TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION/THEORY

PROCEDURES

RESULT

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

REFERNCES

THEORY
Frequency Modulation is known as a process of varying the freuency
carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of a modulating signal. The
amplitude of the carrier is kept constant while its frequency changes at
the rate equal to the frequency of the modulating signal. For Frequency
Modulation experiment, we use NIDA software to generate the
waveforms.NIDA software shows the method to generate the FM
waveform. NIDA software supports a variety of educational requirements
from traditional classroom presentations to distance learning programs.
Through NIDA software, students can observe the operation of an FM
transmitter or receiver circuit. The operation applied using NIDA Test
Console and NIDA cards:PC130-336.

NIDA Test Console

NIDA Card:PC130-336
For FM Phase Lock Loop circuit,, is use to demodulate the FM signal. The
PLL transmitter exciter has the functions of providing a stable, low noise,
frequency-selectable RF signal and amplify it to a controllable output
power sufficient to drive the power amplifier. The oscillator generates a

periodic signal, and the phase detector compares the phase of that signal
with the phase of the input periodic signal, adjusting the oscillator to keep
the phases matched. Those shows some distortion and noise in the
waveform produced

Phase locked loop PLL FM demodulator

PROCEDURE
1. Name is registered with instructor and the password is get from the
instructor to access the network
2. PC is switched on when the network is ready, the menu is selected3. Lesson: Signal Processing, FM Circuits:
a.FM Circuits
b.IC FM Circuit Operation
4. The experiment consist of two part. Steps are provided in the
software itself. All instructions should be followed by students from
the beginning until the end of the experiment
PART A: Frequency Modulation (FM)
1. Name is selelcted and password is entered
2. Lesson menu is shown and every topic listed below is gone through
1. FM Modulator
2. FM Demodulator
3. Phase Lock Loop
4. Final Quiz
3. Lesson is exit
Part B: IC FM Circuit Operation
Lesson menu is displayed.
Experiment is set up and conducted by following
shown as in the menu for the experiment below:
1.
2.
3.
4.

the procedures

Experiment on FM Modulator
Experiment on FM Demodulator
All result is recorded and all waveforms obtained is sketched
Lesson exit

RESULT:

1. The oscilloscope is used with

a x10 probe to measure the
signal on TP3
2. The oscilloscope is set up at
Time/Div to 5s

3. The oscilloscope
move towards TP2

probe

is

4. The probe is return to TP3.

The
output
shown
is
triangular wave.
5. PC130-336 is varied

6. PC130-336 is adjusted for an

output frequency of 600KHZ
using oscilloscope.

1. Function generator is turned

on and 1khz is set up
2. Main output of the function
generator is connected to the
INPUT SIGNAL BNC
3. Oscilloscope with a x10 probe
is used to measure the output
signal on TP3
4. The oscilloscopeis connected
to TP1.
5. The
oscilloscope
is
set
Time/Div to 2mS

6. The function generator output

for a 1Vpp is adjusted at
1KHZ
7. Attenuation
is
used
to
overcome overmodulation of
the system
8. The output of modulator on
TP3 is measured.
1. S1 is placed on and the
output is connected through
R7
2. The oscilloscope is connected
at TP4

3. The oscilloscope is connected

to TP5 and then to TP6

4. The oscilloscope is connected

to TP8
5. R13 and then adjusted

6. Signal on TP9 is measured

using oscilloscope

7. CH1 is connected to TP1 and

CH2 is connected to TP9 using
the
oscilloscope
in
dual
display mode

DISCUSSION
Throughout the experiment,, I have observed the operation of and
measure signals in a typical FM integrated circuit transmitter and receiver.
The circuits are generated on NIDA Cards PC130-336 and also combined
with VCO modulator,PLL demodulator and an op amp filter. For modulator
operation, throughout PC130-336, IC1 is known as FM VCO modulator
circuit. R3 and R4 add the DC bias voltage, VC required for VCO operation.
The center frequency of oscillator is determine at Pins 6 and Pins 7. The
variable R5 is applied to adjusting the center frequency. Pin 4 from IC1
shows the output . R7 is applied to adjust the FM signal output o the
modulator circuit. PLL demodulator circuit is known as IC2. The output of
the modulator is generated from S1 to Pin2 and 3 also known as IC2 input
pins. The circuit that are combined to the input pins take a role as a filter.
Center frequency is set at Pins 8 and Pins 9. R13 take a role to adjusting
for matching the center frequency of the modulator. The output of VCO,
Pin 4, is connected towards the one of the input of the comparator circuit
or Pin 5.
For demodulator operation, Pin 7 or output of the demodulator is routed
towards an audio amplifier and filter. Standard op-amp, IC3 shows the role
to amplifies and filtering the information signal from the demodulator.
Different from the other transmitter and receveing system, demodulator
use less components when the card match up from the schematic
diagram.
From the result of modulator circuit, TP3 carrier signal is shown as
triangular wave same as TP2. When information signal is applied, the
triangular wave is varied and modulated. PC130-336 is varied until square
waveform is presented in oscilloscope. The same waveform is observed
when PC130-336 R5 is adjusted for an output frequency of 600KHZ and
1KHZ. When PC130-336 is connected to oscilloscope through TP1, the
result shown triangular waveform.
Next, from the result of demodulator circuit, S1 is on and TP7 is
connected from the output resulting a square waveform of output signal.
Output also shows the same waveform but in smaller amplitude shown
when the oscilloscope is connected at TP4. The output waveform is
known as ON Switch Modulator Signal. At TP5 or input demodulator shows
a square waveform as output signal when connected at PC130-336 TP5
followed by TP6.
Lastly, at TP6 input demodulator, the ouput waveform signal become less
waving and observed as noise and distortion existed. Same goes to TP8
when connected with oscilloscope. When the PC130-336 R13 is adjustable,

the waveform does not exsist. This problem also happens as the
anttenuation adjusting antenna cannot be adjusted as they has becoming
faulty results from mishandling of equipment. When the oscilloscope is
connected to TP9, sine wave is produced.

CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, I have finds some findings about Frequency Modulation. I
have observed the operation of an FM transmitter/receiver circuit using
NIDA Card PC130-336 and NIDA Test Console. I also use NIDA Software
using personal computer to refer the instruction on how to connect and
generate waveform using oscilloscope. Throughout the NIDA Card and
NIDA Test Console with waveform shown in oscilloscope, I can see many
types of waveform such as triangular waveform, sine wave and square
waveform. When the output is connect at TP1 to TP3, triangular wave
shown and the frequency is used t adjust the waveform. Same goes TP4 to
TP6, square waveform is shown. At TP6 to TP7, the waveform is not quite
to be generated as there is distortion and noise. The solution of this
problem is just only to adjust the antennuation but I could not manage to
solve it as the equipment is faulty effect from the mishandling of the
equipments. Throughout the way when adjusing the circuit, I havemanage
to measure and monitor the signal in an FM Phase Lock Loop circuit. The
filter of antialiasing in NIDA console has filtered the waveform to become
sine waveform. It is the most effective waveform in communication as it
lacks of noise and distortion.

REFERENCES
1. http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/fmreception/fm-pll-detector-demodulator-demodulation.php
2. http://www.searchnetworking.techtarget.com
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-locked_loop
4. Basic Communication Engineering ECM241 Books
5. Lab Manual EEE240