ch13

Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. All of the following are heterogeneous mixtures except a. whole wheat bread. c. tap water. b. granite. d. an oil-water mixture. 2. Carbon dioxide in water is an example of which solute-solvent combination? a. gas-liquid c. liquid-liquid b. liquid-gas d. cannot be determined 3. Which of the following expresses concentration? a. molality c. parts per million b. molarity d. All of the above 4. Which of the following would be the most concentrated solution? a. 200 g of C12H22O11 in 1 kg of water c. 1000 ppm of C12H22O11 in water b. 1500 ppm of C12H22O11 in water d. 1 mol of C12H22O11 in 1 L of solution 5. What is the molarity of a solution that contains 0.202 mol KCl in 7.98 L of solution? a. 0.0132 M c. 0.459 M b. 0.0253 M d. 1.363 M 6. Dissolved in water to make 100 mL of solution, 1.00 g of NaCl would have a concentration of a. 1.71 M. c. 0.0171 M. b. 0.171 M. d. 17.1 M. 7. What is the molarity of a solution that contains 125 g NaCl in 4.00 L solution? a. 0.535 M c. 8.56 M b. 2.14 M d. 31.3 M 8. How many moles of HCl are present in 0.70 L of a 0.33 M HCl solution? a. 0.23 mol c. 0.38 mol b. 0.28 mol d. 0.47 mol 9. An NaOH solution contains 1.90 mol of NaOH, and its concentration is 0.555 M. What is its volume? a. 0.623 L c. 1.05 L b. 0.911 L d. 3.42 L 10. The solubility of a substance at a given temperature can be expressed as a. grams of solute. b. grams of solvent. c. amount of solute per amount of solvent. d. grams of water per 100 g of solute. 11. The solubility of a solute depends on a. the nature of the solute and the temperature of the solvent. b. the nature of the solute only. c. the temperature of the solvent only. d. neither the nature of the solute nor the temperature of the solvent. 12. Which of the following is soluble in water? a. potassium nitrate c. benzene b. silver d. carbon tetrachloride 13. The compound that will most likely dissolve in water a. is not a dipole. b. has the effective poles in different positions.

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c. has effective poles in the same position. d. contains hydrogen sulfide. The formation of solid-liquid solutions a. always releases heat. c. can either absorb or release heat. b. always absorbs heat. d. neither absorbs nor releases heat. In a solution at equilibrium, a. no dissolution occurs. b. the rate of dissolution is less than the rate of crystallization. c. the rate of dissolution is greater than the rate of crystallization. d. the rate of dissolution and the rate of crystallization are equal. Pressure has the greatest effect on the solubility of a. solids in liquids. c. gases in gases. b. liquids in liquids. d. gases in liquids. Which of the following is an electrolyte? a. sodium chloride c. water b. sugar d. glass Which is a molecular substance whose water solution conducts electricity? a. liquid hydrogen c. sugar b. hydrogen chloride d. iron Molecules whose water solutions conduct current a. require carbon to decompose in water. c. do not dissolve in water. b. ionize in water. d. can crystallize. A dissolved solute that does not form ions is a. a nonelectrolyte. c. a strong electrolyte. b. a weak electrolyte. d. insoluble. Which of the following is a molecular compound that ionizes in water? a. C6H12O6 c. HCl b. Cl2 d. C6H6 Colligative properties depend on a. the identity of the solute particles. b. the concentration of the solute particles. c. the physical properties of the solute particles. d. the boiling point and freezing point of the solution. Why is boiling-point elevation a colligative property? a. It is inversely proportional to the concentration of particles in a solution. b. It is directly proportional to the concentration of particles in a solution. c. It does not depend on the concentration of particles. d. It is independent of changes in vapor pressure. Nonvolatile solutes a. depress the freezing point and elevate the boiling point. b. elevate the freezing point and depress the boiling point. c. depress both the freezing point and the boiling point. d. elevate both the freezing point and the boiling point. Compared with a 0.01 M sugar solution, a 0.01 M MgCl2 solution has a. the same freezing-point depression. b. about twice the freezing-point depression. c. about three times the freezing-point depression. d. about four times the freezing-point depression.

____ 26. Electrolytes affect colligative properties differently than do nonelectrolytes because electrolytes a. are volatile. b. have lower boiling points. c. produce fewer moles of solute particles per mole of solute. d. produce more moles of solute particles per mole of solute. ____ 27. Molecules that have both polar and nonpolar regions a. are likely to be flammable. c. will not dissolve in any solvent. b. could act as emulsifying agents. d. are unstable. ____ 28. Adding the emulsifier lecithin to an oil-water mixture a. causes the oil and water to separate. c. prevents the water from evaporating. b. changes the oil into soap. d. keeps the oil and water mixed. Completion Complete each sentence or statement. 29. Agitation prevents a(n) ____________________ from settling. 30. Particles in an emulsion are ____________________ than the particles in a suspension. 31. A mixture in which small particles are suspended throughout a solvent is a(n) ____________________. 32. Oxygen in nitrogen is an example of a(n) ____________________ solute-solvent combination. 33. A(n) ____________________ is a thoroughly mixed homogeneous mixture of substances in a single phase. 34. Pollution amounts that occur in small concentrations would most likely be measured in _________________________. 35. You know the molarity and the volume of a solution. You also need to know the _________________________ to determine the mass of solute. 36. An excess of magnesium is placed in 25.00 mL of a 0.16 M acid solution. To find the number of moles of product produced you also need to know the _________________________. 37. A 0.25 M solution of HCl reacts with an excess of sodium oxide, Na 2O. A volume of 30.00 mL of HCl is used. To determine the mass of NaCl produced you must know the _________________________. 38. Carbon tetrachloride is an example of a(n) ____________________ solvent. 39. In the expression like dissolves like, the word like refers to similarity in molecular ____________________. 40. Water is an example of a(n) ____________________ solvent. 41. Dry cleaners use tetrachloroethylene, C 2Cl4, to dissolve oil, grease, and alcohol because C2Cl4 is a(n) ____________________ molecule. 42. An equation for the dissociation of an ionic solid shows the solid on the ____________________ side and aqueous ions on the ____________________ side. Solubility Rules for Some Common Ionic Compounds Compounds containing these ions are soluble in water: Alkali metals (Group 1), except LiF Ammonium, NH4+ Bromides, Br, except those of Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg22+

Chlorides, Cl, except those of Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg22+ Nitrates, NO3 Sulfates, SO42, except those of Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+, and Hg22+ Compounds containing these ions are insoluble in water: Carbonates, CO32, except those of Group 1 and NH4+ Hydroxides, OH, except those of Group 1 Oxides, O2, except those of Group 1, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ (which form hydroxides) Phosphates, PO43, except those of Group 1 and NH4+ Sulfides, S2, except those of Group 1, Mg2+,Ca2+, Ba2+, and NH4+ 43. According to the solubility table, the compound AgCl is ____________________ in water. 44. According to the solubility table, the compound PbS is ____________________ in water. 45. According to the solubility table, the compound Na3PO4 is ____________________ in water. 46. According to the solubility table, the compound BaCO 3 is ____________________ in water. 47. If the amount of solute in a solution at a given temperature is less than the maximum amount that can dissolve at that temperature, the solution is said to be ____________________. 48. A(n) ____________________ solution is likely to produce crystals if disturbed. 49. A(n) ____________________ solution is at equilibrium when undissolved solute is visible. 50. Increasing the temperature ____________________ the solubility of a gas in a liquid. 51. The law that relates partial pressure of a gas to its solubility is ____________________. 52. A substance whose water solution conducts a current is a(n) ____________________. 53. A dissolved solute that only partially dissociates to form few ions is a(n) ____________________. 54. Compared with the freezing-point depression of a 0.01 M sugar solution, the freezing-point depression of 0.01 M HCl solution is almost ____________________ as great. Short Answer 55. Define concentration. 56. How is a solute distinguished from a solvent? 57. How is petroleum commonly separated into its component parts? 58. Describe the process of paper chromatography. 59. Describe decanting. 60. Describe the use of a centrifuge. 61. Describe how to calculate ppm from the number of mg of solute and the number of grams of solvent. 62. Describe how to prepare 1.00 L of a 0.10 M aqueous solution of HCl. 63. Describe how to prepare 2.00 L of a 0.25 M aqueous KNO 3 solution. 64. Describe the conditions necessary for two materials to dissolve in each other.

65. Ethylene glycol molecules are slightly polar, while tetrachloroethylene molecules are nonpolar. The hydroxyl groups of ethylene glycol can form hydrogen bonds with water, but tetrachloroethylene has no groups capable of hydrogen bonding. Predict the solubility in water of each liquid and briefly explain your prediction. 66. Explain how you could use a crystal of solute to determine the whether a solution is unsaturated, saturated, or supersaturated. 67. Differentiate between a strong electrolyte and a weak electrolyte in terms of conductance, solubility, and percent dissociation. 68. What characteristics make soap a good emulsifying agent? 69. Why is detergent a better choice than soap for laundering with hard water? Problem 70. A solution contains 85.0 g of NaNO3 and has a volume of 750 mL. Find the molarity of the solution. 71. What is the molarity of a solution of sucrose, C12H22O11, that contains 125 g of sucrose in 3.50 L of solution? 72. How many grams of NaOH are required to prepare 200 mL of a 0.450 M solution? 73. How many grams of NaC2H3O2 are needed to prepare 350 mL of a 2.75 M solution? 74. How many grams of Na2SO4 are needed to prepare 750 mL of a 0.375 M solution? 75. To help prevent tooth decay, many communities treat their water supply with a fluoride compound such as CaF2. How many kilograms of CaF2 would be necessary to treat 287 kL of water to a concentration of 1.00 mg/L of CaF2? 76. A 250 mL glass of orange juice contains 30.0 g of riboflavin, C17H20N4O6. What is the molarity of the riboflavin in this glass? 77. Iron(III) chloride can be produced by reacting Fe 2O3 with a hydrochloric acid solution. How many milliliters of a 6.00 M HCl solution are needed to react with excess Fe 2O3 to produce 16.5 g of FeCl3? 78. Muriatic acid is often used to remove rust. A solution of muriatic acid, HCl, reacts with Fe 2O3 deposits on industrial equipment. How many liters of 5.50 M HCl would be needed to react completely with 439 g Fe 2O3? Essay 79. What factors should be considered before taking vitamin supplements? Why?

80. Which of the above compounds is more likely to dissolve in water? Explain.

81. When a solute is added to a pure liquid, the boiling point increases, but the freezing point decreases. Explain.

ch13 Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: C A D D B B A A D C A A B C D D A B B A C B B A C D B D

COMPLETION 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. ANS: suspension ANS: smaller ANS: colloid ANS: gas-gas ANS: solution ANS: ppm parts per million 35. ANS: molar mass of the solute 36. ANS: identity of the acid

37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54.

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molar mass of NaCl nonpolar polarity polar nonpolar left, right insoluble insoluble soluble insoluble unsaturated supersaturated saturated decreases Henrys law electrolyte weak electrolyte twice

SHORT ANSWER 55. ANS: Concentration is the quantity of solute in a specific quantity of solvent. 56. ANS: The solute, which dissolves in the solvent, is usually the substance present in lesser quantity than is the solvent. 57. ANS: Distillation is used. Petroleum is gradually heated. Its component parts each separate from the mixture at their individual boiling points. Each vapor is collected and condensed. 58. ANS: In paper chromatography, the components of molecules dissolved in a liquid are separated based on whether they have a greater attraction for the paper or the liquid in which they are dissolved. 59. ANS: Decanting is a gentle pouring off of the liquid from a heterogeneous mixture to leave the solid particles in the original container. 60. ANS: A centrifuge is used to rapidly spin a suspension of a mixture of materials that have different densities to force the more dense material to the bottom of the tube. 61. ANS: Change mg to grams. Divide by the number of grams of solvent. Multiply by 1 000 000. 62. ANS: A 0.10 M HCl solution contains 0.10 mol of HCl per liter of solution. Add 0.10 mol HCl (3.646 g HCl) to enough distilled water to make 1.00 L of solution. 63. ANS:

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A 0.25 M solution contains 0.25 mol of solute per liter of solution, so 2.00 L of the solution contains 2.00 L 0.25 mol/L = 0.50 mol of solute. Weigh out 0.50 mol KNO 3 (50.56 g KNO3), and pour it into a 2 L volumetric flask. Rinse out the container several times into the volumetric flask with distilled water, until the water level almost reaches the volumetric mark. Swirl the flask gently and ensure that all the solute has been dissolved. Then carefully fill the rest of the flask to the 2.000 L line. ANS: Two materials dissolve in each other when the attractive forces between the solvent particles and solute particles are stronger than the attractive forces holding the solvent particles together and the attractive forces holding the solute particles together. ANS: Like dissolves like, so tetrachloroethylene will not mix with water because it is nonpolar. Water is a polar molecule, so it will mix with ethylene glycol; hydrogen bonding enhances the solubility. ANS: Drop the crystal into the solution. If it dissolves, the solution was unsaturated. If it remains undissolved, the solution was saturated. If it causes other solute to crystallize out of solution, the solution was supersaturated. ANS: A strong electrolyte is a water-soluble compound that dissociates completely and is a good conductor of electricity. A weak electrolyte is usually a water-soluble molecular compound that only partially dissociates and is a poor conductor of electricity. ANS: The soap molecule has a nonpolar part and a charged part. The nonpolar part dissolves in oil, and the charged part dissolves in water. Adding soap to an oil-water suspension causes the oil and water to form a stable emulsion. ANS: Hard water contains Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions that form insoluble precipitates with soap molecules. A scum may be left on the clothes. Detergents do not form these precipitates.

PROBLEM 70. ANS:

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77. ANS: Balanced equation for reaction: Fe2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) 2FeCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)

78. ANS: Balanced equation for reaction: Fe2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) 2FeCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)

ESSAY 79. ANS: It is important to consider the vitamins solubility and molecular size. Water-soluble vitamins with a small molecular size are the easiest for the kidneys to regulate and least likely to reach toxic levels in the body. Fatsoluble vitamins, in contrast, can be stored in the body and could reach toxic levels more easily than could water-soluble vitamins. 80. ANS: CuSO4 is an ionic compound that dissolves in water because of its dissociation into Cu 2+ and ions. The shape of CBr4 causes it to be nonpolar overall, and therefore is unlikely to dissolve in the polar water. 81. ANS: Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals atmospheric pressure. The vapor pressure of solvent molecules is decreased when a solute is added, so a higher temperature is required to increase the number of solvent molecules in the gas phase above the liquid. At the freezing point, the vapor pressures of the solid and liquid are equal; a lower temperature is needed to reduce the number of solvent particles above the liquid.

ch12
Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. How does a gas expand? a. Its particles become larger. b. Collisions between particles become elastic. c. Its temperature rises.

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d. Its particles move farther apart. The kinetic-molecular theory states that gas particles are very far apart. This idea explains of a gas. a. the fluidity b. the compressibility c. the fluidity and compressibility d. neither the fluidity nor the compressibility According to the kinetic-molecular theory, particles of a gas a. attract each other but do not collide. b. repel each other and collide. c. neither attract nor repel each other but collide. d. neither attract nor repel each other and do not collide. Which substance has the lowest density? a. H2O(g) c. H2O(s) b. H2O(l) d. H2O(aq) Which of the following is not a property of gases? a. gases are fluids b. gases have a low density c. gases have a definite volume that does not vary from container to container d. gases are compressible The density of a substance undergoes the greatest change when the substance changes from a a. liquid to a gas. c. solid to a liquid. b. liquid to a solid. d. molecular solid to an ionic solid. What happens to the volume of a gas during compression? a. The volume increases. b. The volume decreases. c. The volume remains constant. d. It is impossible to tell because all gases are different. What is the SI unit of pressure? a. torr c. pound b. pascal d. newton Standard temperature and pressure for a gas is a. 0C and 1 atm. c. 0C and 1 Pa. b. 0 K and 1 atm. d. 0 K and 1 Pa. A pressure of 700. kPa is equal to _____ mm Hg. a. 40.0 mm Hg c. 1060 mm Hg b. 401 mm Hg d. 5250 mm Hg The average atmospheric pressure in Denver is 0.830 atm. What is this pressure in kPa? a. 8.19 103 kPa c. 100 kPa b. 84.1 kPa d. 102 kPa According to the kinetic-molecular theory, gas particles a. are in constant motion. c. have different colors. b. have different shapes. d. are in contact with each other. Which is not an assumption of the kinetic-molecular theory? a. Matter is composed of tiny particles. b. The particles of matter are in continual motion. c. The particles of a gas are far relatively apart. d. When individual gas particles collide, the collision is inelastic.

____ 14. If the temperature remains constant, V1 and P1 represent the original volume and pressure, and V2 and P2 represent the new volume and pressure, what is the mathematical expression for Boyles law? a. P2V1 = V2P1 c. V2V2 = V1P1 b. V1V2 = P1P2 d. ____ 15. Pressure and volume changes at a constant temperature can be calculated using a. Boyles law. c. Kelvins law. b. Charless law. d. Daltons law. ____ 16. A sample of a gas has a volume of 150 mL when its pressure is 0.947 atm. What will the volume of the gas be at a pressure of 0.987 atm, if the temperature remains constant? a. 140 mL c. 152 mL b. 144 mL d. 156 mL ____ 17. A sample of a gas occupies a volume of 752 mL at 25C. What volume will the gas occupies if the temperature increases to 50C, if the pressure remains constant? a. 376 mL c. 815 mL b. 694 mL d. 1500 mL ____ 18. A sample of a gas has a pressure of 3.00 atm at 25C. What would the gas pressure be at 52C, if the volume remains constant? a. 1.44 atm c. 3.27 atm b. 2.75 atm d. 6.24 atm ____ 19. The principle that under similar pressures and temperatures, equal volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules is attributed to a. Berthollet. c. Avogadro. b. Proust. d. Dalton. ____ 20. Unlike in an ideal gas, in a real gas a. all particles move in the same direction. b. all particles have the same kinetic energy. c. the particles cannot diffuse. d. the particles exert attractive forces on each other. ____ 21. A real gas a. does not obey all the assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory. b. consists of particles that do not occupy space. c. cannot be condensed. d. cannot be produced in scientific laboratories. ____ 22. When pressure, volume, and temperature are known, the ideal gas law can be used to calculate a. the chemical formula. c. molar amount. b. the ideal gas constant. d. compressibility. ____ 23. Calculate the approximate volume of a 0.600 mol sample of gas at 15.0C and a pressure of 1.10 atm. a. 12.9 L c. 24.6 L b. 22.4 L d. 129 L ____ 24. Who developed the concept that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of their partial pressures? a. Charles c. Kelvin b. Boyle d. Dalton ____ 25. Gay-Lussac recognized that at constant temperature and pressure, the volumes of gaseous reactants and products a. always equal 1 L. b. add up to 22.4 L. c. equal R.

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d. can be expressed as ratios of small whole numbers. If a gas with an odor is released in a room, it quickly can be detected across the room because it a. diffuses. c. is compressed. b. is dense. d. condenses. The law of combining volumes applies only to gas volumes a. measured at constant temperature and pressure. b. that equal 1 L. c. that equal 22.4 L. d. measured at STP. Which is an example of gas diffusion? a. inflating a flat tire b. the odor of perfume spreading throughout a room c. a cylinder of oxygen stored under high pressure d. All of the above A 1.00 L sample of a gas has a mass of 1.92 g at STP. What is the molar mass of the gas? a. 1.92 g/mol c. 22.4 g/mol b. 19.2 g/mo d. 43.0 g/mol Knowing the mass and volume of a gas at STP allows one to calculate the a. identity of the gas. c. condensation point of the gas. b. molar mass of the gas. d. rate of diffusion of the gas.

Completion Complete each sentence or statement. 31. The volume of a gas ____________________ during compression. 32. The most significant difference between liquids and gases is the ____________________ between particles. 33. Gases are ____________________ because they are able to flow. 34. The SI unit for pressure is the ____________________. 35. The constant bombardment of gas molecules against the inside of a container produces ____________________. 36. Standard temperature and pressure is equal to ____________________ C and ____________________ atm. 37. Pressure is the force per unit ____________________. 38. A pressure of 745 mm Hg is equal to ____________________ kPa. 39. The ____________________ theory says particles of matter are in constant motion. 40. Pressure and volume changes at a constant temperature can be calculated using ____________________. 41. Charless law is the direct relationship between ____________________ and volume. 42. The direct relationship between temperature and pressure is known as ____________________. 43. If the absolute temperature of gas particles is doubled, then the pressures will ____________________ in a fixed amount of gas. 44. 22.41 L is the volume of 1 mol of any gas at ____________________.

45. The principle that under similar pressures and temperatures, equal volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules is attributed to ____________________. 46. At constant _________________________, gas volume is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas. 47. A 1.00 L sample of a gas has a mass of 1.92 g at STP, the molar mass of the gas is ____________________. 48. An ____________________ gas is an imaginary gas whose particles are infinitely small and do not interact with each other. 49. In a real gas, all the particles exert ____________________ forces on each other. 50. The process of ____________________ involves an increase in entropy. 51. In comparing the effusion of O2 with that of CO2, oxygen effuses ____________________ than carbon dioxide. 52. The reaction of two volumes of hydrogen gas with one volume of oxygen gas to produce two volumes of water vapor is an example of ______________________________________. 53. The passage of gas particles though a small opening is called ____________________. 54. Grahams law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion is ____________________ proportional to the square root of the gass density. 55. The pressure of each gas in a mixture is called the ____________________ pressure. 56. In the reaction 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g), the volume ratio of H2 to H2O is ____________________ 57. The law of combining volumes applies only to ____________________ volumes measured at constant temperature and pressure. 58. Knowing the mass and volume of a gas at STP allows one to calculate the ____________________. Short Answer 59. Why are gases considered to be fluids? 60. What causes air pressure? 61. Why do your ears pop in an airplane? 62. How does a mercury barometer work? 63. What is STP? 64. What is Boyles law? 65. What is Charless law? 66. What is Gay-Lussacs law? 67. What is Avogadros law? 68. What is a gass molecular mass? 69. What is the difference between an ideal gas and a real gas? 70. What is the ideal gas law?

71. How do substances move during diffusion? 72. What did Thomas Graham have to say about effusion? 73. How is Daltons law of partial pressure explained by the kinetic-molecular theory? 74. What is Gay-Lussacs law of combining volumes? Problem 75. The volume of a gas is 400.0 mL when the pressure is 1.00 atm. At the same temperature, what is the pressure at which the volume of the gas is 2.0 L? 76. A sample of oxygen occupies 560 mL when the pressure is 800.00 mm Hg. At constant temperature, what volume does the gas occupy when pressure falls to 700.00 mm Hg? 77. The volume of a gas is 5.0 L when the temperature is 5.0C. If the temperature is increased by 10.0C without changing the pressure, what is the new volume? 78. A 1.00 L sample of a gas has a mass of 1.92 g at STP. What is the molar mass of the gas? Essay 79. Why is the boiling point of a substance at low pressure lower than the boiling point at standard pressure? 80. How does the kinetic-molecular theory explain behavior in gases? 81. Why does is the ideal gas law best able to explain the behavior of real gases at room temperature and atmospheric pressure?

ch12 Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: D C C A C A B B A D B A D C A B D C C D A C A D D A A B D B

COMPLETION 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: decreases distance fluids pascal pressure 0, 1 surface area 99.3

39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58.

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kinetic-molecular Boyles law temperature Gay-Lussacs law double STP Avogadro temperature and pressure 43.0 g/mol ideal attractive diffusion faster Gay-Lussacs law of combining volumes of gases effusion inversely partial 1:1 gas molar mass of the gas

SHORT ANSWER 59. ANS: Gases are fluids because they are able to flow. Gas particles can flow because their particles are relatively far apart and therefore are able to move past each other easily. 60. ANS: Earths atmosphere is a mixture of gases. These gases are being pulled toward Earths surface by gravity. As they are pulled, they collide with each other and the surface of Earth. These collisions cause air pressure. 61. ANS: Changes in density as altitude increases cause your ears to pop. The atmosphere is denser closer to the surface of Earth. As an airplane rises in altitude, there is less air pressure. The pop occurs when the air inside your ears changes to the same pressure as the outside air. 62. ANS: The atmosphere exerts pressure on the surface of mercury in the barometer. This pressure forces the fluid up the column of mercury. The mercury settles at a point where the pressure exerted downward by its weight equals the pressure exerted by the atmosphere. 63. ANS: Scientists have named a standard temperature and pressure to compare the effects of changing temperature and pressure on a gas. This standard is equal to 0C and 1 atm. 64. ANS: Boyles law is the inverse relationship between pressure and volume. 65. ANS: Charless law is the direct relationship between temperature and volume. 66. ANS: It is the direct relationship between temperature and pressure. 67. ANS:

68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74.

Avogadros law states that equal volumes of different gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure have the same number of molecules. ANS: The mass of 22.41 L of a gas at 0C and a pressure of 1 atm is the gass molecular mass. ANS: An ideal gas does not condense to a liquid at low temperatures, does not have forces of attraction or repulsion between the particles, and is composed of particles that have no volume. ANS: The ideal gas law is an equation that involves four variables: pressure, volume, absolute temperature, and number of moles. ANS: They move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. ANS: He noted that at constant temperature and pressure, the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the gass molar mass. ANS: All the gas molecules move randomly. Each gas exerts a pressure proportional to the number of gas molecules in a container. The presence of other gas molecules does not change that situation. ANS: It is the law that states that the volumes of gases involved in a chemical change can be represented by the ratio of small whole numbers.

PROBLEM 75. ANS: 0.20 atm 76. ANS: 640 mL 77. ANS: 5.1 L 78. ANS: 43.0 g ESSAY 79. ANS: Boiling point is dependent on the external pressure and the vapor pressure of the liquid. Standard pressure is 1 atm. If atmospheric pressure is less than 1 atm, the boiling point will be lower. 80. ANS: It explains how gases behave as a liquid. This behavior occurs because the particles of a gas are relatively far apart from each other, allowing them to slide past each other easily. This situation allows for the fluidity and compressibility of gases. 81. ANS: At those conditions, the volume of the particles and the forces of attraction between them are negligible. Changes in volume and temperature can make the ideal gas law less useful.