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and the memory ofmy fatherohn opjec
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26!
C0WeG@DeUts
ne reaso vriting is so dicult is that one eels, vhile doing t, co
pleteI alone. et this vere true, vriting an tinking voul e i
possile. The big ther aside do t, ater a, nov his oe name
it is t a number ofothers that have addresse myselin riting this
ookad vho have madeit literaly, possible.
y dets vere incurred in vaves, tvo O them. Te st vas
theperiod, beginninginthemid toate svenSrreenanm/ vere
puishing their groundbreaing texts vhen Srrcea reaers' meetins
theFimmaker soopin London, telvaukeeconereceseresites
ointnsedeatesthatmarkedmeor good I otenregrethatI avenot
seen teir likesince, thatthe rigor and excitement the aaofrgency
comitment, and commuty thatsurrounded them, seelargelyto e
absen rom more contemporary exchanges oe a great dea to the
peoplvhosagedandparticipatedintheseearlierdeates andespecial
toafev riendsvhomassociatestill, orvarousreasons,vittevaes
they represented and te important theoretical proects tey began ar
veen dams, omi Bhabha, liaeth ove ary Ann oane, a
andy Flitterman Levs
The second vave coincided vit te period ven I egan t
dene my ovn vork not according to the oect mystudy, nor een
as radly theoretcal, but, specically, as Lacanian. At this mmen
beganto ncur debts to lavoj

iek, vho has helped me to see that the

distance etveen abstract theory and concrete analysis ca ecreaivel
ridgd, and vithout oss to theory touliet acaneIl and enat
alecl vho have ecome allies n the proect o ringing Lacan and
feminists to the negotiating table to acues Alan ille, vho hs
COewe
seinars and in cnversation opend up or me politial reading o
Laan that many other interpretershad amost entirely obscured.
To each ofthese lists I must add a single name, tat ofoel
Fineman, vhosedeath iminishedboththeoreticalvorldsbyasignihcant
su.
yeortsatvritingverealsosustainedbytvodierentproes
sinal contets. he rst vas, ofcourse, thej ourna Or|c|er, vhere my
coediors, ougas rimp, osalind rauss, and nnette ichelson,
suppled me vit ample space and encouragement to develop the argu
ments otheearierchapters ofthisbook. Thesecondisthenglishand
omparativeLiteraturedepartmentsattheniversityoBualoandmy
many colleagues there. I hesitate in this case to single names out or
specia mention or earthe list vould grov too long. I dohavetothank
separately, hovever, the students in my seminars, vho have, through
their eagerness, intelligence, andinterest, inspired me. I vould also like
to thank Bill Fischeror arranging for me to haveleavetimeto put the
nal touches onthe book. y colleagues at theenteror the tudy of
sychoanalysisanduturealso deserveseparatementionor givingpsy
choanalysis such a solid hom, not only uring the good times, vhen
psycoanalysisvasthe hotdiscourse, butduringthebadtimesasvell.
Thanks, too, tooan ipperman or heryearsofsustainingserviceto the
enter.
I vanttothank oger onoverat the ITressor al ishelp,
especialy at one crucia moment vhen his editorial intervention proved
decisive. enya Weinreb vas a speedy, thorough, and very pleasant
copyeditor ofthenal tet thankher or her care
Finally, I thank my husband, ichael orkin or so much, in
cludingthefactthathevould preerthatI not delaymy bookanylonger
hile trytohgureouthovtoacknovedgehimproperly. Wisebecause
he novsthat this at east, is nc|possibe
Head Wj Oesre
UttOGUct0Ut OctUtos OO`t atcD U tDo bttets
n y an angry French student scravled across the lacboard o
oneotheclassroomsat theorbonneasentencethatimmediatelybecae
a slogan for student discontent tructures don t march in the strees
mdern equivalent of the Wordsvorthian p, up y friends and
uit our books the French phrasevas accompanied y none ote
ambialence that surrounded its predeessor and targeted a specic, in
digenous orm ointellectualismstruturalismvhich s eemed to these
studets tobe vollydeadandthuscopletelyincapable of risingtoe
theortical challenge posed by the urgent and chaotic eents in vhose
mids they nov found themseles . tructuralism vas denouned or its
universaliing programandor itsadherenceto empty moribnd tos
concived at all times to be alvays already in place sedimented. he
dynaics othis student revolt vere suchthatitunreetielyledo the
celebation oprecisely that vhich strcturalismseemed designed to ex
cludenotsimplytheparticular buttheparticularinits mostspontaneous
and oncrete or
n the post years celebration solidihed into a number o
concpts one ofvhich, thatothe pleb hashadasubstantialinuence
on a certain strain opolitical discours, up to and including the present,
vhere underthebanner ofmulticultralism" orpoliticalcorrectness
i t soetimes rets . roposed frstbyndr lucsmann this concept
namd some pure instance ofpartiularity thathad the potential to n
derine all the niversaliing structres opover The peb " as se o
hevasembodieinvorkers, students imigrants a thosemade oor
sorry, vorthless, or marginal by the society in place as conceived as
endoved vith the immediacy o knovledge (ccana|ssaare) bic
springs from the realites o suering and resistance` olloving his
&tez 1 Z
denition, an discorse tt originated vit thepleb vas thought to
ae a political le and correctness tat vas automaticaly foreclosed
t dscourses origiatin it those in positions ofpover.
lucsman deeloed his concept ofthe pleb vith lieral bor
rings from iel oucult, and Foucault, in turn, incorporated
lcksmann concept ito hisovn thining. But not vithout reserva
tions. nterieed the voltes ogues collective, Foucault uttered
tis varning egrding thepleb, hich h dscribedas theconstant and
contantly silent trget fo the aparatuses ofpover"
Witout doubt the ple" must not e conceived ofas the per
manentfoundation ofhistory . . . thenevertotallyextincthearth
of every revolt. The ple" undoubtedly has no sociological
reality. But thereisindeedalvayssomethingvhichinsomevay
escapes the relations ofpoer something in te social body, in
the classes, in the grous, in tendivdualsthemselvesvhic is
not at all te more or less docile or reactive rav aterial, but
vhic is the centrifugal movement, the nverse energy, tat
vhichescapes. Thepleb,undoutedly, doesnotexistbutthere
is plebnes . . Thsesure ofplebnessisnot so muchthat
vhicisoutsiderelationsofpovrasitistheirlimit. . . Taking
this point ofviev ofthe pleb . . I donottin that it may be
confusedinanyvayvitsomeneopopulismvhchsubstanties
the peb, or oe neo lieralism vhich harps on the themes of
its basic rights
ne may vant to uarrel vit the nal dismissive remark re
garding th theme orights, from vich t seems clear tat Foucault
acceptsvithoutargumenta neopopulistdehnition ofrgts, ccording to
ihtheir declaration is understood siply as the issuing ofdemands
byegoisticandautonoousindividulsvhoknov, andvhohavereaso
tonovbetterthannyoneelse,justvhattistheyvant. Wevillsimply
note tor the moment that there is another vay to conside the uestion
oFrigtsandmoveonto aconsiderationoFtherestoFthepassae hat
stries us hrst here is theudiciosness and inteIIience vith ic th
notio oFthe pIeb is desubstantiaIized oIongeran individal or class
oFindividals vith a speciaI novIede or history to vhich te Iarer
sociaIvhoIehaslittIeornoaccess, theplebisnovconceivedassoetin
totalI deoid oFcontent and thus as structurall unnovabIe, nthin
abIe, naIIy, oFcourse, as nonhistoricizabIe TheresistanceoFFeredb the
pIeb does not comerom someeternal point but isinstead the vey lit
oFthe system oFpover, and as suchnot asorbabIe by it
Whatstrikes usnet aboutFoucauIt' saccount oFres istaneis the
diaIect in vhich i t is spoen The' pIe does not eist but there is
pIebess o youears not detect the acanian inection an ou not
hear he murmr o the Famous acanian ForuIations The' voan
does ot eist [La]mme n'e|s|easj and There is some oFne j!| _ G
J'|'U] behind oucauIt' sphraseshat's common to otthe acanian
anducauIdianstatementsisadistinctionbetveentvosortsoFeistence,
oneipIied by the verb c|s|cr and the other bythe phrase i|_ a. he
istnce impIied by te rstissubectto apredicativedment as veII
as to 3 udgment oFeistence that is, it is an eistence vose harater
orquIitycanbedescribed TheeistenceimpIiedbythesecondI sub ect
en|y t a udment oFeistence ve can say onIy tatit does oroes not
eist, vithout bein able to say vhatit is, to describe iti nany a. IF,
as FocauIt says, there is pIebness , ve are neertheIess unabIe to say
vhatitisthetrthoFplebnessvillthereForeaIvaysbelocatedoutside
novIedge, ayones novIedge, incIudin that vhich is possessed by
vhatve can no Ionger caII the pIeb him or herseIF
The thesis oFthis boo is that, despite the insights advanced in
the pssage previousIy cited, oucault can be chared vit puttinForth
otheraruments thatrun counter to, andthus ecIde the possibiIity oF,
the vryinterpretationoF pIebness"he giveshere. achoFthe FolIovin
captrsFocuses onsomeconceptorphenomenonvithinteFoucauldian
LWae 1 +
rolematicthatis, a coept orphenomenon to vhich Focalt orhis
pisaveeotedseteoreticalattentioninordertodelineatemore
recselyvhateseotherargumentsareandtoshovhovtheysubvert
te aguet articulated in the voltes Logiues interviev. The name
Fcu:a||, then, does not designate in these chapters all the vritings or
argments ! tat autor, ut primarily those that otivate the unfor
tnaeturnigavayomthenotionthatsutendshisargumentregarding
lenes, that is, t notion ofan existene vithout redicat, or, to
pt it iel, ofa surus estence tat cannot e caght up in the
ptvit ote social Te argments l vill critiue are not dispersed
throughout Foucault' sorsbutarelimitedtoD|sr|||ncanJPun|sh, The
H|s|c ejScxua|||y, and essays and intervievs ofthe mid to late s,
he Foucault reversed his position vith respect to linguisti and psy
hoanalytic theory. hereas he began, like many ohisintellectual con
teporaries, by interpretig social ats in light ofseiotic structures
dened bystruturalism and psyhical structures denedbypsychoanal
ysis, he not only aadoned but also ercely opposed the terms othese
tvo discipnesin the period that concernsus. Foucault giesa summary
statement othis reversal in an interviev conducted during this period
believe that it is not to the great mode ofsigns and language that
reerenceshouldbemae, buttovarandbattle. Thehistoryvhichbears
and determines usis ar lie, notlanguage lie. elationsofpover, not
relations osense. By this he eclares, in eect, a kind of solidarity
vith te student dissidents vho also turnedtheirbacks onstructuralism.
ottheivorytoverstructuresolguistics, thearidformalisofa self
reexiesemiotics, butthestructuresofvar and pover, streetvisestruc
tures structures that ar in the streets this is vhat Focault appears
to beadvocating
Theintent isnottotrivialize Foucault'srejection of lingistior
psychanalytic model ofanalysis by reducing it to a mere rhetorical
strategy ather, the point is rst oall to nderline the actual parallels
in th discontent expressed by the students and y Foucault, knovn
HMU0UmU b
perhapsaboveallforhsconstructvedismssalofteuniversalintellectual
in favor ofthe specic" intelectua vho voulddenehis laboras tbe
analyis ofparticularinstitutions ofpoverratherthan ofsomeoerach
ing structue ofdomination. hee is nothing vrong in thishe tu
tovad specicity is unquestionably sound. nd ifany suspicio ingers
thattrough his emphasis on thepaticulaheis in any vay complict i n
the eegence ofthe newpopulism he ightly condemns, tis s usicion
is easily dispersed by ecalling that oucault is concerned not ith the
ittlepeople that macrohistories overlooked, butviththe icrovork
ings ofsmal scale systems ofpoverrelations hatroduce these people
While he may avays be focused on details, he minimal unit ofhis
investigationsisneversimplyanisolatabepoint, vhethethisbea person
oa psition, butalways a relation
Tsbringsusto ousecondpoint Whiletheoucauldians
on re/a||cs of pover and knovledge is widely haed as a necessary
corecive to more naive political theories that sav these as discrete en
tities, e vill contend that his reduction ofsociety to these relaios i s
probleatic n opposition to hose socioogical theories that soght o
explain a given socia phenomenon by refeing tothesystemopover
thatinervened in it, directing and distorting the phenomeno omthe
outside, oucault analyzed the internal regime ofpover that circuated
througthephenomenonitself hevariousscientictets, orexape,
thatbeanin theeighteenthcentury o codify themyriadormsoseual
perversity and to council parents, educators, administratos and physi
cians aout hovtoprotect ther charges againstthemareread not as the
edicts f a repressive pover bent on putting n end o these private
behaviors but as hemselves part ofa nevork ofpove that mutiplied
the poits ofcontact o foms ofreation etveen indiiduas by cn
structingsexasthesecretcore ofthe sel nothervords , power as no
longer onceive y oucault as a eternal force that eered itsecn
societybut as|mmanen u||h|n society t hehne, dierentiated, continu
ous netvok ofneven elations that constituted the very atte ofthe
LHa@tez 1
socia ociety nov netly oncided vith a reime ofpover reIations,
and tbeforervasthsconeivedtostrctreitseIfby itseIfrather than
to be structred by an eteraI pover
ov, it s this notn ofimanence, this conception ofa case
that i s immanent vithin the eId o its eects, vith vich this book
qarreIs and repeatedIycondemns ashistorcst. inceno attemptismade
ata cncisedenition oFhistoricsin thechapterstatFoIIov thehope
beinthatamoreeibledenitionvIIeerefrothevarioscontexts
providedin te dscussions) it mitbeappropriate to hazard one here
vearecalIinistoricisttheedctionofsocietytoitsindveIIinnetvork
ofrelatons ofpoer ad

novIede.
To the etent at oucauIt dened is proect as tbe estabIish
ment oFayeaea|eyy, raterthan 3 strcture, ofhistorcalevents, that is,
to te ent thathendertoo to account for theceas|||a||ea ofdomains
ofob ects andnovledes, or the meJee]|he|as|||u||eaofte sociaI, and
couId not rest content vith a mere anaIysis ofthe reIations therein, he
seems, inintentatIeast, to escapethischareofhistoricism. or,Iiethe
poIticaI phIosopher IadeeFot, oucaItdoesappearto aruethat
society cannot in itseIFbe conceived as a system ofreIations, no
matter ov complex ve imaine that system to be. n the
contrary, itis its overalI schema, th

particIar mode ofits insti

tuton that maesitpossibletoconceptaIize . . . thearticIation
ofits diensions, and thereIations estabIishedvithinitbetveen
cIasses, roups and individaIs, betveen practces, beIieFs and
representations e FaiI t rasp this primordiaI reference to
the mode oFtheinstittionofthesociaI, to eneratve prnciples
or to an overaII scema overninoth the temporaI and spatiaI
conurationoFsociety, velapse nto a positvist ction f,
For exampIe, ve rant to reIations oF prodction or the class
strIethestatsoFreaIity, eforetthatsec|a|J|v|s|eacanonIy
be dened . . insoFar as it represents an internaI division, . .
HWUucUUH
insoFar as its terms are etermine by rItions, but aIso noar
as those reIations are themselves determined by ther con
inscription vithin the same space and testiFy to an aareess oF
theirinscription therein
The proble, then, isnotviththe vay FoucaIt Formuates his ct
but vth thevayhecarriesit out. ForespitetheFactthathereaIiesthe
necessity oFconceiving the moe oFa regime oFpover's instituti, he
cannot avaiI himselFoFthe eans oFoingso anths, ydeFauI,ens
uplimitingthatregimetotherelationsthatotainvithinit bebecoms ,
esite himseI a bit oFa historicist, as ve asas he himselFnotsa
bitoFa nominaIist
hati s tthatpreventsFocauItFroaccomplishinghi sdclare
task is isaIIovance oFny reFerence to a principIe or a subet tbat
t ranscends" theregimeoFpoerheanaIyzes. ecorrectIy anstnly
beIieves that the principIe oFa regie's institution cannot be concive
as a prnciple, thatis, as a IogicaIobservationthat issimpl ad to
aIl th other observations one may make abot a particIar rege in
orerto organie, embrace, or comprehen them The prnciple ocon
struction or staging cannot occupy a dierent, a superio, psitiovith
respecttotheregieitstages. otvishingtolooForitinsomeerior
realm, oucauIt eventuaIy aandons, vthot actaIIy acknovIdging
thathei sdoing so, his attempttodehnet heverprincipIehesuppoedIy
seeks.
et some notion oFtranscenence is plainly neede iFone s to
avoidthereuctionoFsociaIspacetotherelationsthat hlIit rethiking
oF ths notion is Foreclosed, hovever, by oucauIt' s substitutio oa
battIe base odeI oFanaIysis For the Ianguage based one he inrite
From structuralism an vhich he emphaticaIly reects Fo vhat hc es
to beits inhernt ieaIism. n Fact the opposite is true it s the reetin
oFthe lnguistic modeI, properIy conceive, thatIeas to idealis or
the arument behin the adoption oFthis modeIsomethin cant be
Cbapce3 b
cIaid t exist nless it can rst be stated, articulated in Ianuageis
no cr tautoIogy it is a materialist argument paralIel to the ruIe of
sciechich states thatno obect can beIegitimately posited unless one
can lso s peciy the technical means oIocating it The existence oa
thin materially depends on its being articulated in Ianguage, or only in
this as can it be said to havean objectivthatis to say, a veriabl
exisece, one that canbedebated byothers
coroIIary oFoucault's denigration ofthesupposedidealsmo
Iangagebased analyses is his copIaint that they atten out the phe
nonatheypurporttostudy, thattheyplaceaIl phenomena onthesame
plane. isi scertainIytrueinonesensealinguistcaIlyinormedanaIysis
is oligedtoorothepossibility ofametaIanguagetheeldohenom
ena to e analyzed, thereore, cannot be stratied. o phenomenon ap
peagtheremybetakento accontor, tointerpret, aIIthe oters none
stans above the others as the aI interpretant, itseIfbeyond interpre
tati et vouIdn' t Foucault himsel sanction such a destratication,
suc a demurraI beore the assertion ofa metaprincipIe And isn' t the
lingistic argument against metalanguage an argument, naIly, against
the otion oan immanent cause, a notion that has, since ume, been
deonstrably unsupportabIe
The upshot o alI othis is that if FoucauIt is right without
meing to be) about language' s attening out ophenomena in this
rst s ense, he isvrong in a second sense For one ofthethingshesurely
does mean is thatthelinguistic modeI compIeteIy unj|Jsthe uhc|e ofthe
socity it analyses, puts the vhole thing on the same pIane. ut iwe
we to folIov out the reasoning begun earlier, we would arrive at the
oppsiteconclusion anacknovledgmentofmetaIanguage'simpossibility
copels us to reaIize that the vhoIe ofsociety will never reveal tselfin
an aalyticaI moment no diagram wiIl ever be abIe to dispIay it ulIy,
on and or all. Atthe same timethis acnovIedgmentdoes nc| compeI
us imaginea societythatneerqiteforms, wherasthedeconstruc
tiosts would have itvents never quite take pIace, a society about
UOmU V
which e can say nothinganddosoinan endless suesson osateents
that oever ail to come around to the samerelevant pont . o sa that
thereisnomeaIanguageis o say, rather, hatsocietyneves|eea|/z|
]
itsel, that it :en|/ncs to be fored over time.
For, what we do when we recognize te impossiblity oeta
languae is to split societybetween its appearancthe posite relations
and fats we observe in itand its being, that is to say, its geneatie
prcile, which canot appear among these reIations. at we do, n
essen, is |ns|a|| socieys generative principle, provide or it a place
beyon

e Ia positive appearances. Fitted ot thus vith a ener

aive rinciple, sociy ceases to be conceived as a dead srctre, map
pablen someatsurace socieyishnallbytismeansbroughttlie.
And earereleasedfromtheconstraintsandtheabsurdityoanoinalist
stance which wold necessitate our naming each momet oa society,
each tansormationoit a dierentthingitis nopossileo posit the
eistece oa singuIar space, belongin to soiety, which various sets o
eIaions cometo II
omeoyouwill , ocourse, ojectthattoreeroa splitbetween
appeaance and being is to beraythebasic rule oour supposedlymae
rialslinguisti position no estence may beposited that does not rst
inscrieitsefinIanguage. es, andthecoroIaryistrueasellevethig
inscriedin language mstbegivenafaihearingiitssignatre appears
heren laguage, the possibility ofitsbeing mustbe entetained hen
ever the spit between being ad appearance is denied, ou can bet tat
oneprticuIarinscriptionisbeingoverlooked thathich marksthevery
aiIur ofmelanguage Languagespeaksvoluminouslyinposite state
mens, but it also copiously speaks ofits own lac oseIf suciency, its
inabilty to speak the whole unvarnished truth directIy ad without re
coursetofurther,exegeticalspeech. omeelisiononegatino isoers
writeitselin language ashe lack ofmeaIanguae Thinegation is no
Iess 3 inscripion for its not being formulated i a satement, an the
beingI poses preents no Iess a claim for ou consideratin
Mae 1 1
ndeed, it is |h/s iing tht permits us to conside the mode of
a scietysinstitution as, ttly speaking, unspeakable, to argue that the
enerative principle o a soiety is never statabIe as such, the way the
contents ofthat society are t is only a certain quashin oits orce or
blockae in its functionig that allows us to suppose a regimeopover
to be ovened by a pricipIe that cannot be absorbed by that regime.
emustnotaiItonoticthatthissaysmorethanwehavebeenclaimin
up until this point. urosition notes notonly the negative fact that its
pincipIecannotbemade visiblewithinaunctioninregimebutanother,
positieactaswell thencipleofareimesinstitutionawaysinsome
vayneyo|es theregimeit institutes .
t is the absence othis type onegation romFoucault's theory
that disabIes it, preventi it fromthinkingtheyenea|eyy ofsocial spaces
andthe resistances to it. trangeI Foucault seems to havetuneinside
out our point that in language is inscribed even its own neation s
beIiethateveryormnegation resistancemayeventualIyeed orbe
absorbed by thesystem opower it contests depends on his takin this
point to mean that every negation must be stated. Thus the prohibition
you shall not do 2 must speII out what 2 is, mustincite us to tnk
about 2, to scrutinizeourselves and ourneighborsto determinewhether
or not ve are uilty o2. The statement puts into pIay what it vouId
aboIish even thedisavoalbecomesan avovaI. WhatFoucauItseems to
overlook is that form onegation which, whiIe written in languae, is
nonethelesswithoutcontent. Thistypeonegationcannot, bydehnition,
be absorbed bythe system it contests
aII this has become a bittoo abstract, inviteyou to pictureit
another vay. Let us retun o ay anthedissenting students, not
writin their revoIutionaysIogans this timebutwatchingwithbemuse
mentand an exasperationmounting todisbeliefasoneoftheiproessors
dravs on the blackboar four cryptic diarams that he calIs the our
discourses The proessor is, as you've guessed, acques Lacan, and
many othe students athered before him are unquestionabIy thinking
HtzOUctU
1J
that what thcy arc witncssingis thcvcry cpitomeofthat acacic str
turalism against which thcy rc now in rcvoIt ut thcy arc mi stak
aboutthis, and, unfortuntcly,othcrsaftcrthcmwIpcrpctuatctheirerro.
Lacan's diagrams bcar no rcscmbIancc to thc scicntistic aps dra
by thc structuraIists his dagrams arc ocred to thc adiccc s
strcturaIist.
Thc startIing claim adc by Lacan is that thc sucturcs hc s
diagramingarcrea/. his claim can onlyhavcmet withth samico
prehcsion that it continucs to clicit today For thosc scocd in stru
turaIism, whichtcachcsustothinkofs|ruc|ureasncarlysynymosvith
sym|e||c, thcpropositionprcscntsitsclasasolccism, an1OucCIaguagc.
Lacan was not naturaIly, ignorantofthc structualist posio, vhchc
sharcd at thcbeginning ohis tcaching atcr, hwcvcr, his work aimd
at critiquing tis position, ad his argumcnt to thc studcts and C s
couId at this point bc ormIatcd thus you arc right to cbeI agaist
structraIism, tocompIainthatitdiagrams onlymoribundclatios ou
arcthcrcorcrighttoprocIaithatstructurcs don' tmarchitcstrects
butntorthcrcasons you think. Forthepointisnot, bycaninyor
anaIyticaI model, to makc structurcs takc to thc strccts, to udestad
thcm as cmbcddcd or immancnt in sociaI rcaIity. hc pot is rathcr to
hccd thc Icsson thc original modcI had totcach structurcs do nt ad
shouId nottakc to thc strccts. Thcy arc not to bc Iocated amng thc
rcIations thatconstitutc our cveryday rcality they bcIong, nstcad to tc
ordcr ofthc rcaI
This agumcnt may bc too abstact, cven stilI at, yu ma
wondcr, wouldan anaIysis that procccds rom this assumptionIoklie
hat dicrencc does it makc to our undcrstanding oftc actual uc
tionin ofa socicty ordcr to ansvcrthcscucstions, vc ask you to
contcmpIatc tvo cxamplcs ofust such an analysis ach is dravn ro
thcworkoreud, and, signihcantIy, cachis assciatcd vitbaninlorious
history ofridicuIc and incoprchcnsion ur suggcstio is that t istc
proposition that undcrvritcsthcmstructurcs arcrcaI, r ccry phc
LD@tez J 1Z
noenal eld occludes its cause hich causes them to e so radicalIy
unassiiIale ithin, and such valuaIe antidotes against, everyday his
toricist thought.
he hrst eample is taen trom Tc|em anJ Ta|ce, here Fred
proides an analysis ofa society in hichrelations oteuaIityandfrater
nity prevail among its citizens, nooneisdistinguished aove the others,
and poer is shared rather than accumulated in one pIace hat stries
usas most remarkale aouteud'sanalysisisthatitdoesnotIimititseIt
toa descriptionotthesereIations, does notattemptto maethis regime
ofrothers coincide simply it| therelations thateist among them.
nsteadFreudinsistsongoingeyondthesereIatonstoposittheeistence
ofsome preposterous eing, a primaI tather ho once possessed alI the
poer therothers no eualIy share and hose murder is supposed to
have issued in the present regime. o onder so many have taen this
to e one otreud' s most crackpot ideas, the ild fantasy otan incom
petent ethnologist ut to call itcracpotis to miss the point that ifthis
tather ofthe primal horde is indeed preposterous, then he is ojectiveIy
so. hat is to sa, he is unelievaIe ithin the reime in hich his
eistence mus|eunthinale itrelations ofeuaIitare to tae hoId.
hat he is unthinale ithin this regime oroters oes not
gainsay the act that the |ns||u|cn otthe regime is inepIicaIe ithout
him. orifedidnotposithiseistence, eouldeincapale, ithout
resorting to psychoIogism, ofeplaininghotherotherscametogether
in this tashion. hat Freud accounts tor in Tc|emanJ Ta|ccis the struc
ture, the real structure, ofa society ofeuals, hich is thus shon to e
irreducile to theIaile relations otequality thatneverotain asolutely.
he petty j eaIousies and teengs ot poerlessness that threaten these
reIations, thatlocktheirpermanentrealization,etraytheirguiltyorigin,
the cause that they musteace.
he second eample is taen trom Be_cnJ |he P|easurc Pr|nc||e,
in hich Freud develops one ofhis other massiveIy misnderstood no
tions the death drive. he common interpretation ofthis tet is that he
dvelos this notionin ordrto counterthe beIiethathumns are aII to
humany ruIed by a principI opIeasure. ccordig to this reaing, the
death drive vouId be a second principIe, co present and at varvith the
pleasureprincipIe thatis, thetvo principIes wouIdbeseenoocpy the
samesac, theterritory ottheir struggleviteachother t hisis not
vhat reud says ather than contesting the impotance otthe pIeasure
principIe, headmitsitscntralityinpsychicalle hethn ses bymans
otthe eath drive, to accont this centraIity, to statethprinipIby
vhichtheprincipleopleasure is instaIled.
1U
n othervords, red' s positing othe death drivpaalIeIs his
ositinotheatherotheprimaIhordeinthatboth are meatoanswr
to th ecessity oaccounting aetiologicaIlyor anempiricaI eld, whre
the pIeasure principIe reigns, in one cas, and where a aternI ordr
obtains, in the other. n ach case the transcendentaI pricipe, or the
rinciIe otthe rinciple ruIe, is in conictwith the pri nciple orle
itsI though this conict cannot be conceived t take pace on some
commn grund, since the rst ordr principle and the second order
principIe are never co present or can either otthse to varring"
princiIeseverultimatelyvinoutovertheother, since theryeistence
otheempiricaI eId aIvays presupposs theexistenco its cause, ad
since no cause can ever exist abstracIy, in theabsnc oftha hic it
eects
arlierwesaid tha theargmentvhich maintainsthatstructuresarereal
is psyhoanaIysiss greatst caIlnge to the historicism hat pervades
much oth thinking oor time. ut ve ust aIso ackovedge that
these two powertuI moern discoursespsyhoanaIysis and historicism,
represnted her by Lacan ad FocauIt, respectiveIyhae in comon
the convictionthatit is dangerous toassumethat th surceisheevel
othe superhcial . Whenever ve delve below ts lveI, e are sure to
comepempty ettheIssonseachdiscorsedravstromhisonviction
ar stikingIy divergent. sychoanalysis, via Lacan, maiais that the
LMagtez | 1+
eclusiity othe surace o oappearance must be interpreted to mean
tat appearance always rots suppIants being, that appearance and
being never coincide t is this syncopated reIation that is the condition
o desire istoricis, on the ther hand, wants to ground being n
appearance and wants tohaventhing to do with desire
hus, when acan insists that we must take desire IiteraIIy, we
can understandhi to beinstrctingus about howto avoid the pitfall o
historicist thinkin. o say that desire must be taken literalIy is to say
simuItaneously that desire must |c arti:ulatcJ, that we must rerain rom
imagining something tat ouId notbe registered onthesingle surface
of speech, and that desire is |narti:ulaolc. For iit is desire rather tan
ordsthatwearetotake literall this mustmeanthatdesiremayregister
itseIncgativcly in speech, tattherelationbetween speech and desire, o
sociaIsuraceanddesire, maybeanegatieone. AsLacanputsit, adream
opunishmentmayexpressadesiefor whatthatpunishmentrpresses
!2
his is a truth thatcannotbe toIerated by historicism, which refuses to
beliee in repression and proudly professes to be i/|itcratc ia Jcsirc. The
emergence oa neopopulism cannot be bIamed on FoucauIt, but the
historicism he cuItivated is guilty ofeacing the pockets ofempty, inar
ticulabIe desire that bear the burden ofprooosociety' s externality to
itself. DisrcgarJing Jcsirc, enc :enstructs a rca/ity that is rca/tight, that is no
Ionger seI external ne paves the way for the conception ofa sel
encIosed society built on the repression oa named desire This in turn,
prepares the path for the reemergence othe lucksmanian pleb, who
hasonlypubIiclyto declarethisdesireand to claimtherightsthatbeIong
to it this book may be said tohae one intention, it is this to urge
analystsofculturetobecomeIiterateindesire, toIearnhowtoreadwhat
is inarticulabIein cultural statements.
Z De LmD0
Q
s
}
cWC buD]ect: D De0Q a tDe MOCe@0U
0t1acaU
Throuh his appearance in Tc|cv|s|en, Lacan parodies the image ohi
seIhis teacinthat we have, to a Iare etent, receied ad a
cepted tanding aIonebehindhis desk, hands nov supporti hi as he
IeansassertiveIyforward, nowtrovnupwardinsomeemphatcesture,
Lacan tares directIy out at us as he speaks in a voice thatone ouId
caII sooth of quc|quc chesc, n'cst cc as?" This quc|quc chesc" is, I
course, neermadespecihc, neverreveaIedandso it comes t stand for
a factor asystem ofacts that is known, but notbyus This i aeecaIs
the on presented to abard by the principaI in igo' sZcre or ConJuct.
It is te product of the chiIdish paranoid notion that aII our private
thougts and actions are spied on by and vsibIeithin a pbIic vorId
representedby parentaI hres n appearinto us then byeans Othe
massmedia LacanseemstoconrmvhatwemaycaIIor teIeisuaI
feartat we are perectIy, compIeteIy visibIe to a aze ta obss
us fro afar tc|c meanin both distant and ro tc|csj copIete.
That tis proffered imae is parodic, however, s aImost seIy to e
missed so strongareour misperceptons oLacan. And, so, the signi
canceothe words withwhichheopens is addressandby vhih hei
mediatIy caIIs attenton to his seIf parody aIays speak the tru.
ot te whoIe truth, because tere' s no way to say it a aying the
whoIe truth is materaIIy impossibIe words fai et it's throuh this
very ipossibiIity that the truth hoIds onto the reatbe sinicae
of these words may aIso be missed, as they hae been eneraIIy in our
theories ofrepresentation the most sophsticated exampIe o whch is
hImtheory.
Let me rst, in a kind o estabIishin shot, summarize hat l
take to be the centraI isconception o hIm theory beIievin tseIto e
LD@tez Z 1
olloingLacn, itconceives th screenas mirrorin doing so, hovever,
it operates in gnoance of and at the expense o, Lacan' s more radical
insight, vherby the miror is onceived as screen
e Scroe Q mor
his isconcption is at the base of lm theory's ormulation ottvo
conceptsthe apparatus and thegazand otheir interreIation. ne of
the ceaest ad most sccinct descriptions of this interrelationand
must state hre that it is |ccausc of its claty, because o the vay it
responsiblyadeplicitlarticulatesassumptionsendemicto lm theory,
that ite thi description, not to impugn it or its authors particularly
isprovidedb the editos ofRc visien, a colIectionoessays by eminists
onlm. Ithough itsousisthespecialsituationotheeaIespectator,
the description outlines the general relations among the tems ga:c, a-
eratus, and su|jcct as they are stated by lm theory. ter quoting a
passage rom Foucault's DiscipIinc enJ Punish in vhich Benthams archi
tectual planor thepanopticonis laid out, theRc visiea editorsmakethe
ooving claim
hedissociation oftheseebeing seen dyadvhich thepanoptic
arrangemen

othe cental tover and annular arrangement en

sures and the sense ot permanent visibility seem peectly to
descibetheconitionnotonlyotheinmateinBentham' sprison
but ofthe voman as vell. Fodened interms ohervisibility,
she carries herown anopticon vith hervherever she goes, her
self image a unction oher being or another. . he subjec
tivit assigned to emininity vithin patriarchal systes is inevi
tabl bound upviththestructureothelookandthelocalization
ofthe eyeas authoity`
e LWU@QcD1c bUDgect 1
The anotic gaze denes jegc:tly the situation ot te voan
underatriarchy that is, itistheveryimageote structure tatobliges
the voman to monitor herseI vith a patriarcal eye his structure
thereb guarantees that even her innermost esire vill alas be not a
transgressionbutrateranimantationotthelaw, that even te process
ottheorizing her ovntenable situation" can only reect back to er
as in mirror" hersubjugationto the gaze
The panoptic gaze denes, ten, the cq:t, tat is , the total
visibiliy othevoman underpatriarchy, oany subject under any social
order, that is to say, oany subject at all. For the very condition and
substace otthe subj ect' s subectivityis s or hersubjectiation by the
lav othe society that produces that subect nebecomes visiblnot
only to othersbut also to oneseltonly through by seeing through) the
categoies constructe by a specihc, historicaIIy dened soci ety. These
categoies ovisibility arecategories otknovledge
Theertection ovisionandknovledge canonlyberocured at
the exense oinvisibiIity and nonknovledge ccording tothlogic o
the paotic apparatus, these last do not ad in an important sense)
cannotexist. ne might summarizethis logictereby revealing itto be
more uestionable than it is normaIy take to bby stating it thus
since al knovledge or visibility) is produced by society that is, allthat
iti sosibletoknovcomesnotromrealitybutrosocialIyconstructed
categoies oimplementabe thought) since a|| novledge is roduced,
ealy kovledge or visibility) is prouced, or a|| that is produced is
knovldge visible) This is too glaring anon seiturte |hea clauses
are too obviously notnecessary consequences otthe clausetor itever
tobesatabeas such ndyetthislackotlogicalconseuenceisprecisey
vhat ust be at work and vhat must go unobserved in the ounding o
theseengbeing seen dyad that gures the comprehension otte suj ect
by thelavs that rule over its construction
ere one can already imagine the deensive rotestations
have overstated my argumentthere |s a measure ot indetermination
LDagt Z 1b
avaiableeventothepanopticarument Thisindeterminationisprovided
for h the act that the subj ec is constructed not by one monolithic
discrse but by a multitude dierent discourses What cannot be
deteined in advance are the articulations that may result rom the
chaneencountersometimes o thesiteothe subjectotthesevarious
discorses A subject ofa legal iscorse may nd itseltin conict vith
itselas a subjectoa religious discourse The negotiation othis conict
mayproduceasolutionthatvas anticipatedbyneitherothecontributing
discourses. ome lm theorists have underlined this part o Foucault's
vorinanattempttol ocatepossiblesourcesoresistancetoinstitutional
ors opover, to clear a space for a eminist cinema, or eample.
vold argue, hovever, that this simleatomizationand multiplicationo
subj ectpositionsand thisertcs ctre ertcs descriptionoconictdoesnot
lead to a radical undermining onovledgeor over ot only is it the
case thatat each stagevhatisroJu:cJ is conceivedin Foucauldiantheory
to he a Jctcrminetc thing or position, but, in addition, knovledge and
poerareconceivedastheoveralleectotherc/etiens emeng thevarious
conictingpositions and discourses. ierences donotthreatenpanoptic
poer they eed it
This is quite dierent romtheLacanianargument, vhich states
that that vhich is produced by a signiying system can never be deter
minate onict in thisase does not result rom the clash betveen tvo
di

rent postios but rom the act that no position denes a resolute
identity onknovledge orinvisibilityis notregistered as the vavern
andnegotiations betveen tvocertainties, tvomeaningsorpositions, but
astheunderminingoevery certainty, theincompletenessoeverymean
ingandposition. ncapableoarticulatingthismoreradicalunderstanding
ononnovledge,thepanopticargumentisultimatelyrcsistent te rcsisten:c,
unable to conceive o a discourse that vould reuse rather than reuel
poer
ypurposehereisnotsimplytopointoutthecrucialdierences
beteen Foucault' s theory and Lacans but also to elain hov the tvo
e LtbUgQcDtc bUDgect 1H
theorieshave ailedtobeperceiedas dierent hoapsychanlytically
inFormed lm theory came to see itsel as expressible in Focauldian
terms, despite the act that these very terms aimed at dispensing ith
psychoanalysis as a method oexplanation n Foucault' sor thetech
niues otdisciplinary poer othe construction othe subj ect) ae con
ceied as capable o materially penetrating the body in deph ithout
dependingevenon the mediation othesubject'sonrepresentations.
pover takes hold on the bdy, this is' t thoughits haing st o be
interiorized in people's consciousness. " ForFoucault, the conscious and
the unconscious are categories constructed by psychoanalysis and oter
discoures philosopy, literature, la, etc ) lie other soci all con
structedcategories, they providea means orendering thesubj ectisile
goernable, trackae They are categories through which the moern
sub ect sapprehendedandapprehendsitseltethcr then as psychoanalysis
maintais) processes oapprehension they are not processes that engage
or are engaged by social discourses lm texts, Forexample. hat the
Kc tst editors orceus to contront is the tact thatin lm theorythese
radical dierences have largely gone unnoticed or have bee nearly an
nulled. hus, thoughthegazei sconceivedasametapsychologicalconcept
central to the description otthe subj ect s psychic engagemet with the
cinematic apparatus, the concept, as ve shall see, is ormuated n a vay
that makes any psychical egagement redundant.
y argument i sthatlm theory operated akindooucauldi
zation"oLacanian theory an early misreading oFLacanturned hiinto
a spendthriFt" Foucault one ho vasted a bit too much theoretical
enegy on such notions as the antithetical meaning oFvords or repres
sion, o the unconscious tis the perceived rugality oFoucault about
ich vevil have more to say later) , every bit as much 3 the recent
and videly proclaimed interest in history thathas guarantee Foucault' s
ascendancy overLacanintheacademy.
t vas through the concept othe apparatusthe econoc, technical,
ideological institutionFcinema that the break beteen contemporary
(@tez Z
l theory ad its past vas eected. his break meant that cinematic
epresentationvas considered to benot a clear or distorted reection o
a prior and eternaI reaIity but one among many sociaI discourses that
helpedto constructrealityandthespectatoriaIsubject. sis vell novn,
the concept othe apparatus vas not original to lm theory but vas
i mportedroepistemoIogicalstudiesoscienceheactualtermJispcsitg
aparatus) usedinhlm theory isborrovedrom aston Bachelard, vho
eployedittocounterthereigning philosophyophenomenology Bach
elard proposed instead the study o phenomeno " believing
thatphenomeaarenot giventousdirectlybyanindependentrealitybut
are, rather, constructed c the ree tc:hnc, produced by a regular
method omaing rather than oundin nature") by a range opractices
and techniques that dene the eId o historical truth The obj ects o
s cience are materiaIizabIe concepts, not natural phenomena
venthough itborrovs histermandtheconceptitnames , m
theorydoesnotIocateits beginningsinthevoroachelardbutrather
inthat ooneohis students, Louis lthusser. his history is bynov
relatively amiliar, but since a number osignihcant points have been
overIooed or misinterpreted, it is necessary to retrace some othe de
tails. ) lthusser vasj udged to have advanced and corrected the theory
oBacheIard in a vay that oregrounded the t o science. ow,
although he had argued that the scientihc subject vas ormed in and by
the eld oscience, Bachelard had aIso maintained that the subject vas
never ormedinthis vay. neothereasons o this merel partiaI
sucess, he theorized, vas an obstacle that impeded the subject' s deveI
opment this obstacIehe called the imaginary Butthe probIem vith this
imaginary, as Ithusser l ater pointed out, vas that it vas itselIargeIy
untheorized and vas thus that is, almost by deault) accepted by Bach
elardasai aseternaIandpriorto ratherthanasanttt ohistorical
determinations. The scienticsubjectwassplit, then, betveentvomodes
othought one governedby historically determined scienticorms, the
e LWU@cHc bUDgec Z1
other b orms that ere eternaI, spontaneous, ad aImos reIy
mythical

Althusser rethouht the category othe iaginary, maki it a

part o te process o the historical construction o the sbj ect. he
maginar cae to name a process necessary tratherthanan impei
entottheieoloical oundin othesubjecttheimaginary rvided
the for othe subj ect's lived relaton to societ. hroughtbis rltion
the subj t ws brought to accept as its ovn to reconize tselfin the
representtions otesocaI order
his Iast statement olthusser's position is importat l our
concerns here because it is also a stateent othebasic positi lm
theor as it was developed in the s, in France and in nglnd by
ean Louis audr, hristiae,ean Louis omolli, tepheneath,
an othes . nsum, thescreenis a irror he representatios rduced
by the istitutio o cinema, the images presente on the scen, are
accepted by the subj ect as its ovn here is, amitteI, a ambguity
in thenotionothesubj ect's ovniage itcanreter eitherto aimage
e[ thc sbject or an image |cleng|ay te the subject. oth reteences ae
ntendedbyItheor. Whetherthatwchisrepresenteisspeclarize
asanimageothesubject sovnbodorasthesubject'simageosomeone
orsomethingeIse, whatremais crucalis teattribution totheimaeot
vhataan notImtheory, vhichhasnever, itseemstome, adeuately
accounte or the ambiguity) calIs thatbelong to me asect so reinis
cet otpropert." tis this asect that allovs the subj ectto see i any
reresentation not onl a reection oitseIbut a reectio o tsel as
master otall it sureys he imaginary relatio produces te subject as
master the image his insiht Ie to lm theor s reconcepton o
lm' s caracteristic impression o reality" o Ionger conceived as
epedent on a relation otverisimiIitudebetveentheiage andthereal
reerent, this impression was henceorth attribted to a relation oade
quationbetweentheimageandthe spectator lotherword, theimpres
LW tez ZZ
si o eaity resus th fact tt the subject taes the image as a
and sufcient resnttin of itself and its vorld the subj ect is
saied tht it has be deutey reected on the screen The reality
eect and the sujcteffe both nae the same constructed ipres
si thatthe iag aes th subject tullyvisible to itself.
e imagia reIation is dened asliterally a relation ofco
niin he subec eccetaIizes as its ovn concets alred con
stcte y he te. oees te reconstruction orepresentation is
thugt totaepacesecondariatherthandirectly, aftertherehasbeen
a imayrecognitio othe sbject as a pure act oferception " This
is, as ve all knov, et s scenario ' The subject rst recognies itself
bidentiying viththegaeadthenrecogniestheiagesonthescreen
ov, eactl is the gaze, in this contet Why does it eerge in
this vay rom the theoy f the apparatus What does it addor sub
trctfro Bacheard's theor, vhee it des nothgureas a ter Il
these uestions vil have to be corontd more ully in de course for
n ve ust bei vith the observatin that this ideal point can be
nothing but thc siyncJ e[ thc imcgc, the point fro vhich the iage
me|cs scnsc to the subject n taking up its position at this point, the
subj ectseesitselassupp/yiny theimagvithsense. egardlessofvhether
oe or tvo stages are posited, the gae is alvays the point fro vhic
identication is conceived by I theor to take place. nd becausethe
gze is alvays coceptualized as a aalogue ofthat geometral point of
enaissance perspctive atvhichthepicturebecomeslly, undistortedly
visible, the gaealvas retains vithnlmtheory thesenseofbeing that
pnt at vhich sese and bing coincide. he subject coes into being
b identifyingvit the image'ssignied ense[eunJs thesubjectis
thc ultiatepointofthe ltheretical andFoucauldian concepts othe
ge
he iaginary reltin is not, hovever, merely a reIatin of
kwledge, ofsenseandrecgnitionitisalsoarelationofloveguaranteed
b novIedge (bc image seems not only pefectIy to represent the
e LWDogQcD1c bUDgect Z
subject, it seems also to be an image o the subject' s ertection. n
uneceptional denitiononarcissismappearstosupporttis relation te
subject alls in love vith its own image as the mage o ts ideal sel
E:ct narcissism becomes i this account the structure tht istrents
the harmenieus relation betveen seland social order since the sbj ect s
made to snugglehappilyintothe space carve out or it) , heeas inthe
psychoanalyticaccountthesubject' sarcissisticrelation totheseltssee
to:ea|:t aith anJ Jisrut othersocialreations l amattemptigtoppoit
here no minor point of disagreement betveen psychoanysis and the
panoptic argument the opositon betveen the uninding oce ofar
cissism and the bnding orce osocal relations is one t te denng
tenets ofpsychanalysis. It is neertheless true that Freud iseote
ran into diculty trying to maintain te distinctionand thatman, from
ung on, have oun it easier to merge the tvo orces io a liidinal
monism uteasieris notbetterto isregard theistinctinsot oly
to destroy psychoanalysisbut alsoto court determinism.
Why s the reresentation ofthe relatio othe sbect t o the
social ncessary an imainar oe Tis question, posed au irst
should have lauched a serious citique ol mtheory' ` at i ti dot
i s attributable, i part, to the act thatthequestionvaspeceive to be
fundamentally a qustion about the contet othe conceptothe imagi
ary With only a slightlydierentemphasis, the uestioncabesee t o
askho the imainar came t o bear, almost eclusively, t heburde o
theconstruction othesubject despite theacthatweal aysseako
the symbolic construction ofthesuet. nevayofasvering this
is to note that in much contemporary theory the symbolicis itselstrc
tured like the maginary, like lthusser s version ote iginary nd
thus irst' s criticisms are aimed at our conception othe smbolc con
struction ofthe subject, in genera That this is so is made eplicit oce
againb the}uga/ity e]Fe:ault, woeposestousnot on thecotent
but aso theemptinessosomeoourconcepts For oucautsuccessfully
demonstrates that the coception of the smbolic on wich e ad,
LNae Z Z+
imlicitly, others) relies aes the imainary unnecessary. n a move
siilar to the on that reured ideoloy as a positive orce o the
pduction, rather than the alsication oreality, he rethins symbolic
la as the purcly esitivc production, rathertharepression, oreality
ad its desires. lhough Foucault oers this conception othe lav as a
critiue o psychoanalysis, psychoanalysis has itsel never argued any
dierently.
What is he dierence, then, betvee Foucault's version ad
pschoanalysis' s ersion o the lavdesire relation imply this vhile
Foucaultconceivedesirenotonlyasanc]ct butalso, ashavepointedly
reared, as a rca/i:atioa o the l av, ps
}
:hoeaalysis tca:acs us that thc
:en]atioa o[ c_c:t a1 rcaIi:atiea is aa crror. o say that the lav is only
positive that it oes ot orbid desire but rather incites it, causes it to
ourishbyreuirngustocontemplateit, coness it, vatchorits various
maestations, i sto ed up sayig simply that the lav causes us to havc
a desire or incest, let us say. his position recreates the error othe
psychiatrist in oe o el Broos' s routies n a t orevulsion the
psychiatrist thros a patient out ohis oce ater she reports having a
dreaminvhich, herelatesindisgust, shevasissingherather issing
heratheri thedream " he eeling odisgustis thehumorous resulto
the psychiatrist' s ailure to distinguish the enunciative position o the
dreamingpatienrthestatedpositionothedreamed one heelisio
o the dierenc etveen these tvo positions enuciation and state
ment causes dsire to be conceived as realization i tvo vays First,
desire i s conceied as a actual state resulting rom a possibility aoved
l av econ i desire is something one simply ad positively has,
nothin can prevet its realization except a purely eternal orce. he
destinyodesireisealizatio, unlessitis prohibitedbysomethingoutside
it.
sychoanalysis denies the preposterous proposition tht sociey
is ouded on esithedesire or incest, let us sayonce again. urely,
it ares, it is th rcrcssiea othis desire that ounds society he lav
e Lo@QcUc bUDgect ZO
does not constructa subject vho simply and unequivocabIy has a esie
but one vho rc:ts its desire, vants not to desire it he subject s tus
conceivedas spIit rom its desire, and desie itseIis conceived a soe
thingpreciselyunrealized it does not actuaIize vhat the la aes
possible. or is desire committed to realization, ang an etea
hinance. For theinternaldialecticthat makes the being othe subject
dependent on the ncgatien oits desire tus desireinto a sel hidering
pocess.
FoucauIt' s denition o the Iav as positive and nonrepressive
implies both that the lav is ) unconditional, that it must be obee
since onl that hich it allovs can come into eistence b
denition, e|cJicn:e andthatitis)unconditione, sincenotig that
is, noesire,preceesthelav thereis nocauseotheIav and ve must
not theeoe seek behind the lav or its reasons Lav does not exist in
order to repress desire
ov, notonly havetheseclaims or theIav been made etor,
thehaveaIsopeviouslandproinenbeencontested. Forteseae
pecisel the claims ooal conscience tat Feud examines in Tetcm
anJ Ta|ee. here Feud educes these claisto vhat he taes to e their
absud consequences we ere to admit the claims thus asseted b
our conscience that desire conorms to or alvas alls vithin the Iav ,
it vould ollov, ontheonehand, that prohibitionvouId besupeuos
an, on the other, the act oconscience vould remain unexplained.
n the one hand, prohibition voul be superuus. Foucault agrees
oncetelavisconceivedaspriariIypositive, aspoducingthephenom
enait scrutinizes, theconceptoanegative,repressiveIavcanbevieved
asanexcespsychoanalysis ntheotherhand,thetactoconscience
vould reain unexpIained hat is, there is no longer any reason or
conscience to exist it shea/J, Iike prohibition, be supeuous. What be
comes suddenl expIicable is the very ccricn:c oconsciencvich
is not onI the subjective experience othe compulsion to obe bt aIso
the experience oguiIt, othe remorse that olIovs tansgressionce
Lb@et Z Z
e hav acceted te :laims o conscience that the lav cannot ail to
ose itseland canot be aused Foucault agrees once again the e
eience oconscience and t he interiorization othe lav through repre
setations is ade superuous y his theory olav
Agai the claims oconscience areused to reutethe experience
cosciece his paradox l ocated by Freud vill, ocourse, notappear
as such to those vho do not ascibe the claims te conscience And yet
somethingotheparadoxis maniestin oucaultsdescriptionopanoptic
poverandlm theory sdescriptinotherelationbetveenteapparatus
and thegaze nboth cases themodelosel surveillanceimplicitlyrecalls
tepsychoanalytic model omoral conscienceeven as the resemblance is
being disavoved. he image o self surveillance, o selFcorrection, is
bot required to construct the subject and made redundat by the act
that the subect thus constructed is by dehnition, absolutely upright,
completely correct. heinevitability and completenessoits success ren
ders the orthopedic gesture o surveillance unnecessary e subj ect is
and can only be inculable he relation betveen apparatus and gaze
creates oly the mirae opsychoaalysis. here is, in act, no psycho
analytic subjectin sight
oschsm
ov, then, to derive a properlysychoanalyticthatis, a splitsubj ect
fromthepremise that thissubj ectis theectather than the cause othe
social order Beore turning, nally, to Laca' s solution, it vill be nec
essary to ause to reviev one extraordinary chapter rom achelard
cater + ofLc ratiencl|smc ej/|qu, titled La surveillance intellectuelle
desoi" vherevevillhnsomeargumentsthathavebeenoverlooked
in more recent theoriationsothe apparatus
lthoughBahelardpioneeredthetheory otheinstitutionalcon
struction othe eld osciec, he also as ve have already said) persis
tently argued that te protocols o science never ully satrated, nor
c LMo@8c1c bUbgect Z
provided the content ot, this eld The obstacle otthe i aginay is only
eac oth easons given or this esides thispurely negatie resistance
|ethescientic, thereisalsoa positivecondition c]thescienticitseltthat
prevetedsuchareductiontromtaingplace oththesereasonstogether
guaratee that the concepts oscience are neve mere reaiations o
possibilities histoically alloved and scientic thought is neer simply
habit, theregulatedetacingopossiblepathsalreadyl aidouinadance
osaythatthescienticsubject i constructed btheinstitution
otscience, achlard vould reason, is to say that it is alvays thereby
obliged to suvey itsel, its ovnthinking, not subjectively, not though
a process otintrospection tovhichthe subjecthasprivilegedaccess, but
e|)c:|ivc|y, tro the position othe scientic institution o tar this
0syt||: relation may seem no dierent rom the panoptic relation ve
have been so intent on dislodging. ut there is a dierence the ortho
psychic relation unlie the panoptic one) assumes that it is just this
objective survey thatallovs thought to become notvholy visible, but)
sc:rct; it allovs thought to emain ||JJcn, even under the most intense
scutiny Letus make clearthat achelrdinotattemptingtoarguehat
thereisanoriginal, pivateselthathappestondinobjectiita eans
amonothers) oconcealing itsel e i sarguing, rather, thatthevery
possibilityoconcealmenti asedonlybythesubject sojectierelation
to itsel Foritis thevey actosurveillance vhich maeclearthetact
that the subj ect is external to itselt, exists in a relation o etimacy
Lacan s vod) vith itselt that causes the subj ect to appear to i teltas
culpabe, asguilty othidingsomething heobjectiverelaiontothesel,
ac

elard inoms us, necessarily raises the insidious estion that

ietzschetormulatedthus oeverythingvhichamanallovstobecome
visible, oneis able to demand vhatdoes he vish to hide" It does not
mattethatthis man" is onesel Theineradicable suspicion ofdisimu
lation raised by the obj ective relation guarantees that thoght vill neve
become totally coicidetiththerms ottheinstitution Thoughtvill
besplit, rather,betveenbelietinvhattheinstitutionaesmanitand
$Dac Z o
suspiion about ht it is eepig secret AIl obective representations,
its vey ovnthogt, viIIbe taen by the subject notas true represen
tatios oitseI r he vord but as ctions no ipression oreaIity

wiII adhereto tbe Thesubj ectviIIappear, eventoitselF, tobenoore

tban U hyethcsis e} |ciny. Beliem the reaIity orepresentations viII be
suspended, pro ected beyond tbe representations themseIves. And the
impression oeality"viII henceorth consistinthe mass oobjections
to onstituted reasn, " BacbeIard says here, and eIsevhere in the con
viction that wbatis reaI but hidden has ore content than what is given
andobvious "
ThesuspicionodissiuIationoersthesubjectaindoreprieve
ro the dictates oIaw. For tbese dictates are perceived as hypotheses
that must be tested ratber tban iperatives that must be automaticaIly
and unconditionaIIy obeyed. be subject is notonIyjudged by and sub
j ectedtosociaIIavs, itaIsojudgestbebysubjectingthetointeIIectuaI
scrutinyin otberwords, the subject directs a question, "Chc ruei? What
do you vant rom me to every sociaI, as veII as scientic Iav. eI
surveiIIance, then, conduces to seIcorrection one thought or represen
tation aIways advances another astbe ormer'sjudge.
BacheIardscbapterendsup ceIebratingaindoeuphoriaoree
tbougbt. As a resuIt oits orthopsychic reIation to itseI, tbat is, beore
an iage that it 4eu|ts, the scientic subject isjubiIant ot because its
imge, its vord, its thought reects its ovn peretion, but because the
subj ect is tbus aIIoved to imagine that they are aIIccti|lc. t is this
senseotbeperectibiIityotbings thatIiberatestboughtro the totay
determining constraints o the sociaI order. hought is conceived to
poIice, and notmereIy be policed by, the sociaIscientic order, and the
paranoia o the assandra copIex BacheIards designation or the
chiIdish beIie tat everytbing is aIready nown in advance, by one's
parents, say)is tereby dispeled
uriousIy, the charge oguiIt thatis Iodged, we were toId, by
tbe structureosurveiIIancebasbeendroppedsoevbereaIongthew.
De LMogQcD1c buDgect ZV
t is no claimed, on the contrary, that surveiIance enabIes thought to
be moaIly sincere " s it tuns out, then, it s the very ccr|cntc oF
moralconscience, thevery eeling ogult, that absoIves thought othe
very :hryc oguiIt v has tis absolution been secured By the sepa
ration the act othinking rom the thoughts tat it thins o that
thoughthe thoughtsmaybeguilty, theactothinkingremains inocent
nd thsubjectremais vhoIe, its intentions cIear. Thisistheonlyvay
ve canunderstadtheapparent contradictions othis chapter. hough
outhis vork Bachelard maintans that duplicity is maIadroit in its ad
dress"that is, that they err vho assume they cannotbeduped, thatno
oneissaredromdeception. s aresult, nothoughtcanevebeperectIy
penetrable et, inchapter+ hesimultaneouslymaintains thatthesubject
can an mustpenetrateitsovn act othinking.
This s cenario osurveilIancothe joy o sureillance"is
consciousIy deIineatedin relationtoreudsnotion omoral conscience.
But achelard opposes his noton to the pessimism" othat oFreud,
vho, ocourse, savmoraIconscience as cruel andpunishig n Bache
lard, srveillance, in seeming to oer the subject d pardon, s construed
aspriaryapositiveorbenignorce. Bacelard, then, too, leoucauIt
and Im theory, recaIls and yet disavovs the psychoanalytic model o
moral conscienchovever dierentIy Bachelard's orthopsychism,
vhici sinormedintheendbyapsychologisticargument, cannotreaIly
beaccpted by l theory as analternative to panopticonism. Ithough
Bachelard argues that a certain invisibility shelters the subject rom vhat
vemightcalI in the panoptic, not in theLacaniansese) the gaze o
theinstitutional apparatus, thesubjectisnevertheIess caracterized by an
exactlegibiIityonanotherleveI heBachelardiansubj ectmaynotlocate
|n its imeyc a ull anduprightbeingthatitjubiantly butvrongIy) takes
itselto be, but this subj ect does locate |n thc re:css e]scm||ni:|ng this
imagethejoyousprospectoFrghtingitselt ilmtheory' scorrectsubject
isherereplaced bya selcorrecting one.
LD@1ez Z J
et th detourthrugorthopsychism has notled only toadead
nd hat ve hav orcil been led to consider is the uestion of
ecption, ofthsuspicion odeception that ust nc:cssar||y be raised if
re to undestand the cinematic apparatus as a s|gay|ag apparatus,
vih places th subj ect i a eternal relationship to itself nce the
eranent posibilit ofdceptio is aditted rather than disregarded,
as i is by the teory ofthpanopticapparatus) , the cocept ofthe gaze
undrgoesaradicalchange o, vhereinthepanopticapparatusthegaze
aks the ubj ct's o|si|ili|y, in acan' s theory it marks the subj ect's
:u|a|i/|ty. he gaze stand vatch over the |a:u|patiea-thc faulting and
spliting othesubj ect bythe aparatus .
be NFFUF & bczeeU
Filtheorintroducedthesubjectinto its study, andtherebincorporatd
Laanian pschoanalysis, priarly by means of he mirror stage as
orativeoftheunctio othe ` l . ' tisto this essay that theosts ade
rerence as tey ormulated thei arguents about the subect' s narcis
sisticreationtothelandabotthatrelationship' sdependenceon the
gaze. " While itistrue that teiror phaseessaydoesdescribethechild' s
nacissisticrelationtoitsmirrorimage, itis, nevertheless aet ithisessay
but in einar that aca hiselfformulatesh|s concetofthe aze
ere, particularl in those sessions collected under the heading fthe
aze as |)c:t Pct|t c, " Lacan rcermuIctcs his earlier mirror phase essay
an paints 3 picture very dierent rom the one painted by l theor.
Lacan tells his tale ofthe relatio ofthe subject to ts orld in
the For oa huorousl recondite story about asardinecan. Thestor
istoldas akndofockegelianepic, asend upofthebroadlyepansive
egelian epic form b a deliberatel little stor" that takes place in a
sall boat" i a smal port" and includes a sigle named character,
etit ean he entire overt pot consists in the sigting ofa small
e LW0@sctc U_ect JJ
can. " trulyshortstoryoftheobjectsmalla theprooandsolegarantee
oftha aterity ofthe thewhichegel' s sveepig tale, ioelooking,
denies.
he stoy sets egelian themes aift ad awash in sea of
batho . P young egelian) intellectual, identiying hiselfith the
slavinclass, embaksonajourneythatheepectswillpitiminstuggle
against the raw forces ofa pitiless natue. ut, alas, th day turMs out to
beundaMatical unny and ne, an theaticipated eent, the etin
and atchwiththeaste, neercomesabout. Itisnaatiel epaced
by vhat ve caD accuateydscibe as a noneent, the pottin othe
shiny miorlike sadinecanandanattackoaniety. teen how
eer athos ies way to tragedy as we reaize that in ths little slice o
life dram there is no subation ofconsumption, no tansendence, onl
the slw dyig avay, through consumptio, othe inivdua embers
othe sain cas s The mocking is not meey gentc bt cais in its
wake this abupt statement otconsequence somethingqute seiousis at
stakehere fve aeto rewite the tagic ending ofthis pliti ca tale, the
relation between seltan ther will hae to be retheoize.
ha is it that is at stake hee lainly, tiately, itis lthe
l, thesubj ect that tkesshapein thisvised vesion otth iostae.
sitto underlinethefact thatitisthe thatisthepointothedscssion,
Lacantels a pcsonalstory tishe, iact, who isthest peson ofthe
naative this potait ofthe analyst as a oun a is his on. he
came ole i eminar 7 pepaes us, the for the starIOg roeLaca
plays as the nacissistic televanalyst in T:|ev|s|ea. What is at stake in
both cases, Lacan says in Te|ev|s|ea about his pefomaIce boh there
and i his seminars in genera, is a gaze a gaz to wich in neither
case, do addess mysef, but in the name ofvhich spek " What s
he saing hee about the reation between the l ad thc aze
heazeisthatvhich deterines the n tev:sibe, itis the
instrument throughwhich . . . the ishete-grehcJ. his ighte
taken to conrm the coincidence ofthe Foucaulian an Lacaian posi
Lp Z
tio , t idiate tat, i oth, te gaze determines the complete visi|i//ty
ote, he mapping oe n U perceptual gid. encethedisciplinary
moitoi otthe subj e t tis coincidence can only beproduced by
a peciitous, snapsho readin oLacan, one that ails to notice the
hyphen hat spis the tm |ete_rahinto |ete, light, " and grah,
amgoherthings, argmentotheLacanianphrase graphodesire
as ispis tesubjecttatit desies
Phe|e. nethinis etainlightdoesnotentetheseseminarsin
a sraigt line, hrou the as o optics ecause, as he says, the
geoetrilavsotheprpagatioolihtmapspaceonly, andnet vision,
Lan doesnottheorize thevisualedin termsoteseIavs. hus, the
legitimaeconstructionanueorhimasitJecs orltheory
te relation othespectator t te screen nd theseseminas annot be
used, as they are used y lm teory, to support the argument that the
cinaticappaatus, indirectlinevith thecameraoscua, byrecreating
the space and ideology oenaissance perspective, produces a centered
and transcendent subject
his arument is critiqued in the semnars on the gaze as Lacan
makesclearvhy the spaking suject :annet everbe totally trappedinthe
imaginary Laan claims ather, that am not simply that punctiorm
being l ocated at the eometral point om vhic the pespective is
grasped ov, lm theory, ot ourse, has alvays caimed that the
cnematic apparatus unctions iJco|egi:a//y to produce a suject that m|s-
rc:egn|zes itsel as soue and cente othe epresented vorld ut al
though this claim ight seemtoimply agreementvithLacan, tosuggest,
too, tat te subject is net the punctiorm eing that enaissance per
spectievouldhaveuselieveiti s lmtheory' snotionotmisrecognition
turns out tobedierentromLaan' sinimportantvays espitetheact
thatthe term m|src:egnitien impliesanerroron thesubject's part, a aiure
pperlto recognizeits truerelationto tevisiblevorld, the process by
vhi the subj et is installed in its position omisrecognition operates
vithot the hint otailure he subj ect uneringly assumes the position
e LM0@CDtc UD_ect J
the perspectival construction bids it to take rased Fro the pocess ot
construction, thenegativeForceoFerroremergesIaterasahargedirected
at the subject But From where does it come iIm theor has described
oytheconstructionoFtbispositionoFmisrecognition.ThouhitipIies
thatthereisanothera:|ua| , nonpunctiFormposition, Imteorhasnever
beenable to describethe construction oF|||sposition
n Lacan s description, misrecognition retains its negative Force
in the process oFconstruction s a resuIt, the process conceived no
longeasapurely positiveonebutratherasonewithanintenaldialectic.
LacandoesnottakethesingIetriangIethatgeometricaIperspective raws
asanaccuratedescription ofitsownoperationnsteadhediagasthis
operaion using, instead, |uc |n|ccnc|ra||ny triangIes. Th he epresents
both the way the science oFoptics understands theemission oFlight anJ
thewaitsstraightlinesbecoereFracted diusedthevaytheyacuire
theambiguityoFa ewel oncewetakeintoaccounttheaythesignier
itselFinterFeres with this guring. he second triangIe cts through the
rst, marking the elision or negation that is part otthe rocess oFcon
struction. The second triangIe diagrams the subject's mistaken beIieFthat
thereis something behind thespacesetoutbthehrst tis thismistaen
beIieFthis misrecognition) that causes the sub ectto J|s|c/cvc even those
repreentations shaped according to the scientic Iaws oF optics The
Lacaansubect, whomaydobttheaccuracoFevenitsost scientic
repreentations, " is submittedto asucrcyc|:lawtatisraicaII dierent
Fromthe optical Iaws to which the hlm theoetical subetis submitted.
t _dr
|]=

gmmhn
L0
Ca0. eiotics ot optics, is the science that enlightens For s
the s trcture othe visual domain. Becauseit aIone is capable oFIending
hins sense, the sinihe aIone maes visionpossible. There is and can
be no brute vision no vision totaIIyindependent otlanguage. ainting,
draing, aII fos oFpitre aking, then, are fundaentaIIy graphic
arts . nd becasesigniers are ateriaI, thatis, because they are opaue
rathe than transIcent, reter to othersignihers ratherthan directIy to a
signihed, the ed ofvision is neither cIear nor easiIy traversabIe. t is
instead abigous and treacheous, tulI oF traps Lacans einar
reFes ontantly, but amiguousIy, to these traps When Lacan says that
the sbj ect is trapped in the imaginary, he eans that the subect can
iaginenothingoutsideit theimaginarcannotitseIfprovidethemeans
that vouId aIIovthe subject to transcend it. Whehesays, ontheother
hand, thatapainting oranyotherepresentation, isa traptorthegaze,
veunderstand this phrase as echoingthe expression to trap one'satten
tion. That is, the representation a||ra:|s the gaze, induces us to iagine
a gae outside theheId otrepresentation t is thissecond senseoFtrap
ping, vhereb representation appears to generate its own beyond to
generate, ve might say recaIling Lacans diagra, the se:cnJ triangle,
vhihthescience oFoptics negIectsto consider) thatpreventsthesubj ect
Fro ever being trapped in the iaginary. Where the FoucauIdian and
the hltheoreticaI positions aIvays tend to trap the subject in represen
tation an ideaIist FaiIing , to conceive otIanguage as constructing the
prisonvaIIsotthesubject sbeing, acanarguesthatthesubjectseesthese
valIsas |rcmc | 'ce/|, and is thusconstrctedbysomething|eycnJthem.
Forbeyond everything thati sdispIayedt othe subject, the ues
tion is ased, What is being conceaIed fro me What in this graphi
spae does not sho, does not stop nc| vriting itseIF This point at
vhich soething appears to be visibIe, this point at which something
appeas tobemissingFromrepresentation, some meaningIettunreveaIed,
is the point otthe acanian gae Itmarksthe a|sen:e ofa signied itis
an unc::u|a||e point, not, as I theory cIaims, becase it gures an
De LzU0@scDtc UD_ect Jb
unreaIiableidealbutbecauseitindicatesanimpossibIereal. nthFrmer
case oe wouId expect to nd at te point otthegae a si gnie bt
herethesignier is absentand so is the subject. e sub ect, i shot,
cannotbelocatedorlocate itselFat thepoint otthegaze, sincethis poit
mars on the contrary, its very annihiIation t te moment the gazeis
discerned, theimage theentire visuaIeId, taes ona terriying aIterity.
t loses its belongtome aspect and suddenIy assumes the Fnction ot
a screen
Lacanis certainlynet oFFering an agnostic descripti oFthe vay
thereaobj ect is cut oFFFrom thesubject' sviewbylanguage, oFthe vay
theaob ct scapes captr in the network oFsigniers e dos not
assume an ideaIist stance arging the waylatodoesthat the obect is
splitbetweenits real being and its semblance. Lacan argues, rather, that
beyon the signiFying netvor, beyond the visuaI eId there is iFact,
nothingatall TheveiloFrepresentationactuaIIyconceaIsothing there
isnothingbehind representation etthe Fact thatrepesentationsccms to
hide, t put an arbored screen oFsigniers in FrontoFsomething hidden
beneat, is not treated by Lacan as a simple error that the subject can
undo nor is this deceptiveness otlanguage treated as something that
undoesthe sub ect, deconstructs itsidentity by menacing is bounaries
ater, Ianguage sopactyis takenas the very :cusc otthe sbj ectseing,
thatisitsdesire, orwant to be. TheFactthatit is materialIy impssible
to say the whoIe trththat truth always bacs away Frm Ianguage,
that wrds always all short oFtheir goal the sub ect. ontrary
to e idealist position that makes]erm the cause oFbeing, Lacan locates
thecauseoFbeinginthin]ermc. theun]ermcJ thatwhichhas nosignied
nosignicantshapeinthevisualeIdandtheinquiq theuestion posed
to repesentation s presumed reticence The subj ect is th eFtect oF the
impossibility oF seeing what is lacing in the representation, hat the
subject, theeFore, wants to see. Te gaze, the objectcause otdesire, I
theobject cause oFthesubject oFdesirein theeIdotthevisibIe nother
LNu Z JO
wors, it is wat the subject does not see an not simply wht it sees
that Founs it
t shoId e lear by nohowdierent this description is Frm
that oered b Im theory n m theory, the gaze is Iocated in Front
oF the image, as its signied, the point oFmaximal meaning or sumoF
aIl that appears in te image anJ the point that gives" meaning The
su ect is, then, thoght to i dentiFy with an thus, ina sense, to cc|nc|Je
u|th the gaze n Lacan, on the other hand, the gaze is located behin"
the image, as that wich FaiIstoappearinitanthus as that which makes
all its meanings sspect nd the subject, instea oFcoinciding with or
identiFying with the gaze, i srathercu|c_[cm it Lacandoes not ask you
to think oFte gaze as elonging to an ther who cares about what or
where you are, wh pries, keeps tabs on your whereabouts, an takes
note oFaIl your steps and missteps, as the panoptic gaze is said to o
When you encounter the gaze ofthe ther, you meet not a seeing eye
but a blin one The gaze is not clear or penetrating, not Iled with
knowledge or recognition it is cloudd over and turne ack on itselF,
asorbedin its own enjoyment The horribIetruth, reveaIed to Lacan by
etitean, is that |he yaze Jces nc| see ycu. o, i Fyou are looking For
conrmation oFthe truth oFyourbeingorthe clarity oFyourvision, yo
are on yor own the gaze oFthe ther is not conrming it wilI not
vaIiateyou
ow, thesuject institute by the Lacanian gazedoesnot come
into being as the reaIization oFa possibility opene up bythelaw oFthe
ther. t is rather an impossiilit that is crucial to the constittion oF
the subjectthe impossibiIity, preciseIy, oFany ultimate conrmation
Fromthether Thesub ect emerges, as areslt, asa desiringbein, that
is to say, an efFet oFthe Ia but certainIy not a realization oFit, sce
esire as such can never be conceived as a realization esire ls no
possibiIity but seeks aFter an impossibility this makes esire always,
constitutionally, contentless
Tbe Opcbic Sb]ec C
arcissism, too, taes onadierentmeaninginLacan one moe
inaccodwithFreud' sown. incesomethingalaysappearstobemissing
From ay representation, narcissism cannc|consist in nding satistaction
inonesownvisualimage tmust, rathe, cosistin thebelietthatone s
ownbeingexceedstheimperFectionsoF i tsimage acissism, then, sees
the selt beyond the selFimage, with which the subject constantly ns
Fault ad in which it constantly Fails to recognize itselt. What one loves
in one s image is something Ht than the image in you more than
yo . Thusis narcissismthesourceotthemalevolecewithwhichtbe
subj ect regards its image, the aggressivity it unleashes o alI its on
representations. nd thus does the subect coe into being as a
transgression oF, rather than in conFormityto, the law tis not the la,
but the tault in te lawthe desire that the la cannot ultimately co
cealthat isassumedby the subject as its ovn. he subject, intaingup
the buden oFthelaw sguilt, goesbeyondthelaw.
uch othis denition oFarcissism tae to be compacted I
Lacans otherwise totally enigmatic sentences The eect omiicr is
camoage in the strictly technical sense. t is nota estion oFbarmo
niing ith the background, bt against a mottled bacground, otbe
comin mottledexactly like the techniue oF camoage practiced in
human warFare " he eect oFrepresentation miicry, in an older,
idealist vocabulary is not a subj ect who will harmoize ith, or adapt
to, i tsenvironment thesubect' snarcissisticrelationtotherepresetation
that constructs himdoesnotpacehim in happy accordviththe reality
that the apparats constructs For him . The eect o represetatio is
instead, thesuspicionthatsomerealityis being camouaged, thatweare
being deceived as to the exact natre oF some thing in itselt that lies
behindrepresentation n respose to such a representation, againstsuch
a backgound oFdeception, the subj ects ovn beingreas up beteen
its unconscious being and its conscious seblance. t war both itits
world and with itselF, the subject becomes guilty othe very deceit it
fDat
suses is cahardIy, hever, be caIIed mimicry, in the oId sense,
sincotin isingmime.
sum, te conictal nature oFLacan s cuIpabIe subject sets it
worId aar Frothe stabIe sbj ect oFImtheory. Butneitherdoes the
Laana subject rsembIe th oFBacheIard ForwhiIein BacheIard r
thoschisinrovidingaoportunitytorthecorrecionoFthought s
iperecti osalIvs the sbject to vander From its moorings, con
statI to dritt om one sition to another, in Lacan orthopsy
chisne ihes toretantheterm in order to indicate thesbject s
Fndaental deedence on the FauIts it nds in representation and in
itseI rounds the subject. he desire that it precipitates |rans]xes the
subet, aIbeit in d conictaI pIace, so that aII the sub ects visions and
revisions, allitsatasies, mereIycircumnavigatetheabsecethatanchors
the sbectandipedes its progress
LuttH@ 1@
n cotemporaryanaIysesoFthereIation oFpsychoanaIysis topoIitis, the
real has noplace the psychicaI and the sociaI areconceivd as a realtight
unitIed by a principIe oFpIeasure proposeto show that/| is thc rcal
that uaitcs thc sychic tc thc secia|, that this reIation is ruIe by the death
drive Taing seriousIy thoseFormuIationsyvhich te subect and the
unconscious are termed the c_cc| oFthe social order, wilI describe this
relationas a causaI one But, reader, pIease beware a eition oFcause
that depens on and is produced through a denition otthe death drive
wiIIcertainlynotbe FamiIiar.
irst, thereal owhasit been evictedFro currnt discussions
Within psycanaIysis the stats oF the reaI is probIeatic From the
begining nce it is observed that pIeasure is te goal oFaII psychic
mecanisms and that the psyche is abIe to obtain pIeasure by means ot
its ovn internaI processesthat is, by producing a haIlcinatory pIea
srthesub ectappearstobeindependentoFwhatredcaIIs ate,'
anhatvewiIl caIthereaI . sychicalreaIitycanindeniteIydeFer, and
tusrepIace, the reaIity otbrteFact. appiness is thereFore denedin
Civi|i:aticn anJ Its Disccntcnts as essentiaIIy subjective hismeansthat
eve iFve were to magine the most unhappy historical sitationsa
peasant during the Thirty ears War, a victim oFtheoly nuisition,
a ew awaiting thepogromit would be ipossibIe t o assume trom
the ob ective Facts aIone how, or even that, the victims suered as a
conseuene ottheirsituations ne vouId also have to reaII that there
is a hoIe range oFpsychic operations to whic we do not have direct
access) , which, by numbing, blunting, or distorting the harmFuI sensa
tions, might shieId te victim From pain
L@t +
tisneertheless rongto thin thatthis Freudiandescription oF
the peasure principle natl separates psychial and social reality. The
reaIit ith hich the reaIity priniple puts us in touch is not simply a
percptal obj ect, hicb can test the adeuacy oF the object oFhalluci
nation rodced by the pIeasure principle. That this is so is clear trom
the act that Freud does not set social reaIitciviIization the
pleasreprincipIe, butrather denes the tormers aproductotthelatter
iiIizationdoes not test, but realizes our Fantasies it does not put us in
toucb ith Fate the real , but protects s From it. The social subject is
thus pitured as akind oFprostheticod hosetantasmatic, articiaI
limbs substitute For the inFerior, natural ones Fate bestos. iviIization
endowsthesubjectwitbaFantasmaticbodyandFairytalelikepoers. The
subjects otmodern cuItures bave telescopes, microscopes, cameras tor
ees microphones, radios, telephonesFormouthsshis trains, cars, and
planes For legs and aII oF these instruments that extend ourgrasp tor
arms .
ForFreud, this enition oFciviIization doesnot, otourse, end
the uestion otthe real the reaI is not thereby banished from civilized
existence, hich brings discontent as eIl as pIeasure. lthough the reaI
that is associated ith discontent an no Ionger be onceived simpIy as
that which opposes itseltto theiaginar ofthepsyhical, Freudretains
the reterence to the real.
For much oF ontemporar theor, hoever, the uestion |s
Iosed incetherealisconceived asradicaIlyoutsideourken, inacessible
to us, it is thereFore thought to have no bearing on us. Beteen the
sbj ect and the real, civiIizationthe social orderis interposed. This
order is now conceived not only as that which, in equipping the subject
ith a tantasmatic bod, satises its desires but more, as that which
roduces the desires it satises. appiness is thus dened no longer as
subjective, bt as c|e:||vc. For alI the mirrors, cameras, teIephones, mi
rophones, pIanes, passenger Iists, and statistics can beseen as so mch
social arapheaIia ot surveiIIance b which aIone the subject is made
LUtMU @ +1
visblven to itseI fve cannotudgeimmediately vhat measure oF
paino pleasure beIongedtoahistoricaIindividuaI, thisisot ecausee
cannotpro ect ourselves into her suective position, her priate metal
sphere but rather because ve cannot so easily proect oureles into er
obective sc:|a| sphere in order to discern the categories othought tbat
constrcted her epectations, narcotized her against disappointet,
made er obtuse toher ovn suering
onsider tor eample, certain analyses otthe hytericiation o
vome s odies, ofthe inentio oFhysteria. ccordig to these, an
investgation oturno thecentury medial practices, codes ofphotg
raphy, discourses othe hurch an opsychoanalysis, and so on i
teII usnot hov hysteria vas looke at then but, ore acuratey, o it
vas cnstructed as a historical entity om the point oF iev of the
hysteric, hoveer, hovdoesthisargumentvorkyassumingimIi
itIyoepIicitlythatitisher desire"thattheseractices construct. er
compicityandevenherpIeasurearesecuredassheIooksatandonstcts
herseIthrough thecategoriesprovided bthese discourses.
onsider also the eample of contemporary Hm theor he
concetothegazeelaboratedthereis Foundedonassumptiossimilar to
thoseust named. The gaze is conceied as a poit costructed b the
tetuIsystem ofthelmFromvhich thesubectisobIidtoIook i t is
the condition oFthe possibility oFtheviewer' svision. Te gazeactasa
kindFkeyhold, theonly openingintothevisualpleasurethe m aords.
nesees and desirestosee vhatit isgiento seeand desire oneassues
vith leasureeven imasochistic her ovn subectiveposition.
ntheseeampIes, thesociaIsystemoFrepresentationisconeied
aslaful, reguIatory, andonthisaccountthe causeothe sub ect, hi ch
the rmer subsumes as one ofits eects. The subect is assued to be
alreay virtuay there in the sociaI and to come into being by actualIy
vantng vhat socialIavs vantittovant Theconstructinothesbect
depeds, then, onthesub ect' s takng soial representations asimaes of
itsonidealbeing, onthesbect sderivinganarcissistipIeasuretrom
LDagOt +Z
these representations. Thisnotion otpleasure, hovevervaguelyinvoked,
is atmaestheargmntorconstructionstickitcements "orglues"
te raIm otthe psycic to that othe sociaI. ume described cause as
te ementofthe uiverse" themetaphor heIps to determine a certain
cocption ofcause The point oinsertion otthe subect into society
ths ecomes a point ofesemIance, convergence, attachment.
This is the undrstanding by vhich the subect is thought to
reonize itselin representationsthat intend to counter. viIl begin
yopposing to it tvo images eant toindicatethe complexities thatare
curntly razed. The rst, taen trom C|v|||za||cn anJ l|s D|sccn|en,
foIlos the description otheairytalelike prostheses thatdene the con
tours othe mode bodily ego. an, " Freud vrites, rst appeared on
earth as teeble animaI orgaism, " and no matter hov ar the society
into vich he is orn has succeeded in making this earth serviceable to
him, each individual othe species mustonce moremakeits entry oh,
inch onture ') as a helpless suckling " t is the parenthetical phrase,
ohinchonature "thatinterests us particuIarIy. Ts tractionisIiteralIy
rctious, an oxymoron Forthe very segmentation and measurement ot
nture denatures it an inch otnature is itself unntural, tound not in
nture butin the rods andruIesby vichculturecalculates tisperhaps
thisveryunruIinessoFtheimagetatres|s|stheinterpretationvhichclaims
thatit providesthemeasureoftheIittle man, vhovouIdthus bedened
bsolutely by the yardstick o the society into vhich he enters. he
resistant image reuses to ofFer itsel as the eu|va|en| o the man, that
little piece onature that |s man. ather, the inch ofnature, " ve vill
argue, isthatvhichisnc|incorporatedintosociety, thatvichissacriced
upon entry into the socil.
ThesecondimageisopposedspecicallytoImtheory' sconcept
otthe gaze, vhichasksustoassumetheperectfunctioningofapparatuses
otsurveillance The image, taken rom amuel Beckett's ha||, describes
the unctionig oa vema eamining committee hey then began
to look at oe another nd much time passed before they succeeded in
LUt@ @
J
doing so. ot that they ooked at each other Iong no, they had ore
sensehanthat. ut vhen ve menookat one another, thouhintheory
only tventy looks are necessary, every an looking tour times, yet n
practicethisnumeris seldom suFcient. Andthenitsees thatseveral
more pages descriing the tvistings, turnings, and other maneverings
oFth hve men is stil not suFcient to estaIish that echange oFlooks
y vhich the committee voud succeed in looking at itsel. For some
ook alvays goes unrecprocated, spoiling indenitely the prect
echnge
Beckett s description is presented hee asnomereanecdote t is
otterd uite seriousy as the means oFrethinking the signicance of the
recalcitrant inch oFnature. "
De eaU zWe: zeu aU MezsOU
o one ever accused Freud oFeing a cutup, except Fliess, as you vill
rememer, vho pointed out a resemblance etveen The ln|crc|a||en e[
Drcams and a book oFokes. Freud took Fliess s oservation one s tep
Furthr y vritinge|es anJ The|r Rc|a||ea |e |hc La:ens:|cus invhich he
noted some more specic resemancesetveenhis theor andthat pre
senteinenriergson s Laughter, " pulishedin the sameyeara Tne
ln|cre|a||ea e[ Drcams. reud cies Bergson' s essay severa ties, indi
catin alvays that he nds it oth charing and canny o support his
ovn, economic viev ofpleasure, heuotes the Foloving s entenceFom
Bergson What isIivng shoudnever, accordng to ourepectation, e
epeated eacty the same. When ve d such a repetition, ve alvays
suspct some echanism ying ehind theIivingthing. "Theconstanty
chaning nature oflite, Freud argues, demands a perpetuaI ependitue
oF eergy by or understanding epetition, then, the rediscovery of
somthng aready Familiar, is pleasurale ecause it economizes energy
Laughter s thedscharge oFthe ecess oFenergycaedupyorexpec
tatios oFthe nev and made superuousy the recognition oFthe same.
Lpe J ++
n dditoto this spcic eferece, vend more general references and
raer gtures of apprval f Bergson s plausible train ofthought
o tmatism to autata,

as reud, like Bergson, considers the

elatioookes to te gaes |chldren
gson sbasic arumt is that laughteriselicited by a percep
io ofthechanical cust on the living, ofthe mechanization of
ife . bere life is deed eentialIy by its organic elasticty, " as d
ceaseIesly chaging, irrersiblpocessofpure time andpepetualo
elt, the echanical is dened by its machinelike intractabiIity, maifest
i three dierent operations repetition, inversion, and the reciproca
ntrferenceofseries Te opeatons ae illutrated by chiIdren' stoys,
automata, ucasacksitheo puppets a gameofninepinsin vhich
the baII rols forvard, upetti the pins, and backvard, restorin the
pins to thir uprightposition. Laughteris thought to serve a socialfunc
tion, not, asin reud, by providinga potentially healing respitefromthe
ependitureofenergy, but rather byissuinga rebuketo everyineIasticit
ofcharacte, thought, andaction. Laughterthuactstoresoreutosocia
lifeanditsconstantdemadsforour alert attetionandcompIetepresence
ofmind.
The essay on laughte is supported by Bergson's Iarger meta
physical proect the asimilation oarvin' s theory ofevolution to d
nonmechanitictheoryofmind
Thecreativeenergyofthehumamind,
he maintain , is irreducibl to the material conditions that triggered the
echaniss ofselection. As part ofthis proect, Bergson unfavorabl
contrasts the intelIect vhich reIies on abstract concepts formed by Ian
uage) vith intuition a kind ofauscultation, a sympathetic listening
othe throbbingofIife sol ) ntuition grasps thesuppleovofIife
directIy, hile theinteIIect, distancedby its reliace on rigid and discon
inuous spatial concepts, is doomed to let mobile reality slip foreer
hrouh its categorie .
The polemical force ofthi theory is aimed at the Ieatic philos
phers, mostnotableno. Bergson'saccount, eno sparadocould
LUMU @ +b
be described as comc. This parado is produced out of the ichmal
contemplation oan arrovin ght he tra ectory ofthe arrov is brokn
dovn into an innite number ofpoints in space and the rsult is oerd
as proofofmotion' s impossibility. ince the arrovs igh is coposd
ofthesepoints, thearrovthatoccupiesoeofthematanyivenomnt
must Ivays be at rest. To this analysis Bergson responds vith a Iaugh
itisnotmotion thatisimpossible, butthecomprehensio ofmotion, of
life, btheitellct. ThesimpleIifting ofone' sarmbecomesgrosquIy
comicvhen coteplated bytheintellect, vhichcanonIy cut up moe
ment, like a hl, into hundreds of discree moents. t is only he
perception of motion rom the |ns|Je, b intuitio that allovs s to
observetheformer'scopleteness. na vay, ergson' stheory o Iaugh
terseems tailor made to accountor thehumorous, Tayloesquedescrip
tion of the veman eamining committee it is he diision of he
copletedIookintoaumberofdiscrete glances that renders its acco
plishment impossibl e )
The similarities betveen ergsonanreud turn out, hover,
to be supercial vhen ve Iook more closely at the vhle of reud' s
vork especially its later deveIopment We turn, then, to BcycnJ the
P|easure Pr|n:||e, in vhich reud returns to the subect otthe rIations
amongpleasure, repetition, andthegaes ofchildren Attispointthre
canbeno mistaking thedifferencesbetveenthetvotheoriss oIaughtr.
n his 1 JZ0 essay, reud, still vieving chidren' s games i te terms he
did earlier, nov sees ambated thee the vokings oftbe deab drie
a principlebeyondpleasure. The surprising urn ofthe armen higes
preciselyonthetermcryan|ce|ast|c|ty, theterusedbyergsonoae
the dehning characteristic ofthe an|mate, oflife. reud, on the contrar,
dsinhis organicelasticity"3 pressuretoreturntoanearier, |nan|mate
state This is vhat he sas . Jr|e] |s an arye |n|erent |n cryan|c |qe tc
restcre an ear||er state c[th|nys . it is a kind oforganic eIasticiy, o, to
putitanothervay, heepressionoftheinertiaiherentinorganiclife
! !
Alov met o state the obvious there is simply no vay t o undrstand
LMae +
aran|: c|a||:|y ad |ne||a as synonymous as long as ve hold to the
c_soI1 ode. oruld vebe able to understand vhy reud, ar
ronatngeptitiovithliFe, interpretsrepetitionas theinvariable
hacteristi o he drs that Fuel liFe he being oF the drives, he
lais, |s the copusion torepeat heaimoFlite is notevolution but
eession o, iits most eemingly contradictory Form, theaimoFliFe
is dah
he eeing cntadictions oFBeycnJ he P|easure Pr|n:|p|e can
onl e unraele i ve take it not as the biologistic myth it is oten
accscdobeingbutas, intact, anargumentagainstschmyths,including
the one ormlatedby Begson. reud'stextis incomprehensibleione
ononds itinct vithde, orin a distinction made by Lacan, vho
nds it latent i reud soriFoneconFoundstherstand the second
deathherstistherealdeathoFthebiologicalbody, aFtervhichthere
is usually another, the second, exemplied by the various rituals oF
ouring that tae place in the symbolic It is vith this second death
that ve are concerned vhen ve speak othe reudian concept oF the
death drie. his distinction betveen the tvo deaths separates the ital
order oFbiological evolutionthe order to vhich process or evolu
tionaryphilosophers , lieBergson, reFervhereevents canbe saidto
ove only progessivey Forvard, taing place once and For all time,
romtheorderoFthesignier, thesymbolic, invhichthetetoFhuman
history is inscribed. n this secondorder, the pastis nc|immortal. ince
thesignieralays receivesitssignicationretroactively, vhatvas done
can alvays be undone the past can, thereFore, have no permanent exis
tece. According to Bergson, the novelty othe present is assured only
by the total survial oFthe past, novelty being dened as the moents
uniquedierence From its complete antecedent context. he persistence
ofthe pastiitsentirety isthusnecessaryiFthepossibityoFarecurrence
ofevents is to be excluded. he death drive, then, vhich recognizes the
possibilit oFthe past s destruction, is inextricably linked to repetition
LUtUU @
he dath drive and the copulsion to repeat ae thus the inevitable
corollaries oFsm|e||:lFe
Lause: acaU aU mstUte
n his laboration oFred' s concept oFthe death dive, Laca does nt
hovever makeexplicitreerencetoBergsobutrathe tostotle. he
connections betveen these last tvo are nevertheess clear, s tartin vith
the Fat that they articlate their aguments in oposition to the sae
theoreical oes ristotle too, took the leaticsetaphysical ateri
alists ho asserted that Being is immtable and cange ipossiblas
his priary philosophicaleemy ontrary to theleaticposition Ais
totle ike Bergson based his philosophy on the primacy ochane, oFa
becomn that is not divisible into parts exterior t each other ne oF
the aodierences betveenthemi s t obe Fondin theirpositiosvith
espec to teleology. Aristotle argued For the validity oFteleoloical x
planation, vhileBergsonarguedmostadamantlyaginstitontherounds
that te concept oan internal nalism destoyed time ad annihiled
novelt. But Aristotle Forhis part, vascaeul todistingishhisposition
From te idealist one in vhich Form is thoght to e iven at the outset
andtouideFromanideal space Fom inAristotleis alvaysthetemins
oFchage in the natural vold And time or hi, as For Berson, i s
vhat rtars it hinders everythin' s bein iveninadvance, all at once
he teeological arumen vas advanced, then ian attempt a a nn
mechan|ca|explanation oFcange.
his is merely to say that vhen Lacan in his explantion oF
Freud deathdrive naesthesiniyingnetvorktatisits onlydomin
au|cmacn, he ounts an rgument that ansvers Bgson as vel as r
istotle,eventhoghitistothelatter'suseoFthevodthatveaereerrd
n The Phys|:s and elsevhere in Aristotle, the term au|cmacn appeas as
part oanattemptto dene cause isbasicositionis thatnatural, livig
substaceasopposedtotheinanimate)hasaninterlprincipleoFchane
LW@t
et because ristotle must coherently argue that there is a diversity as
vel asaneternity oFchange, heisledto supposethatanaturalsubstance
chages acording toit ovnnatureanJthatitdepends on something else
For the reliation oFchange hissomething elseis, oFcourse, the vell
non eoer.
utomato, te general category oFchance or coincidence, oc
curs , by cotast, o through some inner principle oFchange but as a
rest oFthe collision oFseparate events, each vith its ovn indepedent
caus one oFthe events occurs because oFany other, and there is no
cause, no connected cause or eplanation, For their simultaneity heir
conj unction is thereFore not, properly speaing, an event. ne example
givenis hat oFtheman vho goes to the maret to buy something and
happens to meet therea debtor vhorepayshisloan. Aristotleargues that
since the rst ma did not go to the maret For the sae oFrecovering
his moey butratherFor some otherreason, themeetinvith thedebtor
deonstrates a certain||ure oFnal cause as eplanatory priciple that
vhich resultsoccurs not For some purpose but |a a|n.' t is thisnotion
oFFailure that Lacan vill systematically eplore, lining it to Aristotle s
geera assertio that accidental causes are indeterminate. n The Fcur
FunJamenta/ cnce|s, Lacan says clearly, ause is to be distinguished
From that vhich is determinate in a chain, and, a bit later, Whenever
ve spea oFcause . . . there is alvays something indenite.
"!
BeFore ve can understand Lacan' s intervention, ve must recall
againthediculties oFristotles argument Asvehavesaid, vhatmust
be maitained is both the iversity oFnite change and the eteity oF
change in genera he uiverse cannot be thought to stop and start
vithout sacricing this last requirement. We have also said that this
dictates thesolution oFthe doubling, in eect, oFthe cause oFchage. t
also dictates the distinction betveen a underlying substance anditsat
tributes, or properties. he substance is that vhich continues, rmains
the same, vhilethe attribtes register change by coming to beor Falling
aay. hesetene theuculturedmanbecameaculturedman seves
LUttH@ @ +V
as illustration. an, ve see, is constantly present throughout the trans
Formation in vhich the attribute oFculture comes t replace its absence.
he pats oFnaturalsubstance must alvays be oFthis order they must
be qualities rather than mechanical parts, ithepeseunity othe sub
stanceis to be saFeguarded need not add, thin, thatth concept oF
underlying substanceis the pointoFLacan sattack )
And et at points, especialy in theDe Ma|u An|ma/iam, vhen
Aristotle attempts to detail a simple process oflocomotion, this unity
seems to brea dovn, as themovement in a lmbeaks dovn vhen the
projection is sloved n order to make roomFortherime over vho
must imself be unmoved) the description o ysical ovement is
forced to take on a remarkably mechanistic tenor eoigin omove
ment, ua origin, alvays remains at rest vhen theoverpart oF limb
is moved oreample, theelbov oint, vhenthetrearmis moved, and
the shulder, vhen the vhole arm the knee vhe the tibia is moved,
andthehi pvhen the vholeleg. " hings grovstill vose vhenAris
totle paces an instrument specically a stick, in te hand vhose move
ment

he contemplates . eeking the true oriinal" oF the stic s

movement, teanalysismaesitsvayupthearmjintbyjont, reecting
each vith thedeclarationthatitissomething higher up" thatcan avays
initiatethe motion even ifeachointveretostifen andtus eachsetion
oarm go rigid as the stic The armitselis in tisvayturned into an
instrument.
t is to this passae, or some simiar one in hich Aristotle
deterines thenecessityotherimeoveronthebasisthecorporeal
eperience ofraising ones arm thesameeperiencethatergsnclais
can only be grasped by intuition) that Lacan reters in his seminar on
aniet vhen he summaries the cassical phiosohical position on the
questin oFcause eeing yselas sel moving as au|cma|, focus
my attention on some appendage, my arm, say, vhich can move at
vill . Butonce haveisolated myarmby considering ittheintermediary
betveen my vish and my act, it becoms necessry to modi the tact
Lbte b
t, iFiti intuent, it i ot Free tis necessary to ensure myselF
astteFctntoFy arm s amputationimmediatelybutoFmylosig
cotrl oFit oFitscongnderthe poveroFanother, oroFmy simply
Foetting itas iFit ere soe common umbreain the metro ar
adically, I reassure yelFthatI maitai control over myselFtrough
oneFrmFdeteminism oranother I old to tebelieFthateveninthe
abence oy cosciou attention, my arm vill move automatically,
acording t a ole system oF involuntary reees or to an ultimate
guiding presece.
I oterords, the vholesum oFthe body unctions, theentire
copreal presence, is assumed in order to maintain man s Freedom oF
thht and vill. ButironicallthissumdependsForitseistenceonour
suposing the intervetion oF some superatural pover, some pover
beond us risttle' s rimeoer, Bergson' s pirit
In opposition to tis, Laca argues that ve think not as a con
seence oFour engaement viththe totality oFourbodily presecebut
rater as a consequence oFthe Fact that a structure carves up ma' s
boy . . itnesstheysteric "ov, tisplainhortatorymay, I Fear,
prvemisleading Foronethins rstoFalloFthevivid, visiblesymptoms
oFhysteriathe hystericization by vhich the body and its movements
becomean eroticspectacle tepassionate attitudes, thearcs oFcircle, the
prenancies Andby nov, viththeelp oFtheteory oFpsychoanalysis,
onerecognizes ysterogeniczones"assymptoms inscribed bylanguage
he body is vritten, it is constructed by language and not pregiven all
the vok on the tecnologies oFthe body" have repeated tis oFten
enugh Lacan vould ot deny thisin Fact, it is largely is theory that
enables this position to be taken et I vould suggest tat vhen acan
tell us that language carves up the body, h||ness |he hs|er|c, " he is
speaing oFa more unind cut than that vhich merely carves eu| or
denes) a body imaethough vhich thesubj ect vi assumeits beig
cuttovhicLaca reFers instead carves divides)thebodyimage
and tus drivesthesubect toseeitsbeingbeyond thatvhichits image
LUtttU @ Oi
presents toi t it causes t hesubj ect alvayst ondi ni t siage soehing
lackig. Lacan is askig us to vitness theara|yses and anes|hes|as otthe
hysteric, those blind spots in consciousness, those spaces oinattention
that ar the point vhere something is missingin the hysteric siage
otesel hetacttatsheisconstctedby society slanguageeastc
theh

s|er|ctatpartoherbodyvillnc|bevisible,orpresnt t er. he
inert limbs and the tacial paralyses othe ysterics are tstimoies oa
cut to oten ignored by those vh vould turn Lacan s ther to a
linguistic orculturaldeterminism. hosevho speak oth inventin ot
hysteia asthepureiposition onthe subject oanidentity tored by
thesocialneglectt oconsiderthathysteriai sconceivedbypsycoanaysis
asa calenge to thesubject ssocial identity hysteais therstaaled
instance othe subject s essential division, its uestioning and reusal o
socialdictates.
e are nov in a position to reconsider the mattr otte]||ure
oidentity. arlier, ve citedtheexampleoBeckett'sveaneaming
comittee vhich tails innitely in the exchange otloos tat vud
establishitsidentity. mmediatelyveturnedtoBergson steoryoagh
ter, vhich vould account tor the impossibility othe loo's cpletion
bi t simitless segmentation. ndeed, the almost compete deeeration
o mvement in Beckett' s hction n general seems to resul rom its
divisin into endless inventories ot its exact spatial possibities. e
humo seems to result romthe overl analytic attempt t gras mve
ment. et, at the outset otthe Beckettian hero' s trector, 8 ese is
expressed that can be seen to impelthe vhole narrative achine. his
desiregivesus an entirel dierentunderstandingothetions relation
toaire his desireis expressedbyurphy, vhoyearns, itisreealed,
to participate i n the bliss heimagines to be the hysteric' s ovn d i t
vouldnotsurprisemeithegreatclassicparalsesveretooterunspa
abesatistactions. o beliterallincapableotmotionatlast, that stbe
someting And mute into the bargain Andjstenough raitact t o
allov you to exul t
Wa J bZ
It is this identication vth the hysteric, more specically vith
h aalyses, that yields te succession ofheroes vho slough ofFmore
adore otheir bodies, tei possessions, theirpositiveexistence, and
aproach asymtotically theirov oblivion, vithoutever being able to
rac it omething avaysremains, uneaceable. Letus nov reconsider
en spaadoxin its proe, psychoanalyticerspective. heimmutabe
eing in hich eno elieves is not, as Bergson maintains, the conse
uece othe illusion that our being is only equal to the practical" or
abstract denitions thatlanguages imposes on it Itis the consequence,
ather, o the illusion that art ofour being resides beyond languages
limits. or Lacan tis the being beyond, not thebengvithinlanguage,
that is perceived as immutable, as theinertpound ofesh, the inch of
natre, hich theblankimemoy orsightsignalsas missingfromour
ovnself image Thesubj ect constctedbylanguagendsiselfdetaced
ro a art of itself. nd it is this primary detachment that renders
ruiless all the subjects eorts For a reunion vith its comlete being.
harc ofits strivins apears to thesubject as eno' s arrovan end
Iessly interruted ight that can only asymptotically aproach its goal . t
is the cutting oofthesubject from a artofitself, this partbeing the
objectcauseofits desire, thataccounts or thecuttingupofthe subject's
moveents and the reJuc||c aJ surJum, that is, the reduction to innite
series o its relaceable obj ects. While Bergson argues that the leatic
tradtion errs by making the future, all time, resent at once, and thus
ablihing time, change, and succession, Lacanian psychoanalysis sovs
tht, on thecontrary, it is thenonresenceoFthesubjectto itsvholeself
thttermines te formulation ofteleatic aradoxes.
Bergson and Lacan ae in agreement, hovever, on one point at
Iest they bot oppose the ogico implicative notion of language. Bu
il Bergson understands Ianguage according to this notion and thus
atcslanguageoritstenselessness,forbeingabletoderiveconsequence
oy assomehingalready containedin a premise, Lacantakesthelogio
i lative as a m|s|a|ea notion ofIanguage. is task becomes, then, the
LUMU @
JJ
clariction ofthe wa conseuence |s, in fact, deried fro languag
ewilthusdenethesubect not asaneectcontained vithinlanguage
but as surplus productofit, theexcess that language appears to cut.
Lacan ill say, in short, that itis this missing partthis additionalnot
ingtat :auscs the subect the subj ect is created enihilo.
his position could not be more directl opposed to tat of
Bergso, for whom, recall, duration (Jurc, the name Bergson gives t
his proressivetemporality) is thoughtto grov out ofall thatprecees
it he process he describes is one of intususception, in vhich h
presentis conceied not as something added to the past but assomethn
incorpratdinto it. The present, andall thatcomesinto being, depeds
absolutely on the eistence ofeverything that comes before it othn
comesromnothing. or Beron, nothingis simpl a meaningless co
cept. Tereisnodierence, hemaintains, betveen thining ofsomethin
andthingofit as eisting e believed, asman hae, that existenc
is an attribute ofall that can be thought t is this assumption that must
be discedited ifone is to imagine creation e nihilo

Lacan, as ve nov, belieed in the priorit ofsocial discourses,

of lanuage, oer the sub ect In referring to the signifying chain as
autcma|cn, heeclaresthisbeliefinthefactthatlanguageproduceseects
. inthe absence ofintention that no intentions interene to animate
and ll up speech. As errida as vritten, the classical ccnJcmnat|ca of
the machine is a denial of this fact ov, to say that language eceeds
th intntions ofthe subj ect is to say that signiers are opaue to inten
tions ut this opacit prohibits not only their being used for the com
munication ofintentions, it also probits their reection ofan exterio
reality. We have returned, then, to the place where ve began vith the
observtionthat a certain denition ofthesocialbeing oflanguageseems
onlytofounderonthisimpasse, totrapusvhollyinasociallyconstructed
reality n vhich and vith vhich veare bound to be happy rperhaps
more smply, in vhic veare bound Forifwe begin by assuming that
the sub ect is the eect ofa particular social organization in the sense of
agtex J J+
ein a rea||at|cn or[q||mcnt oFts demand, then pIeasure becomes a
redunat concept and the need to theorize it is IargeIy extnguished t
becoes merIy the subjective synonym oF the objectve Fact oF the
sbjet's onstruction. An excIusive reIiance on the pIeasure princpIe as
the oIy avaiIabIe form ofthe subjects reation to the soca ends n the
eIimaton otheneed For peasure
t is at this pont that Je|aythat vhch prevents everythings
bein gven at oncbecomes a cruciaI concept in Lacan s argument,
much as i t vas in AristotIe s and Bergson s But vhereas in Bergson
deIay is caIIed onto reFute thecIaims oIanguage, to overturnt in Favor
oFdraton, in acan FoIoving Freud) it is understood as proIonging
the peasures oFIanguage it ntroduces the reaIty principIe, vhich psy
choanaIss denes as that vhich deIays the pIeasure princpIe, or vhich
maintains desre beyondthethreatsoFextnction presentedbysatisFaction
Thedeath drve does notnegate the pIeasureprincpIe, itextends it.
We have sad that the opacity ofsigniers means that language
does not reveaI a reaIity or truth behind them This Iogc must nov be
extended to tae note oFthe Fact that this very opacty aIso guarantees
that hatever reaIity or meanng s prodcedby themviII neverbeabIe
to convince us oFits truth or cmpIeteness S|nce s|yngers are nct traas
arent, thcy cannctJemcnstrate that they are nct h|J|ny scmeth|ny |eh|nJ uhat
they say-they cannctrcve that they Jc nct ||e. Language can onIy present
itsetothesubj ect as a veiI that cts oFromviev a reaIty thats other
than vhat veare aIIoved to see osaythatthemechanismsoF Ianuage
acure a certan cryan|ce|ast|c|recaII the ponton vhch reudturned
the Bergsonia argument against tseIs to say that n stretching be
yond, ordeIayg, determinatemeanin,anguageproducesaIvayssome
thin more, somethin indeterminate, some estion oF meaning' s
reIablit t s ths ueston that suspends the automatc attrbution oF
estece to everythng that s thought andinstead rases thepossibiIity
oFconceivingnonestencenothing. gnhcation gves riseinevitabIyto
dout to he possibility of its ovn negation it enables us to hink te
annihiation, he full scale desruction ofour entire signie reality
When, therefore, Lacan says thatthesubject is createdeniilo,
he acknovegestheactthatanystatementprepares thepossibilityof ts
ovn negation, theactthathepleasure principle hesuj ect s ndepen
dence from fate) leads ineorabl beyon itsel, outsrips itselb pro
ducin dobt, vhich in turn produces he eliethat here is a relit
ying behin anguage he subject can only uesion vhethe vht it
has been given to enoy is truly vhat there is, or vhether tere isn' t
somehing missingi nvha has beenoffered esire isproduce notas a
strivingfor somethingutonly as a strivg for something else or soe
thing more It stems rom the feeling of our having been uped y
language, cheateofsomething,notfromourhavingbeenpresenedith
a determinate object or goal or vhich ve can aim esire has no con
tentit is or nothingecauseanguagecan eliver to us no incontro
vertiberuth, no positive goal
he acanian aphorism esire is he esire of he theris
oftenaken to mean that the subject fashions itselfin the iage othe
thersdesire. tis this thatIhavebeen taking as a prolematicpoliial
position, butmparticularinterestisintheproblemthispositionpresents
forfeminism. Forvhenhisassumptioniscombinedvittecoveing
fa masculinist biasi nhe ordering osocial relations, hen voman can
only be compreened as a realization ofmale esires shcan onl be
seen seeherselfthroughtheperspectiveofa alegaze. Lcansanser
o this mistaken inerpretation ofhis formula is simpy tht ve av no
image othe thers desire it remainsineterinate) , anditis this ery
lck that causes ourdesire. tisrstofalan unsa||s[cJdesiretatinitiates
ourovn, onethatisnotledupvithmeaning, orhasno signied. at
hdesireis unsa||s]a||cis secondaryruthresultingfrom this priary
conition.
To all those vho describe the subject as a ction ofetravagant
prosteses, d prosthetic god manufactured by and in the image ofthe
Mae Jb
ir a cltural rder, we must nov issue a reply. It is not the long
ar tthelathat etemines theshapeandreach oFevery subect, but
rther mthing that escapes the av and its determination, something
ecan t manage to put ur hnger on ne cannot argue that the sub ect
i constructed by laguage and then overook the essential act olan
uage duplicity, that i s, the Fact that vhatever it says can be denied.
is duplicity ensures that the subect vill come into being as la
uage dterminate mening An inciteent to discourse is not an in
citemetto being. hat is arousedinstead is the desire ornonbeing, For
determinate something that is perceived as discursive. This in
detminate something reFerred to by Lacan a obect ) that causes the
sub ect has historical specihcity it is the product oFa specic discursive
order but no histrical content. he sbect is the product oFhistory
ithot bing the lllment oa historical demand
cDz$es aU tbe OFtUse
hat eno' sparadoes are still relevant to any semioticaly based theory
otthe subj ect is demonstrated in a i

ortant essay by amuel Weber

entitled losure and clusion ere Weber explores hov an accep
tance othe aussurian dictum, inlanguage there are no positive terms ,
only dierences, orces us to conFront the specter oF eno and the
problem oinnite regress. or, once one breas upthe sigiFying chain,
the s tatement, ito a series oF minimal units, o diacritical terms or
signiers that tae their manig only rom their reerence to another
signier, vhichin turn reFers to another, and soonand on, andoncethis
endlessdFerral is no loger considered to be grounded in some external
reality language being conceived as autonomous, as slFsustaining , ve
areobliged tovonderhovi t ispossibleto produceanystatement atall.
It vould seem that this deFrral vould suspend meaing indenitely
Intiidated by this problem o innite and thereore dedetermining
regrss, aussure eventually retreated From his original path breaking
LttU
O
notion o pure dierence and repIaced it vith a notion o determinae
opositions by isolating a moment vithin this process ofdeerral at
is, aussure temporariIy limited the dierential play osignication to
the moment ounderstanding, vhen the openended diachrony ot the
system vas bracketed and synchronic closure vas supposed to be op
erative hesignier,then,noIongeravaitedauturesignierthatvoI
giveit meaning but receivedits value roma signier vith vhich itvas
copresent. ast anJ uture, temporality and change dropped ou otthe
system of signiers that nov vere assumed to determine each oter
mutually, simultaneously.
harIes anders eirce, Weberpointsout, couldnot be satise
vith such a solution and thus developed an aIternative theor osigns
thatdidnotretreatromthebeiethatsignicationhatoaveatemoral
dimension. As a resuIt, eirce vas plagued throughout his Iie b he
paradox o AchilIes and the tortoise. ov is it, he continued to ask
himsel, hata process ofmeanings deerral can produce meaning hov
doesdeferral overtake thelimitthatitcanneverreach eirce obaine a
soutin to this paradox by oing his pragmaticism to his s emiotic
invesigation, hat is, he came gradually to see that the other sign to
vhicha signaddressesitseIis notentirelyorsimply someothertheyh|"
but entails as veIl practical bearings, eects that engage eavior "
ragmatic act, then, Ieaprogs over semiotic division, ust as chiIles
despite the innite, geometric division ohis movements , does, in fact,
overtake the tortoise Atrsteirceconceivedthesebehavioraleects of
language as habit, " butnalIy, eeing thatanemphasisonhabivould
bring to a standstiIl the vhole rcccss that he took semiotics to be and
vould reduce thought to a kind ofautcmat|sm something Iike reud s
repetition compuIsion, Weber ads) , he settIed instead on habit
change" astheonlypossibleuItimatesign andthe onlysoIutionto eno' s
paradox
Weber is uiterightto notethe similariies betveen ts noion
ofhabitchange an erridas notion oiteration, the continuous alter
Lb@te J bb
tion an dierence in vhich repetition results. What should be clear,
hovee, r this discussion and the emphases ve hae gien to it, is
hov daerosly similar habit chage and iteration can seem to be t
those ntions oselchange and perpetual novelty that support eolu
tionarilosophy' snotionothesubj ect. Thissimilaritydoesnotescape
the noti oteber, vho careully tries to dissociate thesubjectosel
J||s|cniplied by eirce and errida rom a notion othe sel present
and sel subject that canbeoundin ergson Butthesedanger
ous simiarities remain a threat, een irecognized here. The contami
nation o modern thought b ergsonian eolutionism is so thorough
that it oten goes unnoticedand unquestioned Theerrideannotion o
dierencehas, as a consequence, been employed all too oten in support
oan apolitical naie) optimism regardig the ineitability o change
nothing can eer appear tvice the same because the context that deter
mines eaning is alvays dierentromthecontextoa momentbeore.
The subjectin process is oten accorded this sense operpetual and
progressie sel changingness that gies the slip to the rigidiying struc
tures othe social order.
he problem, hoveer, is not s|m|y a lack ovigilance or an
abuseoerrideantheory. neanlocateinerridahimsel, andineen
the best ohis interpreters, a certain leapin the argument
oes the absolute singularity osignature as eent ever ocur
es, ocourse, eery day.
aing established as certain structural instability in the most
poerul attempts to proide models o structuration, it vas
probablyieitablethaterridashouldthenbegintoexplorethe
other side othe coin, in act that unJec|Ja|||||y nc|u||hs|anJ|ny,
decisions are |n[a:| taken, pover |n]a:| exercised, trces |n]c|
insituted.

LUttD g JV
The tact or eect the signature eect, the institution eect, the
subj ect eect) is posited, then, in the face ofand against the otherside
otthe coin) the deterral installed by semiotic dierence butand this
is striingly the casthe mechanism by which these eects take eect
isneveforegroundedandalvaysremainsobscure. symtomaticsilence
installsitselttimeandagain. Take, torexample, errida' scritiueof. L
ustin s theory otspeech acts. While errida rightfully deconstrcts the
contention that the pertormative depends on a determinable contet, he
safegrds, in the end, ustin' s maor premise vords d and do not
merelydescribe)things. Theyconstructsubects, producesi gnatures es,
buthov imilarly, in losure and clusion, for all te astuteess o
his argments concerning eirce' ssolutionofthearadothataictshis
theory Weber curiouslyfails tolinkup successivelythevriospoints o
eirces intervention sem|ct|c, in vhich the linuist posits the notionofa
commnityvithoutlimitsinplaceotaussure' stemorall denedcol
lective consciousness" raymat|c, in vhich he suplemets thought, or
reason vith purposetul behavior andhcncmcnc|cy|ca|, in vhic he in
troduces the notion ofa real that isnotatthedisposal othman tought.
Thislst, vhicheircecallssecondness, " denestherealofcaseand
ths idicates that he did not believe cause vas conceptual. espite the
lucidit vith which Weber discsses all three points, one cannot help
feeling that he never eplains hov the parado is solved. This failure is
not tobe ascribed to Webers carelessness btis symptoatic otthefact
thaterrideantheorycannot|u| encounteranobstacleto theformulation
otthissolution
his obstacle, vould suggest, is precisely its ommitent to
decontruction, tothendoingofeverytotality, toetrayingtheillusory
caracter ot the whole notion otthe whole, deconstruction vould
have s believe, alvays disguises the innite play ofditference. uring
the period in which this erridean tenet vas embraced y lm theory,
tor eample, the closure of mainstream cinema vas denegrated as
ideologically compromised, while the disrution otever satial, aural,
L@tez J
o arrai continuity vas automaticaIly celebated as politically pro
gresive What this gross dichotomy vas incapabIe ofconceiving vas d
morecopIex notion ofcIosureand totaIity that vas not simpIyiIlusory
ad that, far rom suppressing dierence, vas the very condition ofits
possibiIity This unthinkabIe notion is the very basis ofthe soIution to
eo' s paradox onIy a cIosed totality can be considered inhnite onIy a
liit guarantees that the production of meaing viII continuousy be
subject o revision, never ending ather than baring the device ofdi
erncebehindtheiIIusionototaIity, Lacaniantheoryreverses these terms
and shovs the inhnite pIay ofdierence to be dependent on a Iimit, a
closed totality. In orderto assert this truth, Lacan continuousIyrsorts to
the paradoxes oeno to make the same cIaim that eirce himselfmade
To the extent that a number has a Iimit, it is inhnite Iearly, chiIIes
can only overtake the tortoise, he cannot catch up vith her. e reoins
her onlyin inhnity."
heparadoxderivesroadehnitionothe vhoIesuchthatone
o its essentiaI features is its superiority to its parts. The faIlacy ofthis
reasoning rests on its orgetting the Iimit tovard vhich chiIIes pro
gresses. The series ofhis steps is thus not a diverging, but a converging
series the set to vhich they beIong is, in other vords, cIosed. t is the
cIosureotheset that gves rise totheperformativedimension, aIIoving
hiIIes to cverta|ethe tortoise, to cver:cme the impasse ofthe diverging
series she represents Theperformativecannot comeintoeistence vith
out this internal Iimit.
ubsequent chapters viII expIore the vay Lacan deveIops and
makes use ofthisparadoxicalloicofthevholevithin hispsychoanalytic
thorythetheoriesofsuture, oFgroups ofsexualdierence, allemerge
r this logic For the moent, hovever, ve vant only to note one
dierence betveen Lacan and rrida on this point. Lacan alIovs us to
se that theerridean deconstction ofthesubecterrsby conatingthe
innity ofthesubect sdesirevith thesubectitseIf hepsychoanaIyticaI
sbj ect is not inhnite, it is}n|tc, limited, and it is this limit that causes
LUtUH g J
the innity, or unsatisabiIit

, of its desire ne thing comes to be

substituted tor anotherinanendless chainonIy becaset hesubj ectis ct
ofromthat essential thing that wold complete it
Lause a tDe aW
lthoughLacanspositionmustbedierentiatedtro othesith vhic
it has been conFused, i tshould notbe seen as simplidiosncratc to it
shares many nsights vithother currenttheories otcause.
he domnant philosophicaI position, heldfor some tim, vas
thatcauseisimpliedbyaninvarableseuenceotheonstatcon ction
oFevents ruled by a covering law. ausal explanations vere thought to
establsh a Formally determinabIe, deductive relationbetveenstatments
descrbingthe efect to beexplained, theinitiaIcausaI) conditions and a
law aIIowing the deduction oFthe former From the Iatte t is to this
position that Lacan reters in The Fcur FunJamen|a| Ccnc:|s c] Psyc|c
ana|ys|svhenhesays that his conceptofcauseistobedistiguishedFo
that wich sees it as |au e gives as an example oFthat to which his
theory is opposed the invariable seuence or constant cunction oF
action and reaction, whose covering Iav, as we know, vas dened b
ewton.
Inrecentyears much eorthas goneintocontestingthecoerng
law theory oFcause ome otthemost FruitFuI eorts have, ironicaIy,
been inspired byAristotle For although Aristotle maintained that 3 sub
stances nature was revealed onIy through specic or tpical srts oF
changes, he did acknowIedge that atypical changes could be desribed.
hese were thought to be due to a mere interFerence vih the natual
course oFthings and to give, thereFore no intormation about the sub
stance s nature. evertheless, risotIe does Iend considerable attention
to these interFerences and, in fact, ends up dening voIuntary ove
mentsay, once again the IiFting oFone s am-n:yat|ve|y, in terms oF
the absence otinterFerence or oFecusing circusances eths de
LH&@t0z Z
votesa lot osace to theeaminationand FulldesciptionoFthe contet
oFaeventad theecuses thatcontbutetothe]||ureoFnaturalchange
to beebibited by cause
n I 7b, ]. L. ustin vas able to create a philosophical stir by
vitig ereoniously and approvingly oFthis Fascination vith Failure
Fo hich istotehad so longbeen chided A Few years later, tvo oF
Austin scolleaesat Ford, L. artand onor, pubIished
Causa||cn |n |hc La,' a vork vhichhas, through its detaiIed attention
to contet and FaiIure, proved to be etremeIy inential in the devel
opment otheoris oF causaIity that connect cause not to Iav but to
FaiIue hebookoers convincing aguments against the doctrine that
thegeneraIizationsoFlavvhichitisthe businessFeperimentalsciences
todiscover, constitutetheveryessenceoFthenotionoFcausation taIso
oers an indictet thouh by no means centrally o etensively con
sidered) oFthe boily metaphooF the eperience oF eeting body
presure or orce on an object in order to move itvhich art and
onor assumetounderliethenotionoFcausethattheirbookrepudiates.
t is because oF tis undeIying and unanalyzed metaphor, they argue,
that cause comes to be conceived as a positive Force and nonevents,
accidents, and Faires are eliminated From consideration as possible
causes
Causa||cn |n |he Lau makes the basic distinction betveen condi
tions or occasions, the normal and inconspicuous Factors surrounding
eects, and cause itseIF, conceived as a deviation From normal circum
stances, assomething that goes vrong and thus stands in need oFepIa
nation By vay oillustration, art and onor oer the eampIe oFa
re braking ot ormally one vould reFuse to attributethe cause oF
there to the presence oFoygen, though certainIy no recan occur
vithoutit nelooks For cause, rather, insome abnormaI circumstance,
in something thathas gone vrong
LUMU g
ven this summary description oftheir argument houIdbes
hcientto suggestvays invhich Lacan canbe seen to share and mproe
on the nsights oart andonor.
I. Lacan aIso focuses onthebodiIymetapho thatderliesa
particuIar conception ofcause, but e makes this metapho morecetr
to his teory and demonstrates vhytis invaIid. Te body i Lacanis
more cIearIy a symboIicconstructthatis never uIIy copete.
Z. Lacanakes aiIure independent ofthestaticand probIe
aticnormeviation distintion
. y making the uestions that reuire usto see ater cause
arise not from the subjectbut from the materiaIity ofIangage, Lacn
eliinates thepsychoIogism that plages aII incluing art and o
nor' s) conations ocause and epIanation.
TheprincipIeofsufcentreason, thebeIiefthateverything ust
have a cause i s absoluteIy central to the psychoanalytic proect vhich
vould have been inconceivabIe before te historicaI assertion of this
principe. et psychoanaIysis isjust as intiateIy tied to the beliefthat
the cause vhich ust necessariIy eist is never present tn the e f
consciousness that it eects.
4 Ue bam0ta bu@ee@
erambaltwasavellknownandrespectedrenhpsychiatrist
vho, troughhis coneptotmentalautomatism, completely reised our
notionoFpsychosis andisassembledthe category oteort orvill pon
vhich thestudyoFthepsychehadbeenbasedsincethebeginning otthe
nineteenth centry et, immediately atter his death in IV+, the news
papers saluted his memory by publishing ahandFul ofhasty and inac
crate gossip ` eporting, aboe all, an astonishmentat his taste
For rar cloth, ndian, madras, riental Fabric brocaded with gld and
siler and at his possession oFthe seeral vax mannequins tha were
Foundinhishome, ajornalistictantasyFashionedlrambaultasa nev
aligari.Thegossi endedonlywheninterest inhim waned.
nterestin rabaultwhomacquesLacanoncehailedas his
only asterhas recently reawakened but not without raking p at
the sae time all the od smirky astonishment, the old tantasy otthe
pblic gure with a ery priate perersion athere lment or
eampl, in her L|ves anJ LeyenJs [ acues Lacan, teelsjustiFed in sm
marizing rambalt as a rather nusal psychiatrist vho was mad
abotFabricsandwoolens, andaFew years ago, thebookLaass|cndes
|c _es :|ez un neurc sy:h|a|re vas published, treating s, at last, to a
documentary look at this eponymous passion.
The case ofLa n::0 Jes |c]s is instrctie hat the book
doesisitersperseseeralspeculatieessaysvithdocumetaryeidene
oFlrambalts passion tragments otlectres, case stdies, obitaries,
anda nmberotphotograhs are all exhibited tothereader utdesite
this documentary alibi, one cannot tail to see that it is around what is
notand, it is suggested, be placed in eidence that the book
ultimately turns . lthoughtheessays by the editors are, ostensibly, at
Lae 4 b
ts to anaIze the data, tey seem to deIight in posing may more
estions tban they aser lrambauIt, dispassionate observer or im
ssied etisist Asthete r man ofthe vorId s suicide, vas it
tiated byhis faiIig ight, dvindIing hnances or rising insanity
s ar ofuesions frm the obscure center ofeach aspect of ram
ault s Iife the indicate the Iimit points ofour knowIedge. onspicu
sI it is the unfortnate Ioss ofso much ofthe record Iectures never
blished, itessesnverIocated) thatmakesthesequestionsunansver
able, but ne senses that there is an underIying presumption that no
aunt ofdocumentation, hovever extensive, viII ever resoIve them
rit isthveryundecidbiIity ofany andaIl evidencethatis atthecore
lthis particuIar cstruction oframbauIt that ve will n titIe the
pscoIogical construction
nfronted bythepossibiIityofany fact sbeingable to provide
proofnotonIyofaspecicpsycologicaIintentionbutaIsooitscontrary,
nabIe to etract from any single or mass offacts a guarantee about our
suspicionsaboutthepersonthesefactssurround, thepsychologicaIfantasy
supposes a subj ect beind the facts vho has unique access to his orher
n psycboIogicaI intentions, vho uniqueIy knows by virtue ofbeing
the Iiving experience ofthoseintentions. hepsychoIogicaIfantasy con
structs an ias:|a||e subj ect, a kind of obstacle to aIl archival vork, a
estion that historicaI research wilI neverbeableto answer.
his psycoIogical construction is one that psychoanalysis sets
ut to disperse its priay target being the supposed subect ofknovl
dge. gainst this supposition psychoanaIysis argues not that ve ca
ItiateIypenetratewhathadpreviousIyseemedtheunfathoablesecret
fthesubj ectbutthatthereisnthingtofathom thesubjecthasnosecret
novIedge, or to quote the Famous egeIian quip the gyptian secrets
re aIsosecret fromte gyptians themseIves . Whatdoes this meanin
thterms ofour arguet sofar sychoanalysis, Iike the psychologicaI
ntasy, acknoledges that no fact is unequivocabIe. his is so because
o act existsoutside3 signifyingchainandnosigniherisunequivocabIe.
LDgLBz 9
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tCCaCd and sO undCtCXamInCd that It CannOt DC COnCCIVCd tO VICd a
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VC, On thC OthCt hand, VOud IKC tO dCInCatC thC tCatiOn
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D6 baWOz bU@czcO 1
8ay tat thC suOjCCt CODC8 t DcIcVc ID a tca that cXtccJJ a Its taCCs.
a tICnU UOC8 nOt 8hOV uQ at thC aQQOIntCU hOut, VC aIt Ot DcI anO
VOndCt VhCIC 8hC I8. Lut VaItIn_ UOC8 nOt Oc[cnO OD QtIOI CIUCnCC O
hCt CI8tCnCC, It I8 nOt CDQItICa CVIUCnCCDut IathCI thc 8yHDOICtDat
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Cau8ID_ ZCXI8 tO VOnUCt Vhat Va8 DChInd It, hC dCmOn8ttatCd thC !aCt
that Wc ICuIIC nO CVIUCnCC O a tDIn_ InCIUCt tC antICIQatC It CXI8tCnCC.
hIO_h thC 8yHDOIC ICatIOn, VC aIC aDC tC taKC aCCItaIn dI8tanCC IOF
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tCCC88CU IOD It a8 VC.
t I8 QtcCI8cy thIs 8yDDOIC tcatIOntDI8 auIa, Ot UI8tanCCUat
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OIO VOtK UCDOCIatIC 8OCICty, It a8O `CXQO8CU SImuatIOn."
DV, thc COnUItIOn O! thI8 utIItaIIan UCHnItIOn I8 nOt 8IDQy
a8 thc u8ua CODQaInt VOuU haVC It~It8 CIDInatIOn O thC 8uD]CCt8
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VC haVC 8ccD It I8, hOVCVCI, InCODQatIDC VIth a nOtIOn O a wH tUat
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ICD, aDOVC a, I8 thC !aCt O! ICQIC88CU dc8ItCt, OI tDat uattCt, thC
CtIUC VhO8C 8Ccnc8 1t_Ct QhOtO_taQhCU~OI thCy UO nOt C8t, CVCn
thCu_h VC 8CC CCaIy thCIt CCCts, In thc 8uD]cCt8 lccIn_ O _uIt anU 1n
thC QhOtO_IaQh8. cCau8c UC8ItC anU thC CIImC atC QO8ItCU rclI00/vcly as
Cau8C8 O! tDc8c CCCt8 anU nCCI UIU CXIst In aDy tcaI2cO OID, th8 CaSC/
CHCCt tCatIOD8hIQ I8 n0l an InUCXICa~that I8, nOt an cXI8tcn1Ia~nc.
bCha tCatIOnCOnOunU8 uttItaIIanI8D, VhIChUcQcDd8 On 8CCIn_InCVCty
CHCCt CVIUCnCC O 8ODC aCtuay CXI8tIn_ Cau8c.
Dc nCtIOna UCHnItIOn O thC 8uDjCCt, thCICOIC I8 a8O a dcH-
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th thI8 utIItatIan dCHnItICn, thC (Juic C! Cau8ttOQhCOIa and nCt, a8 8hC
1t_ thC mCan8 O! C8CaQC tOu It. CI Cau8ttOQhCOIa, Ot thC dCCay C!
|hC ata, tC8ut8 nOt Cny !tCn tHC !aCt that a dCDnItICn aCCCIUIn_ tC u8C
CducC8 Cut UI8tanCC !ICu thC tCa Oy 8CCIn_ thC COjCCt a8 rcicNl In It8
aC Dut a8O !IOm thC !aCt that thC _uIt thu8 IntCInay dCnICd thC
8uOjCct CnC8 tO8atuIatC It8 8uttCundIn_8. 1CCau8C thC_uIt ha8 nCt OCCn
nCCtCd tn tDC QhCtO_IaQh8 C! CmQty CnVItCnnCnt8, thC CnVItCnmCnt
llSc OCCCnC8 guIty. hat VDICH CXI8t8 Out8IdC thC 8uOjCCt thtCatCn8, Oy
V:tc O! thC !aCt tDat It I8 Cut8IdC, tC CQQC8C thC 8uOjCCt8 dtIVC tCVaId
l]DCnt.
tOm thC nInCtCCnth-CCntuty QhCOIa C! CtCVd8" tC OuI CuttCnt
OC8:On VIth thC dan_Ct8 O! Qa88IVC 8mCKIn_ [a 8ymQtCn aQty hI_h
l_htCU Oy lCt_u8On, It I8 CCaI that thC hI8tCtIC dCtCtICtatICn C! thC
DDOIC tC!atICn ha8 !CtCCd Out CnVItCnmCnt~thC 8QaCC, QCOQC, thIn_s
8nU u8~tC Catty thC OutUCn thC mCdCtn 8uOjCCt VI nOt IntCtnay
DCar. C !CC thC QIC88uIC C! CthCt QCCQC OCCau8C tHCy atC Qatt C! thI8
Cn1tOnmCnt, nCt 8ImQy OCCau8C thCy atC OthCt QCCQ!C. hC tI8C, 8InCC
tHC nInCtCCnth CCntuty, C! hI8tCtICI8m, OICO_I8m, 8CCICC_I8n atC a!
IHUIcatIOn8 C! thI8 mOdCtn 8u8QICICn~QatanCIa, CVCn~aOCut a CCntCXt
tat Ha8 DCCn handCd thC QCVCI tC CCItuQt u8.
atadCXICa!y, thCn, thC utI!ItatIan !anta8y C! thC maXImIZatICnO!
QCa8tC, C!thCunIVCt8aIZatICn C! thC QIInCIQC C!thC8CVCtCI_n andCua
tI_D8 C! IndIVIUua8, 8CCn8 tC OC 8u8taInCd Oy thC 8ttuCtuta 8u8QICICn
tDat 8OmCVHCtC~In tDC CthCt~thC QtInCIQC ha8 dC!autCd. nCudCU, and
nCCC88atIy 8C, In thC !anta8y C! a QCt!CCt tCCIQtOCIty C! 8CCIa tCatICn8 I8
thC nC_atICn C! thC QtInCIQC tHat QtCduCC8 thC !anta8y. Ct 8CmCCnC
thC OthCtmu8t 8ttuCtutay OC 8uQQC8Cd tC CQQC8C thI8 QtInCIQC, Oy thC
VCt a88CttICn O! It8 CVn VI. hC 8y8tCm C! utIItatIanI8m Cny CCn8tI
tutC It8C! a8 8uCh, Cny thInK8 It8 tCtaIty Oy InC!udIn_ VIthIn It8C! an
C!CDCntthat_IVC8 QC8ItIVC !CtmtOthCImQC88IOIIty It CthCtVI8C CXCuUC8.
&a@1et 4 1O
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tCIuS, utIIt8II8DI8D8 8HQtOH. `
OVDcIc I8 tDI8 8DQtOH DOIc VI8IDc tD8n In tDc Vcl-UOCu-
Dcntcd 8Dt2S O 8n cIOtIC 8nU UcSQOtIC COOnI8 COtD. OI, On tHc
D2I_Iu8 O1 tHc utIIt2II8n IcnunCI8tIOn O uSclc88 cnjOHcnt 8nU 8! Dut
UnCtIOn8 COtDc8, On tDc DOIUcIS O tHc VDOc COtH O tDc _Ic8tcSt
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8Ic COuntC88 VItncS8c8 tO tDI8 8nt88, COuntc88 8CCOunt8 O tDc 8QcCI8l
88CIn8tIOn COOnI8 COtH DcU OI c8tcIn cc8 8nU O tHc SIn_u8I 8nU
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DcI_DDOI. *
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tDc StI8tc_IC, 8Ic _IVcn OI tDIS cOIt. c! nO I8tIOn8l cXQ8n8tIOn VI
8CCOunt OI tDI8 8nt8S, VDICD C8n On Dc unUcI8tOOU 88 tDc QOSItIVc
DOUIn_ OItD O tDc 8CK utIlIt8II8DI8D UcnIcU. D8t V88 C8QIt8 In tDI8
8nt88 V8S tDc SuIQu8 Qc8SuIc, tHc u8cc88 ouissanrc tH2! tDc VOuDIDOuS
ClOtD V88 8uQQO8cU tO VcI! 8nU tDc COOnI8l SuDjcCt, tDu8 DIUUcn, V88
8uQQOScU tO cnjO. LVcI cOIt tO 8tIIQ 8V8 tHc VcI V88 Cc8I 8n
8__IcSSIOn 8_8In8t tDc DO8tcU QIc8cnCc O tDI8 cnjODcnt tD8t VOuU nOt
Icc88c ItSc IntO tDc unIVcIS8! QOO. Snt tDI8 8nt88D8tIC H_uIc O! tHc
VcIlcU COlOnI8 SuDjcCt 8 KInU O ODjcCtIHcU, S8ItOII8 OID O tHc 8uQcIc_O:
88nt tDc ODSCcnc, 8uQcIc_OIC ncI_HDOI, 8D8nUOncU D utIIt8II8nI8H,
IctuIncU In tDc OIH O tDO8c VDO lIVcU In ItcI8 IOXIHIt tO It8 QIOjcCt,
It8 COODI8 ncI_DDOI8:
!Dat IcH8In8 I8 OI u8 tO COnSIUcI tHc Ic8tIOn O tDI8 H_uIc tO tDc
QDOtO_I8DS t8Kcn D \CI8HD8ult. LOc8 tHI8 DI8tOIIC8l 8nt88 O COlOnI8l
COtD UnUcIlIc DIS DOtO_I8QD8: O Vc 8cc In tHcD nOt, 88 8ODc O tDcH
SccHcU tO Su__c8t, 8 ClOtH UcHncU D It8 utIIt Dut I8tDcI D tDc V2 It
CuIt2ID8 O 8n In8CCc88IDc Qc8SuIc: DcIc I8 8ODc Ic88On tO DcIcVc tD8t
LD&@LOF b
thIs IS sO, OI VC dIsCOVCI D LCIaDDauts VOIk thC IudIDCnts O just
suCh U antas.
LOth Vas O IntCICSt tO LCIaDDaut nOt On as an CthnO_IaQhIC
IssuC Dut asO 1s a CInICa ODC, OI In thC COuIsC O hIs QsChIatIIC studICs,
hC nO1ICCU that sCVCIa O hIS VODCn QatICntsCXQICssCUa QCCuIaI QassIOn
OI COth. Ln thC OasIs O tDCsC ODsCIVatIOns, hC IsOatCd thIs QassIOn as a
dCHnaDC CInICa CntIt: a sQCCIDCa CDaC QCIVCIsIOn that rCsCDDCd,
In Han ICsQCCts, thC HaC QCIVCIsIOn O CtIshIsD. LCIaHDaut VIOtC
VCIy COnDUCnt, hOVCVCI, aDOut Vh thC tVO QCIVCIsIOns Ou_ht nOt tO
OC COaQsCU, statIn_ thC unUaDCnta UIstInCtIOn thus. VhIC OI thC DaC,
CtIshIsD ICQICsCnts an `hOHa_C tO thC OQQOsItC sC, anU thus Quts IntO
Qa an CntIIC antasy O OVC, OunIOn VIth thC OQQOsItCsCX, thC QCIVCIsC
CDaC QassIOn OI COth Is IOOtCU In thC VCI ICusa O thIs antas. hC
UICan O unIOn, O shaICU OVC, Qays nO IOC CIthCI In thC _CnCsIs OI In
thC sustaInIn_ O thC QCIVCrsIOn. `Ith nO DOIC ICVCIIC than a sOItaIy
_OuIHCt saVOIIn_ a UCICatC VInC, thC VODan CnjOs thC COth]t
|:cg nOt OI an IDa_InCU COnnCCtIOn It DI_ht haVC VIth thC OQQOsItC
sCX. Ot DCCausC It has an CXIstCntIa OI sDDOIC rCatIOn tO a DaC
ODjCCt O UCsIIC.
ln OthCI VOIds, LCIaDDaut COnCCIVCd thC CDaC QassIOn OI
COth as sCDsh. hC QCIVCIsIOn that sIDQy u:c: COth tO ODtaIn OI_asDIC
QCasuIC Is sCCn as usCCss In tCIHs O Its aDIIt tO sCCuIC thC CODDOn
haQQInCss O DCn and VODCn. lt Is OI thIs rCasOn that LCIaDDaut ICCIs
tO thc QCIVCIsIOn as an J:cXud CtIshIsD; Vhat Is mIssIn_ IOD It Is thC
sCXua ICatIOn.
ls thIs nOt, mu|J|: mu|JnJ:, a CInICa VCIsIOn O thC COOnIaIst
antasy O a COth that aCtCd as a DaIIICI tO unIOn, O a suIQus sCXuaIty:
ls thIs sDQtOD nOt thC cXtc
j
I0n, thC suIQus sCXuaIty that DakCs thC
utIItaIIan UICaD O ICCIQIOCa ICatIOns QOssIOC: PnU aIC VC nOt, thCn,
QICsCntCU VIth thIs VCIy antasy In LCIaDOauts QhOtO_IaQhs: Ny DIIC
ansCI Is, XCs and nO. TthOu_h thIs antasy UOCs IndCCU QIOVIdC thC
hIstOIICa DasIs O thC QhOtO_IaQhs, VC HnU In thCD, l VOuU aI_uC, nOt
c baM0Wa bU@ctc0 1V
sIDQ anOthCI a VCIsIOn O tDC antasy Du! QICCIsCy acrvcr:on O It. OI
thCsC +U,UU QhOtO_IaQhs OCusCd On OnC II_Idy adhCICU-tO ODCCt
ChOICOCOthDCtIay nOt sIDQy a antasy O COth Dut a ICtIshIatIOD OI
It. ut hOV Is suCh a dIstInCtIOn tO DC dIaVn:
lICud OIDuatCd an CXaCt, I tOO COnCIsC, dC1nItIOn C1 thC dI
CICnCcOCtVCCn nCuIOsIs anU QCIVCIsIOn. CuIOsIs, hC saIC, Js thC ncget|vc
O QCIVCIsIOn. t Is QCIhaQs thIs dCDnItIOn that aCan had In DInU VhCn
hC UIs|In_uIshCd thC nCuIOtIC antasy IOD QCIVCIsIOn thus. QCIVcIsIOH,
hC saId, Is `an InVCItCU CHCCt O thC Qhantasy. jn thC QCIVCIsIOnj |hC
suD]CCt dCtCIDInCs hIDsC as ODjCCt In hIs CnCOuntCI VIth thC dIVIsIOD O
suD]CCtIVIty. btaItIn_ IOD thC OIDua OI antasy. 1 ' that Is, tDC
sQIt sUDCCt [1) In sODC OID O ICatIOn [') tO an ODCCt e), VC Can
CasIy dCIIVC thC OIDua OIQCIVCIsIOn. e '1. ut VhatdOCs |hIs Dcan:
nthC antasy, thC suDCCt CstaDIshCsaICatIOn tO thC Ob_CCt CausC
O Its dCsIIC [), that `QICsCntIDCs thC suD]CCts Oss. TthOu_h thIs Oss
Is QICsCntCd In an CXtCInaICd OID and ICQICsCnts a DIsICCO_nItIOn O
thC suOjCCts IntCIna IDQOssIOIIty, thC suDjCCt UOCs, nCVCI!hCCss, COnstI
tutC ItsC In ICatIOn tO thIs OD]CC!IVC aCK. n thC COOnIaIst antas O
COth, OI CXaDQC, thC utIItaIIan suOjCCt dCVCOQCd a dCsIIC tO sCC Dat
a DChIDd thC VCI OI |O stOQ thC CXCCss QCasuIC COnCCaCd Dy It.
hC QCIVCIt, hOVCVCI, ICusCs a ICCO_nItIOn O hIs OVH aCK,
CVCn In cXtCIna OID. hCQCIVCIt QaCCshIDsC InthC QOsItIOn O `DCVCI
DCIn_ dCQIIVCd VIth IC_aIU tO KnOVCd_C, and DOst QaItICuaIy KnOV
CU_C COnCCInIn_ OVC and CIOtICIsD." LI, as lICud says O OnC 1DCty
O QCICIt, `hatOthCI DCn haVC tO VOO anU DakC CXCItIOnsOI CaD DC
haC D !hC CtIshIst VIth nO tIOuDC at a, OI hC Is CCItaIn aDOut OVC,
aDOut hat thC LthCI Vants. hC QCIVCIt, thCn, QaCCs hIDsC In tDC ICa,
thC Ony QaCC VhCIC nOthIn_ IsaCkIn_, VhCIC KnOVCU_C IsCCItaIn. hat
Is, IathCI than QOsItIOn hIDsC In ICatIOn tO thC IDa_InaIy OID O thC
OD]CCt e, hC QOsItIOns hIDsC thC OOjCCt , In Its ICa OIH.
hIC IDa_InIn_ ItsC VhOC, thC nCuIOtIC suD]CCt O tnC antasy
DCCODCs sQIt In ICatIOn tO thC dOuDCd OIn IDa_InaIy and ICa
0 &OW& U@00O 11J
thC ODjCCt . hC QCtVCtt, On thC OtDCt D2nd, CV2dC8 thI8 UIVI8IOn D
D2kIn_ DID8C! thC 0_tNI O 2 UIVI8IOn OUt8IUC hID8C. hI8 I8 VD
CtI8DI8m I8, 28 ltCUd C!2IDCd, `[2ttICu2t 2VOUt2DC" Ot 8tuOIn_ tDC
8QIttIn_ O thC C_O In tDC QtOCC88 O UCCn8C, 28 2 QCtVCt8IOn, It tX Qdnti
It, UnOU8 tDC 8QIt OntO 2 2t 8ut2CC 2nU tDu8 COnVCnICDt UI8[28 It
Ot tDC 2n2ZIn_ CC. kDOV VCt VC, Dut ]u8t tDC 82DC j ..
hCtC Vc 8CC !2Id OUt DCOtC u8 thC 8QIttIn_ O thC tVO 8 IH thC 1I0!tmtnI
Dut VB2t VC dO nOt 8CC I8 thC NiI0Ntt 0j tNuNt0I0N tDC QCtVCtt, VDO
QO8ItIOD8 hID8C! 82C Out8IUC thI8 UIVI8IOn. O t2KC 2nOthCt CX2DQc. I
thC LhlnC8C D2n DUtI2tC8 tDC VOD2n8 OOt 0Nd tCVCtC8 It, It I8 tDC OOt
th2t V02t8 thC D2tk O thI8 dIVI8IOn, HOt tDC LDInC8C D2n.
tDC8I8 I8 th2t In t2KIn_ hI8 QDOtO_t2[D8, Lct2DD2u!t UIO n0I
2V28 QO8ItIOn hID8C 28 tDC COOnI2I8t 8uD]CCt COntOntCd VIth 2n
OD[CCtIHCd ID2_C O hI8 OVn O88. C 28O 8ODCtIDC8 [O8ItIOnCd DID8C
28 tDC _2ZC O tDC OtOCC2n LtDCt. [DI8 Du8t nOt DC IHtCt[tCtCU In 2
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"20
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'21
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Ima_Inaty OnC, Il CnlaI8 OClh aO8OulC unIOn and aO8OulC a_IC88ICn.
SecenJ cem|e e]quest|ens. u8l 8CXua OI!!CtCnCC C CCnCCIVCO
Ony as an Ima_Inaty tCalICn: t, I8 lhCtC a OICtCnl Va lO lhInK lhC
OIVI8ICn O! 8uOCCl8InlC lVC 8CXC8, OnC lhal OCC8 nCl8uQQCtl a nCtmalIVC
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8ImQy Oy ChIQQIn aVay al lhC OattICt lhal sCQatalC8 lhC, CIn_ InlC
QuC8lICn lhC nCalnC8s C! lhCIt OIVI8IOn lhC CalCCtICs CCan, !Cm
InInIly CmInI8m CannCl ulImalCy hCO, ulCtlaKIn a tCQuCnly
aOVanCCO CCnlCmQCtaty QC8IlICnlCs u8, lhI8 I8 asC OuC l lhC aCl lhal
lhC8C CalC_OtIC8 atC CtC88CO Oy a 8Ctls O OlhCt8taCC, Ca88, ClhCIly,
ClC. lhal unOCtmInC lhC InlC_tIly ClhC !OtmCt I8l C CalC_CtIC8. hC
VCty hClCtC_CnCIly ClhC CalC_Cty C! VOman I8 CVIOCnCCd In lC CQQC
8IlICn lC CmInI8m Oy VOmCn lhCm8CVCs hCIC VI nCVCI anO Can nVCt
OC a !CmInI8m unIHCO In Ils QCIlIC8
Th|rJcem|ee]quest|ens.88CXua OI!CtCnCCCQualaOCVIlhClhCt
CalCCIIC8 O! OICtCnCC: 8 OnC8 8CXa IOCnlIly COn8ltuClCd In lhC 8amC
ay, CC8 Il CQCtalC On lhC 8amC CVC, a8 CnCs taCIa Ct Ca88 IOCnlIly CI
I8 8CXua dI!CtCnCC a OICtCnl KInO COICtCnCC tCm lhCsC OlhCt8:
Feurth cem|e e]quest|ans. 8 lhC hClCtC_CnCIly C! lDC CalC_CIy C
OmC, lhC VCty aIutC C!CmInIsm lC CnI8l a VCmCn 8ImIat lC lhC
autC lO CnI8l a mCn In a 8In_C Cau8C: 8 lhC taClICusnC88 CCnI8m
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CmInIsm Ot_C a unIlyan aC! CmCn:
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InQuIIy O! CenJer Treu||e. ChCIn_ tCuO 8 CCnlCnlICn lhal 8CXua OICt
CnCC nCl unamIuCu8y matKCO CIlhCt analOmICay, ChtCmC8Cmay,
Ct hCmOnay, lhal I8, QuC8lICnIn_ lhC QtCOI8CutsIVC CXIlCnCC O sCX
ulCtulCmalICay a88umC8, a8 nClCO CatICt, lhal 8CX u8l OC dI8Cut
LMagteF8 Z+
sICy Ct Culutay CCns|tClCO. u| tCuO hImsClescheueJlhC ImI|alICn
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Vay CI|hCt |C analCmy Ct CCnVCn|ICn, at_uIn_ |ha| nIlhCt C lhCsC
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nCVCt sImQy a naluta aCl, Il Is asC nCVCt tCOuCIOC lC any IsCutsIVC
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CnO ) bC at sC _CCO VC nO nC|hIn_ hCtC VIlh VhICh VC VCuO
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nC Ctm aCutCs mCanIn_ Cny lhtCu_h IIs OCtCnCC ICm a lDC
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Il sImQ CCnlCsls lDC CuttCnl OCXa lDal sCXua OICtCnCC CCts IhC saC
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C my Hsl, QhCsCQhICa! CO]cClICn lC lhc 1ulct OcnIlICn
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tcuO ctc aCCuscs un_ CcVaCualIn_ lhc IOIOC Ca scXa! CCnlcnl O
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Ct unICtsC CmCn Can OC saIO lC CXIsl Cn lhC OynamICa Ct maC sIOC,
VC musl nCl Ct_Cl lhal Il Is mCtCy a CnCClua CXIslCnCC lhal Is OCIn_
CaImC Ct Il 1CIn_ as suCh CsCaQCs lhC CtmalICn C lhC OnCCl C
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hal lhCsIs anO anlIlhCsIs X

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slalCO nO ]ud_CO lC OC sImulanCCusy ltuC Is CXaInCO, lhCn, Oy lhC
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ICnC VCtC lC say lhal a manCXIslCO, CnCVCuO aOO aOsCulCy nClhIn_
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Oy Il OCCs In al CXIsl.
Lbagtez ZJZ
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hal OCCs tCuO say aOCullhC QtCCCss CttCaIly lCslIn_ C says,
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:
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be aU tDe utDaUasa uMeasuu ZJ
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22
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lhCu_hl VCud CCaQsC.
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lhIs uIVCtsC hC unIVCtsC OmCn Is, lhCn, an IusICn CCnlCO Oy a
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as lhC ImQCssIOIIly COCIn_ sC. hC sCXua tCalICn aIs C tVC tCasCns
Il Is ImQCssIOC anO Il Is tChOIlCO. ul lhCsC lVC aI utCs _ClhCt, yCu
VInCCtCCmC uQ VIlh a VhCC
Seua Omereoce and Ue Sugerego
hIs atumCnl has _IVCn IlsC ]usllVC lasKs lC ChaCn_C lhC assumQlICns
aOCulsChatOCtCd, ClCn In CCmmCn, Oy hIslCtICIsl anO OCCnsltuCtICnIsl
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C sCXa ICtCnCC. ul OC nCl Vanl lC CCsC lhIs ChalCt C my
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a Qalh Ot QutsuIn_ Il. DC QCInl Is lhIs lhC anlIan aCCCunl C lhC
OynamCa anlInCmICs an lhC aCanIan aCCOunl ClhC maC anlInCmICs
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suQCtCC
n The Cr|t|u e] uJymen|, anl, sQCaKIn_ C lhC ynanICay
suOIm, InVCKCs Ia_Cs ClhtCalCnIn_ tCCKs, lhunOCtCCuds, VCCanCCs,
huttICaCs, lCttIyIn_ Ima_Cs Ca mI_hly an QClCnlIay OCsltuClIVC na
lutC lhl nCVCtlhCCss haVC, hC says, `nC OOmInICn CVCt

DC as
Lh@tez B <O
I uaIl lhalallaChC Il l lhC OynaICay suOImC has ClCn sltuCK
CCnl1lCts a CutICs. al OCCs anl mCan Oy sQCaKIn_ Ca Catu
C] CCl CDIChC aCluay haC nC CatC Cans lhal tCmCut QCsIlICn
In thC QhCCa tO, C Ca CtualC Cny lhC ess|||||y C lhIs
lCtIC tCC aO nCl Ils c|cace, ]usl as C Can CtmualC Cny lhC
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Ct lhIs CtCIly OCQCnOs nCl Cn lhC hatshnCss CIls QtChIOIlICns In lhC
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lhal lDCeu|ssaace ClhC lhCt, lhC OCOy ClhC lhCt, Is Cny QtCmIsCO
In InnIly.

Cl CnCC VC CslaOIsh lhal lhIs C_IC C lhC ImIl Ct CXCCQlICn

OCnCs lhC OynamICa anlInCmICs, lhC maC suO]CCl, anO lhC suQCtC_C, VC
haVC a QtCOCn, Ct sC Il sCCms Cn tsl Oush. Ct VC nCV aQQCat lC CnO
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lhICs has lCC Cn_ OCn lhCCtICO In lCtms ClhIs QatlCuat suQCtC_CIC
C_IC C CXCCQlICn Ct ImIl l Is nCV lIC lC OCVClC sCmC lhCu_hl lC
OCQIn an ClhICs CInCusICn Ct ClhC unImIlCO, lhal Is, an ClhICs
QtCCt lC lhC VCman PnClht C_IC ClhC suQCtC_C musl CCmmCnCC.

Chagter I
1. Pctcr cvs, Thc ^coc|/c Phi|cscphic and Foucaut " rcncmy and Scrir ,
no. 2 a I 7) , p. ! J4 This cssa i sancxcclcnt account oFocault s thco
rctcalrclation to tccvcnts ola I 68 andthcrcactions to thcm.
Z. ahan Morris and Paul Patton ds , Povcrs and tratcics , in ch
Icora|r Pcuct, 1torh, 5rtarcgy dnc Fcra Publications, 9) , p. 2.
Scc or cxamplc, uman Rihts and thc Wclar ttc, " in cmcctary and
Pc/irir| 1hcct inncapolis nivcrsit olinncsotaPrcs I88) and "Politic
anduman Rihts, " in 1hcPc|irira| Icms cNcdctn 5cricryocaortary, cmcc
tary, cra/iratianism [Cambridc A Thc MI rcss I 86) , both b Cladc
cort
4. orris and Patton Truth and Povcr " in trhc| lcorau/r, . J
5.Lclrt, "ThcPcrmancnccolthcThcoloicalPolitical "in Lcmcrtay andPc|iria|
1hcct, p. 2I8.
. Focat ncvcr abandons hovvcr t hc notion that dicrcnt cvcn drcctl
contradictor, discorscs must bc shovn to occupy thc samc pacc, that thcrc
mst somc accout olthcir common condition ut thcrc arc somc Foucaul
dianshoarclcssviilanton thspoint thcdscourscsthcanalcarcconcciv
as morc complctcl autonomous. Thc cmphass in thcsc instancc shits to thc
conits thatariscbctvccndiscourscs and thcspaccthatsuppors thcmbccoc
abcntrathcr than cmpt
7. Moris and Patton, Ntrhc|Icorao|r, p JJ
b. For this cncountcr bctvccn thc studcnts and Lacan scc Imromptu at n
ccnncs " n 1c/cvisicnA Cha|/cngc rc rhc Psyrhcana/yrir Lsraa|thmcnt, cd. oan
Copc, trans. Ocnis ollicr Rosalind rauss and Anncttc ichcson Mc
or W W orton, IO) .
Utes tO Va@es 1Z~1
ZJO
. Scculct lovcr ManncIIs 1bc Kcgimc crbcrcrhcr cr rhc Parriarrhy
[c ork and ondon RoutIcdgc, ! ! ) lor an cxccIlct bookIcngth thcori
atio olthis socicty.
I0. s rcading olthcdcath drivcis briIIintly statcdin ilIcs Oclcuzcs chaptcr
Thccath Instinct" inisCo/dncss adCroc/ry [Mcv ork oncBooks, ! ! ) .
I). aqucs aca "Thc ircction o thc trcatmcnt and thc principlcs ol its
ovcr, " in Errirs A Sc/rricn, trans AIan Shcridan [Mcv ork W. W orton,
!77) , p 240.
IZ. Ibid. , p. 257.
Chagter Z
I. In bc Ioor Iondamcna/ Conrcp c[Psyrhc-Ana/ysis, cd. )acucsAIain MiIlcr,
trans. Alan Shcrian [ondon Thc oarth Prcss and thc Istitutc olPsycho
AnaIysis, I 77, p. 274) , acanspcaksolthc "phantasics" othc mass mcdia, " as
hc vcry uickly suggcsts a critiquc olthc lamiIar notion olthc socicty othc
spcctaclc " This notionisrcpIaccdin acan byvhatmightbccaIIcd thc socicty
o lormcd lrom thc nonspccularizablc. "
Z. Lddc// and Srcrrs Crcc Eng/isb Lcxiron, I 06, aI transIationso ancicnt rcck
tcrms arc lromthis sourc.
acqucsacan, 1c/cvisionA Cha//cngcrorhcPsyrhcana/yrirEsaa/ishmcnr, cd )oan
op cc, trans. Ocnis ollicr, Rosalind rauss, and Anncttc Michclson, [c
ork W. W. Morton, ! 0) p. J.
4. Mary AnnOoancpoits out that it is orvcryasciationviththcmodcl o
thc scrccn as mirrotathasmadcit rcsstant tothoscthcocticaI obcctions that
shc hcrscIlmakcs [ "Misrcconition and I dcntity, " Cinc1arrs no. !! FaII I B0] ,
p. 2B
. Mary nn Ooanc, atricia Mcllcncamp, and inda Willias, cds . , c-vision
[osAngIcsThcAmcrican FiImInstitutc, I B4) , p !4. Thcintroductiontothis
cryusclulcoIcctionolcssaysalso attcmpts todctaisomcolthchistorical shilts
incministthcorics olrcprcscntation I amonIy attcmpting to argucthc nccd lor
nc morc shilt, this timc avaylrom thc panoptic modcl ocincma
.cc, cscially,Tcrcsadcaurctis Tcrhno/ogicsc[Ccndc[BloomigtonIndiana
nicrsit Prcss, ! B7) .
Wutes tu a@os 1~ZI ZV
7. |. 3. ohcn, in What is a ucstion makcs this motantistinctin cIcarly
" Indctcrmination or doubt i s not, as is otcn maintaincd, a avcrin bctccn
dicrcnt ccrtaintics, butthc grasping oan incomplctcorm [ hconisr, no. 8
! p. J54, n. 4) .
b. Mchcl FoucauIt PoucrKnou/cdgc, cd. oIin ordon [Mcv or. anthco,
! 86) p. ! 86. Thc intcrvicv vith Luccttc Finas in vhich this statccnt ocurs
vasalso publishcd inNirhc|Ioorao/tPoucr, 1toth, 5tratcgy, cd. Mcaghanorris
and aul Patton [ydncy. Fcral ublications, ! 97) Th statccnt isqotcd and
cmphasicd in Mark ousins and Athar ussainscxccllcnt bookNirh/ oorau|t
[Mc ork t. Martin srcss, ! 84) , p. 44.
. AIhouh somcmightclaimthatitvas thcintroductionothclinguiticmdc
intoI mstudicsthatinitiatcthc brcak, itcancmorcaccuratcIyargucthat thc
brcakvas prccipitatcd bya shit inthcIinguistic modclitscI roan ccIuivc
cmphasisonthcrclationbctvccnsignicrstoancmphasisonthcrcIationbctvccn
signcrs ad thc sbcct, thcir signiying ccct. That is, i t vas not util tc
rhctorra| apcct olanguagc vas madc visibI mcas orhc onrcpt orhc appa
that thc cld o lm studics vas dcnitivcIy rcormc I am arguing,
hovccr thatonccthis shit vas madc, somc othc sophistications i ntrducc
bysciology vcrc, unortunatcly, lrgottcn.
Todcnca[rathcrthanacontinuity)bctccnvhatisotcnrcrrcd
to as to stagcs , or thc rst and sccond scmiology, is analogous to cning a
brcak bctvccn Frcud s rst and sccond conccpt otranscrcncc. It vas ony vit
thc scon, thc privilcging o thc anaIystanalysand rcIationsip, that psycho
anaIyis[propcrlyspcaking) vasbcgun. Biograhyratcrthanthcoryis thcsourcc
othcdcand or thccontinuity othcscconccpts.
1. Tc bcst discussion othc rclations bctvccn Bachclard and AIthuscrcan bc
oud in ticnncBaIibar, "From Bachclard to Althusscr thc cnccpt olcpistc
ooica brcak, Lronomy and5oricr 5, no. 4 [Movcmbcr ! 76) , pp. 85 4 ! .
11. Tis imagco thcscicntistdiscontinuous vith him orhcrscIcanb c givcn 3
prccisc guration, thc aIchcmical imagc o thc clusincs crcaturcs oposcd
partiaIy oincrior, lossclikc orms that rcach back into thc distant past thc
imagiary) and partialIy osupcrior, cncrgctic [scicntihc) activity. In c |cri
o5prc [Boston. Bcacon Prcss, ! 6) , p. ! , Bachclard, vhosc notin o thc
Otc9tu c9 Z1~Z Z+
uconscious is morc ungian than Frcudian, rclcrs to this i magc lromungs
yr|cgy ndA|rhcmy
IZ. hc oc rcscrvation Mctz has to thc othcrvisc opcrativc analogy bctvccn
irrrand scrccn is that, atthc cincma, "thcspcctatoris abscntlrom thc scrccn
cntrry to thc child in thc mirror" [hstian ctz, 1hc lmagtnaty Stgnr
loomington Indiana nivcrsity Prcs, ! 8 p. 48) . acquclinc Rosc claricd
tc crror i mpIicd in this rcscrvation by pointing out that "thc phcnomcnon ol
tansitivism dcmonstratcs that thc subccts mirror idcntihcation can bc vith
aothcr chiId, " that onc alays locatcs oncs oun imagc in ancrhcr and thus thc
iaginary i dcntihcationdocs notdcpcndon alitcral mirror [ "ThcImaginary, " in
xua|tty in thcIic|doistcnondon crso, ! 86, p. ! 6). Whatis mostoltcn
lrgottcn, hocvcr, is thc corollry olthis act. onc alvays locatcs thc crhct t
ccs un imagc Thc ccct olrhts lacton thc constitution olthc subcctisacans
lnamcntal conccrn.
IJ. acan, 1c Icur Iudamcnta| Ccnrcprs, p. 8! .
I4.I t ascanouisBaudryvhohrstlormulatcdthisdchnitionolthcimprcssion
olrcality. cc his sccond apparatus cssay, "Thc Apparatus, " i nCamcta asruta !
[ ! 76) , cspcciaIIy pp. ! ! 8 ! ! .
I5. Mctz s tvostagcsccnario is critiqucdby corcy MovcIlmithin A Motc
on istoryiscoursc, " [Ldtnautgh ', pp. 6 J) and by Mary Ann Ooancin
"isrccognition and Idcntity "
I. havc cIscvhcrc rclcrrcd to thc azc as "mctcmpsychotic" although it is a
conccpt abhorrcntto lcministrcason, thc targct olconstant thcorcticaI sallics, thc
gazc continucs to rccmcrgc, to bc rcincorporatcd, as an assumption olonc Im
analysis altcr anothcr. Thc argumcnt I am making is that it is bccausc vc havc
notpropcrly dctcrmincd vhat thc gazc is, vhcncc it has cmcrgcd, that c havc
bccn nabIc to climinatc it. It is gcncrally argucd that thc gazc is dcpcndcnt on
psychoanaIyticstructurcs olvycurismandlctishism, prcsumcdto bcmalc I am
cIaiming instcad thatthcgazcariscs out ol|tnguisrir assumptions andthat thcsc
assumptions, in turn, shapc [and appcar to bc naturaIizcd by) thc psychoanalytic
conccpts.
I. icl Borchacobscns intcrcsting book, 1hc Itcudian Suacrr [tanlord
Stanlord nivcrsity Prcss, ! 88) grappIcs ith this ncrcssa_ distinction vith
rcsults vcry dicrcnt lromLacan s
WUtos tU a@es Z~Z Z1
I8. aul irst, "lthsscrs Thcory oIdology, " ronomy and ri 5 o. 4
[Movcmbcr I 7) , pp. J8 I .
I. ikcl Borch)acobscn, in "ThcavosychoanaIysis, " [Licritir Summcr
! 85 pp Z J) discusscs Frcudsargumcnt vith antin 1otcm aaoo e This
articlc rIics, it appcars, on acans vork in 1hc Lthirs o[ s
/
a
/
s, cd.
)acqucs-lainMiIIcr, trans Ocnnis ortcr[Mcvor W W. ortn, I Z) and
thc unpbishcd scminar on anicty. scc cspccialy thc scssion oOccccr IZ,
Z, vcrcacandchncsobscssionasthatvhicocrsocrthcd|rc nthcthcr
uitb thc thcr's dcmaad. This rcmar rcIatcs obscssional ncurosis to a ccrtain
[antan) conccpt oora consciousncss.
Z. Signd Frcud, 1hc taadard Ld|tion o[ t c omp/ctc Psrhogira| Horks o[
5igmundlrcod, trns )acs and AIix Straccy [odon Thc oarth rcss and
thc nstiutc osychoAnalysis, 5J 74) , vol. !J, pp. 70.
Z1. In odcr to dissociatc his conccpt oscicncc ro that oidlis, convcn
tionals and ormaIism, BachcIard ormlatcd tc conccpt o ppicd ration
alism a scicntic conccpt mst intcgratc vitn itscI thc cditions ol its
rcaIizatin. [It is on thc basis olthis inunction that ciscnbcrg cud dismiss as
iIIcgitimatc any taIk o a clcctron s location that could not ao proposc an
cxpcricnta cthod ol ocatin i t. ) And in ordcr to dissociatc is conccpt o
scicccomthat othcpositivists, cmpiricists, andrcalists, Bachcrdormlatcd
thc concpt o "tcchnica matcriaIism" tc instrumcnts and thc potocols o
scicnticcxpcricnts ustbcthcorcticaIly ormuIatcd Tcsystcochccksand
baIanccs according to vich thcs tvo impcrativcs opcratc is hat BachcIard
norall mcansbyortbopsyrhism ccxtcndsthcnotionincratio/scapp|iqo,
ovcc, to includc thc oration othc scicntic sub cct
ZZ. aston Bacclard, rationa||smc app/|o [aris. rcsscs ivcrsitairs dc
Francc, 4) , pp. 8I
Z. aston Bachclard Th ^cu 5ricntr 5pirit [oston Bcaco rcss, 84) ,
J2
. aca, 1c/cv|sioa, p 7
Zb. aca, 1hclooluadamcata/ Conrcpts, p .
. Scc spcciaIIy)canouis Baudry, "Idcological ccts othc asic incma
tographiApparatus[rstpubIishcdinFrcnchin inthioc, nos. 8 I7and,
innglih, inli/oartcr/, no. Z8 Wintcr 4 I7)and)canouomoI,
WOte8 tu a@e8 Z~ Z+Z
cchniqucan Idcoogy amcra, Pcrspcctivc, Ocpth olFicId" [rst publishcd
in Frcnch in Cahicrs du rtncma, nos. , 2JO, J! and JJ ! 7O !7! and
ciculatcdinnlishtranslationasaBritishFimInstitutcoprint) . Thishistorical
continuity has bccn tacn lor grantcd by lm thcory cncrally. For a history o
thc continuity bctccn Rcnaissancc tcchniqucs olobscrvation and our on,
scconathan Crary Tcrhniqucs othc ascrtcr. [ambridgc, A Thc ITPrcss,
O) . Inthisboo rarydicrcntiatcsthccamcraobscuralromthcphysiological
modcls ovision that succccdcd it. acan, in his scminars on thc azc, rccrs to
both thcsc modcls as thcy arc rcprcscntcd by thc scicnccoloptics andthcphilos
ohy olphcnomcnology. c cxhibits thcm as to "ays obcin rong about
this lunction othc subjcctin thc domainolthc spcctaclc.
Z. Lacan 1hc IourIundamcnta| Conrcpts, . 6.
M. hc qucstions Moustapha Salouan poscs to Lacan during Scminar I [ Thc
Iour Iundamcnta| Conrcpts, p. ! OJ) lorcc him to bc quitc clcar on this point
Bcyondappcaranccthcrc is nothin in itscl thcrcis thc gazc "
Z. his is thc titlc givcnto thc last scssion olthc scminarpubishcd as Thc Iour
Indamcnta| Conrcpts Although thc "you" olthc titlc rclcrs to thcanayst, it can
rclcrjustas casily to thc idcal imacin thc mirror.
. acquclinc Roscs "Paranoia and thc Fim Systcm" [5rrccn ! 7, no. 4 Wintcr
! 76 ! 77) is a lorcclul critiquc [dircctcd spccihcally at Raymond Bcllours
analyscsolitchcoc, butalsoat arangc olmthcorctical assumptions) olthat
notion olthccincmathat sccs it as a succcsslul rcsolution oconictand rclusal
ol dicrcncc. Rosc rcminds us that cincma, as "tcchquc ol thc imaginary"
[Mctz) , ncccssarilyunlashcs a conict, anagrcssivity, thatisirrcsolvablc. Whc
I am, lor thc most part, in agrccmcnt ith this important cssay, I am arin
hcrcthataggrcssivityis notdcpcndcnton thcshotcountcrshotstructurc. Itis not
thc rcvcrsibility olthc look but thc unrcturnc oo, thc oo that ill not tu
thc subjcct into a lully obscrvablc bcin, that thrcatcns thc subcct. acan says
himscl [ Thc Lgo in Ircuds 1hcoy and in thc Tcrhniquc o Psyrhoana|ysis c
ork an ondon W. W. orton ! 78 , p. J) , "Thc phcnomcnon ol agrcs
sivity isnt to bc cxplaincd simpy on thc lvcl olimaginary idcntication. "
1. Lacan Thc ouIundamcnta| Conrcpts, p
/. In "nothcr acan, [aran 5tudy lotcs !, no J) acqucs Alain Millcr is
conccrnc to undcrlinc thc clinicaldimcnsion olacans or, particularly his
Wotes tU a@es B~40
Z+
conccpt o "thc pass " hc dicrcncc bctvccn thc "dcconstrctioist" nd thc
caniannotion olantasyis thus alsomadc cIcar.
Chagter 3
I. Sigmund Frcud, 1hc 5tndard Ldir|on o[ thc Comp|ctc |syrhc|cgira| orks o[
5|mundItcud [5L tans.)amcsndAIi Strachcy, [Londo hcogart Prcss
and thcInstitutc olPscho-Aaysis, 5J !74) , oI 2! , . B2.
Z.Ibi d p. 8.
J.Ibi d , p. 2.
4. Scc cspccialIy ary Ann Ooancs 1hc Lcsirc ro Lcsirc [Boointon ndiana
nivcrsity Prcss ! B7) in vhich oanc shos ho thc "omans l" olthc
!4Os madcthclcmaIcspcctator spIcasurcsimuItancousitha asochisticvic
inposition crhistocaIlyspccicargumcntissubtIcandconvining. I obcct
ntto thiskind olarumcnt but rathcr to a ccral aIinmct ollcalcplcasurc
andmasochismsuchasoncnds, orcamlc,inthcvorksolRaymondcIlour.
5.Frcud 5L, p. ! .
. Samucl Bccctt, atr [Mcv ork rovc ! 72) , p !75.
7. Frcud, 5L, vol 8, ?0.
8.cnri Bcrgson "aughtcr " in Comcdy [c ork oblcday, I 56) .
.Bcrgsons thcorics aso had a grcat impact on Iitcrary and artistic odcrism
Fr Bcrson thc artist vas oncho as lrcc olthcncccssity to victhc orld
intcrms oits practical utiIityand as thus capablc, throuhthcuniqucuIitics
ohisorhcrpcrccption to"crcatc " thatistomodilyphcnomcnalrcaIitythrough
thc activc cngagccnt ol ind Art, thcn, is sccn to occupy a rcal scparatc
lr that ol thc cvcryday Thc "postodcrn" attcntion o art and Iitcratrc to
thc practiccs olcvcryday lilc and thc crasurc othc absolutc boudarics bctvccn
thc "scicntic" ad thc "artistic tcxtsigna, in thisrcspcctatIcast a anig ol
thc inucncc olBcrso
I0. Bcrgson, n lnrrcdurr|cn tc %craphys|s, trans. T.

ulc [c ork
Bbbs-crriIl, ! 55), p. J7.
II. rcud, 5L, vol !8, p. J6.
I2.WithinpsychoanaIysisitscllthcconccptolthcdcathdchasbcnrcpcatcdly
qcstioncd and rc cctcd n rcsponsc to onc such rcpudiation, adc this timc by
WUtes tO a@es R Z++
Rudolph Lovcstin, Lacan vrotc, "t is ccrtain that man distinguishcs himscl
in thcbioloica dmain, in thathcis thc only bcing vho commits suicidc, vho
has 2 supcrcgo quotcd in lisabcth oudincsco, La aarat|c dc rcnr ans, voI 2
Paris Scuil, 6 , p. ! J6) . Man str distinguishcshimscIaIso as thonlybcig
vho spcaks, an it is ccausc orhts thathc acquircs thc othcr distinction.
IJ.)acqucsLaca, i 1hcLrhtrscPsrhcana|ss, trans . OcnnisPortcrcvYork.
W W. orton, !2) clcarly constructs this distinction in doing so hc statcs
straightorvardl that thc dcath drivc is "aunction othcsigniying chain and
thus "is tobc sitatd in thchistorical domain p. 25) .
I4. Samucl lcxndcr, anothcr cvolutionary" philosophcr, i s citcd by Louis S
Sass in Introspction, Schiophrcnia and thc ragmcntation othc Scl"
rcscnrar|cns Smcr ! 7) in support oa dcnition oschiophrcnia that
runs dircctly countcr to currcntLacanian-inucnccdlitcary dchnitions . Ananal
ysis othc rcutation oBcrgsonian)anctist, that is, "cvolutionary, psychiatry
bythcstructuralpychoanalsis oClcrambaultLacanvouldrcvcalthcproblcms
inhcrcnt in Sasss dcition.
I5.Aristotlcalsos pcclatcsctymoIogicallythatthctcrmaorcmarcnmaybcdcrivcd
rommarcn, "in vain.
I.)acqucs Lacan, 1hc IcorIondamcnra| Ccnrcprs c[Psyrhc-na|sts, cd. )acqucs
AIain Millcr, trans. lan Shcridan London Thcogarth Prcss and thc Institutc
osychoAnalysis, 77) , p. 2J.
I. ristotlc, Phystr, . 7 8b.
I8.Aristotlc, Lc Ncro Antma|tom, 7.
I.)acqucs Lacan, "' Anoissc, unpublishcd scminar, ay8, 6J
Z0. )acqucs Lacan, c|ctstcnA Cha|/cngc rc rhc Psrhcana|yrr sra|tshmcnr cd.
)oanopcc, trans . cnisoIlicr,osalindrauss, andAnncttcichclsoncv
York W. W. orton, ) , . 6.
ZI. Samucl Bccctt, Noh cvYorkrovcPrcss, ! 5) , p ! 8.
ZZ. Lacans ullcst discussion othc crcationcxnihilo ot hcsub cct can bcound
in 1hcLrh|rs c[Psyrhcana|ysts
ZJ. Samucl Wcbcr, ourc andclusion, " Ltarrtrtrs ! O, no. 2 Summcr O) .
. Ibid. , p. 44.
Z5. )acqucs Ocrrida, "Signaturc, vcnt, Contct, " |yph ! 77) , p. ! 4. his
cssay, ancxtcndcd critiqucandcclcbrationo). L. Austin s thcory ospccchacts,
s tu a@es Z+D
is lIovcd y a sccond tcxt, Limitcd, Inc. , [C|yph ) , vhch macs
mayothcsamcpoitsasthchrst, thistimin rcsponsc toohn ScarIcs cIsy
dccc olAustin.
2. amucl Wcbcr, Intoduction, in Lcmarrating thc Lisri| ics inncapolis.
nicrsitolinncsota Prcss, !86) , p. ix.
27.acqucsLacan, Lnrorc Paris Scuil, ! 75), p. I J
. cc, lorcxamplc rikPorgc, 5cromptcttrois Lcrcmps |o_iqocdcLaan Paris
rs, ! 8) , pp. ! ! !7.
2. acan, 1hc IourIondamcnta| Conrcpts, p . A scntcnc otcdcarIicrn this
chaptcr can nov ccoplctcd. Causci s to bc distinguishcd lrom that vhichis
dctcminatc in a chain, in othcr vords thc |a. Cascis both vhat capcs and
londs thc lav.
J0.) L. Austin, APlcalorxcuscs , "|rorccdin_s orhcAristo|c|ianSoricy, o. o
! 5 58) . Austin dcmonstratcs in this papcr an intcrcst in contct ad aiIrc
similar to that rcvcalcd in his vork on spccch act thcory
JI. . L. A. art and A. . onorc Causaton in thcLau xlord. Clarcndon
Prcss, !5) .
JZ. Itsccmslikcly that Lacansitcrcstinthcburningchild drca ovcs mcthing
to thctradition olphilosophy thatmakcshrcanaImostcblcaticphcomcnon
lor tc considcration ocausc.
Chapr 4
I vold lic to thank Rachcl BovIy and Abigail Solomon-odcau lor assstig
mcithtcphotographicrcscarchorthischaptcandorthcirhcIulcomcts
I.oscph csscl, n soir rivc gauchc . Lc ligaro, cccmbcr 4 !J
rcpritcdinolandcPapctti, BcrnardOcrcminviIc, ranoiscaIicr, ad crc
Tisscron Lapassiondcs ctos rhun ncuropsrhiatc, . C dc|raaao|tPari.
Solin 8! ) , p. ! ! .
Z. L0 doctcur CIramauIt mcdicin chcldc inhrmcrics spcaIcdu Opt s cst
donn la mort, Lc li_aro, ovcmbcr O, !J4 rcprintcd i Papctti ct a , La
passio dcs rocs, p. ! ! !
WO tU aes bb~7Z Z+
. )aqcs Lacan, "ropos suracausalitc psychiqc, in rrits Paris Scil, ! 966 ,
p. .
4. tcrinc Clcmct, ThcLicsandLcgcnds oarqucsLaran, trans. Arthrod
hacr c York Columba nivcrsity Prcss, 98J , p. 55. Clcrambault is
gvca bitmorcattcntioninlsabcthoudincsco saatai||cdcrcara Histoirc
dc |a psyrhana|ysc ca lranrc Paris Scil, ! 86 and in Oavid accys amazingly
hast Laran in Contcxts Londo. crso, ! 88 .
5. Scc notc ! .
. otcdb y Slavo

ick in . . . Lc plus sublimc dcs hystcriqucs, " i n Hystcric

ct oascssion Kcruci| dcs rapport c /a uatrimc Kcnroatrc intcmatioaa|c Paris a
vari, ! 85 , p. JJ5.
7. I am usin thcvordpatho|oira|nantsscnsc to rclcr tothccmpiricalsubjcct
ho sucrs a rangcollcclings and scntimcnts in rclation to cvcryday objccts.
b. alckAloua, 1hc Coonia|Harcm, trans MycnaandWladodzich Minnc
apols nivcrsityoncsotaPrcss, ! 986 . InhcrlmagcsoHomcn Thc|ortraya|
o omcn in Photography othc Nidd|c st, London uartct Boos,
! 8 , Sarah rahamBron prcscnts Clcrambault s photographs as a simplc
rcvcrscstriptcascin vhichthcbodyisgraduaIy covcrcduprathcrthanrcvcacd
this intcrprctation misscs thc csscntial dicrcncc bctvccn Clcrambauts poto
graphs and thosc displaycd in Thc Co|onia| Harcm Incidcntly, rahamBron
rcpcats thc crror vc nd in a passion dcs ctocs both lcad us to bclicvc that
Clcrambauttookphotographsonlyoomcn. hisis notsohcalsotookmany
photographs olmcn.
. lisabcth Rcnard, Lc Lortcur ataa atiaadcC|cramaau|t 5a ticct sonocutrc
Paris Librairic dc Franois, ! 4, p. 6J
1. . . d Clcrambault, "Rcchcrchcs tcchnologiqucs sur a drapc, " publiscd
originaly in u||ctin dc |a sorictc d'cthnographic dc |aris, April !5, !9J! , and rc
prntcd in Papctti ct a. , Lapassion dcs ctocs, pp. 5 57
11. his "mastcrolclassical drcss" vas, according to cnard [Lc Lortcur, p. 6 ,
a an namcd cuzcy.
1Z. . . dcCcrambaut, "Classicationdcs costumcs drapcs, " addrcss dcivcrcd
on ay5, 98 thc rcsumc olthislccturcisrcprintcdinPapctticta. , Lapassion
dcs cos, pp. ~bZ.
1. cssc, "n soir, " p. !.
WUte8 tU aes 7Z~0
Z+1
I4. For a ist ol rand Prix csigns, scc Oonald O. gcrt 1c cax-Ar|s
radition in IrcnrhArrhitcrtorc rinccton Pnccton nivcrit Prcs, 8) .
I5. It vas iollct-cOuc vho nitiatcd thc attack thc vining cnt, smittcd
by F W Charol, trimphcdocrtvodcsigns inthc IsIamic tIc, sbmittcdb
mmanuc Brucand A. F. . Outcrt
I6. ClcrambauIt, "Classication, " p. 4.
1. vcn Paul uiraud, a supportcr olClcramault, conccdcs this cscription ol
him in thc prcacc to Clrambalt, Ccovrcpsyriatriqoc Pas PF,
I942, .
I8. Citcd in Ocmctrius Porphyrios, "Thc d o StIcs ppositicns, n. 8
Spring I 77) , p I20. M discssion olarchitcctural "tpc s crivcd primaiy
rom this cssa lrom Anthon idIcrs "Thc Idca olTypc, puIishcd i this
samc issuc olCppost|ions and om idlcrs "ThcThird TpoIog " i Katicna|
rhitcrtorc Brssclsrchivcs architccturcmodcc, I 7) .
1. CcrambauIt, "CIassiation, " p. 4.
Z0. c Corusicr in Larrhitcrtorc tivantc, ugust 27) , ci by ilcr in "c
Third Typology, p. JO
ZI. corgcs CanguiIhcm, "WhtIs Psycholog" lC 7 I8) , p. 46.
ZJ. Ibid , p 47. Although Canuhcmprivilcgcsutilitarianism inhisdiscssio,
hc sccs itas lorvarding a dcnition olman morcas a tooIthan3 tooI. But
hc docs ot considcr thc issuc plcasurc that is so ccntral to utitariaism ad
that orms thc basis olour clai that utilitarianism vas alrcad, and otust a
pcrluc to, instrumcntaIism.
ZJ. This is a point oltcn undcrincd. Canguilhcm makcs it as doacucs Lacan
i Thc Lthirs o[ Psyrhoana|ysis, cd. )acqucslain Milcr, rans nnis ortcr
cv ork orton, ! 2) andthcctinalculclsdrckh inThomas Crlylc,
artcr Kcsartos, Thc L and Cpinicns o[Hcrt Tco[c/sdrrkh, pbIishcd criall in
Irascr's%againc, 8JI 8J4) "hccndolanisanAction, andotahoght "
Scc also dmondOottc, %issioasao%arorParisPaulcucr, I I 4) , hich
aournc to Morocco is prcscntcd prcciscIy as anuncrtaking cngagcd morc as
acort olui||than asa scarchlorknovlcdgc p. ix .
. Thc itcraturc on this su ct is cxtcnsivc I citc hcrc ol a lc rccnt and
particularly rclcvant cxamplcs liacth WiIson, Adomcd i Lrcams ashionand
%cdcmi|y BcrkcIc. nivcrsitolCaliloia Prcss, ! 85) ctcr WoIcn, Fash-
POes t aes 80~$
Z+d
inricntaIisThcBody, " cIoraticns, no. 87) aaSilvcrman, "Frag
cnts oa FashionablcOiscoursc, " in 5tudics in Entcrtainmcnt, cd. TaniaModlcski
[loomington. Indiana nicrsity Prcss, 86) Annic chonisy, "La modc ct
c vtmcnt, 'cvo|ution psyrhiatriquc 52, no 87) .
Thishistoryomodcrnashionbcgins around 85 as, csscntially, "cm
iinc" lashion. harlcs Frcdcric Worth opcncd his storc in aris in 858, thus
cginning thc phcnomcnon o "hautc couturc. " But by thc 2s thcrc vcrc
incrcasingdcands thavomc asocnouccthciintccst in individua cothig
stylcs andadopamorcuniormappcarancc. Inngland,orcxamplc, thcFashion
othc Month caguc madc rccommndations about vhat vomcn should vcar,
adtcrcvcrcscvcralproosalsoraMinistryoFashionthatvouldstccrvomcn
tovard thc propcr socia attirc Thc most sinistcr ascct othis movcmcnt vas
itslink ith cugcnics at thc momcnt this Iin vas orgcd, thc argumcnt lor thc
adoption oa simplcr sylc odrcss as that it vould prcvcnt thosc vith unat
tractic odics rom disguising thcmsclvcs and thus gaining thc [scxual) oppor
tunity olrcproducing thcm. Scc, lor this argumcnt, ). . FlugcI, Thc Psyrho|ogy
oC|othcs, Jrd cd. [ondonThcogarthPrcss , 5) . nc sccs hcrc thcprinciplc
ocgaitarianism carccning grotcsucIy ocoursc, al thc vhilc supportcd by a
principlc omaximum happincss. thc body, it is argucd, ust bc duIy vaucd,
notncccssariy or its ovn sac utor thatouturc gcncrations [p 22J)
Ibid. , p J.
Ibid. , . ! 8J.
). . urand, Prcr|s dcs |cons d'arrhitcrturcdonnccs a |Ero|c Koya|cPo|ytcrh
niuc [Paris, 8 ) p. 6. thc historica studics I havc rcad othis pciod in
architccturc, only onc mcntions this aspcct ourands thcory Albcrto Prcz
mcz [Arrhitcrturc and thc r|sis oNodcrn 5ricnrc ambridgc, MA. Thc MIT
rcss, 84) calls Ourand s statcmcnt "tcrriying" "This matcrialistic prcmisc
bcamc thc basis othc cthics and acsthctics otcchnoogy, and it stil undcrIics
tc most popular historica and idcological conccptions inhcitcd rom thc ninc
tccnth ccntury. nly atcr Ourand vould it bc important or architccturc to
proidcplcasurc orthat itbc niccrathcrthantruIy mcaningu" [p. 2) . Prcz
cz sphcnomcnological aproach is, hovcvcr, much dicrcntrommyovn,
nd vcthus nd dilcrcntrcasonsto vorryaboutthiscphasison pIcasurc.
Ourand, Prcris, p. 2.
WOles tu aes 0
ZV
Lacan, Thc Lthirs oPsyrhcana/ysis p. ! 6 [transIation ocd) In Lacan s
scinar, utiIitarianism is trcatcd not as a minor and sochat uaint ngIish
philosophy concccd crcly vith thc distribtion olgoods ut as thcclcarcst
articulation ola rcvoIution in cthicsthatunscatcdAristotcIia cthics itnic
tccthccntury. t isinthisbroadcrscnscthat uscthctcrort|itarian|strogh
outthis chaptcr.
)acucs-AIain MiIIcr, )crcmy Bcnthams Panoptic cvicc " Crtocr no. 4
[Smmcr ! 7) , hrst pubIishcdas Ocspotisc dc I tiIc, rirar o J ay
75) .
IcrambauIt, Ocnition dc I automatismc cntaI, " in cotr psitr|qo,
pp. 42-4. IcramauIt had, hovcvcr, bccn cIaborating this concct in is
tcahingsincc! ! thrcccascstudics,datcd2Oandaccomaicdbcmmcn
tar, arcaIsopuIishcd inhiscoIlcctcdvors.hisisnotthcIaclora dicssion
olhis important conccpt, but thc cruciaI point is that hilc thc vhIc olpsy
chitry vas bus tracing psychic atomatism to dcIirious idcs, lraault ar
gucd that thcsc idcas ol pcrsccution, hypochondria, ctc. ) vcrc scconay rs
olthc iIlncss , provokcd as rcactions to thc morbid statc For a hcIpluI dicussion
olcntaI automatism, scc)acucslain illcr, Tcachings lthc asc Prcscn
tation, in Kctuing tc Ircod /inira| Psyrhcana|ysis in thc 5rhoo|c[Larn, cd. and
tras. Stuart Schncidcran cvavcn aIc nivcrsity Prcss, ! ) .
anguiIhcm, What Is Psychology p. 44. Thc vork oharIcs arvin is,
olcoursc, rclcvanthcrc, lor, viththcpubIicationin 5olcCr|gi c5crics,
thc mind vas aIso conccivcd asa cruciaI instrumcnt in thc struggIc lor srvivaI
Scc,orcxampIc, arlcsBIondcl, L activitcatomatiqucctI actitcsynthc
tic, i lootcao rrairdcpsyrhc|ogic, cd. corgcs Oumas, voI. 4 Paris AIcan,
J) .
hc rcnch psychiatrist cnry y isoncolthc ost proincntcpocntsol
this notion and olthcvolutioary psychiatryto hich itclongs . i utlinc
on rganoynamic onccption olthc Strctrc, osoraph, ad atho
gcnsis olcntaI Oiscascs , pblishcd in Psyrhiat_ and Phi|osophy, c aricc
atanson [cv Yor Sprintcr, ! ) is a clcar statcmcnt othc posito Lacan
attas in Propos sur lacasalitcpsychiuc.
Scc ugh cnncr, Tc contctitcrs cv York. OouIcay, J lo an
cxtcmcl livcly cxposition olthi thcsi s
WU 68 tU aes I~
ZO
nc olthc purpocs olTuring s articIc vas to shov up thc qucstion "an
chincs tink" as canglcss sincc man vas dcnc by vhat hc i rathcr
thnvatctouht, vhatscnsc vouI thcrccin comparing man andmachinc
in tcrs olthcir ailiticsto think
Anrcas uysscn as shovn, i "Thc amp and thc achinc. Tccnoloy
an ScuaIityin ritz angsNctrop|is, [lcu crman Critiqoc, nos 24 25 alI
Wntc I I I 2 ) , tat vhcandroids vcrc, in thccigtccnth ccntury sccn as
atibutctotcgcnius olan thcycrctrcatcd,inninctccnth-ccnturylitcraturc,
as trcats to mans cistcncc. As ysscn says, "It is not hard to scc tat this
Iitrary phcnomcnon rcccts thc incrcasin tcchnoIogizationolhumannatrcand
th humanbody vhichrcaccda nv stagc in thccarIy I 9th ccntury" [pp. 225
22) .
Sigmund Frcud, Civi|iation an lts Lisrontcnts, in Thc 5tandard Ldition o hc
Comp|ctc Psyrho/ogira| Horks o Sigond Ircod, trans. )amcs an AIi Straccy
[Lnon. c oarth Prcss an tc Institutc olPsycho-Analysis, ! 95J I4) ,
voI 2I p. I .
Thc Foucaulian cphasis on tc "incitccnt to discoursc" lunctions by
logcttinthis otcrciticaI commad.
. nitc dHaaitation is a scmicomunal apartcnt compIc csigncd by Lc
orbusicr 5cid|ongcn ac vorkcrs ousing compIccs
I rclylor this comparison olant and rcud on acans "ant vit Sadc, "
transamc Svcnson, rtoac, no. bl [Wintc ! ) milcBcnvcnistcsdstinc
tion ctvccn histoirc and disroors uncrIics Lacans urgins that thc discursivc
naturc olthc moral impcrativc must not covcrlookcd. or thc hImthcorctical
impIications oltis distinction. "Il thc traditional hm tcnds to supprcss alI thc
marks olthcsubj cctolthc cnunciation, this isinorcrthatthc vicvcr mayhavc
thc imprcssion obcin that subjcct himscIl, . . a purc capacity lor sccing "scc
hristianctz, Thc lmagainaq 5igncr [BIoomington IndiananivcrsityPrcss,
! 82) . In "Sur c pouvoir politiquc ct Ics mcanismcs oIogiqucs" [mtrar,
no J4 I 5) , Savo

iik uscs Laan sdistinction lor a chnition olidcology.

Franccs Fcrguson, "c Muclcar Sublimc, " Liarritirs [Sumcr ! ) , pp. 4
I O dcspitc y isagrccmcnts vith ithcrc this is an cccptionaly ncarticlc
Ocrivcdlromthc tcrm cxtimitc, scdby)acucs-AIainicrto dcscribc thc
intcrnaI butnonintimatc rcIation bctvccn thc sub cct and its rcprcsscd csirc.
WuUs tu aes V11b
ZO1
4. Fcrguson "ThccIcarSbmc, " pp. , 9.
.WaltcrBcnamin, "AShortistoryolPhotoraphy, rrccn IJ, o. ! I 2
p. 2.
. Ibid , p 25.
47.acucs Lacan, Thc Lgo |nIrcod's Thcoqand |nthc TcrhntqucoP:yrhoana|s|s,
c acucsAIain iIcr, trans Sylana TomascIi Mcv or W W. orton
I ) , pp. J7 J.
. CanguiIhc, "WhatIs Psychology" p 6
4. Thc lcarand stdy olcrovdsdcclopcd alonsidc tilitarianism or a oo
gcncralhistoyothispcriodsccRobcrtA. yc, Thc Crtg|:oCrod|sy|ogy
ostavcLc bon and thc Cr|s|s oassLcmorrary tn thc Thtrdcpua/|r ono and
Bccrly ils SagcPblications I 975) .
50. In "Womanas Symptom" in 5cxua/|ty |n thc Iic|d o |:|on odon crso,
I6)acuclicRoscanaIycs thcvay thcinstittion olcicmacIoscsitsclo
b incldin thvomanin this samc vay.
51.Tvo olthc mostcompcllinvitncsscsarcFrntFanon"Alcriand,
A Ly|ng Co|on|a/|sm Mcv York. roc Prcss, ! 67) and atia cissi
[cyondthc c|| BIoomington Indiana nicrsity Prcss I7 ) .
5J. Crambault, "Passion rotiuc cs tocs chcz la lcc" [ I) , partialIy
rcprintcd inPapctti ct a. , Lapass|on dcs cos, p. J4
5J.accs Lacan, Thc Iour Iondamcnta/ Conrcpts o[|syroAna|ys|s cd accs
Alain Millcr, trans. AIan Shcrian [ondon Thc ogarth rcss nd thc Istittc
oPsychoAnalysis, I 77) , p. 5.
. canClarcuI, "Thc Pcrvcrsc CopIc, " i nKcturning I 0rcd, p. 4
3. Sigmund Frcud, "Fctishis "in SL, ol. 2I , p. 54.
5. Simnd Frcd, "AntlincolPsychoAnalysis, " in , oI. J, p 2J
57. Rcnard, Lc Lortcor, p. 6J
5.Frcd "Fctishism, " p I 56.
3. Clarcl, "ThcPcrcrscCoplc, " p 226
. Rcnard, Lc Lorcor, p. 64.
DOes tu aos 1I~1Z ZDZ
>
I. can-aucs ousscau, Lm|c, cr Cn Ldoraticn, cd. llan Bloom [cv York.
sic Boks, I7) , p 46
Z. ary ollstonccrat, Thcohts cn thc Ldoratica cLao_htcrs uith Kcrticns cn
ca|c cndort in thc mcrc imcrtant Lutics c L [Iiton, M) Augustus .
cllcyubl , I72) , p. J
. sSimundrcudsays[Thcnanny, i nThc 5tandardLditicn cthccmp|ctc
yrhc|cira| crks c5i_mondrcod, trans )amcs and Alix Strachcy London hc
ogart Prcss and thc InstitutcoPsycho-Analysis, I5J I 74 , voI. I7, p 2! ) ,
tcuncannyisaccompanicdb"aspccial corcoccling. " Thcspccialncssothis
ccling oanxicty is madc concptuaIlycxplicitby Laan.
4.hcpunonprcscntimcntisdcbyLacaninhi sunublishcdscminaronanxicty
[I 62 I6J) .
5. hc discussion o tis drcam appcars in )acucs Lacan, Thc L_c in Ircods
Thccry and in thc Tcrhniqoc cPsyrhcaaa|ysis, IJ1 IJJ, cd. )acucslain Millcr
[cv ork and London. . . orton, I ) pp. I46 I 7I rik riksons
analysis othcsamcdrcamisloundin"hcOrcam Spccimcn oPsychoanalsis , "
coa| cthc Amcriran Psyrhcana|ytir Asscriaticn 2 [ I54) , pp. 5 56
Lacan cIaims inhi sanxicty scmina [)uly J, I6J) that" cdipus didnothavc
an cdipus complcx his sin vas that hcvantcd to knov. "
mong thc tn commandmcnts ou vilI not hnd onc that tcIIs you that you
must not sIccp vith your mothcr, and yct thcsc commandmcnts havc no othcr
aim thanto hoId youata distancclrothcincstuous rcIation vith your mothcr
thc arc as vholc thc positiviationots intcrdiction this is tc point madc
b Lacan in Thc Lthirs cPsyrhcana|ysis, cd. )acucs-Alain Millcr, trans Ocnnis
Prtcr [cv York. . Morton, I 2) , p. 6
ant also notcs that a nonpatoIgicaI, that is, a nc_atitc satislaction otcn
acopanics onc s adhcrcncc to thcIav.
)acucsLacan, Tc|ctisicnA ha||cnctcthcPsyrhcana|ytirstaa|ishmcnt, cd. )oan
occ, trans. Ocnis oIIicr, osaIind rauss , and nncttc Michclson [Mcv
York . orton, IO) , p J.
n thc rcinridcntia cppcsitcrum othc ontradictory dchnitions othc rcaI,
sc lavo

ic, Thc 5oa|imc Cacrt ccc|c_y [London and Mcv York. crso,
Wutes tU aes 1Z~11 Z
I 99) , pp ! 69 I7J. Iso scc)acucs~AlainMillcr, "Suturc clcmcnts olth logc
olthcsignicr) , 5rtccn I 8, no 4Wintcr! 977 ! 78) , pp 2J, or itsinuctial
cxlication othis logic oncgation
II. Lacan, in 1hcLrhirs cPsyrhcana|ysis, p 7O, isuotingthc vords oa poct
lrind
1Z. acan, 1hcEgc in ltcos 1hcc, p. ! 5J
1. Rousscau Em|c, pp 4J 4
I4. Wolstonccrat, 1hcoghrs cn rhc Edoraricn caoghcts, p. J and b.
1b. Lacan s passin rcmarksonvampirisma s a nanxict proling thc drig u
olhcbrast arc loundinhisscminaronanxicty a I 5, 9J) .
I. Although it usuall spccics thc ncck as thc bodil onc o vhic thc
vapir drains its victim, othi tion rctains tc traccs o th truc targct o
attck both in thc odc othc thrcat, sucking, and in thc scx ol thc ictim
lcalc. ostvisual i magcs oampirism ccntcr onthccmalc brcast .
I7. )acqucs-Aain MiIlcr, i nhi s unpublishcd scminaronxtiit [ 985 I6 ,
dcclopcd thc tcrm cxrimirc, vhich appcars only a cv timcs in aca, into a
ccnral thcorctical conccpt
I8.hc vork on thc "cmalc othic is cxtcnsivc I vouldlikc to acknovlcdgc
spciall Mar nn Ooanc s analsis occrra oan, hc cstrc rc csitt
Blomngton Indiana nicrsitPrss, I 987, pp. 2J ! 75 and laichancs
thicMirrors and cminincIdcntit, " 1hc Cctcnnia| Kcvcu 24, no ! [ I )
pp J 64
I. Thc Frcudian dcntion o consciousncss as that vhic ariscs insrcad c 3
mcortacc, and thus as aprotctivcshicldagainsttrauma, is oltcn undcrstood
scric/cgira||y, cvcnbrcudhimscl Thatis consciousncss, "imcdiatclabutting
as i docs on t xtcnal vorld rcud, Bcond thc lcasurc rincipIc, SE,
vo !8, p. 26) , issccn asa shicldagainstshocks produccd bthiscxtcrnalvorId.
Th drcam oIrmas icction aIlovs us to scc consciousncss , rathcr, as a shicld
aganst thc unconscious ral.
Z. crcud cgation, 5E, vol I8, p 2J8). udgingisthcintcllctualaction
vhic dccidcs thc choicc ol motor action, ich puts an cnd to . .
postponmcnt.
ZI. Th distinction bctvccn ncgation and thc ncgatism opschotics is adc
bcanppolitcin hisommcntar on rcuds ctncinong, publishcdinacucs
WUtes tU @es 11~14 ZD+
Lacan, lrcd's Papcrs ca Tcrhaiqoc, I5J-IJ1, cd. acqucsAIain MiIlcr, trans .
ohn orrctcr[cvYok and London . Morton, I 988), pp. 289 297.
ZZ. This Iast scntcncc is a paraphrasc lLacans dcscription olthc lnction ol
scring i nadc Lacan, ThcLrhirs oPsyrhcana|ysis, p. 26! .
Z. nthc laIsc choicc bctvccn a vcrtical and a horiontaI conccptiono l rights,
scc Luc cry, Kighrs Thc lcu oarc| actuccn rhc Anricnrs and thc odcs
[hicago. nivcrsity olhicago Prcss, ! 99O)
2. Inhcr articlc on Thc MucIcar SubIimc, Liarririrs [Summcr ! 98 , pp. I O,
ranccs cguson spcaksolthc modcproIilcration olrights as producing this
cpcricncc ol "consciousncssimpingingonconsciousncss. I amarguinghatthis
mispcrccpion is not thc incvitablc concqucncc olthc cxpansion othc dmain
olrights but dcpcnds lurthcr on thc rcduction orights to dcmands. Sccoan
opcc, "hc Subj cctOcncd by Suragc, Laraniaaink7[SpringSummcr! 99J)
lormorc on thc rcIationbctvccn dcsirc and rights
Chag
I. acqucs Lacan, "Scminar on Thc Purloincd Lcttcr trans.crcy MchIman,
in a|c lrcnrh 5tudics, no 48 [ I 97J) , hich is a partial translation olthc cssay
pubIishcd inLrrs ancarIicrvcrsionolLacans argumcntappcarsin 1hc5cminar
cjarqocs Laran. bock ll ThcLgo ialrcods Thcc_aadin thc Tcrhnqoc c[Psyrhc
ana|ysis, cd. acucs AIain MiIIcr trans SyIvanaomasclIi [McvYork. orton
! 988) .
Z. "Intcrsubjcctivc is not to bc takcn hcrc in thcpsychologicaIscnsc it docs not
rclcr to a rcIation bctvccn subjccts vho can i dcntily vithcithcrthc position or
thinkingolcach othcr.
RoIandarthcs, "ThcrcaIisticccct, Ii|m KcadcrJ [ ! 978) , trans. crald Mcad
lrom "L cctdcrcI Commonirarioas I [ I 968) , pp 84 89.
4. Scc cst MandcI, Lc|igh| Nurdcr A 5cria| Hisrc_ c rhc Cimc 5to_
[Lonon PIuto Prcss, ! 984)
. RichardAlcvyn, "Thc riginolthcctcctivcMovcI, in ThcPccrirsc%ordcr,
cd. Icnn Mostc and iIIiam . Stovc [cv York arcourt, Bracc,ovanov
ich, I 98J) , p 65 Whcncvcr thc Iin bctvccn dctcctivchction and dcmocracy is
madc, it is usuay attributcd to thc csabIishmcnt olIavs olcidcncc. Scc, lor
WUtes tU aes 141 ZJO
cxampIc, ovardaycrat, NrdcrrP|casorc [cvYork. AppIctoncntur,
I 942 , pp J!2 JI 8
. I hcrc acknovIcdgc my dcbt to thc briiant vork oIaudc cort, vho has
thcorizcd modc dcmocracy not simply as a orm o govcrnmcnt but morc
radicalIy as a "mutation o thc symboIic ordcr Thc oIlovig chaptcr vl
dcscribcmorc luIIy vht this mutation cntailcd and hov it is bcginnng to bc
rcpIaccd by asccondmutation.
7. lcis dcTocucvic, Lcmorrary in mcrira, part 2 [cvYok nopl I945)
pp. J 7 InhisunpublishcdscminarLxrimirc, [ ! 985 !986) ,acs-lainMicr
aIso strcsscs thc rcIation bctvccn artcsianism and dcmocrac as hc simulta
ncousIy skctchcs out thcir Iiation vith psychonlysis. Mics discussio is
muchmorc cxtcndcd and thcoricd than dc ocucvcs .
8. Indcscribing hcr athcr, ora uscdthcphrasc "cin vcrmgcndcr Nann a man o
mcans , " bchindvhichFrcuddctcctcdthcphrasccin onvcrmgcdcran aman
vithout mcans unabIc, i mpotcnt " In procring hcr dcscription, oa vas
dccIarig hcrdcmand or a mastcr in rcintcrprcting hcr dcscri ption Frcud vs
indicatingthcsortolmastcrthchystcric prccrs.
. Lcort uscs this paradox to makc a dicrcnt point, vhich is that uivcrsaI
sullrc prcvcnts thc notion ol"thc pcoplc" rom matcriaIiig, sincc numbcrs
arc inimical to substancc. Thcy csubstantiy thc vcry imagc othc pcopIc
Lcort, Lcmorrary and Poirira| Thcoq [MinncapoIis nivcrsit o inncsota
Prcss, ! 988 , pp 8 9
I. dcTocucvilc, Lcmorrary in mcrira, p. J!9
11. hcdistinction bctvccn thcprimal andthcidcal or cipaI athcr onvhich
this part omy discussion is bascd is dravn by Michcl iIvcstc in "Lc prc, sa
lonction dans Ia psychanalysc, " Cmirar, no. J4 [uIy cpt . I 5) , pp !
ilvcstrc, ocoursc, is claboratingLacansoriginaIdistinctionmadci thchaptcr
"cdipcctMoscctcprcdcIahordc" oLcnvcrs dc |apsyrhanaysc[Pais Scuil ,
99I , pp I !7 IJ5.
I2. corgcBush sspcch vritcr, or thoscvhohavc alrcady orgottcn cr.
J. Lcort, LcmorrayandPo/irira| Thcoq, p. 2. I havcdcvclopcd thclogicots
dicrcncc bctvccn thc tvo inds o"no onc" in a sIightly dicrct vay in m
cssay Thc ubcct cncd by uragc, "Laranian ink [prigumcr I 99J ,
pp 4 58
WUte9 tU 0 117 ZD
I4. ichcl Foucalt Lisrip|inc andPunish cv Yor intagc, ! 7) , p. 2O?.
I. ind Frcd, Thc 5tandard Lditioa o thc Comp|ctc Psyrho/ogira| Horks o[
5iuadIrcud, trans )amcs and Alix Strachcy London Thc ogarth Prcss and
thc InstitutcolPsyco-nalysis, ! 55 I74) , vol. J, p. 74.
Cbagter 7
I. aroricMi colson, "Thc Prolcssorand thc Octcctivc" [ I2) , in Thcrt othc
%ystc Sto_, cd. ovard aycra cv York. Simon and Schustcr, I 46) ,
p I 26
Z. an acking, "Biopovcr andthcAvalancc olPrintcd umcrs , " Humanitics
in 5oricty 5, nos. J 4 SummcrFall ! 8?) , p ?8I .
J, acking s vork docs not acknovlcdgc this ccct olstatistics it is Claudc
Lclort s rcmarks on numbcrs in Lcmorray aad Po|itira| Thcory Minncapolis
nivcrsity olMinncsota Prcss, I 88) , pp. I 8 , that dircctcd my attcntion to
this iportant ccct
4. Ian acking, "ov Should Wc Oo thc istory ol Statistics" lC, no 8
Spring I 8?) , p 25.
. ora conciscstatcmcntolthisthcsis, sccFranoisvald, "Morms, Oisciplinc,
and thc av, " Kcptcscnrations JJ Spring ! 0) , pp. IJ8 6I .
. Ian acking, "inctccnthCcntury Cracks in thc Conccpt olOctcrminism, "
Thc ourna| ot hcHisto oldcas )ly I8J) , p 46.
7. D A. Millcr, Thclovc|and thcPo|ircBcrkclcy. nivcrsityolCalilorniaPrcss,
! 88) .
. Thc phrascis acing s sc his "Making p Pcoplc" in Kcrcnstrring ndivid
ua|ism Stanlord Stanlord nivcrsity Prcss, I 86) , pp 222 2J6. spccially intcr
cstinglor this discussion olLou|c lndcmaity isthclolloving passagc. "vcry lact
about thc suicidc bccomcs lascinating Thc statisticians composc lorms to bc
complctcdbydoctors and policc, rccordingcvcrythinglrom thc timcoldcath to
thc objcctslondinthcpockcts olthc corpsc Thc variousvaysolkillingoncscl
arcabrptly charactcrizcd and ccomc symbols olnational charactcr Thc Frcnch
lavor carbon monoidc and drovning thc nglish hang or shoot thmsclvcs "
. acing, "Biopocr and thc Avalanchc olPrintcd umcrs p ??.
I. illcr, Thc ovc| and thc Po|irc, p. I 6?.
II. raois Trault, Hitrhrork McvYork Simon and Schustcr, ! 8J) , p ?57.
WUtes tu aes I7174
ZO
)acucsLacan 1bc Scminao[arqocsLaran. book ll ThcLgo in Ircud's 1hco
and in thc 1crhniquc o[ Psyrhoana|ysis, l J+ 5J, cd. )acqucsAlain illcr, trans
SylvaaTomasclli cv York W. W. orton, ! 9) , pp. J2 JJ
acqucsLacan, " ScminaronThcPurloincdLcttcr

a|cIrcnrh5todcs, no 4
[ 972) p. 54.
)acqucs-Alain Millcr Suturc lcmcnts othcLogicolthcSignicr rrccn
no. 4 Wintcr ! 9777) p. 27.
lmutcisscnbttcl ThcRulcsothcamcothc rimc ovcl "in Thc
Poctirs c[Nordcr, cd. lcnn ostcand William W. Stovc [c York arourt
Bracc and)ovanovich 9J) p. 8.
Itis intcrcsting to comparc Roan)akobsons dcscription othc dicrcntial
rclatin. As)akobsondcmonstrtcs thc rclation bctvccn paad ma is not to
bcuncrstood as a simplcopposition butas tuoscts o[oppositic, bctvccn pa,
vhich is itscIlan opposition purc scl-opposition or diacriticality and thc op
positin bctvccn p and ma. n othcr vords pa appcars ticc tcc scts
oopositions as thc only clcmcnt o thc rst opposition ad as onc o thc
clcmcts othc sccond although tc sccond appcarancc rctroactivcly caccs thc
rst. ocl incman, in "Thc Struturc o Allcgorical Ocsirc rtoac, no. !2
Sprig! 9O) p. 59, summarizcs)aobsonsargumcntthus "paloscsi tsoriginal
status as mark ol purc diacriticality vhcn it is promotcd to thc lcvcl o thc
signicant signicr vithin thc systcm as a vholc. This ncv si gnicant pa is
uttcrl unrlatcd to thc rst simply diacritical pa that it rcplaccs nd it is
prcciscly this occultation othc original pa, nov structurally unspcakablc b
causc rcvalucd as somcthing clsccntircly that allovs thc systc to nction as 3
structurc in th rstplacc In othcr vords thcarticulation opa and a ca
only tac placc by rcndcring visiblc a ccrtain cmpty placc, a ccrtain structural
impossibility vhich is not purcly cxcludcd rom thc systc A diagra o
)akobson s dcscription vould looklikcthis.
0c 0 a@es I741
ZJO
c sadcd arca rprcscnts thc pt placc, thc structural cxcss produccd y
c ariculation ohc tvo signicrs in short, thc logi osuturc is disccrniblcin
obon as cll ain Frcgc.
J. ashicll amctt, "Bodics ilcd p, ollcctcdin b|ark Nask bcys Nastcrs
thc Hard-bci|cd rhcc| c[ Lccrtitc Iirtcn, cd. William olan [cv or.
ilia Morrov, I 85), p. 84.
I8. )aqucs-lain illcrs unpulishcd !87 88 scminar, "Cc qui ait insignc, "
vics tc most cmplctcanalsisto datc oLacan sdistinctionbctvccn dcsirc
an drivc.
I. )aqucs aan c|ctisicn Cha||cngc tc thc Psyrhcana|ytir taa|ishmcnt, cd.
oanop cc, trans cnisollic, Rosalidrauss, andAnncttcMichclson[cv
or W. W oron, I O) p. 4 Thclmcd intcrvicv is morccxpliiton this
oint han is thc publishcd tcxt.
Z0. PascalBonitzcr, Thc Silcnccs ocoicc, " inlarratitc, Apparatus, ldcc|c_y,
cd. PiIip Roscn [cv or Colmbianivcrsity Prcss, ! 6), p J?J.
ZI. Ibid. , pp J?8, J?.
Z2. oland Barthcs, "Thc rain othc oicc, " lma_c/Nusir/Tcxt, trans. Stcphcn
cath [Mcv or ill and Wag, ! 7) p I 82.
. onitzcr, "Thc Silcnccs otc oicc, " p. J?8.
Z. Ibid. , p. J?.
Z5. arthcs, "Thc rain othc oicc, " . ! 8.
Z. I bid. , p. ! 8.
Z.)aqucs acan, hcIcutIundamcnta| Ccnrcpts c[Psyrhc-Ana|ysis, 5cminarl,
c aqucs-lain illcr, trans Alan Shcridan [ondon Thc ogarth Prcss and
th Institutc oPsyho-nalysis, ! 77) p ! 5
M. hc introduction o thc notion o tvo dicrcnt |ctc|s in noirs dcning
caratcristics oncprimaryandthcothcrsccondary, arcaction against thcrst
al so clps to cIari somcothc onusion that surrounds tc thcory onoir. Thc
cali prcscncc onoirlikclightingtcchniqucsdocsnotinvalidatcthcbclicinthc
si, discrctc phcnomcnon onoir, sinc thcir carlicrusc vas dcscriptivc and
not cstorativc, " as thcy arc in nor that is, chiarosuro lighting unctions
dicrntlyin noirth

an itdidprciously Additionally, thcabscnccochiaroscuro

lightig ad ccp ocus cannot automatically disqualiy a m rom inclusion in
t nir cataloguc, sincc this list o lms must obviously includc thosc that
WUMs tU es ~
ZbV
dcmonstratc littlc or no dccnsc against thc drivc as vcll as thosc ht uild an
claoratcdccnsc
. Christinc lcdhilI, K|otc Contcmorary Film oir, i ocn in Iim
^oir, cd . n alan [odon BI, 8 p.
0. Slavoj

ick, Looking u Cambridg, M ThcMITrcss 9 p. 6

6! .

I. Imanucl ant Critiqoc c[Porc Kcascn, trans ) M O Mcilcn Buao
Promcthcus, 9 , p. J! hcrcatcr pagc rccrcccs to tis ork vill c
givcninthctcxt
)udthButlcr,Ccndcr1rooa|cIcminismandthc5oacrsionocnttty cvork
and London Routlcdgc, O) agcrccrcnccs to this vork il bc givcn in thc
tcxt.
SigmundFrcud, "Fcmininity, " 1hc 5tandardLdition othccpctcPsrho|oira|
orks o5igmondIrcd, trans. )amcs and lix Strachcy ondon ogarth Prcss
and thc Institutc oPsycho-nalysis, 64), p 4.
4. otcd by)acquclinc Roscin Introduction II, " in Icmininc 5cxoa/ityarqocs
Laran and thc colc rcudicnnc, cd. )uct Mitchcll and)acucIinc Rosc [cvork
and London W. W orton, 982) , p. 4 thcuotationis r acansunpu
lishcd ScminarI
SamuclWcbcr, Closurc and xclusio, Liarritirs !O, no. Z [Scr
p J7
6. Foraurthcrcxplanationotispsychoanalyticdccnscoignoranccsccchaptcr
4 othisook "Thc Sartorial Supcrcgo
7. ticcBalibar "Ci ticn Sujcct, in o Comcscrthc 5ocrt cd duardo
Cadava, PctcrConnor and)can-uc ancy [cvorkandod otlcdgc
) , p. 9.
Frcud, nthcistoryothcPsychoalyticMovcmcnt" 4) , 5LoI ,
p. 6
. Tisstatcmcntccd notbctakcnasdismissivcodcconstruction hichvuld
not itsclclaim that anything othcr than a signicr is dccontctilc " O nc
gataIc. s a mattcr oct, itis only bccauscthc otcrothc signicrdocs no
udgc cannotbcncgatcd, thatdcconstruction is possilc n tcrstacc.
WOtcs t a@es ZIJ~Z0 Z
I. acucs acan, nccc Paris, Scil, 975) , p. ! 5
11. acucs acan, |c|sicn/ A Ch
|cngc r c rhc Psyrhcaaa|yr|r Esra|ishmcat, cd.
)oapjcc, trans. Ois ollicr, Rsalindrauss , andnncttcMichcsonMcv
W. Morton ! 99O) , p. J
IZ. acan, Enrcc, pp 5 54.
1. Ibi , p. 7J Thi tablc also appcar on pagc ! 49 olth translation othis
scion othc scminathat i s incIudd inMitchcll and Rosc, lcm|a|ac 5cxua||ty
14. acan, Enrcrc, p. 4
1b. Ibi "It is not othc sicoctcnsion that vcmust takc thc not-all
I. Fo a n cxccllcnt discussion o l thc rclation o ant notion o incnitc
ugntto thccon ctolthcrstvo antinomics, sccMoniquOavid-Mnard,
L)c||c dans |a ra|scnorc, Paris in, ! 99O , pp JJ n.
I7.accslain MIlrdcvclopsthi acanian distinctionbctvcninconsistcncy
an inomplctcncss i rclaton to cxual icrcncc n his unpubishcd scminar
"xtimit" [ ! 985 86)
Ib. Borroving rom Frcdrc amcon, Slavo

ick aapts thc notion ol thc

"vanishing cdiator or a Lacania cxplanation othis disappcarancc ocausc
rothcclolitsc

ccts sccizc Ior1hcyKncucr ar Thcy LcLonon

and cvork. crs, ! 99! , pp. ! 82 !97.
I-homas Wciskcl, in his notablcbook 1hcKcmanr|r5u|imcBaltimorc)ohns
opkin nivcrsity rcss, ! 972 , conclucs thc cxact oppositc accoring to his
cpIanaton, thc mathcmatical sublimc is associatcd vith too littlc mcaning, "
vhilc thcynamical sublimci s charactcrzcdb y an cxccsso thcsignicd, o r "too
much mcaning. "
Z0- Sgmun Frcud, "Mcgation [ ! 9) , 5L, vol !9, p. 2J6.
ZI- Ibi, pp 2J7 J8
ZZ-Ibi, p. J8
ZJ-)can-Franois Lyotard, in his Lcons sur | 'aaa|yt|uc dusu|ic Paris alcc,
! 99I , argucs convincingly that thcrc arc not tvo sublimcs, but to mocs o
condcring thc sublic.
. I mmanuclant, hcCrit|quc cdcmcnr, trans. )amcs Crcc Mcrcith x
o larcnon Prcss, ! 988 , p. ! O9
Z. acan, nrcrc, p. ! J

Athussr, Louis, 2O, 2J

Amcric
and dcocracy, ! 46, 4 5!
anddicrcnc, ! 5! ! 52
andRcagan, 4! , 4J, 45, ! 46 ! 47,
! 5O, 5
TocquvilIcon, ! 52 ! 5J
Atinoics
olrcasn [ant) , 2O , 25, 2O6, 2J,
2 7 224, 228 2J , 2J2
and sc, 2O! , 2O6 2O7, 2! 4 2! 5, 2 7
olsubjcct and lav, 2O8 2O
Anxicty ! 8 ! !
and brast-ccding, 8, ! J5
and dram olIrma s injcction, !
! 2! , 22, ! 2J, ! 25 26
and rccdom, ! J5 !J6
and unannincss, ! 2, !J5
i nvampirc ction, ! 27 ! 28, J2,
J
Apparatus
and Bachclard, 2O, 26
and l thcory, !6, I 2O, 26, J2,
2Jn
Architccturc
plcasurc and uscin, 82
utiIitaran dominancc in, 75 77, 78
Aristotl, 47 5O, 54, 6! 62
Atgct, unc, I I , ! OJ
Aura, dclic [Bcnamin) , , O! ,
! OJ
Austin,). L , , 62
uromaroa 47 48, 5J
Bachclard, aston, 2O, 22, 2 , J8,
24 n2
Balibar, ticnnc, 2O8, 2 O
Barthcs, oIand, ! 42, 8, 8
Badry,)canouis, 2!
BauxArts, colc dcs 7 ! , 72, 74,
! ! 5 ! 6
Bcckctt, Samucl, 42 4J, 5!
Bcnamin, Waltcr, , !
Bcntham,)crcmy, 6, 2, 84, 85, I ,
2, J, ! 5
Bcrgson, cnri
and art, 24Jn
and caus, 47, 4, 5J
and volutionism, 44, 5
and languagc, 52
andlaughtcr, 4J 44, 5!
and organic casticty, 1, 45 6, 54
and cno s parado, 4 45, 5
crclcy, Bishop corc, 4
bcyond thc P|casurc |riari|c, ! 2 !J,
45, 46, ! 8O
big Hcar, Thc, ! 2
big 5|ccp, Thc 6
U0
BIodc,)acucsFranois, 75
"Bodics Pilcd p, " I 77
Bontzcr, PscaI, 84, 5, I 88,
Brcastlccding
adocacy ol, 7 8, 27, J5, J8
an lrccdom, I J5 I J
an vampirsm, 8, 8
ButIcr,udith, 2O 2O5, 2O6 2O7,
2, 2O 2 I , 222 22
Cain,cs M. , 65
Casatioa ia thc Lau, 62
Causc
Aristotlc on, 47 5O, 6 62
and dcath drivc J
and lailurc, 62 6J
c on, 42
immncnt, 6, 8
ant on cusality ollrccdom, 228
22
Lacan vs Bcrgson on, 47, 5J
and Pcirccs "sccondncss, " 5
Civi|iaticn aad I Lisroatcats, J, 42,
8I , 87, 2, I 56 57
CIcmcnt, Cathcinc, 65
lcrambult, . . dc, 65 66, 68 6
dapcry analysis by, 77 78
drapcry courscs by, 7 72, 74, I I 5
I 6
and mcntl automatism, 8, O,
24nJI
photoaphs by, 67, 7, 7J, 76, 7
8J, 86, , 5, 7, OO, IO2, O5,
I O7, I O, 2, I I 4
ZOZ
photograph b [discusson) , 6 7 ,
78, 8, O6, IO8 O, , I IJ, 5
Closurc
and Im thcory, 5 6O
through suturc, 74 75
"CIosurc and xclusion, 56 5
Clothing. 5cc a|sc Orapcy
achitcctual stylc and ornamcnt as,
75, 77
Clcambauton, 77
colonial cloth, I O6, I O8 O
and lunctional dcnition olman, 8O
modcn histoy o 8
Co|omc [T program) , 7
Colonialism
and assimilation, 87
andBcauxArtsclassical bias, 72
and Clcambault photogahs, 6
andcoIonialcloth, O6, I O8 O
and lunctionalism, 85
Comolli,)canLouis, 2I
Conscicncc, 25 26. 5cca|so Supccgo
Frcd on, 25, 26, 2
ant on, 6, 8
satorial, 8
Counting. 5ccMumcration Statistics
Lark Passsagc, 2, 4
arvn, Charlcs, and Bcrgson, 44
cath divc
Frcud on, 2 IJ, 5 46, 7, 6
and plcasurcinciplc, 54, 87, 6
and psychic-socialrcIation, J
qucstioning o, 24J 244n 2
U0e
cconstrction, 5 6O
and mctalanguagc, 8 9
ad psyhoanalysis, 2I6
andsc, 2IO, 2J5
cmand[s)
ad lov, 48
rights a, I J, 254n24
cmoracy 5cc a|sc uality nd
cgalitaianis
in Amcica, I 46, 4 5
and Ocscartcs, 46
la in, 5 52
and lavothc dctctivc, 44
cort on, I 6O, 255n6
vs. particularty, I 5
pocr i, 58 6
andRcagan, I 46
Touclc on, 5
totaitaranism rom, 58
ttcIaryorm o, 5J
cmorrar tn mcr|ra, 45, I 5J
crrida,acucs, 5J, 5 5, 6O
cscartc, cn, I 45 I 46, 4, 49,
64, 5
csirc, I
anddcpth ilIusion,
dctcctivs intcrprctation as, 8
and drcmo rma sin ction, I9
2 , 2, 2J
and dric, 82, 86, I 9O
acania grah o, J2
and lav 2 25
and moal av 4
and rits as dcmands, IJ
nd tilitaranism, OJ
and vampirism, I 28, 2
ctctivc htion, 44
constituting ogroup i, I
dcsirc in, I 8
dctcctivcnovcl 6 8
dicrcntial rclations in 4
and cxistcntialism, 8
and ortda gac, 8O
and lockcdroom parado,
and privatc scl, 6
an rationaIism, 64 I65
D
scxal rclationsimpossiblc in I 9
and statistisbrcaurcics 6
trail olucs in, 6 8
Lctour, 84 I 2, , 2
Oidcrot, Ocnis, J6 J
L|sr|p||ac andPun|sh, 4, J, I5
Ooublc, 2
anddcsirc vs. rights, J
and cihtccnthccntur anicty,
J5 J6
lm noircmmc ataIc as, 9
Frankcstcin monstcr as, J5, J9
in Kccrra, I J2
vamirc as, I 28, I 29 JO
Loo|c ndcmn|ry, 6J I65, 9 8,
9O , J
and burcaucraticaconting, I 6
cndin o 6
cmmcatalcin, 8,
sccncs ro, 8 , 5
and sccrct scI, 6
voiccovcr in, 6J, 8 I 84, I 88
Jw0
obt
cscrtc, ! 45
aan o, ! ! I 22
racu|a, 2
racry. 5cc a|sc Clothing
IramauIt anaIysiso, 77 78
CIramauIt courss on, 7! 72, 74,
! I 5 ! ! 6
an ClcrambauItphotograhs, 78
scca|s undcrlcrambauIt,
dc)
ocolonial Ioth, I O6, ! O8 ! O
rcam o Irma sin cction, ! ! ! 2! ,
! 2, !2, ! 25 ! 26, 25n!
ri, ! 2 5ca|so Oath drivc
and dcsirc, ! 82, ! 86, ! O
and hl noir, ! , ! 6 ! 7
Frcud on, 4546
and sc, 2O 2! O
u|incrs, ! 57
urand, . -. . , 75, 82, 8, 2
uras, Margucritc, ! 85, ! 86
uty 5cc a|sc onscicncc Supcrcgo
and drcss, 8!
lcasurc maimization as, 84, 85
colc dcs Bcau-rts, 7! , 72, 74,
! ! 5 ! ! 6
conoi cProlcm oasochism,
87
i|c, ! ! 7, ! 27
ality and cgalitarianism. 5cc a|sc
coracy
and clothing, 8O
and dccIinc oara, IO!
andprimal athcr, I2, ! 4
and utiitarianism, , 8, ! O4
rison, ri, ! 25 ! 26
thics 5cc onscicncc Supcrcgo
tilitarianism
ZO+
Lthirsc[Psyrhcana|sis, Thc, ! 6
vil, prolmo, ! 2 ! 2
istcntiaIism, and dctcctiv hction,
! 87
timacy, ! 2, 25nI7
and survcillancc, 27
Fashion, vocn s, 8! , 248n24
Fcmmc atal, in Im noir, ! 7 2OO
Fcrguson, Franccs, 8, ! O4
Fctishism, ! O8, ! O, ! ! I , ! I 5
and Clcrambault sphotographs,
! O, ! I, ! ! 6
and gazc, 24On! 6
Filmnoir, ! 7 ! 8, ! 82, ! ! !,
! 6, ! 7, 258n28
and crimc lm, ! !
dcath in, ! O
and drivc, ! , ! 6 !7
and cistcntiaIism, ! 87
cmm atalc in, ! 7 2OO
andcoissanrc, ! 8
voicc-ovcrnarration in, ! 6, ! 8
! 84, ! 86, ! 87 ! 88, ! 8
Ficss, Wilhclm,
Fortda gamc, ! 8O ! 82
Foucault, Michcl, 8, ! , !, ! 8 !,
2 24
and conictin discourscs, ! 8, 27n6
Wo
on conscicncc, 25 26
and Iadcsirc rclation, 24, 25 26
and loccd-room paradox ! 7
and plcbncss, 2 J, 4
and pocr, 6, 8, !5J !54, ! 55
! 56, !58 ! 5, !6
and succt, !, J
andsurvcillanc 57
lcutludamcnra| crcrs cPsyrbc
ana|ys|s, 1bc, 48, 6
ltakcns|c|n, 8, 24 ! 25, !J5, J8
! J
Frccdo
andancty, J5 ! J6
andbrcast-ccding, ! J5 !J
andBtlcronscx, 2!
causality o[ant) , 228 22
and ats acsthctics, !J7
patholgy o, ,
psychoanalytic vicv o 6
and rihts as dcmands, ! J7
Frcgc, ottlob, ! 68, ! 7O 7! , ! 6
Frcud, igmund, J, 4, 2, , ,
56 ! 58, 6! , 22 , 226 25Jn!
onanxicty, 8 ! , J6
and Bcgson, 54
on conscicncc, 25, 26, 2
on constructions olanalysis, 68
and dcth driv, ! 2 !J, 45 46, 87,
6
and drcam oIrma s incction ! !
2! , 22, ! 2J ! 25 I 26, 25Jn!
onctishism, ! ! ! , ! ! J
on orda gac, ! 8 82
on lauhtcr, 4J
4, 4
and narcissis, 2J
and ncgation, ! 2! , ! 22, ! 28 !2,
2J2
on priml athcr, !2, J, ! 555
onrcality tcsting, 22 2J4
on scx, 2J 2, 2
adsupcrcgo, 8! , 87 8, 2
and uncanny, !2
Functionalism
i architccturc, 75, 7
and colonialis, 85
Ourand on, 84
and plcasurc, 82
and rcation oman, 85, 87
ac
and Bachlard, 2
ZOb
and lm thcory, 6, , 22, 26, J,
J6, 4 , 42, 24On! 6
and Lacan, J J6
panoptic, ! 6 7, ! 8, J, 27, J, J6,
5, !6, ! 7O
and uncannincss, 2
cncr 1rcu|c lcm|n|sm and rc u
vcrs|cn ccnr|ry, 2O 25 6
2O7, 2, 2!2! ! , 22 22J
cncrativc priciplc osocicty O
i|a,
lcdhill, Christinc 8
lcksmann, ndrc, 2, 4
tcup Psyrbc|cg andrc Ana|yss c
rhc Ec, ! 58
wdo
aing, Ian, !5, ! 68, ! 7, !
amctt, Oasicl, ! 77
aincss
3S objcivc, 4!
3S subjctivc, J
at L. A , 62 6J
at, tcpcn, 2!
isscnuttcl, cmut, !74
ist, Paul, 2J
istoricism, 6, I J !4, 68, !O4, I 26
ad brast-ccding anxicty, ! 8
ad catcgorics obcing, !68
ad Oscartcs, ! 4
ad dcsirc, ! 4
ad Foucault, 6 7, !J, ! 4
ad scx, 2J5
ad univcrsal subcct, ! 47
ad oman, 224, 225, 226
Histo c5cxua|ity, 1hc, 4
itccock, Alrcd, ! 2 ! 6, I 7
lmcs, Shcrlock, ! 64 ! 65
nor, A , 62
c, Oavid, 8, 42
stcria
Aican dcocracy, ! 4, ! 5O
and Bcckctt, 5! 52
acan on, 5 5!
lovc, ! 4J
Iaginary, as obstaclc, 2O, 2! , 27
Iaginary rclation, 2! 2, J2
nd scxua dircncc, 2O
d|a 5cng, I85
Z
Inhiaitic, 5ymptcmsndAnxicty, ! I 8
Intcrctaticn o[Lrcams, 1hc, 4J
Intrcdurtion tc thc Prinri|cs c[Nora|s
and Lcgis|ation, An, J
Irma sincction, drcam o, ! ! ! 2! ,
I 22, I 2J, !25 ! 26, 25Jn!
tcration, Ocrridas notion o, 57 58
)akobson, Roman, 257 258nI 6
)ccrson, Thoas, ! 5!
jctc, La, ! JO IJ2
)onson, Saucl, !4!
jokcsand Thcir Kc|at|cn t ot hc nron
sicus, 4J
jouissanrc, !22 !2J, ! 82 ! 8J
and colonia clot, ! O6
and comunity, 87, 2OO
cmininc, 224
and cmatalc, ! , 2OO
otcr, ! , 2J6
and paic unction, 2I 5 2!6
and primalathcr, !54, ! 55, ! 56
and privatbcing, ! O, I 6
and supcrcgo, 2
in thc uncanny, ! J!
and vampirism, ! 28, ! 2
)oycc,)amcs, !57
)ung, Car, 2J, 2O 2! O
ant, Immanucl
and antinomics orcason, 2OI , 2O5,
2O6, 2!J, 2!7 22, 228 2J! , 2J2
and anxicty, ! ! 8 ! !
onconccptoright, 2O8 2O
Ue
on concicncc and moral lav, , 8
on cxistcncc, ZJI
vs idcalism, J5
and rihts, I J7
onsubimc, ZJ5 ZJ6
Kis: NcLcad|y, I 84, I
acan,acus J, I 0 I I , I8 I , J5
50 5I , 54, I Z5 I Z6, I J6, I4I , I 5I ,
I 5Z, 78, Z00
on causation, 47 50, 5J, 6I , 6J
on Clrambault, 65
and dathdrivc, 46
and "xtimacy, " Z7, Z5JnI7
andordaamc, I 8Z
and gzc, J0 J6
and laguagc, 5Z 5J, 55, 6J
and lockcd-room paradox, I 70 I 7I
andlgic othchoc, 60 6I
onloc, I4J, I 48
on mn, ZZ7 ZZ8, ZJI , ZJ5
on nocistncc, ZZI , ZZZ
on "o cct a, 56, I 0, ! I , I 4J, I 75
on pvrsio, I 0
and psychanalysis, IJ 4
andral vs smbolic, I ZI I ZZ, I Z5
scl-parody o[ 1c|cvision) , I 5
onsc, Z04, Z07, ZIJ ZI6, ZI 7,
ZJ4 ZJ5
and sblimation, I ZJ
on supcrcgo, ZJ6
and symbolic as thcr, ZZ7
on symbolic clation, I 0I , I 0J
and trcc brothcrs" rcma, IJJ
ontruthandthcrcal, I ZJ
and utilitarianism, 84, 85, 8,
Z4nZ
on vampirism, I Z8
vs vicv oman as scking ovn
good, 8
and voman, J, 55, ZZZZ7
and cno sparadoxcs 6
La|anguc [Lacanian tcr) , ZZ7
and rdinancc olI785 ! 5I
Laughtcr
Bcrgson on, 4J 44, 5I
Frcud on, 4J 44
Laura I84
Lavothcdctctivc, I 4
Lav oscicntic rcalis, I 44
c Bon, ustav, I 58
Lc Corbusicr, 74, 78, 5
Lcort, Claud, 6, I 58, 5, 60,
Z55n6
cqucu,canacucs, I J5
Z
ivcsandLcgcnds o[ acqucs araa 65
Loccdroom parado, I 6 I 70,
I 75 76, I
Lovc, I 4J, I48 I 4
dcccptiono, I 48, I 4
Lacan on, I4J, I 4
and pcrvcrt, I 0
Na|tcsc a|ron, 1hc, I
arkcr, Chris, I J0
asculinity, I86, Z0Z, ZJ4
asochism, 87
cntal automatism, 8, , Z4JI
c
ctIagugc, 8 76, 226 22
2O
ct, hristian, !, 22
ilr, O A , ! 68, ! 6
illcr,acqucslin, 84 8, ! ! !J
iicry, acan o, J7 J8
ocrism, 74
ad pcasurc, 82
oraI Iav
an on 6, 8
psychoanalysis o, 9! 4, 96, 8
urnau, F W. , !9
Marcissism 2J, J
i nacan J7
osmal dicrnccs ,
and social rcprcscntation , 4! 42
Mccd, 48
Mcgation, O
and rmation, !J!
and FoucauIt, O
rcudon, , ! 2, 28 2, J2
cgation, 2! , J
Mcton saac, 6!
izschc, Fridrich, 2
orth orthucst, ! 6 !7O, ! 7
oc|andthc Po|ic, 1hc, 67 68
ovclty, crgson on, 46, 47
uclcar SuIimc, hc, 8
cration, Frcgc on, 68, ! J
j cct a
a cscartcs sogito, ! 47
as cxtimatc, !9
and Fracnsin !J9
and Frcud, ! 2
and nt, J7
oLacan, 6, ! O9, ! , ! 4J, 7
and Iovc, ! 48
and privacy i lm noir, ! J
ptical unconscios, O!
rthopsychism 26 JO, J8, 24! n2!
thcr thc)
and alruism, 9
n crimcImsvs Im noir !9!
anddcmocratic povc, ! 6O, ! 6
anddicrcncc,
andLacaondcsirc,
and Lacanian gazc, J6
in oncs ovn imagc, 24On 2
and pcrvcrsion, ! O9, ! J
and plcasurc, !7
andsupcrcgo, 6
and thc symbolic 22
and t taa , 9, ! J, ! !
and vampirism, 28
anopic gazc or rlation
and gazc, ! 6 7, JO, J6
and Iockcdroom paradox Fou
cauI) , ! 7O
and orthopsychic rclaion 27
and pocr, ! 8, ! 9
and psychoanalysis, 2
and rcsistancc, 8
and vioIation oprivacy, 6
Zb
Ue
Particularity
and dcocracy, 50
and Frnch studcnt rcoIt,
Passicacs crcs rhc ua cutc
psyrhirtc, La 65
Pcircc, harlcs Sadcrs, 7 58, 6,
I47
crvcrsion, 0, I , I I 5
and CrambauIt s photographs,
0, I J
or cIoth I 08
scicntic tcxts on, b
Phaic nction, ZIZ ZI7
Pcasur
and raIity [utilitarianism) , 8 8,
84 8
and pschoanaIytic cthics, 3 4
Pcasur principIc, J 4, 54, bb, 87,
6
Plcb an cbncss, I Z, I4
and FucauIt, Z 4
Poc, gar AIan, I 44
Pcsrma A|uays Kins Tuirc, 1hc, I 65
Povcr
and FucauIt, 6, I8 I 53 I 54,
I 55 56, I 58 I 5, I 60
odc ormso, I 5Z I 6I
and scrccy, I 6
Priaathcr, I Z, I 3, 54 I 55, I 57,
I 58
Psyrhc|cg cC|crhing, Thc, 8I
uctcIt, ambcrt, I 66
Ras, 8J, Z08, Z0
ZOV
ak, tto, ! 8, II
cagan, Roal, 4I _ 4, I 4b, 46
I 47, I 50, I 5
caIity ccct Z, 4Z
cality principc, 40, 4, 8I 8Z
Rcaity tcsting ZZ6, ZJZ ZJ4
Kccrra, I Z I J0, I 3Z J
Rccrcntia iIsion, " I 42
Rcpctition
and dcath dric, 46
and aiurc odiscoursc, 2!
i nortda gac, I8Z
Fcudon, 4J
and itcration [Ocrrida) , 57 8
and ncgaton I Z
Rcsistancc
Foucaut s acount o, J I 0
and odcn ovcr, 54
and panopticargucnt, I8
Kcvisica I 6, I
Rvotcs ogiucs Z, 4
Rights
ad cscartcs I 46
as dcands, Z, IJ7, Z54nZ4
Foucaut on, Z 3
horizonta vs. vcrticaI dctcnation
o, 37
ad vorId ocrcrovdig, 8
ousscau, can-acucs, ! I 7, I Z7
Saussurc Fcrinad c, 56, 57, 5,
I J4, Z05 Z06
Scicncc
Bachclard on Z0, Z Z7
subjcct o, I45
Oc
cminaro Tc Purloincd Lcttcr,
I4I, I70
Sclcy, ar,
ilcnccs othc oicc, Thc, " I 84
Sccch acts, 5
Satistics I 5 I7
an closurc, I7
anddctcctic ction, I 64, ! 65, ! 78
an l nir, 0
arictics crcatc throgh, I68
Socr, ram, I Z
Straus, laudc i, J
Structuralim
and Foucault, 4, 7
Frcnch studcnts opposition to, I , 4,
I I
and Frcu shpothcscs, I ! IJ
andacan, I I
and rcciprocal mcanings, Z06
Sbcct
auonomy o IJ6
artcsian, I 45, I47
and dcmocraticpovcr, I 60, I6!
anddcsirc, 60 6I
in lm thcory, ! 6, JZ, J4, 38
and FoucaIt, I, J4
and Irancnstcn, I Z4, IZ5
nctional dcnition ol, I 0J I 04
and gac [acan , J! 36
and thc imaginary, ZJ
incalcIabiliy o, Z08
inroccs, 8
Lacanon, 3Z JJ, J7, 5J, 87
and Ianguagc, 56, Z0, ZI0
Z
and lav, Z08 Z0
and narcissism, ZJ, 37 J8
and panopticgac, I 7
pschoanalytic, 60 6I , 87, !47 !48
scicntic, Z0 Z! , Z7 Z8
and scllsrciancc, Z6
socialconstrctionol, 4! , 5J 54,
55 56
socicts intcrrclation vith, ! Z4
unicrsal , I46, I 47, ZIZ
Sublimc
Fcrgusonon, 8, I 04
and ant, I I8 I ! , ZJ5 ZJ6
and sal dicrcntiation, ZIJ
5unsccu|cvard, I 84
Supcrcgo 5cc a|sc onscicncc
and Frcd, 8I , 87 88, Z
paradocs o Z36
and pychoanalsis, I 4, 5, 8
an scal dicrcncc, ZJ5 ZJ6
and utilitarianism,
and voman, ZJ6
Surcillancc
achcIardon, Z8 Z
and ctimacy, Z7
and Foucault, I57
andgac, 4Z
sclurcillancc, Z6
statistics as, I67
Suturc [clccnts olthclogic olthc
signicr , " I 7I !73, I74
Tcchnogy, an scllcomprchcnsion,
I
U0e
1c|cvisicn [Lacan scinar) , I5, JI ,
IZJ
cogts c thcLdoraticn cLaoghtcrs
uit Kccrticns cn Icma|c Ccadort in
thc crc impcrtant Lotics cL,
I I 7, I Z7
ThrccEssays cn a Tcc c5coa|ity,
1h, ZJZ
ToccviIlc, Alcis dc, I 45, I5J, I55
Totalitarianism, I 5J, I 57 I 58
Tctc and Taacc, IZ, Z5, I 54,
II
Totcic socicty, I , I58
1cuatds a ^curritcrtorc, 74
Truaut, Fraois,
rup, onald d Ivana, I4Z I4J
urg, Alan, 0, 250J
Typ, 74, 78, 8Z, 85
ncnnincss, I Zv, I J
andanicty, I Zv, IJ5
cacrra, IJZ, IJJ
tilitaianism, Z42
attcks on, 885
Bcthas dccnsco, 8Z, 84 85,
87, J
Orands dccnsc o 84, Z J
antasy o, I4 I 5, I IJ, I I5
Frnkcnstcinsght rom,
Frcd on, I
an manipulation, 85, 87
pschoanalytic citiqc o 88, I
, , 8
an rclations tocighbor,
and rcprcsscd dcsirc I 0J
and symbolic rclation, IJ
tility
21
as architcctral principlc 75, 77, 78
as psychologica picpc, 78, 8
ampirism, I I 8
and anicty, I 27 I 28, IJZ, I J
and doublc, I Z8, I2v IJ
and rccdom, IJ5
and La ctcc, I JZ
and uncaincss, I
igo,can, I5
oicc, in hlm, I84 I 8, I 88 I
oiccovcrnarrativ, I 8J I 4, I 8,
I87 I 88, I8
in Lcua|c lndcmnity I J, I 8J I 84,
I 88
Hatt, 4Z 4
Wcbcr, Samcl, 5 58, 5
Wil
psychoanalytic conccpto, 4,
andutiIitarianism I 0J, I 0I05
Wolstoccrat, a, I I7, I Z7
Woman
ad brcastccding icty, IJ8
catcgoyo, ZJ, 2Z ZZJ, ZZ4 227,
ZJ5
cIothing ashions r, 80 8I Z4824
and dctcctivc hction, I7
cmcatalc, I7 Z0
and hystcria, 4
andcan, J, 55, 224 ZZ7
Hc
oman ont.
and pantic ac 6 7
and uprcgo ZJ6
cnos pradocs, 5Z, 56, 57, 6
andBcrgson, 445, 5Z
crc]ctcdur I5

ic, avoj , Z00

Z1Z