.1Potential 31 6.2.2Influencingfactors 32 6.2.3HarvestingSystem 33 6.2.4 From wheretoharvestrain? 33 6.2.5Basiccomponentsoftherooftoprainwaterharvestingsystem 6.3Stormwatermanagement 36 6.4Wastewaterreuses 36 6.4.1Calculatingwastewatervolume 37 6.4.2 Reusingwastewaterindoors 37 6.4.3Manmadesystemsforwastewatertreatment 38 6.4.3.1Conventionaltreatmentsystem 38 6.4.3.2Artificialwetlandsandreedbedsystems 38
7.SOLIDWASTEMANAGEMENT 7.1Guidelinesforwasteminimization 7.2Segregationofwastes 7.3Resourcerecoveryorrecycling 7.4Processingofwaste 8.RENEWABLEENERGY 8.1SolarEnergy 8.1.1 SolarThermalEnergyApplication 8.1.1.1Solarwaterheaters 8.1.2SolarElectricityGeneration 8.2Bioenergy B.1.INTRODUCTIONOF HIGHRISEAPARTMENTS 1.1Introductionof housing 1.2IntroductionofHighRiseApartments 1.3PROS& CORNS 2.SITECONSIDERATIONS 2.1SiteCharacteristics 2.2Utilities 2.3SiteElements 2.4BuildingOrientation 2.5Apartment Layout 2.6Openspacesandsemiopenspacesinapartments 2.7Circulation 2.8Earthquakes 2.9Windloads 3.ESSENTIALAMENITIES 4.SERVICES 4.1 Watersupply 4.2Drainage 4.2.1 Conventionalsystem(twopipesystem) 4.2.2Onepipesystem& singlestacksystem 4.3Firesafety 4.3.1 Firefightingpump&extrawaterstoragetank 4.3.2FIREALARMSYSTEM 4.4Garbagedisposal 4.5Telecommunications 4.6Centralgassystems
39 39 39 39 40 41 42 42 42 43 45 46 46 46 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 51 51 52 52 52 54 54 54 54 54 55 55 56 56 56 56
Datacollection Casestudies Deskcasestudk2Apartments Casestudy 1Retreatbuilding Casestudy 2Hill RidgeSprings Casestudy3 Silicon County Comparativeanalysis Areastatementsandanalysis Analysissiliconcounty&hillridge Siteselection&analysis
57 57 64 68 73 78 82 84 85 88
ARCHITECTURALPROGRAM: The architectural programsfortheHOUSINGWITHSUSTAINABLETECHNOLOGIES HIGH RISEAPARTMENTSare: Zones: 1. RESIDENTIALSPACE a. 2bedapartments b. 3bedapartments c. 3 bedduplexapartments d. 4bedduplex apartments e. Servant apartments 2. RECREATIONALSPACE a. Open Air Theatre b. ClubHouse c. Rock garden d. Badminton &basketballcourts e. Community hall 3. COMMERCIAL SPACE a. Laundry b. Super market c. Parlor d. ATM e. Restaurantspaces 4. Services/commonamenities a. Parkingspace b. Commercial complex
Populationofthesetup:3300 Total sitearea:18acres
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNTHESIS
HOUSINGWITHSUSTAINABLETECHNOLOGIES HIGHRISEAPARTMENTS
I NTRODUCTION
Thepastthreehundredyearshave seenmanyimprovementsinthe conditionsoflifeforhumanity.Machines havecompletelychangedthewaywelive, bringingimprovementtomanyareasof ourlives.Infact,wehavecometobelieve thathumansandtheirtechnologycan conquerallproblems,andthattheanswer toalloursocialproblemssuchaspoverty liesineconomicgrowthfuelledby industry. However,developmentbroughtitsownproblems.Factoriesandautomobilesare pollutingtheairandwater.Theseemissionscontributetothegreenhouseeffectandthe destructionoftheozonelayer,whichinturniscausing worldwideclimatechange.This causesachangeinrainfallpatternsandthusinthelivelihoodofmanypeoplemakingaliving outofagriculture,forcingmanyofftheirfarms.Thereareproblemslikeglobalwarming whichiscausedbythechangeintheenvironment;thisisduetotheincreaseinthemodern wayoflifestylethathasactuallydepreciatedthemeaningofnature.Theincreaseoficecaps meltingatthenorthandSouthPoleleadingtoariseoftheworldwaterseahasallbeendue totheincreaseinthemodernwayoflifestyle. Ourintensivefarmingmethods,developedtofeedthispopulation,haveremoved somanynutrientsfromthesoilthatanapplegrowntodayhaslessthanatwentysixthof thenutrientsthatsameapplewouldhavehadeightyyearsago. Withalltheenvironmentalproblemsthathavearisenthispastcentury,suchasair andwaterpollutionetc.,itisclearthatwearenottreatingtheearthwell.Atthisrate,we willultimatelydestroytheplanetinwhichwelive.Wehavecometoanerawherethings havetochangeinoursurroundingforustoliveinharmony.Inordertopreserveourearth, weneedtoalwaysconsidertheeffectsofthethingswedoontheenvironment.Atthesame timemoreandmorepeoplearebornwhowantajob,ahouseandadecentqualityoflife allthingswecannotprovidewithouteconomicgrowthanduseofresources. TheanswersuggestedtothisdilemmaistheconceptofSustainable Development.
S Y N O P S I S
SHRAVANIGUPTA 04161B0028 (2008 09)
N EEDFORTHESTUDY
Lastfewyearswehavebeenwitnessingtheboomineconomyaswellasmore constructionalactivitiesthroughoutthecountry. Itsfactthattheconstructionboomhas givenvast opportunities foremployments,salesofessentialmaterialsetc.allatthecostof Nature& MotherEarthexploitations,Greencoverreductionsetc.Duetohighpopulation citylimitswillincreasemakingcommutingverycumbersomeandtimeconsuming.High numberofvehicleswillresultinregulartrafficjamandpollution. Onesuchsituationnow existsinHyderabad. Insuchsituationindependentresidential,commercialandsocialbuildingswillno longerservetheirpurposesastheywouldoccupytoomuchareaandtravelingbetween themwouldbecomeuneconomical. Becauseofscarcityoflandtheneedofhourwouldbe togoverticallyskywardsinsteadofspreadingthestructureoveralargeareainplan. Thusarchitectureshouldnotonlyprovideresidential,commercialand socialfacilitiesbutshouldalsobesustainableandenergyefficient.Itshouldbeself sufficientintermsofelectricity,waterpurificationandwastemanagement.
A IM
To designHighRiseApartments GatedCommunity implementing Sustainable Technologies.
S Y N O P S I S
OBJECTIVES
STUDYOBJECTIVES Tostudytheexistingpatternsandactivitiesofgatedcommunities(apartments) Tostudyvarioussustainabletechnologiesinthevariousaspectslikebuilding materialandtechnologies,passivedesign,rainwaterharvestment,wastewater recycleetc. Tounderstandtheneed,requirementand qualitiesofagatedcommunity.
DESIGNOBJECTIVES
Thebasicobjectiveiscarefulplanninganddesigningthehousing,recreationaland commercialareastocreatepedestrianroadsandreduceuseoftransportation systemswithinsite. Thedesignproposalshallprovidedifferenttypesofhousingfacilitiestodifferent incomebasedpeople. Usageofsolarpassivemethodstocreateenergyefficientspaces. Assessmentofaverageconsumptionof water inresidencesand adoptingvarious waystocaptureandstorerainwaterandrecyclingofwastewaterinorderto reducethewaterconsumptioninthegatedcommunity. Consideringnonconventionalsourcesofenergylikesolarassourceofenergyfor everydayuse. Designofasustainablecommunitywithoutcompromisingoncomfort.
S COPE
Themainscopeofthedesignistocreateagatedcommunityintegratedwithvarious sustainabletechnologiessoastocreateanenvironmentalfriendlydesign. Consideringthe vastness ofthescopeofSustainableDevelopmentthestudyinvolvesthefollowingaspects such as Energyefficiencyinbuildings Buildingmaterialandtechnology Rainwaterharvestment Wastewatertreatment Wastetreatment.
S Y N O P S I S
3
Thedesignisademonstrationproject i.e.itsconceptsandtechniquescanbeusedinpartof fullinadifferentsemiurbansettingtocreateasustainablecommunity.
LIMITATIONS
Dependingonthesuitabilityofthelocationthetechnologieswillbeusedlimitedly. Mythesisdoesnotdealwiththeeconomicsoftheproject. Theconstructiondetailswouldnotbedealtinverydetail. Theconceptsofsustainabilityarelimitedonlytotheecological(environmental) sustainability. Doesntdealmuchwiththesocialandeconomicsustainability
METHODOLOGYOFSTUDY
S Y
N S S YO Y PS N N O S Y O P I N S P S O I P S IS S S I
HOUSINGWITHSUSTAINABLETECHONOLGIES HIGHRISEAPARTMENTS
A.1. INTRODUCTION TO
SUSTAINABILITY
1.1 What is Sustainability?
L I T E R A T U R E
Sustainabilitycanbedefinedasthecontinuedabilityofasociety,anecosystem,or
anysuchinteractivesystemtofunctionwithoutexhaustingkeyresourcesandwithout adverselyaffectingtheenvironment. SustainabilityhasbeendefinedbytheBrundtlandCommission(1987)as Developmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheability offuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds. Sustainablearchitecturebasically,isarchitecturethatminimizestheecological impactofabuilding.Thiscanbeachievedbyusingbiodegradablematerials,recycling,and examiningtheimpactthebuildingwillhaveonthelocalcommunity.Itisimportantto considerthe "ThreeRs" ofsustainability: Reduce,Recycle,Reuse.
1.2 Sustainability@ Habitatdesign

Incontextofthehabitatdesign,sustainabilityrecognizestheintricaterelationship betweenhumancivilizationandnaturalhabitat.It realizesthefactthatnaturemustbe preservedandperpetuatedifthehumancommunityitselfistosurvive. Anydevelopmentwillhavesomeenvironmentalimpact.Sustainable development canbethoughtofasdevelopmentwithlowenvironmentalimpact,whilemaximizing environmental,economic,andsocialgains.Sustainabledevelopmentis,therefore,avery broadsubjectthatgoesbeyondjustconservingtheenvironmentalcapital.
SlatefordGreenHousing,Edinburgh SHRAVANIGUPTA 04161B0028(200809)
TERIRetreatBuilding,Gurgaon 5
S T U D Y
1.3 Objectivesofsustainabledevelopment
Sustainabledevelopmentcanbeconsideredtohavethefollowingfourmainobjectives. Socialprogress,recognizingtheneedsofeveryone. Effectiveprotectionoftheenvironment. Prudentuseofnaturalresources. Maintenanceofhighandstablelevelsofeconomicgrowthandemployment.
L I T E R A T U R E
1.4 Sustainabilityaspectsofhabitat design

Sustainability,incontextofbuildingand habitatdesign,hasmulti dimensional effects, whichcanbesummarizedasbelow. Environmentalsustainability Socialsustainability Economicsustainability
Economicdimensionsof sustainability: Creationofnewmarketsand opportunitiesforsalesgrowth Costreductionthroughefficiency improvementsandreducedenergy andraw materialinputs Creationofadditionaladdedvalue
Environmentaldimensionsof Socialdimensionsofsustainability sustainability Workerhealthandsafety Reducedwaste,effluent Impactsonlocalcommunities, generation,emissionsto qualityoflife environment Benefitstodisadvantaged Reducedimpactonhumanhealth groupse.g.disabled Useofrenewablerawmaterials Eliminationoftoxicsubstances
1.5 Principlesofsustainabledevolvementin buildingdesign

Thebasicprinciplesofsustainabledevelopmentinbuildingdesignareoutlinedbelow: Maximizingtheuseofrenewableandnaturalresourcesinthebuildingenvironment. Minimizingtheuseofrenewableandnaturalresourcesinthebuilding environment. Ensuringprocesstovalidatebuildingsystemfunctionsandcapabilitiesforproper maintenanceandoperation.
S T U D Y
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SHRAVANIGUPTA 04161B0028(200809)
1.6 Integratedapproachtobuildingdesign&Characteristicsofsustainable buildings

Anintegratedapproachtobuildingdesigninvolvesthejudicioususeofresources andapplicationofefficiencymeasures.Futurebuildingsshouldreflecttheaboveconcerns byprovidingand/oradoptingthefollowingmeasures. Improvedbuildingenvelopeandsystemdesign. Waterconservationandefficiencymeasures Energyconservationandefficiencymeasures Increaseduseofrenewableenergyresources Reductionofeliminationoftoxicandhazardoussubstancesinfacilities,process,and theirsurroundingenvironment Improvedindoor airqualityandinteriorandexteriorenvironments,leadingto increasedhumanproductivity,performanceandbetterhumanhealth. Efficientuseofresourcesandmaterials Selectionofmaterialsandproductsthatminimizesafetyhazardsandcumulative environmentalimpacts Increaseduseofrecycledcontentandotherenvironmentallypreferredproducts Salvageandrecyclingofwasteandbuildingmaterialscreatedduringconstruction anddemolition Preventionofgenerationofharmfulmaterialsandemissionsduringconstruction, operation,anddecommissioning/demolition Implementationofmaintenanceandoperationalpracticesthatreduceoreliminate harmfuleffectsonpeopleandthenaturalenvironment Reuseoftheexistinginfrastructure,identificationoffacilitiesnearpublictransport systems,andconsiderationofredevelopmentofcontaminatedproperties.
L I T E R A T U R E
Theadoptionoftheabovefeaturesresultsinbuildingthathave Lowermaintenancecosts, Reducedoperationalenergy, Loweremissionsofairpollution, Healthierandmoreproductiveoccupants, Lessmaterialusage,and Longerbuildinglife.
Reference: SustainableDesignManual(Volume 2)
SHRAVANIGUPTA 04161B0028(200809) 7
S T U D Y
2. SITEPLANNING
Sustainablesiteplanningbeginswiththe assessmentofthebuildingsite.Analysisand assessmentofthesitecharacteristicsintermsofits capacitytoprovidenaturalresourcessuchaslight,air, andwaterandtheextenttowhichtheexistingnatural systemswillberequiredtosupportbuilding developmentfromthefirstactivitiesinthesequenceof eventsinasustainablesiteplanningprocess.
L I T E R A T U
Potentialfactors
Anidealsitesystemwouldbeoneinwhichthearrangementofroads,buildings andassociatedusageisdevelopedbyusingsitedataandinformationfromthe largermacroenvironment,includingthesocioculturalandhistoricalpatternsofthe settlement.
2.1 SiteAssessment
Siteassessmentisdoneatthreelevels 1. Siteselection 2. Siteanalysis 3. Sitedevelopmentandlayout
Site selection
Site assessment
1.Orderof importanace 2.Interactive relationship
Site developemn t
R E
Site analysis
2.1.1 SiteSelection
Theprocessofsiteselectionfor sustainabledevelopmentinvolvesidentifyingandweighing theappropriatenessofthesitewithrespecttosustainablebuildingdesigncriteria. Recommendedchecklistforsiteselection: Selectasitetakingintoaccountitsproposedandexistinglanduse Reusenegativeurbanspacesorindustrialsites. Identifythesitecharacteristicsinlightofthesustainablegoalsoftheproject. Identifyandbalancethesiteinputsavailableintheformofresourcesagainstthe environmentalcostinherentinitsdevelopment.
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2.1.2 SiteAnalysis
The site analysis evaluates all the on and offsite determinantswhether
L I T E
environmental,cultural,historical,urban,orinfrastructuralthateffectdevelopmentofsite anditsbuildingprogram.Itspurposeistodeterminethesitecharacteristicssothatproper drainage systems, circulation patterns, landscape design, and other site development featurescanbeconsideredinrelationtobuildingdesignparameters. Asiteanalysiscanbedoneonthebasisofthefollowingconsiderations
1.Environmental
2.Utility/infrastructural 3.Cultural/historical
4.Urban
R A T U R E
2.1.2.1 Dataassessment
Assessthedatacollectedforsiteanalysistodecideonthehierarchyofimportance amongthepotentialfactorsaffectingthesustainabledesign. Assess the impact of the proposed design on soil erosion, sedimentation, and groundwater pollution and the control measures required for preventing storm waterrunoff,airandgroundwaterpollution,aswellasprotectionoftopsoil. Optimize the design scheme by taking into consideration the alternatives available thatcouldminimizeinfrastructuralcosts,improvetheresourceuse,andreducesite disturbance,aswellasefficientlymergethebuiltformwiththesitecharacteristics.
2.1.3 SiteDevelopment&Layout
Sitedevelopmentcanbecarriedoutonthebasisofbestpracticesfollowedineach ofthefollowingpotentialareas. Landuseandexistingfeatures Sitingandorientation Landscaping Utilityorsite infrastructure Pavements Externallighting Constructionmanagement
S T U D Y
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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNTHESIS SITELAYOUT
Ensurethat basicamenities suchasbank,childcare,postoffice,park,library, conveniencegrocery,primaryschool,clinicandcommunityhall areneartoor within thesite premises. Makeacomprehensivetransportationplanforthesite,takingintoconsideration cleanertransportationoptions,parkingcapacityandconveniencesfor pedestrians andcyclists. Planpedestrian accesswaysandbicycletrackswithinsitepremises. Analyze theexistingroadsandpathwaysonsite,toreducethelengthofroadsand utilitylines. Thesitelayoutshouldallowforwindprotectionandsolaraccessinwinterand adequatesunprotectionandventilationinsummer.Havingamixofbuilding types couldhelpachievethis. Rowbuildingscanbeusedaswindbreakers.Highrisecanincreaseventilationina densedevelopment. Hencethe streetsshouldbeorientedto utilize thenaturalwindpatterns. Siteshouldbeproperlyplannedtomitigatetheheatislandeffectbyreducingthe totalpavedareaallowedonsite.Thepavedareasshouldbemadeperviousoropen grid.Shadingshouldbeprovidedforthepavedsurfaces. Use gravitysystemsforwatersupplyandsewerage,whereverpossible,toavoid pumping. Tryto locateallutilitylinesnearalreadydisturbedareas,likeroads.Useconcealed or shieldedconduitsforutilitylines. Optimize thelayout,tosavelandandnaturalresources,withoutaffectingthe quality oflife. The layoutshouldbe flexibletoaccommodatefuturechanges thatcouldarisefrom the usersneedsorfromotherperspectives. Thelayoutshoulduseinnovativewaystofacilitatesocialnetworksamongthe residents.Thesecouldincludetheprovisionofparks,recreationalareas,community hallsetc.
L I T E R A T U R E
Landscaping
Forprojectslargerthanonehectare,removetopsoilandpreserve forreuseonsite. Themosteffectivewaytopreventsoilerosion,sedimentation,andtostabilizesoilis throughtheprovisionofvegetativecoverby effectiveplantingpractices. Thefoliage androotsofplantsprovidesdustcontrolandareductioninsoilerosion byincreasing infiltration,trappingsediments,stabilizingsoil,anddissipatingthe energyofhard rain.
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Thevegetativecoveralsoincreasesthepercolationofrainwatertherebyincreasing the groundwaterrecharge. Selectionofplantspeciesshouldbebasedonitswaterrequirementsandthemicro climaticbenefitsthatwouldresultfromit. Deciduoustreesprovideshadeinsummer andallowsunlightinsummers.Evergreen treesprovideshadeandwindcontrol throughouttheyear. Preserveexistingvegetationonsite.Markalltheexistingvegetationinatreesurvey plan.Evolvetreepreservationguidelines. Replant withinthesitepremises anymature treesthathavebeenremoved,inthe ratioof1:5. Atthesametime,careneedstobe takentoavoidundesirableincrease inhumiditylevels,byexcessiveplantations. Donotaltertheexistingdrainage pattern onsite.Existinggradesshouldbe maintained aroundexistingvegetation.Ensurethatthevegetationremainshealthy. Useoforganicmulches hastobedonetoenhancesoilstabilization Sedimentationbasins,andcontourtrenching,alsohelpstopreducesoilerosion. Somemethodsfor alteringtheairflowpatternsbylandscapingareshowninthe figuresbelow
L I T E R A T U R E
Deciduoustreesblockingsun insummerandlettingin sunlightinwinter.
Reference:(1) SustainableDesignManual(Volume 2), (2)EcoHousingguidelinesforTropicalRegions

S T U D Y
3. PASSIVESOLAR DESIGN
Themainobjectiveofaclimatic sensitiveapproachistoprovideahigh standardofcomfortquality,whichalso resultsinenergy savingwithenvironmental benefits.Thepresentworldenergyscenario showsthatover50%ofcommercialenergyis usedinbuildingconstructionandmaintenanceandoperation. furtherbreakupofthisbuildingenergyshowsthatabout85%is operationalenergyad15%isembodiedenergy.Aswe notice, themainuseofoperationenergyisforspacehearingand cooling,whiledesigningacarefulbalanceisrequiredfor thermalparameters.
L I T E R A T U R E
3.1 ThermalComfort
Comfortcanbedefinedastheoptimalthermalconditioninwhichtheleastextra effortisrequiredtomaintainthehumanbodysthermalbalance.
The followingare variousfactorsthataffecthumancomfort. Airtemperature RelativeHumidity Temperatureof surrounding surfaces Airvelocity Clothing Metabolicrate Ageandsex
Other macro&microclimaticfactors Topography Waterbodies Altitude Vegetation Urbanization Landscape &builtform

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S T U D Y
3.2 Buildingdesign
Buildingform:compactnessandzoning Orientation
L I
3.2.1BuildingForm
Buildingformcanaffectsolaraccessandwind exposureaswellastherateofheatlossor heatgainthroughtheexternalenvelope.Thegeneraldesignobjectivesaregivenbelow. Containthebuildingsexposuretoexternalelementsthrough compactbuilding envelopes and carefulconsiderationofthetreatmentofdifferentelevations. Use shelteringandbuffering toarticulatethebuildingmasssothatbuildingis shadedmostofthetimes.
T E R A T U R E
3.2.1.1 CompactnessandZoning
Thecompactnessofabuildingcouldbe measuredbytheratioof surfaceareato volume(S/V ratio).TheS/Vratioshouldbeaslowaspossiblein hotdryandcolddry climates,tominimizetherate ofheattransfer.Forhot,humid,tropicalclimate,the mainaimshouldbetohaveahigherairflowinside thebuilding,forwhichalowS/Vratioisnot essential. Theperimetertoarearatio shouldbekepttotheminimum, toreduceheatgains. The roof getsthemaximum amountofdirectsolarradiation andhenceitsshapeis important.Asshown above,the highertheroofangle,the lesser theamountofdirect radiation.
3.2.1.2 Streetsorwalkwaysonsite
Theratioofstreetwidthtobuildingheightdeterminesthealtitudeupto whichsolar radiationcanbecutoff.Similarly,streetorientationdeterminestheazimuthuptowhich solarradiationcanbecutoff.Forhotdryclimatesthestreetshouldbekeptaslowas possibleandinparticularthestreetsrunningnorth south.Thuswouldprovidemutual shadingfromthehorizontalmorningandeveningsun. East weststreetsshouldbeavoided onaccountofthelowsuninthemorningsandevening.Howeverifunavoidable,they shouldbekeptnarrow.
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3.2.1.3 Lower perimeter toarearatio

TheP/Aratiosindicateradiativegainsorlossesandefficientventilation.LowP/Aratiosare suitableforhotdryclimates.Planformwhich enhances ventilation,isnotanimportant issueinhotdryclimates,asthebreezeisoftenwarm.TheP/Aforvariousshapesare
L I T E
Square 1.0
Rectangle 1.05LShaped 1.25
HShaped 1.13Circle 0.88
3.2.2Orientation
Theamountofsolarradiationfallingonsurfacesofdifferentorientationvaries considerablydependingon thevieworexposuretothesun. Intopicalclimates,northward orientationhasabriefperiodofsolarradiation:earlymorningsandlateafternoons,on clearsummerdays.Eastandwestreceivethemaximumsolarradiationduringsummer. Southwardorientationhasradiationduringthewinters,whichcanbepotentiallyused duringcoldperiods.
R A T U R E
3.3 AdvancedSolarPassiveTechniques 3.3.1 Passivesolarheating

Heatlossesfrombuildingsoccurmainlybyconductionthroughsandintheexternal surfaceby infiltrationandventilationthroughcracksandopeningsinthebuildingenvelope. Reducingthislossbyimprovedinsulationandinfiltrationcandecreasetheheatingcostof thebuilding. Designcriteria Reduceheatlossbyinsulationandinfiltration Use passivesolarelementsforheatgainandstorage.
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3.3.2 Passivesolarcooling
Inthecoolingstrategy,firstcontroltheamountofheatgainedfromsolarradiation andhotairthatreachesthebuilding,thenminimizetheeffectofunwantedsolarheat within thebuildingskinorthroughopenings.Next,reducetheinternalheat gains from appliancesoroccupants,andfinallyuseenvironmentalheatsinkstoabsorbanyremaining unwantedheatbyapplying Evaporativecooling Radiativecooling Groundcooling and Ventilation
L I T E R A T U R E
3.3.2.1 EvaporativeCooling
Principle: Evaporationoccurswheneverthevapourpressureofwaterishigher thanthepartialpressureofwatervapourintheadjacentatmosphere.Thechangein thephaseofwaterformliquidtovapourisaccompaniedbytheabsorptionofalarge quantityofsensibleheatfromtheairthatlowersthedrybulbtemperatureoftheair whilethemoisturecontentoftheairisincreased. DirectEvaporativeCooling Thedirectevaporativecoolingsystems suchasfountains,pond,pools andwind towersareveryeffectiveinhotanddryzones wherewithcoolingtheincreaseinhumidity givesadditionalcomfort.Infountains,water sprinklesintheairwithanincreasedsurface areaandthisincreasingtheevaporationrate. Thiswatersprinkledintotheairalsocleans dustparticlesfromtheair.
DirectCooling
IndirectEvaporativeCooling Inroofspraysandroofponds,external coolingthroughhumidificationcanbeachievedby keepingthesurfacesofroofsmoistbyusingspraysor lawnsprinklers.The surfacetemperaturecanbe reducedbyupto30degC. however;water consumptionisexcessiveinthiscase.

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3.3.2.2 Ventilation
Ventilationisoftenconsideredtobethemostenergyefficientandhealthsolution. Thermalcomfortdependslargelyonventilation,alongwithotherfactorssuchasair temperatureandrelativehumidity.Awelldesignedthermalstructurecandampenthe outsidetemperaturefluctuationstoacertainlevel,butfurtherefficiencycanonlybe achievedbyventilation. Thedifferentkindsofventilationare Naturalventilation Mechanicalventilation Hybridventilationsystems Designcriteria:Thedesignobjectiveistoprovideacontrollablemeansofventilation thatcansupplyadequatefreshairforanoccupantshealthandcomfortwhile minimizinguncontrollableairinfiltration.
L I T E R A T U R E
NaturalVentilation
Naturalventilationisacontrollablephenomenonandanefficientratecanbe achievedthroughtheproperdesignofwindowopeningsand orientationof thestructure basedonthewinddirection. Naturalventilationcanbeoftwo types.Oneiscausedby windpressure andthe impactwoulddependonwinddirection,speedandbuildingshape.Usingthiswecan providesinglesidedorcrossventilation.Theotheriscausedbythe densitydifference ofair,causedbythedifferenceintemperaturebetweeninside(warmer)andoutside air.Thisisalsocalledthestackeffect.Iftheinsideairiscolder,thenareversestack effectcanalsobeproduced,whichwillbringinwarmairfromoutside. Ventilationisrequiredforfreshair,coolingforcomfortconditionsandfortaking away theheatstoredinthebuildingstructure.Forthe successfuldesignofanaturally ventilatedbuildingthewindcharacteristicsandairflow patternsaroundabuilding, influencedbyclimate, neighboring topography,plants and buildingshastobetakeninto account.Furthermorethe fulfillment ofnaturalventilation dependsonthelocationofvents (e.g.: windowsandrooflights)andthe interiordesign(e.g.walls,openings andcourtyards). Openingdesignandventilation Airdistributioninsidethebuildingislargelygovernedbythedesignofthe openings. Windows: Theyprovidehighlevelsofventilationwhenopenandaretherefore,suitablefor summertimeventilation.However,theyaredifficulttocontrolinwinter.Properwindow
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designcanbeeffectiveincreatingpressuredifference,whichcanimproveventilationand airdistributioninthespace.
L I T
SingleSidedVentilation
CrossVentilation
E R A T U
Effectofopeningpositions
Louvers: Louverscanbeusedforprovidingamorecontrollableandsecureopening. However,theycanbedifficulttosealwhenclosedandtherefore,cancauseahighair leakagerate.Theyarealsousuallysingleglazedandarenotwidespreaduseotherthanin hotclimates.
R E
S T U D Y
Generaldesign principles
Abuildingneednotnecessarilybeorientedperpendiculartotheprevailingoutdoor wind.Itmaybeorientedatanyconvenientanglebetween0 30degreeswithout losinganybeneficialaspectofthebreeze.If theprevailingwindisfromeastorwest, thebuildingcanbeorientedat35degreestotheincidentwindsoastodiminishthe solarheatsacrificingslightlythereductioninairmotionindoors. Inletopeningsinbuildings shouldbewelldistributedand shouldbe locatedonthe windwardsideatalowlevel . Outletopeningsshouldbelocatedontheleeward side. Maximumairmovementataparticularplaneisachievedbykeepingthesillheightof theopeningat85%ofthecriticalheight(suchasheadlevel).Thefollowinglevelsare recommendedaccordingtothetypeofoccupancy. Forsittingonchair=0.75m Forsittingonbed=0.60m Forsittingonfloor=0.40m Inletopeningsshouldnotbeobstructedbyadjoiningbuildings,trees,signboardsor otherobstructions,orbypartitionsinthepathofairflow. Windowsoflivingroomsshouldopendirectlytoanopenspace.Inplaceswhere thisisnotpossible,openspacecouldbecreatedinbuildingsbyprovidingadequate courtyards. Incaseofroomswithonlyonewallexposedtotheoutside,provisionoftwo windowsonthatwallispreferredtothatofasinglewindow. Windowslocateddiagonallyoppositeeachotherwiththewindwardwindownear theupstreamcornergivesbetterperformancethanotherwindowarrangements formostbuildingorientations. Provisionofhorizontalsashes,inclinedatanangleof45degreesinanappropriate direction,helpspromoteindoorairmotion.Sashesprojectingoutwardsaremore effectivethanthoseprojectinginwards. Averandaopenonthreesidesistobepreferred asitincreasesroomairmotion withrespecttotheoutdoorwind,formostorientationsofthebuilding. Providebufferspaceslikestaircases,lifts,store,toilets,doublewallwithout openingetc.,onatleast50%ofthewestwall. Hedgesandshrubsdeflectairawayfromtheinletopeningsandcauseareductionin theindoorairmotion.Theseelementsshouldnotbeplanteduptoadistanceof about8mfromthebuildingbecausetheinducedairmotionisreducedtoa minimuminthatcase.However,airmotionintheleewardpartofthebuildingcan beenhancedbyplantinglowhedgesatadistanceof2mfromthebuilding. Raisingthebuildingonstilts,atleast30cmaboveground,hasthreemain advantagesin warmandwetclimates.First,itenablesbetterventilationbylocating windowsabovethesurroundingzonecomprisinglowerbuildings.Second,itenables coolingofthefloorfrombelow.Third,ithelpstopreventmoistureproblems.Italso givesfloodprotection,infloodproneareas.
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3.4 Daylighting
Daylightingisaninseparablepartofdesign,andshouldbeconsideredattheearliest stagesofthedesignprocess. Theobjectiveofagooddaylightingsystemshouldbe Theamountoflightneeded Visualcomfortand Psychologicalconsiderations Factorsforthedesignofdaylighting Criticalindoorilluminance Criticaloutdoorilluminance Daylightfactordistribution Factorsaffectingthedaylightdistribution Roomdepth Heightofthewindow head Shadingdevices Glazingtype
L I T E R A T U R E
3.4.1Roomdepth
Deeperroomshaveapoorer uniformityratio theratioofthe daylightingfactoratthebackofthe tothatatthefrontshowshowthe uniformityratiovariesasaroomofa givencrosssectiongetsdeeper.
Recommendedpercentageareaofopeningswithvaryingroomdepth
3.4.2Heightofwindowhead
Thehigherthewindow head,thedeeperwillbethepenetrationofdaylighting;at thesametime,howevertheviewfromthewindowwillbecut.Thisaspectiseasilyadaptive andagooddistributioncanbeachievedinthespacewhilemaintainingthevisual connections.
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3.4.3 ShadingDevices
Shadingofthebuildingandoutdoorspacesreducessummertemperatures,improves comfortandsavesenergy.Shadingcanblockupto90percentofthisheat. Overheatinganddiscomfortmayoccuriftheannualpenetrationofsunlightexceeds onethirdofprobablesunlighthours.Directsunlightcanalsocauseglare.Controlsare thereforenecessary,particularlyinworkspaces. Therearetheremainwaysofcontrolling sunlight Externalshading Internalshading Solarcontrolglazing
Shadingrequirementsvaryaccordingtoclimateand houseorientation.Ageneralruleofthumbisshownin thefigurebeside
L I T E R A T U R E
3.4.3.1 Externalshading
Externalshadingisthemost effectiveasitcuts offdirectsunlightduringthesummerandallowsthe wintersunlighttoenterintothespace.Incaseofcloudy weather,however,itcanfurtherreducetheDFinside thespace.Forsuchcases,theexternalshadingdevices canbemosteffectivesolution.Thesecanbeofthree types Verticaldevices Horizontaldevices Eggcratedevices
3.4.3.1.1Verticaldevices
Verticaldevicesconsistoflouverbladesorprojecting finsinaverticalposition.Narrowbladeswithclosespacing may givethesameshadowangleasbroaderwithwider spacing.Thistypeofdeviceismosteffectivewhenthesunis toonesideoftheelevation,suchasaneasternorwestern elevation.
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3.4.3.1.2 Horizontaldevices
Horizontaldevicesmaybecanopies,horizontallouver bladesorexternallyappliedVenetianblinds.Thesewillbe mosteffectivewhenthesunisoppositetothebuildingface consideredandatahighangle,suchasfornorthandsouth facingwalls.Toexcludealowanglesun,thistypeofdevice wouldhavetocoverthewindowcompletely,permittinga viewdownwardsonly.
Horizontallouvers
L I T E
3.4.3.1.3Eggcratedevices
Thesedevicesarecombinationsofhorizontalandverticalelements.These canbe effectiveforanyorientationdependingondetaildimensions
R A T U R E
3.4.3.2 Internalshading
Internalshadingisthemostcommonformofsuncontrol,suchascurtains,Venetian blinds,androllerblinds,whichcanbedrawnorloweredwhenneeded.Iftheyareproperly adjustedtheycanallowdiffusedsunlighttopenetrateinside.Purewhitetranslucentblinds canbecomeasourceofglare.Thegreatestweaknessofinternalblindsisthattheydonot keepsolarheatout.
Curtains
Venetianblinds
Rollerblinds
3.4.3.3 Solarcontrolglazing
Solarcontrolglazingareveryeffectiveagainstheatflowacrossthewindowbutcan reducethetransmissionoflightinside.Thechoiceofglazingaffectsthedaylight,solarheat gain, andheatlossthroughawindow.Thesearemeasuredbyvisibletransmittance,the totalsolartransmittanceandtheUvalue.Thefollowingarethedifferentglazingtypes
S T U D Y
Singleglazing givesthebestdaylight. It offerslittleresistancetothepassage of heat.Thesmallamountofinsulation thatsingleglazingdoesprovideis actuallyduetothinfilmsofstillairthat existnexttotheglass. Doubleglazing offersmuchbetter insulation.Itcomprisestwopanesof glasswithasealedspacebetween.The spaceisfilledwithairoraninertgas withbetterinsulatingpropertiesthan glass.Itgivesabout20%lessdaylight thansingleglazing. InlowE(low emissivity)double glazing, thereductioninthedaylighting factorisbyanother10%withrespect to doubleglazing. Tinteddoubleglazing haslowvisibility, thuscuttingoutdaylight.Typically,more than2sq.mtoftintedglazingwillbe requiredtoadmitasmuchdaylightas 1sq.mtofclearglass. Designconsiderationsfordaylightingaspervariousclimates(Hot&DryClimate) Orientation Orientthebuildingswiththelongaxesintheeastwestdirectionsothatthelongest wallsfacenorthandsouthandonlytheshortwallsfaceeastandwest. Keyfactors Adequateshadingsonthesouthsideto cutoffdirectsolarradiationduringthe summermonths. Airflowneednotbeencouragedthroughlargewindows,asthedaytimeairishot. Avoidexternallyreflectedlightfromthegroundandotherexternalsurfaces,unless greatcareistakentoavoidglare. Recommendeddesignvariables/strategies Smalleropeningsthatareefficientlyshaded. Buildingswithcompactinternalplanningascourtyardtype,withdensegropingso thattheeastandwestwallsaremutuallyshaded. Highlevelwindowswhichwouldadmitreflectedlighttotheceiling Verticalstripwindowsatthecorneroftheroomtoavoidexcessivebrightnessand providealightwashonthewalls.
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4. BUILDING MATERIALS
Foryearsthebuildingindustryhad beendependentonaseeminglyendless supplyofhighqualitymaterials,suppliesand energyresources.Thesebecomemore significantwhenbuildingsareaglobalscale consumeabout40%oftherawstone,gravel andsang, 25%ofwood,40%ofenergyand16%ofwatereachyear. Abuildingindustry thatdependsondiminishingresourceswillultimatelybecomemorecostlyastheresources willcontinuetobedepleted,andwouldthusposeanegativeimpact. Theunderlyingprincipleassumesthatall stagesinthelifeofamaterial rightfrom therawmaterial,extraction,manufactureandtransportationtotheinstallation, operation, maintenance,andthe recycling andwastemanagement causesomedegreeof environmentalimpactwhichneedstobeevaluated.Theneedforthisanalysisis justified whenconsideringthepresentstateoftheenvironment,andhencewouldprovidea sustainableformatfortheevaluationofefficiencyofbuilding material. Theuseofsustainablymanagedmaterialsisanenvironmentalresponsibilityin contributingtowardsasustainablehabitat.
L I T E R A T U R E
Sustainablematerialshavefivemajorbenefits 1. 2. 3. 4. Theyhaveasimilarorlowerpricecomparedtotraditionalmaterials. Theydonotexhausttheexistingsuppliesoffinitematerials Theysaveenergyandreduceharmfulemissions Astheyareencouragedbythebuildingcontrol,planningpermissionsare morelikely tobereceived. 5. Sincetheyarelessharmfultooccupants,theymakehealthierbuildings. Buildingmaterialsaremostlymadefromnaturallyavailablematerialslikeclay, stone,sandorbiomass.Properselectionofbuildingmaterialswouldhelptoconserve thesenaturalresources. Amaterialthatissuitablefor oneplacemaynotbesuitableelsewhere.Wealso needtounderstandthatthebuildingstylesanddesignareheavilyinfluencedby prevailing fashions,especiallythefashionsinthedevelopedworld.Thiswasoneofthe reasonswhy manymodernconstruction materialscouldeaseoutmoredurable,climate responsive traditionalbuildingmaterialsinthedevelopingworld. Thepointstobenotedformaterial andproductselectionare:
S T U D Y
Use naturallyavailablematerials,especially organicrenewablematerials like timber,trees,straw,grass,bambooetc.Evennonrenewableinorganicmaterialslike stoneand clayareuseful,sincetheycanbereusedorrecycled. Usecertifiedtimber.Checkthereliabilityofthecertificates,asforgeryispossible. Donotusesand quarriedfromcoralreefs. Checkoriginofsoilforlandfilling. Checkwhetherquarrysitesarerehabilitated. Usematerialswithlowembodiedenergycontentforallstructuralworkinfill systems. Use locallyavailablematerials andtechnologies,employinglocalworkforce. Usematerialsamenableforreuseandrecycling.Puremateriallikebricks,wood, concrete,stone,metalsheetsaremostsuitableforthispurpose.Composite materials likeprefabricatedsolidfoammetalor foamplasterelementsaredifficult toseparate andtorecycle. Useindustrialwastebased bricks/blocksfornonstructuralorinfillwallsystem. Reuse/recycleconstructiondebris. Minimize useofwoodforinteriorworks anduseanyofthefollowingin placeof wood. Compositewoodproductssuchashardboards,blockboards,lumber core plywood,veneeredpanels,particleboards,medium/lowdensityfibreboards madefromrecycledwoodscrapfromsawmilldustsorfurnitureindustryand bondedwithglueor resinunderheatandpressure. Materials/productsmadefromrapidlyrenewablesmalldiameter treesand fastgrowing lowutilizedspeciesharvestedwithinatenyearcycleor shorter,suchas bamboo,rubber,eucrasia,eucalyptus,poplar,jute/cottonstalks, etc.Theproducts includeengineeredproducts,bambooplyboards,rubber,jute stalkboards,etc. Productsmadefromwastes.Thesecouldbewoodwaste,agricultural wastes,and naturalfibres,suchassisal,coir,andglassfibreininorganic combination with gypsum,cement,andotherbinders,suchasfibrousgypsum plasterboards,etc. Salvagedtimberandreusedwoodproductssuchasantiquefurniture. Usewaterbasedacrylicsforpaints. Useacrylics,silicones,andsiliconizedacrylicsealantsforinterioruse. Useadhesiveswithno/lowVolatileOrganicCompound(VOC)emissionsforindoor use.Itcouldbeacrylicsorphenolicresinssuchasphenolformaldehydes. Usewaterbasedurethanefinishesonwoodenfloors. Useparticleboardmadewithphenolformaldehyderesinratherthanurea formaldehyde,tocontrolindoorVOCemissions. AvoidtheuseofproductsusingasbestosandCFC. Minimize theuseofmetallicsurfacesandmetallicpipes,fitting,andfixtures. Useproductsandmaterialswithreducedpackagingand/orencourage manufacturers toreuseorrecycletheiroriginalpackagingmaterials. Whereverpossible, usepermeablewallstructuresmadeofpalmleaves,reed,grass or bambootopromoteaerationandlowheatstorage.
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5. BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
Indianarchitecturehasbeenthemostenduring evidencetotechnologicalachievementwhenseenin theframeofculture,civilization,andrangeof variationsintheIndianclimaticconditions.The buildingtechnologieshavebeendevelopedinthe chronologicalcourseoftime.Inastreamlinedmanner, thesetechnologiesspeakthelanguageofthebuiltform developedagainsttheharshnessoftheprevailing climate.ThemostprominenttraditionalbuildingtechniquesinancientIndiaincorporated theuseofstone,timberandsoil. Thefollowingarethegeneralbuildingtechnologiesimplementedforaresidentialhighrise construction
L I T E R A T U R E
High riseconstruction(residential) Roofing/flooringsystems Zipblocsystem,prestressedslab,hollowfloorslabs, precast waffle/coredunits,precastinsituthin ribbedslabs,precastwaffleslabs Wallingsystems Burntbrickmasonry:Flyash/sandlime/Fal G, reinforcedgroutedbrickmasonry,interlocking bricks,reinforcedhollowbrickswithframedRCC construction, precaststoneblocks. Precastconcreteblocks:Hollow/flyashbased aeratedorcellular,compositeferrocementwalling, interlockingconcreteblocks,curtainwalls, structuralglazingsystems. Doors/windows PrecastRCCdoorsandwindows,PVCdoors/ windowsshutters,partitions,energyefficient windows,fiberglassreinforcedplasticdoors,resin bondedsawdustdoorpanels,naturalfiber reinforcedpolymerdoors/windows.MDFparticle boarddoors/windows.Gypsumbasedceilingtiles, doors/windows,partitions,demountablesystems withvarioustypesofrecycledwoodenboards.
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5.1Roofing/flooringsystems 5.1.1Zipblocsystem
ThissystemdevelopedinIndia,utilizesasingle precastelement,ahourditypehollowblock 530x250x140mmforwallsand roofs.Forceilingand roofs,invertedTbeamsofrequiredlengthareprecast andplacedonthewallsat60c/cdistanceandpropped atmidspanasshowninthefigure.Theconcretehollow blocksareplacedtospantwobeams.Ontopofthis,a weldedsteelmatisprovidedfortemperaturestresses andscreediscastinsitu.
L I T E R A T U R E
5.1.2Prestressedslabelements
Thisroofingsystem wasdevelopedatthestructural engineeringresearchcentrein Chennai.Systemofconstruction Thehollowblocksusedare Hourdiorsimilarblocksand maybeplacedinoneormorerows.Concreteribsofat leastafourcentimeterwidthrun aroundtheperipheryoftherowofblocksformingtheslab.Theprestressingwiresare locatedintheseribs.Fourunitslongerthantwometersintermediateribswithnominal reinforcementareprovidedinthetraversedirection,atspacingthatdoesnotexceedtow meters.Thehollowclayblocks,whichhavegroovesontheirsurfaces,remainexposedatthe topandbottomoftheprecastelement.Insituconcretescreedislaidonthetopand plasteringisdoneontheunderside.Theadvantageovertraditionalsystemisthatslab elementsareabout25%lighterthanconventionalRCCslabs.
5.1.3Hollowfloorslabs
Theoveralldimensionsof theunitare350x60x12cm.Systemofconstruction the steelendpieceswithfouropeningsdefineatrapeziumshapedcrosssectionofthefloor slab,sothatwhenfinallyassembledtheV shapedgapsbetweentheslabscanbeeasily filledwithconcrete.ReinforcementislaidandfourGIpipesarepushedlengthwisethrough theholesintheend.Theconcreteispouredandcompactedsimultaneouslytoensurenoair pocketsdeveloparoundthepipes.Theconcreteiscaseverydrysothatitwillnotcollapse whenthepipesareremoved.Thepipesarelaterpulledoutwithanelectricalwinchasshow infigure.
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5.1.4Precastwaffleunits
Theseprovidespeedyconstructionwithanoverallsavingupto10%besidesavoiding shutteringwork.Theseconsist ofprecastconcretewafflefloors/roofunitwithnominal reinforcement.Theshapeislikeaninvertedtrough,withsquareorrectangularplanhaving lateraldimensionsupto1.2m.Suitableforlargespansover6mineitherdirection,onlaying ingridpatternwithreinforcementandcastinsituconcretejointsbetweenthem.
L I T E R A T U R E
5.1.5Precastcoredunits
Thesearesimpletomanufactureandprovideaspeedyand economical flushceiling. Theyconsistofextrudedconcretesectionunitswithcircularhollowsandcanbeusedupto aspanof4.2m.They canbeusedonfloorsorroofsinloadbearingwallsandframed structures.
5.1.6 Precast/insituthinribbedslab
Thesearemadefromprecast/insituribsprovidedataspacingof1.2mwithacast in situRCflange.Thesecanbeusedforfloor/roofslabs.Astheribbedslabisthin,theroof shouldbetreatedovertheslabforbetterthermalinsulation.Itischeaperand easyto constructincomparisontoconventionalcaseinsituRCCslabs.
5.2Walling systems 5.2.1Castinsituflyashwalls

Usingahighflyashmixcomprisingcement,lime,flyashandsandinappropriate proportions,dependingonthequalityofflyashwithapremeasuredwater:cementratio, castinsituwallscanbebuilt.Thesecanbecasttoanythicknessusingasteelshuttering.By usingthissystem20%economy,quickerconstruction,goodfinishonboththesidesofthe wallandmorecarpetareacanbeachieved.SimilarwallscanbecastusingFal Gcement.
5.2.2Reinforcedandorgroutedbrickmasonry
Groutedmasonryisdoneintwowidthsofburntclaybrick,concrete block,orthe stoneunitsinwhichtheinteriorjointcalledthecollarjointisfilledwithgrout.Thisbonds thetwo widthstogether aswellasprovidesthespacewhereinthereinforcementcanbe locatedandbondedtothesurroundingmasonry.Thethicknessofthegroutbetween masonryunitsandreinforcementshouldnotbelessthanaquarter inchexceptthatsteelwirereinforcementmaybelaidinhorizontal mortarjoints,whichareatleasttwicethethicknessofthewires diameter.Groutmustbeplacedinamannerthatitfillstheentire voidanddoesnotbecomesegregatedduetoimproperfluidity duringplacement.Thistechnologyishighlysuitableforearthquake proneareasandmultistoriedresidentialconstruction.Thedetails atthecornerareshowninfigure.
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5.2.3InterlockingbricksorLokbricks
The interlockingsoilcementbricksaremadeinaCINVARambrickmakingmachine. Therimsandcorrespondingrecesseshavebeenraisedonthelowersurfacestoreceivethe projectingrimsofthebrickbelow(asshowninthefig). Placing Theyhavenarrowverticalrecessesandverticalreinforcement ispouredin thegroutholesbeforepouringthegrout.Whencementgroutisplacedintothem,the blocksbecomepermanentlylockedtogether. Advantages Thesebricksareearthquakeresistantandallowsformultistoried construction. Dimensions Thelengthistwicethebreadth,thelength,breadthandheightare 250x125x10mmsothatrightanglecornerscanbeachievedwithouttheuseofspecial cornerblocks,andinterlockingandalignmentareachievedautomatically.Atypicalsingle anddoublebrickwallconstructionasshowninthefigure.
L I T E R A T
Figureshowingtherimsandrecesses intheLokbricksforadequatebonding
LokBrick:singleanddoublebrickwall
U R E
5.2.4Reinforced/hollowbrickmasonry
Reinforced/hollowbrickmasonryisusedasstructuralmembersforfloors,roofs,and wallsandasfillerblockstoreplaceconcreteinthetensilezone.Theoveralldimensions availableare25x27x10.3cmwithvariousconfigurationsofrectangularhollowsin it.These blocksarealsodesignedseparatelyasbondbeams,joist membersas wellasfillerblocks. Thereinforcementisplacedinthehollowandconcretingisdoneoverthebrick. Ratio Themaximumthicknesstoheightratiois1:25,withtheminimumthickness beingsixinches.Hollowunitmasonryisatypeofwallconstructionthatconsistsofhollow masonryisatypeofwallconstruction thatconsistsofhollowmasonryunits set inmortarastheyarelaidinthe wall.Allunitsarelaidwithfullface mortarbeds,withtheheadorend jointsfilledsolidlywithmortar.The distancefromthefaceoftheunit shouldnotbelessthanthethickness ofthe longitudinalface.Thistype of constructioncanalsobereinforced.
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5.2.5Precaststoneblocks
Stoneblocksthatarelargerthannormal bricksaremanufacturedbyusingwastestonepieces ofvarious sizeswithleancementconcrete,this enablesarationalizesuseoflocallyavailable materials,savingcement,reducingthethicknessof stonewallsandeliminatingtheuseofplasterson internal/externalsurface.Thethicknessvariesby4, 6,8and12inchesdependingonthedesign requirements. Fillingthemouldswithstonesandcementing
L I T E
5.2.6Precastconcreteblocks
Thesearemadeofsimilardimensionsofstoneblockswithoutlargesizestone pieces,butusecoarseandfinegradedaggregatewithcement.Theyhaveexcellent propertiesascomparedtoothermasonryblocks.Industrialwastelikecindersandcutstone piecescanbewellutilized. Loadbearings forloadbearingmasonryconstruction,theseblocksaresuitablefor low riseconstructionwhenusedwithasuitable framedRCCconstructiontheyaresuitable forhighriseresidentialandcommercialconstruction.
R A T U R E
5.2.7 Flyashbasedlightweightaeratedconcretewallingandroofing blocks

Thesearemanufacturedbyaprocessthatinvolvesthemixingofflyash,quick lime orcement andgypsum,andfoamingagentslikealuminumpowder.Theseareconsidered excellentproductsforwallingblocksandprefabfloorslabs.
5.2.8Compositeferrocementsystem
Thisissimpletoconstructandismadeofferrocement,i.erich mortarreinforced withchickenandweldedwiremesh.Thesereducethewallthicknessandallowforalarger carpetarea.PrecastferrocementunitsinatroughshapeareintegratedwithRCCcolumns. Ferrocementunitsserveasapermanentskinunitandas adiagonalstrutbetweencolumns. Theinsidecladdingcanbedonewithmudblocksoranylocallyviablematerial.Thedetails ofthesystemaregiveninthefigure.
Reference:(1) SustainableDesignManual(Volume 2),

S T U D Y
6. EFFICIENT WATER MANAGEMENT

WHYSHOULDWEUSEWATERWISELY?
Fourthingsareconspiringtomakefreshwateroneofthemostvaluable commoditiesinthetwentyfirstcentury: 1. 2. 3. 4. increasingworldpopulations; climatechange; manseverincreasinginterference withthenaturalflowofwater; pollution
L I T E R A T U R E
Introduction
Aspopulationgrows,sotoodotheratesofwaterextractionandpollution.To ensurefuturesuppliesoffresh,cleanwaterwemuststarttothinkmorecarefullyabout howweuseit. Goodbuilding designcangreatlyreducethe amountofwaterweuseandthedegreeofcontamination wecause.Thefollowingfactsheetsshowhowtousewater inasustainableway. Reducingwaterdemand Rainwaterharvesting. Stormwatermanagement Wastewaterreuse
Thebreakupofthewaterconsumption patterninabuilding
6.1Reducingwaterdemand 6.1.1 Reducingwaterloss

Reducingwaterlossinabuildingincludes Conductingwaterauditsandmonitoringwateruse Identifyingandcheckingleakagesin distributionlinesand Installingawatermetertoestimatethewaterconsumptionandcheckleakages.
S T U D Y
6.1.2 Basicstepsforreducingwaterconsumption
Avoidwaterintensiveappliances Usewaterefficientfaucetsandtoilets Installultralowflowflush toilets(flowrateof3ltperflush), Waterless urinals,EFScoupledurinals (flowrateat0.5ltperflush), Faucet aeratorsandlowflowshowerheads (flowrateof9.0Lt.perminute) Waterefficienttoilets Conventionaltoiletsuse13.5ltsofwaterperflush. Lowflushtoiletsareavailablewithaflowrateof6lt.ofwaterperflushand Ultralowflushtoiletswithaflowrateof3lt.ofwaterperflush. Anoverallreductionofwaterconsumptionof 40%50%ispossibleduetotheuseof lowflowflushtoilets.Dualflushadapterscanbeusedforstandardflushingforsolids andamodifiedsmallerflushforliquids.Thiscanresultinsavingof2.2 4.5ltsperflush. Waterlesstoilets Electronicflushsystems Waterlessurinals Sensortapsforurinals
L I T E R A T U R E
6.1.3Waterconservationinlandscapeirrigation
Waterconservationinlandscapecanbeachievedby Theuseofefficientirrigationsystemssuchasdripirrigation Uselowflowirrigationequipment Theuseofnativespeciesanddroughtresistantplants
6.2Rainwaterharvesting
RainWaterHarvesting isawaytocapturetherainwaterwhenitrains,store thatwaterabovegroundorchargetheundergroundanduseitlater.Thishappensnaturally in openruralareas.Butincongested,overpavedmetropolitancities,weneedtocreate methodstocapturetherainwater.Traditionally,rainwaterharvestinghasbeenpracticedin aridandsemiaridareas,andhasprovideddrinkingwater,domesticwater,waterfor livestock,waterforsmall irrigation andawaytoreplenish groundwaterlevels.
6.2.1 Potential
Thetotalamountofwater thatisreceivedintheformof rainfalloveranareaiscalledthe rainwaterendowmentofthat area.Outofthis, theamount thatcanbeeffectively harvestediscalledthewaterharvestingpotential.
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6.2.2 Influencingfactors
Amongtheseveralfactorsthatinfluencetherainwaterharvestingpotentialofasite, ecoclimaticconditionsandthe catchments characteristicsareconsideredtobethemost important. a.Rainfall i)Quantity: Rainfallisthemostunpredictablevariableinthecalculationandhence,to determinethepotentialrainwatersupplyforagivencatchments,reliablerainfalldataare required,preferablyforaperiodofatleast10years.Also,itwouldbefarbettertouse rainfalldatafromtheneareststationwithcomparableconditions. ii)Pattern: Thenumberofannualrainydaysalsoinfluencestheneedanddesignfor rainwaterharvesting.Thefewertheannualrainydaysorlongerthedryperiod,themore theneedforrainwatercollectioninaregion.However,ifthedryperiodistoolong,big storagetankswouldbeneededtostorerainwater.Henceinsuchregions,itismorefeasible touserainwatertorechargegroundwateraquifersratherthanforstorage. b.Catchments areacharacteristics Runoffdependsuponthe areaandtypeofthecatchmentsover whichitfallsaswellassurface features.(Runoffcoefficientforany catchmentsistheratioofthevolume ofwaterthatrunsoffasurfacetothe volumeofrainfallthatfallsonthe surface).
TypeofCatchments RoofCatchments Tiles Corrugatedmetalsheets Groundsurfacecoverings Concrete Brickpavement Untreatedgroundcatchments Soilonslopeslessthan10percent Rockynaturalcatchments Untreatedgroundcatchments Soilonslopeslessthan10percent Rockynaturalcatchments Coefficients 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.5
L I T E R A T U R E
Source:Pacey,ArnoldandCullis,Adrian1989,RainwaterHarvesting:Thecollectionofrainfalland runoffinruralareas,IntermediateTechnologyPublications,London
Basedontheabovefactorsthewaterharvestingpotential ofasitecouldbe estimatedusingtheformulagivenbelow.
Waterharvestingpotential =Rainfall(mm)xAreaofcatchmentsxRunoffcoefficient
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6.2.3HarvestingSystem
Broadlyrainwatercanbeharvestedfortwopurposes Storingrainwaterforreadyuseincontainersaboveorbelowground Chargedintothesoilforwithdrawallater(groundwaterrecharging)
L I T E
Source:AWaterHarvestingManualForUrbanAreas
6.2.4 Fromwheretoharvestrain?
Rainwaterharvestingcanbe harvestedfromthefollowingsurfaces Rooftops: Ifbuildingswithimperviousroofsarealreadyinplace,the catchments areaiseffectivelyavailablefreeofchargeandtheyprovideasupplyatthepointof consumption. Pavedandunpavedareas i.e.,landscapes,openfields,parks,stormwater drains, roadsandpavementsandotheropenareascanbeeffectivelyusedtoharvestthe runoff.Themainadvantageinusinggroundascollectingsurfaceisthatwatercanbe collectedfromalargerarea.Thisisparticularlyadvantageousinareasoflowrainfall. Waterbodies: Thepotentialoflakes,tanksandpondstostorerainwateris immense.Theharvestedrainwatercannotonlybeusedtomeetwater requirementsofthecity,italsorechargesgroundwateraquifers. Stormwaterdrains: Mostoftheresidentialcolonieshavepropernetworkofstorm waterdrains.Ifmaintainedneatly,theseofferasimpleandcosteffectivemeansfor harvestingrainwater.
R A T U R E
6.2.5Basiccomponentsoftherooftoprainwaterharvestingsystem
Catchmentsarea Guttersanddownpipes Leafscreensandroofwashers
Conveyingsystems Watertreatment
Cisternsorstoragetanks
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1.Catchmentsarea:Thecatchmentofawaterharvestingsystemisthesurfacewhich directlyreceivestherainfallandprovideswatertothesystem.Itcanbeapavedarealikea terraceorcourtyardofabuilding,oranunpavedarealikealawnoropenground.Aroof madeofreinforcedcementconcrete(RCC),galvanizedironorcorrugatedsheetscanalsobe usedforwaterharvesting. 2. Guttersanddownpipes: Channelsallaroundthe edgeofaslopingrooftocollectandtransport rainwatertothestoragetank.Gutterscanbesemi circularorrectangular 3.Leafscreens(coarsemesh)androofwashers: Coarse meshattherooftopreventthepassageof debris. 4. Conveyingsystems (Conduits) : Conduitsarepipelinesordrainsthatcarryrainwater fromthe catchments orrooftopareatotheharvestingsystem.Conduitscanbeofany materiallikepolyvinylchloride(PVC)orgalvanizediron(GI),materialsthatarecommonly available. Firstflushing: Afirstflushdeviceisavalvethatensuresthatrunofffromthefirstspellof rainisflushedoutanddoesnotenterthesystem.Thisneedstobedonesincethefirstspell ofraincarriesarelativelylargeramountofpollutantsfromtheairand catchments surface.
L I T E R A T U R E
Source:Awaterharvestingmanualforurbanareas
5. Watertreatment(Filter) :Thefilterisusedtoremovesuspendedpollutantsfrom rainwatercollectedoverroof.Afilterunitisachamberfilledwithfilteringmediasuchas fibre,coarsesandandgravellayerstoremovedebrisanddirtfromwaterbeforeitenters thestoragetankorrechargestructure.Charcoalcanbeaddedforadditionalfiltration. 6.Storagefacility: Therearevariousoptionsavailablefortheconstructionofthesetanks withrespecttotheshape,sizeandthematerialofconstruction. Shape:Cylindrical,rectangularandsquare. Materialofconstruction:Reinforcedcementconcrete,(RCC),ferrocement,masonry,plastic (polyethylene)ormetal(galvanisediron)sheetsarecommonlyused.
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Positionoftank:Dependingonspaceavailabilitythesetankscouldbeconstructedabove ground,partlyundergroundorfullyunderground.Somemaintenancemeasureslike cleaninganddisinfectionarerequiredtoensurethequalityofwaterstoredinthecontainer.
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7.Rechargestructures : Rainwatermaybechargedintothegroundwateraquifersthrough anysuitablestructureslikedugwells,borewells,rechargetrenchesand rechargepits. Variousrechargestructuresarepossible somewhichpromotethepercolationofwater throughsoilstrataatshallowerdepth(e.g.,rechargetrenches,permeablepavements) whereasothersconductwatertogreaterdepthsfromwhereitjoins thegroundwater(e.g. rechargewells).Hereareafewcommonlyusedrechargingmethods: a.Rechargepits Arechargepitis1.5mto3mwideand2mto3mdeep.Theexcavatedpitislinedwith abrick/stonewallwithopenings(weepholes)atregularintervals.Thetopareaofthepit canbecoveredwithaperforatedcover.Designprocedureisthesameasthatofa settlementtank. b.Soakways/Percolationpit Percolationpits,oneoftheeasiestandmosteffectivemeans ofharvestingrainwater,aregenerallynotmorethan60x60x60cm pits,(designedonthebasisofexpectedrunoffasdescribedfor settlementtanks),filledwithpebblesorbrickjellyandriversand, coveredwithperforatedconcreteslabswherevernecessary. Filtermaterialsina soakaway c.Rechargetroughs
Source:Awaterharvestingmanualforurbanareas Tocollecttherunofffrompavedorunpavedareasdrainingoutofacompound, rechargetroughsarecommonlyplacedattheentranceofaresidential/institutional complex. Thesestructuresaresimilartorechargetrenchesexceptforthefactthatthe excavatedportionisnotfilledwithfiltermaterials.Inordertofacilitatespeedyrecharge, boreholesaredrilledatregularintervalsinthistrench.Indesignpart,thereisnoneedof incorporatingtheinfluenceoffiltermaterials.Thisstructureiscapableofharvesting onlya limitedamountofrunoff.
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6.3Stormwatermanagement
Stormwaterispurerainwaterplusanythingtheraincarriesalongwithit. Stormwatershouldbeconsideredavaluableresource.Itsreuseleadstowatersavingsand reducedenvironmentalimpact. Inurbanareasstormwaterisgeneratedbyrainrunofffrom roof,roads,driveways,footpathsandotherimperviousorhardsurfaces. Stormwaterisa usefulresourcethatcanreplaceimportedwaterforuseswherehigh qualitywaterisnotrequired,suchasgardenwatering.Thereareanumberofstepsthe homeownercantaketobettermanagestormwater,andreducetheenvironmentalimpact oftheirhome. Avoidcutandfillonyourblockwhenpreparingthebuildingfoundations.Attemptto maintaintheexistingtopographyanddrainagepattern.Ifyoudohavetocutandfill, stabilizethesoilandre vegetateassoonaspossible. Retainvegetation,particularlydeeprootedtreesthatcanlowerthewatertable, bindthesoil,filternutrients,decreaserunoffvelocities,capturesedimentand reducethepotentialfordrylandsalinity. RetainStormwateronyourblockwithpermeablepaving,pebblepaths,infiltration trenches,soakwells,lawn,gardenareasandswales. Minimize impervioussurfacessuchaspavedareas,roofsandconcretedriveways.
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6.4Wastewaterreuses
Onsitewastewaterreuseprovidesnumerousopportunitiestoreducewateruse withinthehome.Atpresent,potable(drinkable)waterisusedforpracticallyeverythingin thehouseandgarden. Wastewaterreuseopportunitiesvaryaccordingtowhereyoulive. Urbanhouseholdstypicallyhaveaconnectiontoacentralized,orreticulated,sewage system,whereasruralhouseholdsmanagetheirwastewateronsite. Weareliterallyflushingourdrinkingwaterdownthetoilet! Therearetwotypesofwastewatercreatedinahome,eachofwhichcanbetreatedand usedinvariousways. Blackwater iswaterthathasbeenmixedwithwastefromthetoilet.Blackwater requiresbiologicalorchemicaltreatmentanddisinfectionbeforereuse.Blackwatershould onlybereusedoutdoors. Reference:(1) SustainableDesignManual(Volume 2), (2)Ecohousingguidelinesfortropicalregions (3)PassiveDesign
SHRAVANIGUPTA 04161B0028(200809) (4) http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/urban/Urban.htm 36
S T U D Y
Greywater iswastewaterfromnontoilet plumbingfixturessuchasshowers,basinsandtaps. Dependingonitsuse,greywatercanrequireless treatmentthanblackwaterandgenerallycontains fewerpathogens.Treatedgreywatercanbere usedindoorsfortoilet flushingandclothes washing,bothofwhicharesignificantconsumers ofwater.Greywatercanalsobeusedforgarden watering.Greywatercollection,treatmentandre usefortoiletflushingandoutdoors.
L I T
LITRES/PERSON/DAY 22 LITRES/PERSON/DAY 56 6 12 5 7 27 113 135
6.4.1Calculatingwastewatervolume
Thetablebelowindicatestheamount ofwastewateryoucanexpectfromyourhome afterapplyingsimplewateruseefficiency measures.
6.4.2 Reusingwastewaterindoors
BLACKWATER Toilet GREYWATER Shower HandBasin Kitchentap Dishwasher Laundrytap WashingMachine Total Greywater Total Overall
E R A T U R E
Greywatercanbereusedindoorsfor toiletflushingandclotheswashing.Reusingwastewaterfortoiletflushingwillsave approximately65 liters ofpotablewaterinanaveragehouseholdeveryday. Reusingwastewaterinyourclotheswasherwillsaveapproximately90 liters of potablewaterinanaveragehouseholdeveryday. Inordertoreusegreywater indoorsfortoiletflushingandclotheswashingyouwillneedtofirstly:Separate greywaterandblackwaterwastestreams.
Reusingwastewateroutdoors
Reusingwastewateroutdoorscanreduceyour householdspotablewateruseby30to50percent. Treatedwastewatercanbereusedtowatergardens eitherbysubsurfaceorabovegroundirrigation.Only treatedanddisinfectedwastewatershouldbeusedfor abovegroundirrigationduetopotentialpresenceof pathogens.
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6.4.3 Manmadesystemsforwastewatertreatment
Conventionaltreatmentsystem Artificialwetlandsorreedbedsystems
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6.4.3.1 Conventionaltreatmentsystem
Sewagetreatmentplantsbasedonthebiological processarecommonlyusedfor treatingwastewater.Thetreatmentcanbecarriedoutwitherinthepresenceof oxygen(aerobicsystem)orinabsenceofair(anaerobicsystem).Theaerobicprocessinvolves ahigherenergyinputandrequiresregularmaintenanceofthemechanicalpats.Theland requirementisalsosignificantandrequiresahigherretentiontime.Ontheotherhand anaerobicsystemsdonotrequirehigherenergyinputandspace.Theretentiontimeislow. Howevertheoperationandmaintenanceof theprocessinvolvesahighertechnical expertiseascomparedtotheaerobicandreedbedsystems.
6.4.3.2 Artificialwetlandsandreedbedsystems
Thesearebasedonnaturalprocessesandarebeneficialduetothesimpleandlow operationandmaintenance costs.Theyconsistofsealedfilterbedscomprisinga sand/gravel/soilsystemwithwetlandvegetationsuchasphragmitesaustralisavailablein mostofthelakesofIndia.Thesesystemsaremoresuitablefordecentralizedwastewater treatmentforsmall colonies,hotels,etc. Componentsofarootzonesystem Screeningchamber Settlingtankforthe sedimentationand partialbiodegradation oforganicmatter Verticalrootzone treatment Horizontalrootzonetreatment
Rootzonesystemforwastewater treatment
Advantagesofarootzonesystemcomparedtoconventionalsystems Lowcapitalcosts Lowoperatingandmaintenancecosts Nonrequirementofchemicalsforthetreatmentprocess Absenceofbyproductsrequiringtreatment Norequirementofhightechnicalexpertiseforoperation Effectivetreatmentresultingintertiarystandards.

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7. SOLIDWASTE MANAGEMENT
Increasingurbanizationand consequentriseinthegenerationofsolid wastesincitieshasmadesolidwaste managementanimportantareaof concern. TheaveragepercapitagenerationofsolidwasteinIndiais0.4kg/day.Thesolidwaste generatedinIndiancitieshadahigherorganiccontentascomparedtothedeveloped countries.
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7.1Guidelinesforwasteminimization
Thebasicstepsinsolid wastemanagementbeginwiththestrategiestobeadoptedfor wasteminimization Usematerialthatcanminimizewastegeneration.Forexample Minimizetheuseofpackagedgoodsanddisposableitems,suchaspaperplates, papercups,papernapkins,plastics etc Purchaserefillableitemstoavoidpackagingmaterials Userechargeablebatteriesasthedisposalofnonrechargeablebatteriesinlandfills canresultingroundwatercontamination.
7.2 Segregationofwastes
Thenextstageinwastemanagementisthesegregationof collectedwasteforrecyclingandrecoveryofusefulproducts. Forefficientresourcerecoveryandappropriatetreatmentfor eachsectionofthewaste,segregationofwasteatsourceis essential.Thiscanbeachievedthroughmultibinsystemat everywastegenerationsource.
7.3Resourcerecoveryorrecycling
Explorethepossibilityofrecyclingitemsthatcanbe reused. Avoiddisposingpaperandcardboardwastesalongwithotherorganicwastesuchas vegetableandfoodwasteitems.Facilitaterecyclingoftheseitemsthroughthelocal personengagedintheseactivities
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Recycleglassbottlesandjars,plasticbottlescontainersmadeofPET(polyethylene terephthalate),aluminumcansandfoils,metallicitemssuchassteelcans,scrapsuch asoldpipesandappliancesmadeofsteel,copperandbrass.
L I T E R A
Thetreatmentschemeindicatingtheproductrecoveryfromthewaste
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7.4Processingofwaste
Thequantityandcharacteristicsofthesolidwastedeterminesthetypeoftreatment systemthatneedstobeadopted.Inaddition,thesiteandclimaticconditionsofaparticular regionalsoinfluencethedecisiontofollowaparticularsystem. Treatmenttechniquesforwasteprocessing Thefollowingarethedifferenttreatmenttechniquesforwasteprocessing Thermalprocessing Biologicalprocessing Landfilling
Reference:(1) SustainableDesignManual(Volume 2),
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8. RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable energysourcesalsocalled nonconventionalenergy,aresourcesthatare continuouslyreplenishedbynaturalprocesses. Forexample,solarenergy,windenergy,bio energy biofuelsgrownsustainably), hydropoweretc.,aresomeoftheexamplesof renewableenergysources
L I T E R A T U R E
Arenewableenergysystemconvertstheenergyfoundinsunlight,wind,fallingwater, seawaves,geothermalheat,orbiomassintoaform,wecanusesuchasheator electricity.
Mostoftherenewableenergycomeseitherdirectlyorindirectlyfromsunandwind andcanneverbeexhausted,andthereforetheyarecalledrenewable. However,mostoftheworld'senergysourcesarederivedfromconventionalsources fossilfuelssuchascoal,oil,andnaturalgases.Thesefuelsareoftentermednonrenewable energysources.Although,theavailablequantityofthesefuelsareextremelylarge,theyare neverthelessfiniteandsowillinprinciplerunoutatsometimeinthefuture Renewableenergysourcesareessentially flows ofenergy,whereasthefossiland nuclearfuelsare,inessence, stocks ofenergy Thefollowingarethevariousformsofrenewableenergy Solarenergy Windenergy Bioenergy Hydroenergy Geothermalenergy Waveandtidalenergy
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8.1 SolarEnergy
Solarenergyisthemostreadilyavailableandfreesourceofenergysinceprehistoric times.Itisestimatedthatsolarenergyequivalenttoover15,000timestheworld'sannual commercialenergyconsumptionreachestheeartheveryyear. Indiareceivessolarenergyintheregionof5to7kWh/m for300to330daysina year.Thisenergyissufficientto setup20MWsolarpowerplantpersquarekilometreland area. Solar energy can be utilized through two different routes, as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar photovoltaic) routes. Solar thermal route uses the sun's heat to producehotwaterorair,cookfood,dryingmaterialsetc.Solarphotovoltaicusessunsheat to produce electricity for lighting home and building, running motors, pumps, electric appliances,andlighting.
2
L I T E R A T U R E
8.1.1 SolarThermalEnergyApplication
Insolarthermalroute,solarenergycanbeconvertedintothermalenergywiththe helpofsolarcollectorsandreceiversknownassolarthermaldevices.TheSolarThermal devicescanbeclassifiedintothreecategories: LowGradeHeatingDevices uptothetemperatureof100C. MediumGradeHeatingDevices uptothetemperatureof100300C HighGradeHeatingDevices abovetemperatureof300C Lowgradesolarthermaldevicesareusedinsolarwaterheaters,airheaters,solar cookersandsolardryersfordomesticandindustrialapplications.
8.1.1.1 Solarwaterheaters
Mostsolarwaterheatingsystemshavetwomainparts:asolarcollectoranda storagetank.Themostcommoncollectoriscalleda flatplate collector(seeFigure).It consistsofathin,flat,rectangularboxwithatransparentcoverthatfacesthesun,mounted ontheroofofbuildingorhome.Smalltubesrunthroughtheboxandcarrythefluid either waterorotherfluid,suchasanantifreezesolution tobeheated.Thetubesareattachedto anabsorberplate,whichispaintedwithspecialcoatingstoabsorbtheheat.Theheatbuilds upinthecollector,whichispassedtothefluidpassingthrough thetubes. Aninsulatedstoragetankholdsthehotwater.Itis similartowaterheater,butlargerissize.Incaseofsystems thatusefluids,heatispassedfromhotfluidtothewater
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storedinthetankthroughacoiloftubes. Solarwaterheatingsystemscanbeeitheractiveorpassive systems.Theactive system,whicharemostcommon,relyonpumpstomovetheliquidbetweenthecollector andthestoragetank.Thepassivesystemsrelyongravityandthetendencyforwaterto naturallycirculateasitisheated.
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8.1.2 SolarElectricityGeneration
SolarPhotovoltaic(PV): Photovoltaicisthetechnicaltermfor solarelectric.Photomeans "light"andvoltaicmeans"electric".PVcellsareusuallymadeofsilicon,anelementthat naturallyreleaseselectronswhenexposedtolight.Amount ofelectronsreleasedfrom siliconcellsdependuponintensityoflightincidentonit.Thesiliconcelliscoveredwitha gridofmetalthatdirectstheelectronstoflowinapathtocreateanelectriccurrent.This currentisguidedintoawirethatis connectedtoabatteryorDCappliance. Typically,onecellproducesabout1.5wattsof power.Individualcellsareconnectedtogethertoforma solar panel or module,capableofproducing3to110Watts power. Panelscanbeconnectedtogetherinseriesand paralleltomakeasolar array (seeFigure), whichcan produceanyamountofWattageasspacewillallow. Modulesareusuallydesignedtosupplyelectricityat12 Volts.PVmodulesareratedbytheirpeakWattoutputat solarnoononaclearday. SomeapplicationsforPVsystemsarelightingforcommercial buildings,outdoor(street)lighting ,ruralandvillagelightingetc. Solarelectricpowersystemscanofferindependencefromtheutility gridandofferprotectionduringextendedpowerfailures.SolarPV systemsarefoundtobeeconomicalespeciallyinthehillyandfar flungareaswhereconventionalgridpowersupplywillbeexpensive toreach. PVtrackingsystems isanalternativetothefixed,stationaryPVpanels.PVtrackingsystems aremountedandprovidedwithtrackingmechanismstofollowthesunasitmovesthrough thesky.Thesetrackingsystemsrunentirelyontheirownpowerandcanincreaseoutputby 40%. Backupsystems arenecessarysincePVsystemsonlygenerateelectricitywhenthesunis shining.Thetwomostcommonmethodsofbackingupsolarelectricsystemsareconnecting thesystemtotheutilitygridorstoringexcesselectricityinbatteriesforuseatnightoron cloudydays.
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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNTHESIS Performance
Theperformanceofasolarcellismeasuredintermsofitsefficiencyatconverting sunlightintoelectricity.Onlysunlightofcertainenergywillworkefficientlytocreate electricity,andmuchofitisreflectedorabsorbedbythematerialthatmakeupthecell. Becauseofthis,atypicalcommercialsolarcellhasanefficiencyof15%onlyaboutone sixthofthesunlightstrikingthecellgenerateselectricity.Lowefficienciesmeanthatlarger arraysareneeded,andhigherinvestmentcosts.Itshouldbenotedthatthefirstsolarcells, builtinthe1950s,hadefficienciesoflessthan4%. SolarPVSystemConfiguration SolarPVsystemsareofthreetypes 1. Standalonetype: thesesystemsuseelectricitysolelybysolarPV.Normally,they haveabatterytostoreelectricity(exceptinpumpingsystems),whichuseselectricity asandwhenavailabletopumpwater.Thewateristhenstored,ifrequiredin storagetanks. 2. Gridconnectedsystems:thesesystemsaredirectlyconnectedtoconventional electricitygrids.Theelectricitygeneratedisdirectlyfedtothegrid.Thesesystems mayhavebatteriestostoreelectricityinthecaseofgridnonavailability. 3. HybridsystemsolarPVsystems: thesesystemsaresometimescoupledwithother powergeneratingsystemssuchaswindordieselgeneratorsandarecalledhybrid systems. SolarWaterPumps Insolarwaterpumpingsystem,thepumpisdrivenbymotorrunbysolarelectricityinstead ofconventionalelectricitydrawnfromutilitygrid.ASPVwaterpumpingsystemconsistsofa photovoltaicarraymountedonastandandamotorpumpsetcompatiblewiththe photovoltaicarray.Itconvertsthesolarenergyintoelectricity,whichisusedforrunningthe motorpumpset.Thepumpingsystemdrawswater fromtheopenwell,borewell,stream, pond,canaletc
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S T U D Y
8.2Bioenergy
Biomassisarenewableenergyresourcederivedfromthecarbonaceouswasteof varioushuman andnaturalactivities.Itisderived from numeroussources,including the byproducts from the wood industry, agricultural crops, raw material from the forest, householdwastesetc. Biomassdoesnotaddcarbondioxidetotheatmosphereasitabsorbsthesame amountofcarboningrowingasitreleaseswhenconsumedasafuel. Itsadvantageisthatit canbeusedtogenerateelectricitywiththesameequipmentthatisnowbeingusedfor burningfossilfuels.Biomassisanimportantsourceofenergyandthemostimportantfuel worldwideaftercoal,oilandnaturalgas.Bioenergy,intheformofbiogas,which isderived frombiomass,isexpectedtobecomeoneofthekeyenergyresourcesforglobalsustainable development. BiogasPlants Biogasisacleanandefficientfuel,generatedfromcow dung,humanwasteoranykindofbiologicalmaterialsderived throughanaerobicfermentationprocess.Thebiogasconsistsof60%methanewithrest mainlycarbondioxide.Biogasisasafefuelforcookingandlighting.Byproductisusableas highgrademanure. Atypicalbiogasplanthasthefollowingcomponents:Adigesterinwhichtheslurry(dung mixedwithwater)isfermented,aninlettank formixingthefeedandlettingitintothe digester,gasholder/domeinwhichthegeneratedgasiscollected,outlettanktoremove thespentslurry,distributionpipeline(s)totransportthegasintothekitchen,andamanure pit,wherethespentslurryisstored. Biomassfuelsaccountforaboutonethirdofthetotalfuelusedinthecountry.Itis themostimportantfuelusedinover90%oftheruralhouseholdsandabout15%ofthe urbanhouseholds.Usingonlylocalresources,namelycattlewasteandotherorganic wastes,energyandmanurearederived.Thusthebiogasplantsarethecheapsourcesof energyinruralareas.Thetypesofbiogasplantdesignspopularare:floatingdrumtype, fixeddometypeandbagtypeportabledigester.
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B.1.INTRODUCTION OF HIGHRISE
APARTMENTS
1.1 Introductionof housing
L I T E
Housing community
Housing layout
Dwelling unit(house)
R A T U R E
Shelterisabasichumanneednextonlytofoodandclothing. Thefollowingare thedifferenttypesofhousingcommunities(userdefined) Mixedhousingcommunity Educationalhousing Housingforoldagepeople Housingforindustrial/IT(SEZ)
Thefollowingarethedifferenttypesofhousinglayouts Residentialenclaves Grouphousing Row housing Clusterhousing
Thefollowingarethedifferenthousetypes Detachedhousing Semidetachedhousing Courtyardhousing Linkedhousing Terracedhousing Townhouses Apartments

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1.2IntroductionofHighRiseApartments
Theverticallivinghadstartedsincethebeginningofurbanization.Therehasalways beenatendencybyruralpopulationtomigratetothecity forurbancomforts,thusresulting indemandforaccommodationinurbancities.Withincomesgrowingandlarge numbersof peoplemovingtourbanareas,thedemandforhousingisontheupswing.Thoughthe
growingdemandforaccommodationhascreatedaboomintherealestatesector,buthasledtoan alarmingincreaseinhighrisebuildings. Duetohighconstructioncostsandnonavailabilityof
L I T E R A T U R E
landatpreferredlocations,peopleoptforapartments.Theseapartmentsoffermany advantagessuchasroundtheclocksecurity,backuppowersupply,maintenancecar parkingfacilitiesandkidsplay areas.Sofar,sogood butmultistoriedbuildingshavetheir downsidetoo. "Highrisebuildingsarethecurrentsolutiontotherecurringproblemofshortageof space."
1.3PROS& CORNS
Highrisebuildingshavebeenthesubjectofcontroversyeversincetheyhavebeen constructed. Thedegreeofproximityhadasocial culturalbearingforprivacyissues,butin almosteveryprivatehousingestate,surveysandinterviewsdemonstrated thatmost residentshavewitheracceptedoradaptedtothetradeoffbetweenprivacyand convenience.Besidescloseproximity,asanintegralelementofresidentialdevelopmentsit isalso,intransportterms,asignificantcontributortothecompactcity. Thegrowthofhighrisebuildingshasmainlybeenpromoteddue toitsusefulnessin accommodatinglargenumberoffamilies&businesshousesatoneplace. Majorroadsinbigcitiesarefullofsortsiftraffic.Theresultantpollutionofair& noisenuisanceisgraduallyreducesatupperlevels.Thehighrisebuildingsresultin constructionoflesserareaperfloor.Thiswouldmeanthateveryroomgetsmoreopen spaceforlightandventilation.Thereisalsoadefiniteadvantageininternalplanningofthe moreprivacyduetogreaterdistancebetweentheadjoiningbuildings.Stayingonupper floorsofferscenicviews.Theroads,rivers,sea,greenfarmsetclookbeautifulwhenviewed fromtop.Theviewofdistantobjectslikemountains,treesandbeautifulbuildingsis certainlymoreenchantingfromaheight. Ina compactcity,thehousingestatesarelinkedandconnectedwithoneanotherto benefittheconnectivityoffacilities.Connectivity,inlaymansterms,meansconvenience;its measurecanbebestrepresentedbythephysicaldistancebetweenhomeandwork,which inturndependsonthephysicalplanningofandefficiencyofpublictransportfacilities.
S T U D Y
Thechildrenarelikelytohavepsychologicalproblems.Someoftheparentsfearto sendtheirchildrendownstairsforplaying.Theseproblemscanbepartially solvedby providinganopenflooratanintermediatelevelwhereinsuitableplayingfacilitiescanbe provided.Besidesthisthereareproblemsofdizzinessandgiddinessforsomepeoplewhile lookingdown. Thestayinghighrisebuildingspreventtheoccupantsfromenjoyingaprivategarden orcourtyard. Sittinginonesowngardenhasacharmofitsownwhichcanneverbe comparedevenwithmostluxurioussettingsofaflat. Theprovisionofanexclusiveterrace gardeninmultistoriedbuildingssolvestheproblemonlypartially. Arecentsurveyinterviewedresidentswholivedinprivateandselfowned apartmentbuildings,andrevealedthatthemajorityofthemlikedtoliveonhigherfloors to enjoyabetterviewandfreshair,ratherthananywhereelse,suchaslowrisehousesin suburbs,thesamesurveyalsoallayedconcernoverthedamagingeffectsonchildren growingupinhighriseapartments.Motherswereaskedaboutthedistancingand separationfromthegroundofhighriselivingthatledthemto theirchoiceofverticalliving preferencesforviews,freshairandtheinfluenceonyoungchildren.Themajorityoftheir replieswerepositivewithanaddedexplanationthatartificialground,whichwasacommon featureontheroofofmostpodiumdecksonwhichresidentialtowerssat,offereda welcomesolution.Thewideadoptionofhighdensityhighriselivingisafactoflifetomeet thechallengeofcompactcitiesandcontinuestobeanincentiveforfutureresearch.
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2.SITECONSIDERATIONS 2.1SiteCharacteristics
Physicalcharacteristicsofasitemayimpose limitationsonabuildingprogram; therefore anearlyanalysisofsitedataandconditions shouldbeundertakenbythearchitect inordertoascertainandevaluatesuchlimitations. Boringsandsamplestakenatthesite will provideinformationregardinglocationandextentofrock,bearingcapacityofthe subsurface strataatvariouslevels,andthelevelofawatertable. Asurveyindicatingboundaries,contours, orspotelevationsisnecessaryand,inthe caseofdifficultsites,suchasurveymayindicate terrainandotherconditionswhichwill stronglyinfluencedesigndecisions.Limitations imposedbydifficultterraininaddition to thoseimposedbylocallawsorordinances may limitsuchitemsaslocationofdriveways and parkingentrances.
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2.2Utilities
Availability,adequacy,andlocationofsite utilitiesenterintobasicdecisionmaking. A buildingorbuildingsmaybelocatedsoasto minimizeexpensiveserviceruns.Inadequacy orunavailabilityofcertainservicesmayrequire onsitegenerationordisposalfacilities.
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2.3SiteElements
Thebelow diagramspossible relationships amongsitelayout elementswhich normally occurin apartment development. Assuggested bythediagram,itisdesirable to limit cross trafficamongcirculationelements suchasvehicularaccessandpedestrian access and tomaintainproximityor easyaccessamong activityelements suchasthedwellingunit, recreation,and parking. The relationshipsmaybehorizontallyor verticallyarranged, depending ondensityortightnessofa site.Emphasisontheimportance ofcertainrelationshipsmayvarywith the program; however,thebasicelementsand relationships remain. BuildingAccess Figure 7 diagrams variousmeansofbuilding access andinternalcirculation,eachwith differentadvantagesanddegreesofsuitability tospecific designsolutions.
S T U D Y
2.4BuildingOrientation
Buildingorientationmaybeinfluencedbya numberoffactorssuchassite,view (desirable orundesirable),sun,andprevailingwinds. Closelyinterrelatedtobuilding orientation isthequestionofinternalcirculationandfloor layoutofthebuilding.Figure8 indicateshow differentlayoutslendthemselvestosolutions ofsiteproblems.
L I T E
2.5Apartment Layout Form Central Plan Characteristics Merits

Hasadouble loadedcorridor
R A
Demerits
More Lessprivacy accommodation andmore noise
T U R E
Open central corridor Tower
Hasasingle Welllightedand loaded corridor, ventilated onesideopening

Centralaccessto flatsaround
compactplan usually symmetric& maxfloorarea
Crossplan
Shapecrosswith centralaccess
Circular
Circular
Compactcentral access
Oddshapeof dwelling units

Irregular shaped dwellingunits
Free form Terraced form
Canbeanyform suitabletosite
Moredesign flexibility
Opentosky terraces,good lighteningand ventilation
Hasastepped externalform
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2.6Openspacesandsemiopenspacesinapartments
Outdoorspacesusedforavarietyofactivitiesareveryimportantintheindividual context.Veryoftenthesespacesaresacrificedtoaccommodatealarge numberofflats. Wheneveropenspacesareprovidedtheyarenotappropriatelydesignedtosoil,theneeds ofthepeople.Theselacksofopenspacesdiscouragethesocial,culturalandeconomic activitieswhichcantakeplaceanywhere. Courtyards,setbacks, corridors,staircases,parkinglotsareusuallythevarious interpretationsofopen/semiopenspacesatbacklevel. Open/semiopenspacesareinterpretedintheformofbalconiesandterracesin apartmentsattheunitlevel. Duetocertaininevitabilitieslikespaceconstraintsandthebuildingsattitude purely openspacesarehardtoachieve.Hencethebalconiessemiopenspacesbecomethe objectoffocus. Inapartment,thebalconyservesasthesolenexusbetweentheinhabitantsandthe surroundingenvironment,whichisacrucialfactorinthelifeofaman.Hencethe optimumlocationofphysicalspaceandtherightinterpretationofabalconywould enhancethefollowingactivities. Thephysical,visualandpsychologicallinksbetweenthebalconyandtheclosed spacesisanimportantfactordeterminesitsusage.Apartformtheusualdesign considerationspecificaspectslikevisualaccessinandoutofdegreeofenclosure affectsthebalconytosomeextent.
L I T E R A T U R E
2.7Circulation
Theyarebasically intwowaysverticalandhorizontal.Staircase,ramps,liftscome underverticalcirculation.Corridor,lobby,openspacescomeunderhorizontalcirculation. Staircases: awellplacedanddesignedstairshouldbeprovidedaseasyquick and safemodeofcommunicationbetweenvariousfloors.Itshouldbelocatedsothat sufficientheightandventilationisensuredinthestairway.Widthofthestaircase varieswiththesituations,thepurpose,noofpeopleusingthemeans. Ramps: rampswithaslopenotmorethanoneinatenmaybesubstitutedfor stairwaysthemaximumwidthoframpsinresidentialshallbe2m. Elevators: forabove15mhighbuildingliftshastobeprovided.Capacityoflifts preferredforapartmentsis0813numbersofpersons.Minimumdimensionsare 8x5. Horizontalcirculation:aislewidthis1980mm,subsidiaryaisleis990mm. Widthoflobbyhaving:liftsononeside 1.8m 3.7m Liftsontwosides 3m03.6m
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2.8Earthquakes
Theearthquakeshocksbecauseamovementofgroundthismovementcausesthe structuretovibrate.Thepredominantdirectionofvibrationishorizontal.Theeffectofthe verticalforceispracticallynegligiblecomparedtothehorizontalforce. Forthepurposeofdetermineseismicforcesthecountryisdividedinto5zones.Zone oneistheleastaffectedareaandcoversmostofthedeccantrapareaandportionof RajasthanandOrissa.ThemostseverezonescoverAssam,KashmirandpartofBiharand Kutch.Hyderabadcomesunderzoneoneand itsbasichorizontalcoefficientiso.o1
L I T E R A T U
2.9Windloads
Thewindpressureresultsinthehorizontalthrustonbuilding.Higherthebuilding moreistheeffectofwind.ThebasicwindpressureinIndiavariesdorm60kg.Sq.mtuptoa heightof30m.The eastcoastofthecountrycomesunderthehighestcategory.The pressureonwestcoastvariesfrom100150kg.sq.mt.theinfluenceofaseverestormafter strikingthecostdoesnotexceededbeyond6575kmandthuspracticallyalltheinterior partsofthe countryfallunder60kq.sq.mtcategory.Theeffectofwindonatallstructureis showinthefigure,ifhislessthan2athestabilitycalculationscanbeignoredforwind pressure.
3. Essentialamenities
Adequatecarparking:anefficientrapidtransit systemmustbedevelopedtobring committerstothiscentralcommercialdistrict.Ifthisfacilityisnotprovidedthereisa tendencytouseprivatecarsandparkingcouldbeaseriousproblem. Wide&elegantentrance:theentranceofabuildingisthefirstimpressionona visitor.Inahighrisebuildingitassumesgreatersignificancebecauseofthelarger numberofoccupantsandvisitors.Anelegantentranceaddsagreatdealtothe prestigeofthebuilding. Letterbox:aspaceforletterboxforeachflatshouldpreferablybeprovidedinthe entrance.Atimewillsooncomeinourcountrywhenitwillbetooexpensiveforthe postalauthoritiestodeliverlettersineveryindividualflatinahighbuilding. Liftcorridorlobbies:ifbudgetpermitstheseitemsshouldalsobegivenproper treatment.Thedadoaroundliftmustbeofdurablematerialasmostofthevisitors arepronetorelaxbyputtingtheirhandsonitwhilewaitingfortheelevator. Societycumadministrativeoffice.Themaintenance&managementofahighrise buildingrequiressomeadministrativestaff.Asmallofficeisnecessarytohousethis staff.Itcanalsoserveastheofficeofthecooperativesocietyofthepremises.
R E
S T U D Y
Storeroom: Itisnecessaryforstorageofmaterialssuchas electricbulbs,brooms, plumbing&electricappliances&toolsetc,requiredfordaytodaymaintenance.The roomcanbemadelargeenoughtoaccommodatetricycles,bicycles&scootersof smallchildren.Thiswillavoidforthemthetroubleofbringingthesethingsdown frequentlyfromupperfloorflats. Intermediateopenfloor:thiscanbeputtovarioususesinahighrisebuilding.It partiallysolvestheproblemofsmallchildrentogodownallthewaytotheground forplaying.Itcanbeanidealplace forindoorgames.Socialgatheringscanalsobe plannedonthisfloor. Terrace: thisisalwaysanassetinahighrisebuildingbecauseoftheexcellentview, openatmosphere&coolbreeze.Itcanbeapermanentsourceofincomein commercialbuildingsif utilized.Anattachedterracetoaflatisperhapsthebiggest assetincountrieshavingtropicalclimate.Itisanidealplacetohaveasmallprivate gardenwheresittingisapleasure. Communityfacilities : manyhousingdevelopmentsandneighborhoods thatappear stableanddesirableconsideredowningaportionofcredittotheancillary communityfacilitiesforrecreation. Balconiesareverypopularintropicalcountriesbecauseitprovidesafeelingof opennesstotheoccupants.Italsoprovidesa facilitytoenjoyoutsideviewfortheindividual aswellasforagroupasawhole.Ithelpsinshadingtheinnerlivingroomsfromthevagaries ofnature. Lackofsoundinsulationbetweenapartmentsposerestrictionsonthefreedomof families.Veryoftentherearevisitorsingroups,whichcreatemorenoise.Toreducethis disturbancethecommonwallbetweenthetwoapartmentsshouldhaveasoundinsulation property.Dryingofclothespresentaspecialprobleminflats,especiallyduringmonsoon months whenrelativehumidityisveryhigh.Ifspacepermits,abalconyorverandahlarge enoughtoaccommodatetheclothesshouldbeprovided.Sometimesacommonfacilityis alsoprovidedinthebasementofabuilding. Manytimestheordinarypeepholeprovided inamainentranceisnotpreferredby flatowners.Someconservationisnecessarywithastrangerbeforeallowinghimtoenter theflat.Anadditionalopentypedoorisprovidedtoovercomethisdifficulty.
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4.Services 4.1 Water supply

Thewaterdistributionsystemneedselaborateplanninginhighrisebuildings.Faulty planningcanleadtounevendistribution&excesswear&tearoffittings&pipes.Inorderto ensurecontinuouswatersupplythemostcommonmethodadoptedistofeedthemunicipal waterintoanundergroundwaterstoragetankfromwhereitispumpedtooverheard storagetanksontheterrace. Themainprobleminhighrisebuildingsistheexcesswaterpressureforlowerfloor occupants.Thispressuregraduallyreducesonupperfloors.Thehigherthebuildingthe moreisthedifferentialpressureandsubsequentunequaldistributionofwater.Inorderto minimizethisunequaldistributionandexcessivepressureonlowerfloorsthefollowing methodsareadopted Thediameterofthepipe isgraduallyreducedaswegolower.Thisreducesthe quantityofwateravailabletolowerflooroccupants. Pressurereducingvalvesareintroducedonlowerfloorsformorethan3035mhead ofwatertoreducethewaterpressure. Separatelinesareusedfor every45floors.Ifthesamelineisusedfortheentire buildingthentheupperflooroccupantswillfinditdifficulttogetadequatequantity ofwaterwhenthelowerflooroccupantsopenthetaps.
L I T E R A T U R E
4.2Drainage 4.2.1 Conventionalsystem(twopipe system)

Thissystemisadoptedtocarrywasteandotherdischargesformkitchens,w.cs, bathroomsetcconsistsoftwopipeswhereinthesoilpipeconveysdischargesfromw.cs& urinalsandthewastepopeconveyswaterfromkitchenandbathrooms.Beside thisvent pipeisusedtoprovideflowofairtoorfromdrainageortoprovidecirculationofairwithin suchsystemstoprotecttrapsealfromspongeandblackflow.TheusualcustominIndiaisto provideapartiallyventedsystemwhichventilatesonly trapsofwaterclosets.
4.2.2Onepipesystem&singlestacksystem
Inthissystemasinglepipeisusedtocarrybothtypesofdischargestheventpope providesventilationtothetrapsofwaterclosets,basinetc Insinglestacksystemtheventpopeisalsoeliminatedandonlyonepipeservesas soil,wasteandventpope.Fortheuseinhighrisebuildingsithastobedesignedand constructedproperly.Besides,itgivesmuchlesserlatitudetoarchitectsinthelocationof
S T U D Y
sanitaryappliances.Therearealsolimitationstothelengthsofhorizontalbranchlines whichcanbeconnectedtoit&themaximumnumberoffixturestobeattachedtoeach floor.
L I T E R A T U R E
4.3Fire safety
Therearetwoimportantaspectsoffiresafetyinhighrisebuildings A.Thiswouldpertaintodesign&constructionfeatures.Thiswillinvolvethefollowing Thestructuremustremainrigidandintactthroughoutfire. Smokecontrolisaveryimportantelementintheprovisionofsafety Theremustbeacirculationsystemforpeople,includingsafetravel&safeareasof refugeincaseofverytallbuildings. B. Thiswouldpertaintospecialappliances&equipmentstobeprovidedwithinthebuilding. Thiswillconsistofthefollowing Firefightingappliances&facilitieswithinthebuilding sincethefiredepartmentmist operateinternally. Emergencycommunications&controlsystemsprovidingsufficientinformationfor occupants&firefightingsquadsuchasdataonfire,itslocationetc. Thereshouldbeadequatemaintenancesecuringaproper&reliablefunctioningof allthemechanical&electricalappliancesinthebuildingthroughoutitslife.
4.3.1 Fire fightingpump&extrawaterstoragetank

Anexclusivewatersupplywithinthehighrisebuildingisusuallyprovidedforfighting for immediateusetillthemunicipalsupplyissecured.Thecapacityofthetankisdependent uponthesizeofthebuilding&mayvaryfrom45,000to20,00,000lts.Thesupplymaybe storedatthegroundleveloratanupperlevel.Ifprovidedatthegroundlevel,thewaterin thefiretankshouldbeundercirculation. Thereisanecessarytoavoidmosquitobreeding.Theregulardomestic&flushing supplyisfedthroughtheoverflowofthetank.Aspecialpumpisprovidedonthefiretank& a100150mmdiameterpopeservesasadeliverylineforthispump.Thisdeliverylineruns uptothetopmoststoryofthebuilding.Waterispumped@of1200to1400.Itsofwater perminuteunderapressureof1.4to3.2kg/sq.cm.Onthetopmostfloorofthebuilding. The deliverylineknownasthewetordryriserisusuallylocatedinthemainstaircaselobby ofthebuildingwithanoutletoneachfloor.Ahosepipeisprovidedoneachfloorinaglass cupboardforsprayingwater.
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4.3.2 FIREALARMSYSTEM
Integralpartofanyfireprotectionsystemisthefivealarmsystems.Fireexpertssay thefirstfiveminutesaremoreimportantthannextfivehours.Withthehelpofproperfire alarmsystems,itispossibletofightthefireininitialstage.Theheatandsmokedetectors whichcandetectthefiresinitsinitialstageareusedasalarms.Theyshouldusealarmonall thepanels.Anindicatorpaneloneachfloorisinstallednearthestaircaseorliftlobby.Inthe caseofverytallbuildingsitisnecessarytohavea panelonthegroundfloorwhichwill indicatethefloor,onwhichthefirealarmbuttonispressed.
L I T E R A T U R E
4.4Garbagedisposal
Collectionanddisposalofsolidwastealso,createaspecialprobleminhighrise buildings.Untilnowinmostbuildings constructedinIndia,theconveyinghasbeendone manuallyalongthestaircaseorlifts.Thissystemisverycumbersome,insanitaryand increasinglyexpensivewithhighercostoflaboreveryyear. Chutesystem Inthemoredevelopedcountriesachute systemisadoptedwherealltherefuseis collectedonthegroundfloorandmanytimesutilizedasasourcedenergybyburningitin incinerator.
4.5Telecommunications
Inapartmentcomplexwiringfortelephoneconnectionisdoneinaconcealed manner throughconduits.Anintercomfacilityamongtheneighboringflatsandwithinaflat isprovided.Toprovidethisprivateautomaticbranchisinstalledwherealltheexternallines comingtotheapartmentandtheyareconnectedtointernallinesthrougha switching arrangements.
4.6Centralgassystems
Thissystemsuppliesgasintheformofpipedgaswhichisstoredasbulk LPGunder pressureinliquidform,isevaporatedandthroughpressureregulatoritispassedthrough pipedistributionnetworkburiedintheground.Distributionisonethroughservicepipe connections.
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HOUSINGWITHSUSTAINABLETECHNOLGIES HIGHRISEAPARTMENTS
MULTISTORIEDBUILDINGREGULATIONS
HighRisebuildingmeansabuilding18metersormoreinheight. Buildingsless than 18mincludingstiltfloor/parkingfloorstandexcludedfromthe definitionofhighrise buildings.
1.1Requirementsforhighrisebuildings:
HighRisebuildings/Complexesshallbepermissibleonlyinareasotherthanthosegiven inAnnexureIandII.HighRisebuildingsshallnotbeallowedinCongestedareas/existing areasandsettlementareas/Abadi/Gramkhantamareas. TheminimumsizeofplotforHighRisebuildingshallbe2000sq.m.Forbuildingsinthe SkyscraperzoneasgiveninAnnexureIII,theminimumplotsizeshallbe4000sqm Thebuildingbulk,coverageandheightshallbegovernedbytheminimumalround setbackstobeleft,theorganisedopenspacestobeleftandtheheightrestrictions imposedbytheAirportauthority(ifapplicable)/ Defenceauthorities(ifapplicable)and FireServicesDepartmentandtheCitylevelImpactfeeonbuiltuparea TheminimumabuttingroadwidthandallroundopenspaceforHighriseBuilding/ Complexshallbeasfollows:
D A T A
Heightofbuilding
(1) Upto21mt. Above21mt.&upto24mt Above24m&upto27m Above27m&upto30m Above30m&upto35m Above35m&upto40m Above40m&upto45m Above45m&upto50m Above50m
Minimumabuttingroad Minimumalround widthrequired (in openspaceon metres) remainingsides(in metres)* (2) (3) 12.2 7 12.2 8 18 9 18 10 24 11 24 12 24 13 30 14 30 16
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Theabuttingroadhastobeblacktoppedwithminimum2 lanecarriageway. ServiceroadswhererequiredaspertheseRulesshallbe minimum7mwidewith minimum2laneblacktoppedcarriageway. Forupperfloorsfrom2ndflooronwards,thebalconyprojectionofupto2mmaybe allowedprojectingontotheopenspaces.

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNTHESIS (i)
Theopenspacetobeleftbetweentwoblocksshallbeequivalentto theopen spacementionedinColumn(3)ofaboveTableIV. Incaseofhighrisebuildingsupto30mheight,itispermittedtotransferupto twometresofsetbackfromonesidetotheotherside,whichneedstobe uniformatanygivenpoint,subjecttomaintainingofminimumsetbackof7mon allsides. Wherethelightingandventilationofabuildingisthroughthemeansofachowk orinnercourtyardorinterioropenspace/duct,suchopenspaceshallbeopento skyandofareaatleast25sqmandnosideshallbelessthan3m.
(ii)
(iii)
1.2Restrictionsofbuildingactivityinvicinityofcertainareas:
(a)
Nobuilding/developmentactivityshallbeallowedinthebedofwaterbodieslike river,ornala,andintheFullTankLevel(FTL)ofanylake,pond,cheruvuorkunta/shikam lands. (b) Theabovewaterbodiesandcoursesshallbemaintainedasrecreational/Green bufferzone,andnobuildingactivityotherthanrecreationaluseshallbecarriedoutwithin: (i) 30meters fromtheboundaryofLakesofarea 10Haandabove; (ii) 9metersfromtheboundaryoflakesofarealessthan10Ha/kuntas/shikamlands; (iii) 9metersfromtheboundariesofCanal,Vagu,etc. (iv) 2metersfromthedefinedboundaryofNala Theaboveshallbeinadditiontothemandatorysetbacks. Unlessandotherwisestated,theareaandtheFullTankLevel(FTL)ofalake/kuntashallbe reckonedasmeasuredorgivenintheSurveyofIndiatopographicalmaps/IrrigationDept.
D A T A
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1.3 FloorAreaRatio
Floor AreaRatio(FAR)foralloccupancies.
Plotsizesqm. Proposedroad width Below12m 12to Below18 m 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.25 2.0 2.25
1 Lessthan500 2 500toless than1000 3 1000andless than2500 4 2500and above
18to below24 m 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.25
24to below36 m 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
36mandabove roadalongthespine 1.0 1.5 2.5 Nolimit
D A T A
PartsofbuildingsexemptedfromFARComputation: ThefollowingshallbeexcludedfromthecalculationofFAR: Areaoffireescapestairwaysandcantilever fireescapepassagesaccordingtotheFire Officersrequirements. Areaunderstiltsuptoaclearheight(i.e.betweenfloorandceiling)of2.4mto3.6m.Ifthe clearheightexceeds3.6m.theareaunderstiltswillbeconsideredforFSIcomputation. Area understructureslikebiogasplants,effluentwatertreatmentplants,solarwater heatingsystem,sewagetreatmentplants,andstreetlightingsystems,airconditioningplant rooms,electricsubstationset. Refusearea,Fireescapepassagesinthecaseof industrialandpublicassemblybuildingsup toawidthof2m.Ifthewidthismorethan2m.theadditionalcoveredareashallbe consideredforFSIcomputation. AreascoveredbyLofts,Meterrooms,Porches,Canopies,itprovidedinaccordancewith theseRegulations. Areacoveredbyliftandpassagetoinbuilding. Areacoveredbystaircaseflightsandfloorlandings. Servicefloor. BasementsifusedforParking/Acplant/electricsubstation. Areaofofficeofacooperativehousingsocietyorapartmentownersassociationupto30 sqm.persociety/plot. Cabinforsecuritystaff. Besidesareasallocatedforparkinginthestiltsorbasements/servicefloor,theExempted areasshallnotexceed10%forResidentialZonesand15%fornonResidentialZones
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1.4Individualresidentialbuildings
Plotareainsq.mt Below500 500andbelow2500 2500andabove Max.permissiblegroundcoverage 60% 50% 40%ofplotare
1.5Heightofbuildings
Thereisnorestrictiontobuildingheightincyberabadprovidedthat thebuildings above15mshouldhaveadequatefiresafetymeasuressuchassprinklersystems, fireescapestaircasesasperNBC. Irrespectiveofitslocationanybuildingortowerstructureexceeding25minheight requireaNOCfromairportauthorityandfiredepartmentandmarginofatleast9m allround. Theheightofanymultistoriedbuildingpermittedundertheseregulationsshallnot exceed30m.
D A T A
1.6Provisionofgreenery:
Ineveryhighrisebuildingsite,anorganizedopenspacewhichshallbeutilizedas greenery,totlotorsoftlandscaping,etc.shallbeprovidedoverandabovethe mandatoryopenspacestobeleftinandaroundthebuilding.Thisspaceshallbeat least10%oftotalsiteareaandshallbeaminimumwidthof3mts.Thismaybein one ormorepocketsandshallbeopentosky. Inadditiontotheabove,aminimum2mwidegreenplantingstripintheperiphery onallsideswithinthesetbacksarerequiredtobedevelopedandmaintained greeneryandtreesinallhighrisebuildingsites. Rainwaterstructureshallbeprovidedintheprescribedmannerwithinthesetbacks.
1.7Parking
Forplotofareabelowandabove100sq.mthecarparkingis1carperflat. Inmultifamilyresidential30%ofparkingoftotalbuiltuparea. 15%oftotal parkingforvisitorsparkingtobeprovidedonground.
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1.8Firenorms
Forbuildingabove15minheightnoncombustiblematerialshallbeusedfor construction. Widthoftheroadshouldbe12m Roadshallnotendinadeadend. Compulsoryopenspacesaroundthebuildingshallnotbeusedforparking. Adequatepassagewayof4.5mshallbeprovidedfortheentryofthefirefighting vehiclesandtheheadroomofanarchropeningatheentranceshallnotbelessthan 5m. Above24mheightandnotexceeding35monewetrisercumdowncomerper 1000m2floorarea.Therisershallbefullychargedwithadequatepressureandbe automatic. Undergroundstatictankcapacityshouldbe10,000lts. Terracetankcapacityshouldbe20,000lts Alternatesourceofpowersupply shallbeprovidedtodrivepumps. Upto24mheightsizeofventilationshaft5.4sq.mt Variousroomdetailsinadwellingunit
D A T A
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D A T A
C O L L E C T I O N
D A T A
C O L L E C T I O N
HOUSINGWITHSUSTAINABLE TECHONOLGIES HIGHRISEAPARTMENTS
DESKCASE STUDY
K2APARTMENTS
Projectdetails
Location: RaleighStreet,Windsor,Melbourne Developer:TheDepartmentofHumanServices, Officeof Housing,PropertyServices &AssetManagement. Architect: DesignIncMelbourne Builder: HansenYuncken SiteArea: 4,800m2 SiteContent: 96units,communityroomand52carparks CompletionDate:February2007
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INTRODUCTION
K2Apartments isanecologicallysustainable,mediumdensitypublichousing developmentlocatedat RaleighStreet,Windsor. Thedesignembodiesthephilosophyofintegratingsustainablearchitectureintothe conceptualbasisofthedesign notjustasanaddedextra. Theprimaryecologicalobjectivesoftheprojectweretominimizegreenhousegas emissionsandwaterconsumption,andtodesignforlongevitythroughtheuseof reusableandrecycledmaterials.Truesustainabilitytakesintoaccountfarmore thanenergy andwatersavings. TheapproachtakenwiththeK2Apartmentswastocombinethenotionofahealthy buildingandenvironment. Theprojectconsideredthesocialandeconomicaspectsofsustainabilitytobeas importantasthenaturalenvironmentalaspects.
SITEPLANNING
UrbanContext
Pedestrianaccesswasgivenpriority overvehicles,andsustainable landscapingwasintegratedintopublic andprivate courtyards. Displaypanelswereintegratedintoa streetaccessedurbancourtyard. Solaraccesswascarefullycontrolled, bothintermsofsitespacesand surroundingbuildings.
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SitePlan Firstprinciplepassivesolardesign ledtotheexpressionoffour connectedbuildingsonthe4800m2site. Thebuildingsareorientedonaneastwestaxistoallow formaximumnorthern exposure,andwerestaggered onthe sitetoallowforthecreationofaseriesof publicandprivatecourtyardspaces. Theheightofthefourbuildingsandthedistancebetween thefrontandbackpairs wascarefullycalculatedtoensure thatallunitsreceivednorthernsunallyear round. GreenSpine ThefourbuildingsarelinkedbyasharedGreenSpine.Likenedtoacentralnervous system,thespineintegratesthefunctionalandsocialaspectsoftheproposal. Itwasdesignedtoemphasizecommunityawarenessandpromotethesustainable functionsofthebuilding
BUILDINGFORM
Eachfacaderespondstoits orientationandfunction.North facadescombinebalconieswith solidbedroomwallswhilesouth wallsintegrateprivacyscreens withcirculation. Facadeandroofpodformswere angledforoptimalsolarpanel placementaswell asbeingself shadingtolevelsbelow. Dwellingsweredesignedwith singleloadedaccesswalkways thatallowcrossventilation throughalltheunits. Highlevelsofexposedinternalthermalmass,combinedwithhighlevelsofinsulation, doubleglazingandappropriatelydesignedshadingenableatightbuildingfabrictominimize heatlossandgainthroughtheenvelope. Theextensiveexposedthermalmassprovidesinternalthermalstabilitybynaturally moderatingtheairtemperature
PASSIVESOLARDESIGN
By optimizingthebuildingform,orientationandcirculation,thermalmodeling showedthat comfortableconditions couldbeexpectedformostoftheyear. Additionalheatinghasalsobeenprovidedbymeansofacentralgasfiredhydronicnatural convectorsystemthatprovidesabetterindoorairquality,lowerenergyconsumptionand reduceschanceofburnsandriskofgasleaksintheunits. Whiletheunitsarenaturallyventilated,acentrallylocatedinternalfanandrooflevel ventilatorshelppurgeexcessheatbuildupinextremeconditions.
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WATERSYSTEMS
Atreatedgreywaterreticulationsupply systemrecycleswaterforirrigationand toiletflushing. Roofwateriscollectedfromallroof surfacesandstoredincentralwatertanks. Thiswaterisusedtosupplementmains supplyfordomestichotwater. Thisisequaltoareductionof40%inthe totalrunofffromthesitetothecouncil system.Awetdownpipesystem eliminatestheneedforanypumpingtothetanks. SHRAVANIGUPTA 04161B0028(200809)
Therainwaterissterilizedandpumpedto twodomestichotwaterplantsto supplementwater supply. Waterefficientfittingsandfixturesare specifiedtominimizewaterconsumption. Landscapetreatmentsareusedasanatural filterforstormwater. Greywateriscollectedfrombuildings3and 4andtreatedforreuseintoiletflushingand gardenwatering. Watersmartlandscapingprinciplesincludetheuseofhardynativeplants,planningto maximizewaterfiltration,mulchedgardenbedswithnolawn,andawaterefficientdrip irrigationsystem.
ENERGY
Photovoltaic(PV)andflatplatesolar collectorsarelocatedonthenorthfacing roofsandpodfacades.Theflatplate solarcollectorarrayhasbeensizedto achieveatleast50%ofthedomestichot waterdemand,withthe130m2collector areadeterminedbybalancingpractical considerationsofavailableroofspace andsystemcost. Efficientlightingsystems,individualmeteringandenergyefficientliftscontributeto reducedoverallenergyconsumption. Thephotovoltaicpanelscontribute10%ofthebasebuildingload.
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LIFECYCLE&MATERIALS
Atotallifecycleapproachtomaterialselectionwastakenincludingthe considerationofembodiedenergy,biodiversity,waste,endoflifereuse/recyclability, robustnessandtoxicitytohumanoccupants,manufacturersandtotheenvironment.
LANDSCAPE
Thedesignofthekeypublicspacesandconnectionswasdevelopedwithunique, practicalandcosteffectiveenvironmentallysustainablelandscapedesign. Thegardenslinktothebuildingsandsystemsviareuseoftreatedgreywaterfor irrigationandinitialstormwaterabsorption. Avarietyofplantingwaschosentosuitthevaryingsolaraccessacrossthesiteand includesdeciduousandevergreensforpassivesolarorscreeningcapabilities.
HOUSINGWITHSUSTAINABLETECHOLOGIES HIGHRISEAPARTMENTS
CASESTUDY1
RETREATBUILDING
ProjectDetails Building/ProjectName:RETREAT SiteAddress:GualPahari,Gurgoan BuildingType:Institutional Architects:SanjayPrakash&TERI Covered Area:3000sq.mts Yearofstart&completion:'9700
INTRODCUTION
RETREAT(ResourceEfficientTERIRetreatforEnvironmentalAwarenessandTraining) isTERIsvisionrealizedthevisionofbuildingasustainablehabitat,whichisnotjustthe firstof itskindinthispartoftheworld,butalsoonethatinspiresmanysuchhabitatstobe createdinthefuture.Builtasamodeltrainingcomplex,RETREATdemonstratesefficient utilizationofenergy,sustainable,andintegrateduseofbothnaturalresourcesandclean andrenewableenergytechnologies,andefficientwastemanagement. Basically,threeimportantthingswereconsideredinthecreationofthe complex. Firstly,thefunctionalityofthebuilding,andtryingtoseehowenergyisusedinit. Secondly,thedesignofthecomplexminimizesdemandsofenergyinthebuildingby architecturalinterventionthroughpassiveconceptslikesolarorientation, latticeworkforshading,insulation,andlandscaping. Thirdly,thespaceconditioningandlightingdemandsaremetthroughenergy efficientsystemswhereastheelectricenergydemandsarefulfilledbyrenewable energysources. WhatmakesRETREATuniqueisitstotalindependenceofthecitysgridsystemand nearcompletefreedomfromcityservicesandinfrastructure.Interestingly,energyplanning inthebuildinghasledtoareducedloadof96kW(peak)fromaconventional280kW (peak),showingasavingof184kW(peak).
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PASSIVEDESIGNINGFORLOADREDUCTION
Variouspassivedesignconceptshave resultedinreductionofspaceconditioning loadsby10%15%.Buildingenvelopeefficiency,whichresultin loweringofspace conditioningloads,wasachievedbyadoptionofvarious passivetechniquesaslistedbelow. Theroofisinsulatedby usingvermiculite concreteandChina mosaic whitefinish. Wallsareinsulatedby usingexpanded polystyreneinsulation. Partofthebuildingis sunkenintogroundin ordertotake advantageof ground storageandthus stabilizeinternaltemperature. Shadingdevicesand fenestrationhavebeenadequatelydesignedtocutoff summer sunandtoletinwintersun. Glarefreedaylighthasbeenadequatelyprovidedintheconferencehall, library,and recreationhallthroughuseofspeciallydesignedskylights. Landscapinghasbeenadequatelydesignedsothatwinddirectionsare favorably altered.Deciduoustreesareusedinthesouthernsideofthe buildingtoshadethe buildingduringsummer.Duringwinter,thetrees wouldshedtheirleavesthusletting inwintersun. Thebuildingisorientedalongtheeastwestaxissoastohavemaximum exposure alongnorthandsouth. Architecturally,thebuildingisconsciously freedfromtheconfinesofastrict orientationinordertodemonstrate thatthoughenergyconsciousarchitecture needstobesomewhat oriented,theorientationneednotberigidandinteresting patternscanbeformulatedfor architecturalpurposes. In RETREAT,thenorthblockis madeslightlyconcavetowards thefront,whilethe southblock formsahybridconvexsurface facingthewintersun. The pointsofthesouthblock broadlyfallonthesurfaceoflargeimaginarycones that generatedtheslightlyfree geometryandthisallowsthe architecturetobreak awayfrom thegridironapproachthatis associatedwith solararchitecture normally.
69
ENSURINGASUSTAINABLESUPPLYOFENERGY
TERIsGualPaharicampusis intendedto serveasamodelofsustainablehabitatbasedonnew andcleantechnologies.Therefore,it makesfulluseof themostabundant sourceofenergy,namelythesun,by tappingthesunsenergyindifferent ways,both directly andindirectly.Someoftheinnovativewaysoftapping solarenergyandusingenergymoreefficientlyat RETREATare
(1) Solar waterheater,
(2)PV(photovoltaic) panels,
(1)Anarrayof24solarwaterheatersformsapartoftheparapetwallof theliving quarters.Thesystemcan deliverupto2000 liters ofhotwater(at65C)everyday.
70
(3) Gasifier, (5) Underground earthtunnels
(4) Wastewater recycling,and
(3) ThebuildingispoweredbyaPVgasifierhybridsystem.Firewood,dried leaves, twigs,andcropresiduesaftertheharvestandsuchotherformsof biomassfuelthe50kW gasifier.The10.7kW(peak)roofintegratedPVsystemgeneratespowerfromsolarenergy. Thepoweravailablefromboththe gasifierandthesystemsismanagedandcontrolledwith thehelpofabuilding managementsystem.Theexcesspowergeneratedfromthesources goesochargethebatterybank.Duringthenight,the loads aremetbythe900amphours/ 240Vbatterybank.
ENERGYEFFICIENTSYSTEMS
Thelivingquarters(thesouth block)aremaintainedatcomfortable temperatures (approximatelybetween 20Cand30C)roundtheyearby circulatingnaturallyconditionedair usingearthairtunnelsystem, supplementedwithasystemof absorptionchillerspoweredbyLPG (liquefied petroleumgas)inhumid seasonandairwasherindrysummers. Underground structuresarenotexposed tothesunandthusdonotheatupas much.Secondly,thesurroundingearthinsulates them,whichhelpsinmaintaining amoreorlessconstanttemperature.Temperatures recordedat roughly4mbelowthesurfaceshowthattheyare stableandreflecttheaverage annualtemperature ofaplace.
71
UndergroundearthtunnelHandlingunitOutletchimneys
Outletforhotairinrooms
However,thecoolerairundergroundneedsto becirculatedinthelivingspace.Each roominthe southblockhasasolarchimney;warmairrises andescapes throughthe chimney,whichcreatesanaircurrent:thecoolerairfromtheunderground tunnelsrushes intoreplacethewarmair.Two blowersinstalledinthetunnelsspeedupthe process.The samemechanismsupplieswarmair fromthetunnelduringwinter.
WASTEMANAGEMENT
WastewaterfromtheRETREATis recycledusingtherootzonetechnique.It isa naturalwastewatertreatmentprocessbasedon aerobicandanaerobic decompositionofthe contentsintherootsofthereeds(phragmytes) andmicrobial organisms.Theprocessisnatural, economical,andefficientandgivesquality treated water.Thiswaterisusedforirrigation. The entireareaisproposedtohavewater harvesting andwatershedmanagement.
C A S E
Agreatdealofthoughtandplanninghas goneintotheconstructionof RETREAT,but itisnotjustafacility:itisaconcretereaffirmationofTERIs faithinitsresearchandofits commitmenttosustainabledevelopmentitis TERIsgifttohumankindinthe21stcentury.
S T U D I E S
72
CASESTUDY2
HILLRIDGESPRINGS
ProjectDetails Building/ProjectName:IVRPRIMEHillRidgeSprings SiteAddress:Gachibowli,Hyderabad BuildingType:Residential(Apartments) Architects: CoveredArea:17.5Acres
73
SitePlan
Orientation: ThefacingofthesiteistowardsNWdirection Terrain:Thesiteisundulated Shapeofthesite: Thesiteisaalmostaperfectrectangle Siteapproach: Thereisonlyonemainentrytothesite(SW direction),andthereareno specialserviceentry orexitfromthesite.
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNTHESIS Projectfeatures: HOUSINGTYPES :
TYPEOF NO.OF APARTMENTS(BLOCK) FLOORS 2Bedroom 3Bedroom 4Bedroom 4BedroomDuplex G+10 G+13 G+10 G+10
NO.OFFLATS NO.OF TOWERS 32 40 20 16 3 8 1 4
TOTALNO. OFFLATS 102 336 20 72
AMINTIES: Floatinggardens,Twoacresoflushgreenparkwithwaterbodies& fountains,Joggingtrack, Clubhousecomprisingofswimmingpools,Gymnasium,Children's playarea,Banquetlawns,Indoorgames,Basketball&Tenniscourt,Restaurants,Laundry& GeneralStore.
74
Clubhouse PercentageofAreas
SwimmingPool
BadmintonCourts
Totalbuiltuparea:53% Roads&Pathways:24.3% Landscaping&openareas:22.7% SHRAVANIGUPTA 04161B0028(200809)
CONNECTIVITY&HIERARCHYOFSPACES
Connectivityinsite
SemiprivateInterconnectivity
Publicareaconnectivity
75
Connectivityof Blocks: Asthesiteisnotleveledalltheblocksareconnectedatfirst floorlevelandthebasementisusedforparking.Sothepathwaysconnectingthe blocks arelocated inthefirstfloor. ConnectivityinBlocks :Ineachblock(tower)therearetwopassengerliftsandtwo staircases
ARRANGEMENTOFBLOCKS
Theblocksarearrangedinlinearandalternaterowswheretheycreateacourtyard spacebetweentwoblocks. Accordingtothetypeofapartments theblocks arearrangedsothattheyforma smallclusterorcommunity. Becauseofthecourtyardtypeoflayoutthereisampleofventilationonallthefour sidesoftheblock. Thelawninbetweentheseblocks isofarea 102*86 Thelandscapingdesignofeachlawnisdifferent.
76
SERVICES
Thefollowingaretheservicesprovidedinthesite: Firesafetysystems sprinklerinparking,hoses&fireextinguishersintheflatsand nearstaircases. Electricity&Generatorbackup Incaseofpowercutthereisa generatorineach blockandthegeneratorsrunondiesel. Telephoneandinternetfacilities Thetelephoneconnectionsofalltheflats,which hasanintercomfacility.Thisislocatedinthegroundfloorofatower.VSNListhe internetcableoperator fortheentiresite.Boththetelephoneandtheinternet connectionsarelocatedinsameroom
Watersupplysystems DRINKINGWATER Thedrinkingwaterstoragetankisof5lakhsliterscapacity, wherethesourceofwaterisMunicipalwater,asthisamountofwatersystemisnot sufficienttheyarealsodependingontheundergroundwater.Therearetwoboreswhere about1lakhliterofwaterisbeingextractedperday.Andthetotalconsumptionofwaterin siteisabout5lakhperday.
COLLECTIONOF WASTEWATER Thewastewaterthatiscollectedfromtheentire siteisabout5lakhliters. Almostallthewaterisgetting collected,treatedand storedas there isalot ofwatershortageinthesiteduringthesummerseason.Thewastewateriscollected fromtheflats bathroomwater,kitchenwateretc, andtherainwaterfromtheroofs (terrace)streets,roads&pathways.Thewateristreatedinwaterplantandreused. USAGEOFTREATEDWATER Thetreatedwaterismostlyusedforthelandscaping. There isatwopipesystemusedinthistownshipwherefromonepipewatertothe bathroomsinks,kitchenetcissendandfromtheotherpipethetreatedwaterissend fortheflushing. Thussomeamountofwaterisbeingsavedandthetreatedwaterisbeingusedina betterway. Thetreatedwaterisusedincaseoffirewhereabout2.5lakhsofwaterisbeing stored. Thetreatedexcesswaterisbeingsenttothemunicipaldrainage.
77
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN THESIS
CASESTUDY3
SILICONCOUNTY
ProjectDetails Building/ProjectName:SiliconCounty SiteAddress:HitecCityRoad,Hyderabad BuildingType:Residential(Apartments) Architects: Covered Area:11acres
78
SitePlan
Orientation: Thesiteis oriented to south direction Terrain: Thesiteisundulated Shapeofthe site: Thesiteisaalmostaperfectrectangle Siteapproach: ThereisamainentrytothesitefromtheSouthdirection, andthere isanexit exactlyparallel tothemainentry.
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN THESIS Projectfeatures: HOUSINGTYPES :
TYPEOFAPARTMENTS(BLOCK)
NO.OF FLOORS G+8 G+8 G+8
NO.OF TOWERS 6 6 2
TOTALNO. OFFLATS 96 48 18
APLHABLOCK 3Bedroom BETABLOCK 3BedroomDuplex GAMABLOCK 4BedroomDuplex
AlphaBlocks
BetaBlocks
GamaBlocks
RECREATIONAL/AMINTIES: Generalstore,laundry,CLUBHOUSE Swimmingpool,Healthclubwithgymnasium, ShuttlebadmintoncourtsandsquashCourts,Cards Rooms,BilliardsTableandTableTennis, Library,AirConditionedauditorium,Beautyparlor,Restaurant, MeditationHall,Yoga Center&Childrenplayarea.
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ClubHouse
SwimmingPool
Restaurant
PercentageofAreas Totalbuiltuparea:50% Roads&Pathways:34.3% Landscaping&openareas:15.7%

CONNECTIVITY&HEIRARCHYOFSPACES
C A S E
ARRANGMENTOF BLOCKS
Theblocksarearrangedaroundacentralcourtyardgreenspaceformore ventilationandcreateinteractionspace;thedistancebetweenanytwoblocksis5mts.
S T U D I E S
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SERVICES
Thefollowingaretheservicesprovidedinthesite:(ALLTHESERVICESMAINUNITSAREPROVIDED INTHEBASEMENTFLOOROFALPHABLOCK)
1. Firesafetysystems sprinklerinparking,hoses&fireextinguishersintheflatsand nearstaircases. 2. Electricity& Generatorbackup Incaseofpowercutthereisageneratorineach blockwhich,itsanautomaticsystem&thegeneratorsarerunondiesel 3. Telephoneandinternetfacilities Thetelephoneconnectionsofalltheflats,which hasanintercomfacility. ThisislocatedinthegroundfloorofALPHABLOCK 4. GasSupply ThereisaCentralgassupplysystemprovidedinthesite.Thereisa smallgasgodownwhichconsistsof20gascylindersfromwhichthegasisbeing supplied. Thebesidepicturesshowsthepictureofgasmeterwhichisattached belowtherange.ThisislocatedinthegroundfloorofALPHABLOCK.
5. WaterTreatmentPlant 1. Thetotalwastewaterproducedfromthesiteisabout3lakhlitersbutonly1.5lakhs litersofwaterisbeingtreatedand therestindrainedoutfromthesite. 2. Thewateriscollectedfromthesiliconcountyandsilicontowers,itisstoredina collectiontank,whereairissentintothetankforthegrowthofbacteriaandthen collectedintoclarified tankand thenthewaterisfilteredinfourstages 1.Sand filter, 2.Carbon filter, 3,UVfilter& 4.Softener. 3. Thuspurifiedwaterisbeingusedinthechillingtowersofthesilicontowers.
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Collection
Blowers
VariousFilters
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNTHESIS REQUIREMEN TS
STANDARDS INFERENCE
C O M P A R I T I V E A
S.N O 1
3 4
CASESTUDY1 CASESTUDY2 HILLRIDGE SILICON VILLA COUNTY LOCATION & Shouldbe Locatedina Locatedina SITE locatedina institutionalarea, commercialarea SURROUNDING residentialarea thereareno andtheproximity S andclosetobasic basicamenities tobasicamenities amenitieslike nearby isveryclose bank,schooletc SITEAPPROACH Shouldbew.r.to OrientedinS.W OrientedinSouth &ORIENTATION themain directionandthe directionandthe approachroadto mainroadruns mainroadruns thesite throughS.W throughSouth SHAPEOFSITE Rectangular, Rectangular Rectangular square SITEENTRIES& Single/double Single Double EXIT SHAPEOF BLOCKS ARRANGEMENT OFBLOCKS Circular,free H&Ishaped Rectangular& form,squareetc block square Thedistance Blocksare Blocksare betweentwo arrangedinlinear arrangedtoform blocksshouldbe seriesand asquareshape halftheheightof alternaterows& withacourtyard theblockin distancebetween inthecentren whateverway 2blocksis half of thedistance theyare htofblock betweenthe arranged blocksislessthan halfofthehtof theblock
Preferredina residentialareaifnot shouldbelocatedat placewherethebasic amenitiesarenearby Thesiteshouldbe locatedtothemain road Depends Separatesiteentryn siteexitwouldbe better Depends Thearrangementof blocksofhillridgevilla ismoreproperin aspectsofventilation andmoreopenspaces
5 6
CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN BLOCKS
Thereisaunified pathconnecting alltheblocksin theentiresite (bridge) Playschool, laundry,super market,public parking,parlor, restaurant,club houseetc. Ithasallthe amenitiesother thanplayschool andsupermarket andless commercialarea
Thereisno unifiedpath connectingall theblocksinthe entiresite Ithasallthe amenitiesother thanplayschool andless commercialarea
AMINITIES
Itwouldbebetterto haveaunifiedpath connecting allthe blocksintheentiresite forbetterconnectivity andconvenience Themajor requirementsofa communityare commercialareawhich isnotproperinboth thecaseswhichshould beconsidered 82
N A L Y S I S
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNTHESIS 9. SERVICES
Watersupply& sanitation Water treatment plant Electricityand generator Firesafety Telephone& Internet Gassupply Drinking water is supplied without purification Nocentralgas supplyotherthan theseallthe servicesare provided Sometimesthe wastewater treatmentgoes wasteas excess treatedwateris senttomunicipal drainsdueto excessofwater inrainyseason Trees&shrubs Landscapinghas enhancethe beendoneinthe livingabilityof courtyardof thehousingarea blocksandahuge parkisprovided attheentrance ofthesitein frontofthe blocks Drinkingwateris suppliedwithout purificationand restofallthe servicesare provided Onlyhalfthe amountofwaste wateristreated andbeingusedin siliconcountyand therestofwater issentto municipaldrains Inboththecasesthere isnoseperaterain waterharvestmentpit, soeventhiswateris mixedwithdrainage water.Ifitwasseparate thefiltrationand usage ofrainwaterwouldhad beenbetter
C O
M P A R I
10
LANDSCAPING
Landscapinghas beendoneinthe centralcourtyars oftheblocksand inclubhouse. Treeshavebeen placedalongthe peripherysidesof thesite.
Landscapingis Compulsoryto minimizenoise ,pollution,forvisual recreationandenhance theatmosphere
T I V E A N A L Y S
83
C O
AREASTATEMENTS&ANALYSIS
S.N O 1 REQUIREMEN TS BALCONIES STANDARDS CASESTUDY1 HILLRIDGE VILLA 1.2mts CASESTUDY2 SILICON COUNTY 1.8mts CONCLUSION
M P A R I T I
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9.
LIVINGSPACE DINING KITCHEN BEDROOM1 BEDROOM2 BEDROOM3 TOILET PARKING
Shouldbe minimumof width.9mts 12x14.5
Asper standarddesign program
116x20 Living/dining
12x89 Living/dining 13x8 129x117 149x109 13x145 9x5 Thepercentage ofvisitorparking is less
10
RECREATION AREA
10x9.5 10x12 103x7 10x13 13x12 11x9.5 13x11 12 x16 136x116 6.5x7.6 59x7 Inmultifamily Asperstandards 30%oftotalbuilt upareaand15% visitorsparking ontheground 25%ofplotarea Asperdesign program
Lessthan required
Asperdesignprogram
V E A N A L Y S
84
I S
C O
ANALYSIS JAYABHERISILICONCOUNTY
S.NO
FACTS A13flooroffice buildingisatthe frontportionofthesir,behind whichthestretchofapartment unitruns.
ANALYSIS Sincethemainentryfor apartmentsandoffice buildingsareverynearthe vehicularmovementsandthe factofresidentialsecurityhas tobemaintainedat ahigher grade
INFERENCE Therehastobedistinguishing bufferzonebetween residentialandcommercial units
M P A R
Everytwoflatsshareacommon liftandstaircase
Thisgivesnoscopeforlengthy corridorsandmaxprivacyfor eachflatwithnocommon wallstoshare
Sincethesearedeluxe apartmentsthereisevery scopeofavoidingandcreating thefactorssuchascommon walls,corridorsandhigh privacyunits
I T I V E A N A L Y S
Terracegardenabovestiltsand sitoutsofeachflatarenot justifiedw.r.ttheirfunction
Huge centralcourtyardhad beenlandscapedanditisthe onlyoutdoorcomfortwithin thezoneofprivacyotherthan clubhousewhichisvisibleonly fromthegamablock.There arenooutdoorrecreation spacesforthealpha&beta blocks.Thisbecomesa backdrop totheresidentsin future
Everydwellingunitshould satisfywiththerecreation outdoorspacesprovided
85
I S
C O
CASESTUDY1:HILLRIDGEVILLA,HYDERABAD
FINDINGS SITEAREA:17.5acres Total.noofflatsobtained 530flats PercentageofAreas Totalbuiltuparea:53% Roads&Pathways:24.3% Landscaping&openareas:22.7% Typesofblocks INFERENCE morelandcoverageareathan requiredaccordingtothe standards Thebuiltupareaismoreitshould beof 3540percent
M P A R
Avarietyofflattypeshavebeen provided
I T I V
Areas 2bedroomflats 1000sq.ft 3bedroomflats 1250sq.ft 4bedroomflats 1500sq.ft Terracegardenabovestiltsandsitoutsofeachflatarejustifiedw.r.t theirfunction
Alltheareasaresufficient
E
Everydwellingunitshouldsatisfy withtherecreationaloutdoor spacesprovided.Thisbeingan importantfactorinapartments shouldbegivenpriorconcern
A N A L Y S
86
I S
C O
CASESTUDY 2 : SILICONCOUNTY,HYDERABAD
FINDINGS SITEAREA:7acres Total.noofflatsobtained 162 flats } PercentageofAreas Totalbuiltuparea: 40% Roads& Pathways:34.3% Landscaping&openareas: 25.7% Typesofblocks INFERENCE Only40%oflandhasbeenused
M P A R
Thebuiltupareaisaccordingto thestandards
Avarietyofflattypeshavebeen provided
I T I
Areas 2bedroomflats 170sq.mt 3bedroomflats 275sq.mt 4bedroomflats 350sq.mt Terracegardenabovestiltsandsitoutsofeachflatare not justified w.r.ttheirfunction
Alltheareasaresufficient
V
Everydwellingunitshouldsatisfy withtherecreationaloutdoor spacesprovided.Thisbeingan importantfactorinapartments shouldbegivenpriorconcern
E A N A L Y S
87
I S
HOUSINGWITH SUSTAINABLETECHNOLOGIES HIGHRISEAPARTMETNS
CRITERIAFORIDEALSITESELECTION
S I
Avoidusingsiteshavingspecialvaluelikeagriculturalland,culturalsites,wetlands, habitatsofendangeredspeciesetc. Reuselandthathas alreadybeendevelopedoramoreambitioustargetcouldbeto reuselandthatispolluted. Givespecialconsiderationsfordisasterproneareas.Forexampleinatsunamiprone area,thesiteshouldbeoutofthesafetybufferzone,atanelevatedplace, preferablynotonslopesornearothersteepslopesandshouldavoiddifferentfloor levels. Encouragedevelopmentinlocationsthatexhibitsuperiorperformanceinproviding transportationchoicesorotherwisereducemotorvehicleuse. Encouragedevelopment withinandnearexistingcommunitiesorpublic transportationinfrastructure Inorderto o Reducevehicletripsandmilestraveledandsupportwalkingasa transportationchoice. o Reducemultipleenvironmentalimpactscausedbysprawl.Conservenatural andfinancialresourcesrequiredforconstructionandmaintenanceof infrastructure.
T E
S E L E C T I O N
88
Siteselected
Location:ItislocatedinbetweenHiteccityMMTSstationandKPHBphaseIV,kukatpally Hyderabad. Sitearea:18acres Siteshape:Parallelogram
S I T E
S E L E C T I O N
89
SITEANALYSIS AREA o Thetotalareaofthesiteselectedis 18Acres. TOPOGRAPHY/VEGETATION o Thesiteisalmostplainwithfewnumbersofcontourswhicharepresentonthe cornersofthesite. o Thehighestpointofthesiteisontotheeast. o Thesiteisentirelycoveredwiththickvegetationandslopingtowardsthewestof thesite.Andthehighercontourstowardsthelakeareofrockyterrain. o TheprevailingwindsarefromtheSouthWestandtherearenoobstructions fromtheSWdirectionandthereisawaterbodywhichinturnisafetchingpoint, wheretheprevailingwindsbecomecoolerwhiletheypassoverthewaterbody andapproachthesite. NATURALRESOURCES o Waterbodyonthesouthofthesite o Thickvegetation o Rockyterrain ACCESS Thereare3mainroadsconnectingtothesite o RoadfromHitecCityMMTSStation o RoadfromKPHBPhaseIV o Adjacenttothesitethereisanotherroad Theseroadsformthemainaccesspointstothesite. Encouragebalancedcommunitieswithdiversityofusers andemploymentopportunities reduceenergyconsumptionandpollutionfrommotorvehiclesbyproviding opportunitiesforshortervehicletripsand/oruseofalternatemodesoftransportation.
S I T E
S E L E C T I O N
90
SURROUNDINGS Thesiteissurroundedby: NORTH: EAST : WEST : SOUTH : EXISTINGSERVICES o Thereisamainundergroundwatersupplypipelinepassingadjacenttothe site(towardssouth). o Thereisamainelectricallinenearby. o Andthereisalsoanexistingdrainagesystem(asthesiteissurroundedby majorhousinglayouts) CLIMATICDATAOFHYDERBAD KPHB PhaseIV BarrenLand HitecCityMMTSStation MullakuthuvaCheruvu
S I T E
S E L E C T I O N
91
WINDDIRECTION&SUNPATH@SITE
S I T E
S
SITEANALYSIS
E L E C T I O N
92

Thesis Report - Housing With Sustainable Technologies

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HOUSINGWITHSUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES HIGHRISEAPARTMENTS

SUBMITTEDIN PARTIALFULFILLMENTOFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHE AWARDOF THEDEGREEOF BACHELOROFARCHITECTURE TO

SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES HIGH RISE APARTMENTS HAS

Populationofthesetup:3300 Total sitearea:18acres

SHRAVANIGUPTA 04161B0028 (2008 09)

SHRAVANIGUPTA 04161B0028 (2008 09)

Thedesignisademonstrationproject i.e.itsconceptsandtechniquescanbeusedinpartof fullinadifferentsemiurbansettingtocreateasustainablecommunity.

SHRAVANIGUPTA 04161B0028 (2008 09)

SHRAVANIGUPTA 04161B0028 (2008 09)

1.2 Sustainability@ Habitatdesign

SlatefordGreenHousing,Edinburgh SHRAVANIGUPTA 04161B0028(200809)

1.4 Sustainabilityaspectsofhabitat design

Economicdimensionsof sustainability: Creationofnewmarketsand opportunitiesforsalesgrowth Costreductionthroughefficiency improvementsandreducedenergy andraw materialinputs Creationofadditionaladdedvalue

1.5 Principlesofsustainabledevolvementin buildingdesign

1.6 Integratedapproachtobuildingdesign&Characteristicsofsustainable buildings

Theadoptionoftheabovefeaturesresultsinbuildingthathave Lowermaintenancecosts, Reducedoperationalenergy, Loweremissionsofairpollution, Healthierandmoreproductiveoccupants, Lessmaterialusage,and Longerbuildinglife.

Anidealsitesystemwouldbeoneinwhichthearrangementofroads,buildings andassociatedusageisdevelopedbyusingsitedataandinformationfromthe largermacroenvironment,includingthesocioculturalandhistoricalpatternsofthe settlement.

1.Orderof importanace 2.Interactive relationship

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNTHESIS SITELAYOUT

Deciduoustreesblockingsun insummerandlettingin sunlightinwinter.

Reference:(1) SustainableDesignManual(Volume 2), (2)EcoHousingguidelinesforTropicalRegions

Other macro&microclimaticfactors Topography Waterbodies Altitude Vegetation Urbanization Landscape &builtform

3.2.1.3 Lower perimeter toarearatio

Rectangle 1.05LShaped 1.25

HShaped 1.13Circle 0.88

3.3 AdvancedSolarPassiveTechniques 3.3.1 Passivesolarheating

IndirectEvaporativeCooling Inroofspraysandroofponds,external coolingthroughhumidificationcanbeachievedby keepingthesurfacesofroofsmoistbyusingspraysor lawnsprinklers.The surfacetemperaturecanbe reducedbyupto30degC. however;water consumptionisexcessiveinthiscase.

Louvers: Louverscanbeusedforprovidingamorecontrollableandsecureopening. However,theycanbedifficulttosealwhenclosedandtherefore,cancauseahighair leakagerate.Theyarealsousuallysingleglazedandarenotwidespreaduseotherthanin hotclimates.

5.2Walling systems 5.2.1Castinsituflyashwalls

5.2.7 Flyashbasedlightweightaeratedconcretewallingandroofing blocks

Reference:(1) SustainableDesignManual(Volume 2),

6. EFFICIENT WATER MANAGEMENT

6.1Reducingwaterdemand 6.1.1 Reducingwaterloss

Basedontheabovefactorsthewaterharvestingpotential ofasitecouldbe estimatedusingtheformulagivenbelow.

Positionoftank:Dependingonspaceavailabilitythesetankscouldbeconstructedabove ground,partlyundergroundorfullyunderground.Somemaintenancemeasureslike cleaninganddisinfectionarerequiredtoensurethequalityofwaterstoredinthecontainer.

Advantagesofarootzonesystemcomparedtoconventionalsystems Lowcapitalcosts Lowoperatingandmaintenancecosts Nonrequirementofchemicalsforthetreatmentprocess Absenceofbyproductsrequiringtreatment Norequirementofhightechnicalexpertiseforoperation Effectivetreatmentresultingintertiarystandards.

Recycleglassbottlesandjars,plasticbottlescontainersmadeofPET(polyethylene terephthalate),aluminumcansandfoils,metallicitemssuchassteelcans,scrapsuch asoldpipesandappliancesmadeofsteel,copperandbrass.

Reference:(1) SustainableDesignManual(Volume 2),

Arenewableenergysystemconvertstheenergyfoundinsunlight,wind,fallingwater, seawaves,geothermalheat,orbiomassintoaform,wecanusesuchasheator electricity.

storedinthetankthroughacoiloftubes. Solarwaterheatingsystemscanbeeitheractiveorpassive systems.Theactive system,whicharemostcommon,relyonpumpstomovetheliquidbetweenthecollector andthestoragetank.Thepassivesystemsrelyongravityandthetendencyforwaterto naturallycirculateasitisheated.

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNTHESIS Performance

Shelterisabasichumanneednextonlytofoodandclothing. Thefollowingare thedifferenttypesofhousingcommunities(userdefined) Mixedhousingcommunity Educationalhousing Housingforoldagepeople Housingforindustrial/IT(SEZ)

Thefollowingarethedifferenttypesofhousinglayouts Residentialenclaves Grouphousing Row housing Clusterhousing

Thefollowingarethedifferenthousetypes Detachedhousing Semidetachedhousing Courtyardhousing Linkedhousing Terracedhousing Townhouses Apartments

2.5Apartment Layout Form Central Plan Characteristics Merits

Open central corridor Tower

Hasasingle Welllightedand loaded corridor, ventilated onesideopening

compactplan usually symmetric& maxfloorarea

Oddshapeof dwelling units

Free form Terraced form

4.Services 4.1 Water supply

4.2Drainage 4.2.1 Conventionalsystem(twopipe system)

sanitaryappliances.Therearealsolimitationstothelengthsofhorizontalbranchlines whichcanbeconnectedtoit&themaximumnumberoffixturestobeattachedtoeach floor.

4.3.1 Fire fightingpump&extrawaterstoragetank

Theabuttingroadhastobeblacktoppedwithminimum2 lanecarriageway. ServiceroadswhererequiredaspertheseRulesshallbe minimum7mwidewith minimum2laneblacktoppedcarriageway. Forupperfloorsfrom2ndflooronwards,thebalconyprojectionofupto2mmaybe allowedprojectingontotheopenspaces.

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNTHESIS (i)

1 Lessthan500 2 500toless than1000 3 1000andless than2500 4 2500and above

18to below24 m 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.25

24to below36 m 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

36mandabove roadalongthespine 1.0 1.5 2.5 Nolimit