Chapter 4 Solutions

CHAPTER 4 Curve Sketching
Review of Prerequisite Skills, pp.162163

1. a. 2y 2 1 y 2 3 5 0 (2y 1 3)( y 2 1) 5 0 3 y 5 2 or y 5 1 2 b. x 2 2 5x 1 3 5 17 x 2 2 5x 2 14 5 0 ( x 2 7)( x 1 2) 5 0 x 5 7 or x 5 2 2 c. 4x 2 1 20x 1 25 5 0 (2x 1 5)(2x 1 5) 5 0
5 x52 2 d. y 3 1 4y 2 1 y 2 6 5 0 y 5 1 is a zero, so y 2 1 is a factor. After synthetic division, the polynomial factors to ( y 2 1)( y 2 1 5y 1 6). So ( y 2 1)( y 1 3)( y 1 2) 5 0. y 5 1 or y 5 2 3 or y 5 2 2 2. a. 3x 1 9 , 2 3x , 2 7 7 x,2 3 b. 5(3 2 x ) $ 3x 2 1 15 2 5x $ 3x 2 1 16 $ 8x 8x # 16 x#2 2 c. t 2 2t , 3 t 2 2 2t 2 3 , 0 ( t 2 3)( t 1 1) , 0 Consider t 5 3 and t 5 2 1.
t values ( t 1 1) ( t 2 3) ( t 2 3)( t 1 1) t * 21 21 * t * 3 t+3 x values ( x 1 4) ( x 2 1) ( x 1 4)( x 2 1) x * 24 24 * x * 1 x+1
2 2 1
1 2 2
1 1 1
The solution is x , 2 4 or x . 1. 3. a. y
3 2 1
x 1 2 3
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
b.
8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x 2 4 6 8
c.
6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6
2 2 1
1 2 2
1 1 1
x 2 4 6
The solution is 2 1 , t , 3. d. x 2 1 3x 2 4 . 0 ( x 1 4)( x 2 1) . 0 Consider x 5 2 4 and x 5 1.

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual
4-1
d.
6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6
d. f ( t ) 5
x 2 4 6
4. a. lim ( x 2 2 4) 5 22 2 4 2
50 x 2 1 3x 2 10 b. lim xS2 x22 ( x 1 5)( x 2 2) 5 lim xS2 x22 5 lim ( x 1 5)
xS2 xS2
57
c. lim
x 3 2 27 xS3 x 2 3 ( x 2 3)( x 2 1 3x 1 9) 5 lim xS3 x23 5 lim ( x 2 1 3x 1 9)

xS3 2
2t 2 !t 2 4 f r(t) 5 t24 4( t 2 4) 2t 2 2 !t 2 4 2 !t 2 4 f r(t) 5 t24 4( t 2 4) 2 2t f r(t) 5 3 2( t 2 4)2 2t 2 16 5 3 2( t 2 4)2 t28 5 3 ( t 2 4)2 x28 2 q 6. a. x 1 3 x 2 5x 1 4 x2 1 3x 28x 1 4 28x 2 24 28 ( x 2 2 5x 2 4) 4 ( x 1 3) 5 x 2 8 1 x17 b. x 2 1 q x 1 6x 2 9 x2 2 x 7x 2 9 7x 2 7 22
2
2" t 2 4 2
2t !t 2 4
28 x13
53 133319 5 27 d. lim1 "2x 1 1

xS4
5 "2 3 4 1 1 53 1 1 5. a. f ( x ) 5 x 4 1 2x 3 2 x 4 1 5 x 4 1 2x 3 2 x 21 4 f r ( x ) 5 x 3 1 6x2 1 x 22 x11 b. f ( x ) 5 2 x 23 ( x 2 2 3)(1) 2 ( x 1 1)(2x ) f r(x) 5 ( x 2 2 3)2 x 2 2 3 2 2x 2 2 2x 5 ( x 2 2 3)2 2 x 2 2 2x 2 3 5 ( x 2 2 3)2 x 2 1 2x 1 3 52 ( x 2 2 3)2 2 c. f ( x ) 5 (3x 2 6x )2 f r ( x ) 5 2(3x 2 2 6x )(6x 2 6)
2 x21 3 2 7. f ( x ) 5 x 1 0.5x 2 2x 1 3 f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 1 x 2 2 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 3x 2 1 x 2 2 5 0 (3x 2 2)( x 1 1) 5 0 2 x 5 or x 5 2 1 3 The points are ( 2 3 , 2.19) and ( 2 1, 4.5). 8. a. If f ( x ) 5 x n, where n is a real number, then f r ( x ) 5 nx n 2 1. b. If f ( x ) 5 k, where k is a constant, then f r( x ) 5 0. c. If k ( x ) 5 f ( x )g ( x ), then kr ( x ) 5 f r ( x )g ( x ) 2 f ( x )gr ( x ) ( x 2 2 6x 2 9) 4 ( x 2 1) 5 x 1 7 2
d. If h ( x ) 5 g ( x ), then hr ( x )
5 f r ( x )g ( x ) 2 f ( x )gr ( x ) , g ( x ) 2 0. 3g ( x )4 2
Chapter 4: Curve Sketching
f (x)
4-2
e. If f and g are functions that have derivatives, then the composite function h ( x ) 5 f ( g ( x )) has a derivative given by hr ( x ) 5 f r ( g ( x ))gr ( x ). f. If u is a function of x, and n is a positive integer, then dx ( u n ) 5 nu n 2 1dx
xS`
There is no solution, so there is no x-intercept. The y-intercept is y 5 0 1 1 5 5.

4x x22 To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0. 4x 50 x22 x50 0 The y-intercept is y 5 0 2 2 5 0. 3x 2 5 iii. y 5 6x 2 3 To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0: 3x 2 5 50 6x 2 3 Therefore, 3x 2 5 5 0 5 x5 3 2 5 5 The y-intercept is y 5 0 0 2 3 5 3. 10x 2 4 iv. y 5 5x To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0. 10x 2 4 50 5x Therefore, 10x 2 4 5 0 2 x5 5 0 2 4 The y-intercept is y 5 0 , which is undefined, so there is no y-intercept. 5 b. i. y 5 x11 Domain: 5x P R 0 x 2 2 16 Range: 5y P R 0 y 2 06 4x ii. y 5 x22 Domain: 5x P R 0 x 2 26 Range: 5y P R 0 y 2 46 3x 2 5 iii. y 5 6x 2 3 1 Domain: e x P R Z x 2 f 2 1 Range: e y P R Z y 2 f 2 10x 2 4 iv. y 5 5x Domain: 5x P R 0 x 2 06 Range: 5y P R 0 y 2 26
5
ii. y 5
du
9. a. lim 2x 2 2 3x 1 4 5 `
x S 2` xS`
lim 2x 2 2 3x 1 4 5 `
b. lim 2x 3 1 4x 2 1 5 `
x S 2` xS`
lim 2x 3 1 4x 2 1 5 2 `
c. lim 2 5x 4 1 2x 3 2 6x 2 1 7x 2 1 5 2 `
x S 2`
lim 2 5x 4 1 2x 3 2 6x 2 1 7x 2 1 5 2 `
1 1 5 f (x) 2x Let 2x 5 0 x 5 0, so the graph has a vertical asymptote at x 5 0. 1 1 b. 5 f (x) 2x 1 3 Let 2 x 1 3 5 0 x 5 3, so the graph has a vertical asymptote at x 5 3. 1 1 c. 5 f (x) ( x 1 4)2 1 1 Let ( x 1 4)2 1 1 5 0 There is no solution, so the graph has no vertical asymptotes. 1 1 d. 5 f (x) ( x 1 3)2 Let ( x 1 3)2 5 0 x 5 2 3, so the graph has a vertical asymptote at x 5 2 3.
10. a.
11. a. lim x 1 1 5 0, so the horizontal asymptote

xS`
is y 5 0. b. lim x 2 2 5 4, so the horizontal asymptote is y 5 4.

xS` 1 c. lim 6x 2 3 5 1 2 , so the horizontal asymptote is y 5 2. xS`
4x
3x 2 5
d. lim
is y 5 2. 12. a. i. y 5 x 1 1 To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0.

5 50 x11 5
xS`
10x 2 4 5 2, 5x
so the horizontal asymptote
4-3
4.1 Increasing and Decreasing Functions, pp. 169171

1. a. f ( x ) 5 x 3 1 6x 2 1 1 f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 1 12x Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 3x ( x 1 4) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 2 4 The points are (0, 1) and ( 2 4, 33). b. f ( x ) 5 "x 2 1 4 1 5 ( x 2 1 4)2 1 1 f r ( x ) 5 ( x 2 1 4)22 (2x ) 2 x 5 !x 2 1 4 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: x 50 2 !x 1 4 So x 5 0. The point is (0, 2). c. f ( x ) 5 (2x 2 1)2 ( x 2 2 9) f r ( x ) 5 2(2x 2 1)(2)( x 2 2 9) 1 2x (2x 2 1)2 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 2(2x 2 1)(2( x 2 2 9) 1 x (2x 2 1)) 5 0 2(2x 2 1)(4x 2 2 x 2 18) 5 0 2(2x 2 1)(4x 2 9)( x 1 2) 5 0 9 1 x 5 or x 5 or x 5 2 2. 2 4 This points are ( 1 2 , 0) , (2.25, 2 48.2) and ( 2 2, 2 125). 5x d. f ( x ) 5 2 x 11 5( x 2 1 1) 2 5x (2x ) 5(1 2 x 2 ) f r(x) 5 5 ( x 2 1 1)2 ( x 2 1 1)2 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 5(1 2 x 2 ) 50 ( x 2 1 1)2 Therefore, 5(1 2 x 2 ) 5 0 (1 2 x )(1 1 x ) 5 0 x5 61
5 The points are ( 1, 5 2 ) and ( 2 1, 2 2 ) . 2. A function is increasing when f r ( x ) . 0 and is decreasing when f r ( x ) , 0. 3. a. i. x , 2 1, x . 2 ii. 2 1 , x , 2 iii. ( 2 1, 4), (2, 2 1)
b. i. 2 1 , x , 1 ii. x , 2 1, x . 1 iii. ( 2 1, 2), (2, 4) c. i. x , 2 2 ii. 2 2 , x , 2, 2 , x iii. none d. i. 2 1 , x , 2, 3 , x ii. x , 2 1, 2 , x , 3 iii. (2, 3) 4.
a. f ( x ) 5 x3 1 3x2 1 1 f r( x ) 5 3x2 1 6x Let f r( x ) 5 0 3x2 1 6x 5 0 3x ( x 1 2) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 2 2

x f 9 (x) Graph
x , 22 1 Increasing
22 0
22 , x , 0 2 Decreasing
0 0
x.0 1 Increasing
b.
f ( x ) 5 x 5 2 5x 4 1 100 f r ( x ) 5 5x 4 2 20x3 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 5x 4 2 20x 3 5 0 5x 3 ( x 2 4) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 4.

x f 9 (x) Graph
x,0 1 Increasing
0 0
0,x,4 2 Decreasing
4 0
x.4 1 Increasing
4-4
c.
e.
1 x 1 f r (x) 5 1 2 2 x Let f r ( x ) 5 0 1 12 250 x x2 2 1 5 0 x 5 2 1 or x 5 1 Also note that f ( x ) is undefined for x 5 0. f (x) 5 x 1

x f 9 (x) Graph x , 21 1 Increasing 21 21 , x , 0 0 2 Decreasing 0 0,x,1 1 2 Decreasing 0 x.1 1 Increasing
y 5 3x 4 1 4x 3 2 12x 2 yr 5 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x Intervals of increasing: 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x . 0 x ( x 2 1 x 2 2) . 0 x ( x 2 1)( x 1 2) . 0
x * 22 x x21 x12 y9
Intervals of decreasing: 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x , 0 x ( x 2 1 x 2 2) , 0 x ( x 2 1)( x 1 2) , 0

0*x*1 x*1
22 * x * 0
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1
1 2 1 2
1 1 1 1
undefined
Intervals of increasing: 2 2 , x , 0, x . 1 Intervals of decreasing: x , 2 2, 0 , x , 1 f.
d.
x21 f (x) 5 2 x 13 x 2 1 3 2 2x ( x 2 1) f r(x) 5 ( x 2 1 3)2 Let f r ( x ) 5 0, therefore, 2 x 2 1 2x 1 3 5 0. Or x 2 2 2x 2 3 5 0 ( x 2 3)( x 1 1) 5 0 x 5 3 or x 5 2 1

x f 9 (x) Graph
x , 21 2 Decreasing
21 0
21 , x , 3 1 Increasing
3 0
x.3 2
y 5 x4 1 x2 2 1 yr 5 4x 3 1 2x Interval of increasing: Interval of decreasing: 4x 3 1 2x , 0 4x 3 1 2x . 0 x (2x 2 1 1) , 0 x (2x 2 1 1) . 0 2 But 2x 1 1 is always positive. Interval of increasing: x . 0 Interval of decreasing: x , 0 5. f r ( x ) 5 ( x 2 1)( x 1 2)( x 1 3) Let f r ( x ) 5 0: Then ( x 2 1)( x 1 2)( x 1 3) 5 0 x 5 1 or x 5 2 2 or x 5 2 3.
x
x , 23 2
23 0
22 22 , x , 1 1 0 2 Decreasing 0
x.1 1 Increasing
Decreasing
f 9 (x)
Graph Decreasing
4-5
6.
5 4 3 2 1 2 1 0 (1, 0) 1 2
y (2, 5)
3 2 1 x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
x 1 2 3
2 3 4 5
7. f ( x ) 5 x 3 1 ax 2 1 bx 1 c f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 1 2ax 1 b Since f ( x ) increases to ( 2 3, 18) and then decreases, f r (3) 5 0. Therefore, 27 2 6a 1 b 5 0 or 6a 2 b 5 27. (1) Since f ( x ) decreases to the point (1, 2 14) and then increases f r (1) 5 0. Therefore, 3 1 2ab 1 b 5 0 or 2a 1 b 5 2 3. (2) Add (1) to (2) 8a 5 24 and a 5 3. When a 5 3, b 5 6 1 b 5 2 3 or b 5 2 9. Since (1, 2 14) is on the curve and a 5 3, b 5 2 9, then 2 14 5 1 1 3 2 9 1 c c 5 2 9. The function is f ( x ) 5 x 3 1 3x 2 2 9x 2 9. 8. y
(5, 6) 8
c. i. 2 2 , x , 3 ii. x , 2 2, x . 3 iii. x 5 2 2, x 5 3
5 4 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 1 y
x 1 2 3
d. i. x . 2 ii. x , 2 iii. x 5 2
5 4 3 2 1 0 y
4 4 0 4
(1, 2) 4
x 1 2 3 4 5
9. a. i. x , 4 ii. x . 4 iii. x 5 4
3 2 1 1 0 1 2 3 y
10. f ( x ) 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c f r ( x ) 5 2ax 1 b Let f r ( x ) 5 0, then x 5 2a . 2b If x , 2a , f r ( x ) , 0, therefore the function is decreasing.

x
2b
1 2 3 4 5
b. i. x , 2 1, x . 1 ii. 2 1 , x , 1 iii. x 5 2 1, x 5 1 4-6
If x . 2a , f r ( x ) . 0, therefore the function is increasing. 11. f ( x ) 5 x 4 2 32x 1 4 f r ( x ) 5 4x 3 2 32 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 4x 3 2 32 5 0 4x 3 5 32
2b
x3 5 8 x52
x f (x) Graph
x,2 2 Dec.
2 0 Local Min
x.2 1 Inc
Therefore, f ( x2 ) ? g ( x2 ) , f ( x1 ) ? g ( x1 ). But LS . 0 and RS . 0. Therefore, the function fg is strictly decreasing.
4.2 Critical Points, Relative Maxima, and Relative Minima, pp. 178180
1. Finding the critical points means determining the points on the graph of the function for which the derivative of the function at the x-coordinate is 0. 2. a. Take the derivative of the function. Set the derivative equal to 0. Solve for x. Evaluate the original function for the values of x. The ( x, y ) pairs are the critical points. b. y 5 x 3 2 6x 2 dy 5 3x 2 2 12x dx 5 3x ( x 2 4) dy Let 5 0. dx 3x ( x 2 4) 5 0 x 5 0, 4 The critical points are (0, 0) and (4, 2 32).
20 y
Therefore the function is decreasing for x , 2 and increasing for x . 2. The function has a local minimum at the point (2, 2 44).
12.
4
x 2 0 4 2 4
13. Let y 5 f ( x ) and u 5 g ( x ). Let x1 and x2 be any two values in the interval a # x # b so that x1 , x2. Since x1 , x2, both functions are increasing: f ( x2 ) . f ( x1 ) (1) g ( x2 ) . g ( x1 ) (2) yu 5 f ( x ) ? g ( x ). (1) 3 (2) results in f ( x2 ) ? g ( x2 ) . f ( x1 )g ( x1 ). The function yu or f ( x ) ? g ( x ) is strictly increasing.
y f(x) g(x) x a x1 x1 b
x 4 0 20 40 4 8
14. Let x1, x2 be in the interval a # x # b, such that x1 , x2. Therefore, f ( x2 ) . f ( x1 ), and g ( x2 ) . g ( x1 ). In this case, f ( x1 ), f ( x2 ), g ( x1 ), and g ( x2 ) , 0. Multiplying an inequality by a negative will reverse its sign.
3. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2 dy 5 4x 3 2 16x 5 4x ( x 2 2 4) dx 5 4x ( x 1 2)( x 2 2) dy Let 50 dx 4x ( x 1 2)( x 2 2) 5 0 x 5 0, 6 2. The critical points are (0, 0), ( 2 2, 16), and (2, 2 16).
x dy dx Graph
x , 22 22 22 , x , 0 2 Dec. 0 Local Min 1 Inc.
0 0 Local Max
0,x,2 2 Dec.
2 0 Local Min
x,2 1 Inc.
4-7
Local minima at ( 2 2, 2 16) and (2, 2 16) Local maximum at (0, 0) 2x b. f ( x ) 5 2 x 19 2( x 2 1 9) 2 2x (2x ) f r (x) 5 ( x 2 1 9)2 18 2 2 x 2 5 2 ( x 1 9)2 Let f r ( x ) 5 0 Therefore, 18 2 2x 2 5 0 x2 5 9 x 5 63.
x f 9 (x) Graph
20 10
x 4 2 0 10 20
x.3 2 Decreasing
x , 23 2
23 0
23 , x,3 1
3 0 Local Max
Decreasing Local Min Increasing
Local minimum at ( 2 3, 2 0.3) and local maximum at (3, 0.3). c. y 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1 dy 5 3x 2 1 6x 5 3x ( x 1 2) dx dy Let 50 dx 3x ( x 1 2) 5 0 x 5 0, 2 2 The critical points are (0, 1) and ( 2 2, 5).
x dy dx Graph
2x x2 1 9 To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0. 2x 50 2 x 19 Therefore, 2x 5 0 x50 To find the y-intercepts, let x 5 0. 0 y5 50 9 y 0.5
b. f ( x ) 5
x 4 2 0 0.5 2 4
x , 22 1 Inc.
22 0 Local Min
22 , x , 0 2
0 0 Local Max
x,0 1 Inc.
Local maximum at ( 2 2, 5) Local minimum at (0, 1) 4. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2 To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0. x 4 2 8x 2 5 0 2 x ( x 2 2 8) 5 0
x 5 0, 6 "8 To find the y-intercepts, let x 5 0. y50
c. y 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1 To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0. 0 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1 The x-intercept cannot be easily obtained algebraically. Since the function has a local maximum when x 5 2 2, it must have an x-intercept prior to this x-value. Since f ( 2 3) 5 1 and f ( 2 4) 5 2 15, an estimate for the x-intercept is about 2 3.1. To find the y-intercepts, let x 5 0. y51
4-8
6 5 4 3 2 1 4 2 0 1 2
x 2 4
5. a. h ( x ) 5 2 6x 3 1 18x 2 1 3 hr ( x ) 5 2 18x 2 1 36x Let hr ( x ) 5 0: 2 18x 2 1 36x 5 0 18x (2 2 x ) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 2 The critical points are (0, 3) and (2, 27). Local minimum at (0, 3) Local maximum at (2, 27) Since the derivative is 0 at both points, the tangent is parallel to the horizontal axis for both. b. g ( t ) 5 t 5 1 t 3 gr ( t ) 5 5t 4 1 3t 2 Let gr ( t ) 5 0: 5t 4 1 3t 2 5 0 2 t (5t 2 1 3) 5 0 t50
x dy dx Graph
The critical point is at (5, 0), but is neither a maximum or minimum. The tangent is not parallel to the x-axis. 1 d. f ( x ) 5 ( x 2 2 1)3 1 2 f r ( x ) 5 ( x 2 2 1)23 (2x ) 3 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 1 2 2 ( x 2 1)23 (2x ) 5 0 3 x50 There is a critical point at (0, 2 1). Since the derivative is undefined for x 5 61, (1, 0) and ( 2 1, 0) are also critical points.
x dy dx Graph
x , 21 21 21 , x , 0 2 Dec. DNE 2 Dec.
0 0 Local Min
0,x,1 1 Inc.
0 DNE
x,1 1 Inc.
Local minimum at (0, 2 1) The tangent is parallel to the horizontal axis at (0, 2 1) because the derivative is 0 there. Since the derivative is undefined at ( 2 1, 0) and (1, 0), the tangent is not parallel to the horizontal axis at either point. 6. a.
x,0 1 Inc.
0 0 Local Min
0,x,2 2 Dec.
0 0 Local Max
x.2 1 Inc.
b.
The critical point is (0, 0).

t g9 ( x ) Graph
c.
t.0 1 Inc.
t,0 1 Inc.
0 0 Local Min
(0, 0) is neither a maximum nor a minimum Since the derivative at (0, 0) is 0, the tangent is parallel to the horizontal axis there. 1 c. y 5 ( x 2 5)3 dy 1 22 5 ( x 2 5) 3 dx 3 1 5 2 3( x 2 5)3 dy 20 dx
d.
7. a. f ( x ) 5 2 2x 2 1 8x 1 13 f r ( x ) 5 2 4x 1 8 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 2 4x 1 8 5 0 x52 4-9
The critical point is (2, 21). Local maximum at (2, 21)

x f 9 (x) Graph
x,2 1 Inc.
2 0 Local Max.
x.2 2 Dec.
20 10
c. f ( x ) 5 2x 3 1 9x 2 1 12x f r ( x ) 5 6x 2 1 18x 1 12 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 6x 2 1 18x 1 12 5 0 6( x 1 2)( x 1 1) 5 0 x 5 2 2 or x 5 2 1 The critical points are ( 2 2, 2 4) and ( 2 1, 2 5).
x dy dx
x , 22 1 Inc.
22 0 Local Max
22 , x , 21 2 Dec.
21 0 Local Min
x . 21 1 Inc.
x 8 4 0 10 20 4 8
Graph
Local maximum at ( 2 2, 2 4) Local minimum at ( 2 1, 2 5)

8 4 x 4 2 0 4 8 2 4 y
1 b. f ( x ) 5 x 3 2 9x 1 2 3 f r (x) 5 x2 2 9 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: x2 2 9 5 0 x2 5 9 x5 63 The critical points are ( 2 3, 20) and (3, 2 16) Local maximum at ( 2 3, 20) Local minimum at (3, 2 16)
x dy dx Graph
x , 23 1 Inc.
23 0 Local Max
23 , x , 3 2 Dec.
3 0 Local Min
x.3 1 Inc.
20 10
d. f ( x ) 5 2 3x 3 2 5x f r ( x ) 5 2 9x 2 2 5 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 2 9x 2 2 5 5 0 5 x2 5 2 9 This equation has no solution, so there are no critical points.

8 4 y
x 8 4 0 10 20 4 8 2 1 0 4 8 1 2
e. f ( x ) 5 "x 2 2 2x 1 2 2x 2 2 x21 f r (x) 5 5 2 !x 2 2 2x 1 2 !x 2 2 2x 1 2

4-10
Let f r ( x ) 5 0: Therefore, x 2 1 5 0 x51 The critical point is (1, 1). "x 2 2 2x 1 2 is never undefined or equal to zero, so (1, 1) is the only critical point.
x f 9 (x) Graph
x dy dx Graph
x , 26 2 Dec.
26 0 Local Min
26 , x , 21 1 Inc.
21 0 Local Max
21 , x , 2 2 Dec.
2 0 Local Min
x,2 1 Inc.
x,1 2 Dec.
1 0 Local Min
x.1 1 Inc.
Local minima at x 5 2 6 and x 5 2 Local maximum at x 5 2 1 9. f(x)

(1, 6) 6 5 4 3 2 1
Local minimum at (1, 1)

8 4 x 4 2 0 2 4 y
4 3 2 1 0 1
(3, 1) x 1 2 3 4
f. f ( x ) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 f r ( x ) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 12x 3 2 12x 2 5 0 12x 2 ( x 2 1) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 1

x dy dx Graph
x,0 2 Dec.
0 0
0,x,1 2 Dec.
1 0 Local Min
x.1 1 Inc.
There are critical points at (0, 0) and (1, 2 1). Neither local minimum nor local maximum at (0, 0) Local minimum at (1, 2 1)
8 4 x 4 2 0 2 4 y
10. y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c dy 5 2ax 1 b dx Since a relative maximum occurs at x 5 3, then 2ax 1 b 5 0 at x 5 3. Or, 6a 1 b 5 0. Also, at (0, 1), 1 5 0 1 0 1 c or c 5 1. Therefore, y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 1. Since (3, 12) lies on the curve, 12 5 9a 1 3b 1 1 9a 1 3b 5 11 6a 1 b 5 0. Since b 5 2 6a, Then 9a 2 18a 5 11 11 or a 5 2 9 22 b5 . 3 The equation is y 5 2 9 x 2 1 3 x 1 1. 11. f ( x ) 5 x 2 1 px 1 q f r ( x ) 5 2x 1 p In order for 1 to be an extremum, f r (1) must equal 0. 2(1) 1 p 5 0 p 5 22 To find q, substitute the known values for p and x into the original equation and set it equal to 5.
x f 9 (x) Graph
11
22
8. f r ( x ) 5 ( x 1 1)( x 2 2)( x 1 6) Let f r ( x ) 5 0: ( x 1 1)( x 2 2)( x 1 6) 5 0 x 5 2 6 or x 5 2 1 or x 5 2 The critical numbers are 2 6, 2 1, and 2.
x,1 2 Dec.
1 0 Local Min
x.1 1 Inc.
4-11
(1)2 1 (1)( 2 2) 1 q 5 5 q56 This extremum is a minimum value. 12. a. f ( x ) 5 x 3 2 kx f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 2 k In order for f to have no critical numbers, f r ( x ) 5 0 must have no solutions. Therefore, 3x 2 5 k must have no solutions, so k , 0. b. f ( x ) 5 x 3 2 kx f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 2 k In order for f to have one critical numbers, f r ( x ) 5 0 must have exactly one solution. Therefore, 3x 2 5 k must have one solution, which occurs when k 5 0. c. f ( x ) 5 x 3 2 kx f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 2 k In order for f to have two critical numbers, f r ( x ) 5 0 must have two solutions. Therefore, 3x 2 5 k must have two solutions, which occurs when k . 0. 13. g ( x ) 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d gr ( x ) 5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c Since there are local extrema at x 5 0 and x 5 2, 0a 1 0b 1 c 5 0 and 12a 1 4b 1 c 5 0 Therefore, c 5 0 and 12a 1 4b 5 0 Going back to the original equation, we have the points (2, 4) and (0, 0). Substitute these values of x in the original function to get two more equations: 8a 1 4b 1 2c 1 d 5 4 and d 5 0. We now know that c 5 0 and d 5 0. We are left with two equations to find a and b: 12a 1 4b 5 0 8a 1 4b 5 4 Subtract the second equation from the first to get 4a 5 2 4. Therefore a 5 2 1, and b 5 3. 14. a. f '(x) 6 4 2 x 0 6 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 6
b.
6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6
f '(x)
x 2 4 6
c.
6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6
f '(x)
x 2 4 6
d.
6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6
f '(x)
x 2 4 6
15. f ( x ) 5 3x 4 1 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d a. f r ( x ) 5 12x 3 1 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c At x 5 0, f r (0) 5 0, then f r (0) 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 c or c 5 0. At x 5 2 2, f r ( 2 2) 5 0, (1) 2 96 1 12a 2 4b 5 0. Since (0, 2 9) lies on the curve, 2 9 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 d or d 5 2 9. Since ( 2 2, 2 73) lies on the curve, 2 73 5 48 2 8a 1 4b 1 0 2 9 2 8a 1 4b 5 2 112 or 2a 2 b 5 28 (2) Also, from (1): 3a 2 b 5 24 2a 2 b 5 2 28 a 5 24 b 5 2 36.
4-12
The function is f ( x ) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 36x 2 2 9. b. f r ( x ) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 72x Let f r ( x ) 5 0: x 3 2 x 2 2 6x 5 0 x ( x 2 3)( x 1 2) 5 0. Third point occurs at x 5 3, f (3) 5 2 198. c. Local minimum is at ( 2 2, 2 73) and (3, 2 198).
x f 9 (x) Graph
( x 2 2 2)( x 2 1 1) 5 0 x 2 5 2 or x 2 5 2 1
dy
x 5 6"2; inadmissible
At x 5 100, dx . 0. Therefore, function is increasing into quadrant one, local minimum is at (1.41, 2 39.6) and local maximum is at ( 2 1.41, 39.6).
y 60 40 20 6 4 2 0 20 40 60 2 4 6
x , 22 2
22 0
22 , x,0 1
0 0
0, x,3 2
3 0
x.3 1
Decreas- Local Increas- Local Decreas- Local Increasing Min ing Max ing Min ing
Local maximum is at (0, 2 9). 16. a. y 5 4 2 3x 2 2 x 4 dy 5 2 6x 2 4x 3 dx dy Let 5 0: dx 2 6x 2 4x 3 5 0 2 2x (2x 2 1 3) 5 0

x 5 0 or x 2 5 2 2; inadmissible
x dy dx Graph
x,0 1 Increasing
0 0 Local Max
x.0 2 Decreasing
Local maximum is at (0, 4).

y 6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 2 4 6
f (x) g (x) Since f ( x ) has local maximum at x 5 c, then f r ( x ) . 0 for x , c and f r ( x ) , 0 for x . c. Since g ( x ) has a local minimum at x 5 c, then gr ( x ) , 0 for x , c and gr ( x ) . 0 for x . c. f (x) h (x) 5 g (x) f r ( x )g ( x ) 2 gr ( x )f ( x ) hr ( x ) 5 3g ( x )4 2 If x , c, f r ( x ) . 0 and gr ( x ) , 0, then hr ( x ) . 0. If x . c, f r ( x ) , 0 and gr ( x ) . 0, then hr ( x ) , 0. Since for x , c, hr ( x ) . 0 and for x . c, hr ( x ) , 0. Therefore, h ( x ) has a local maximum at x 5 c.
17. h ( x ) 5
4.3 Vertical and Horizontal Asymptotes, pp. 193195

x
b. y 5 3x 5 2 5x 3 2 30x dy 5 15x 4 2 15x 2 2 30 dx dy Let 5 0: dx 15x 4 2 15x 2 2 30 5 0 x4 2 x2 2 2 5 0

Calculas and Vectors Solutions Manual
1. a. vertical asymptotes at x 5 2 2 and x 5 2; horizontal asymptote at y 5 1 b. vertical asymptote at x 5 0; horizontal asymptote at y 5 0 g (x) 2. f ( x ) 5 h (x) Conditions for a vertical asymptote: h ( x ) 5 0 must have at least one solution s, and lim f ( x ) 5 ` . xS` Conditions for a horizontal asymptote: lim f ( x ) 5 k, where k P R,
xS`
or lim f ( x ) 5 k where k P R.
x S 2`
4-13
Condition for an oblique asymptote is that the highest power of g ( x ) must be one more than the highest power of h ( x ). 3. a.
3 x21x 2x 1 3 lim 5 lim 1 xS` x 2 1 xS` xx2x 3 1 1 2x 5 lim 1 xS` 12x 3 lim 2 1 x xS`
52
5 2
( (
) )
Similarly, lim
2 5x 2 1 3x 5 25 2 2. x S 2` 2x 2 5
x5 2 2 x3 1 x5 2x 5 2 3x 2 1 5 d. lim 4 5 lim x S ` 3x 1 5x 2 4 xS` 4 5 4 x 3 1 x3 2 x4 x 2 2 x3 1 x5 5 lim

xS`
( (
) )
)
5
( ) 5 1 lim (1 2 x)
xS`
5 4 3 1 x3 2 x4
3
210 120 52 5
Similarly, lim x 2 1 5 2. x S 2` b.
3 x 5 2 x2 5x 2 2 3 lim 2 5 lim xS` x 1 2 xS` 2 2 x 1 1 x2 3 5 2 x2 5 lim 2 xS` 1 1 x2 3 lim 5 2 x 2 xS`
2
2x 1 3
( (
) )
( ( x3 1 x5 )) 5 5 4 lim (3 1 x 2 x ) 3 5 lim ( x ) 3 lim (2 2 x 1 x ) 5 5 4 lim (3 1 x 2 x )

lim x 2 2
xS` xS`
3 4
xS`
xS`
xS`
5 lim ( x ) 3
xS`
5`
2x 5 2 3x 2 1 5
22010 31020
( ) 2 lim (1 1 ) x
xS`
2
Similarly, lim 3x 4 1 5x 2 4 5 lim ( x ) 5 2 ` . x S 2` xS` 4. a. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2 5. The numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
x-values x x15 y lim y
xSc
520 110 55 5
x S 25 x S 25
2 1
,0 ,0
,0 .0
.0 ,0
1` 2`
Similarly, lim x 2 1 2 5 5. x S 2`
x2 25 1 x 2 5x 2 1 3x c. lim 5 lim 2 x S ` 2x 2 5 xS` 2 5 x 2 2 x2 25 1 x 5 lim
xS`
5x 2 2 3
( (
) )
b. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2. The numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
x-values x12 x22 f (x) lim f ( x )
xSc
xS2
,0 .0
,0 .0
,0 .0
2` 1`
5 2 2 x2
xS2
3 lim 2 5 1 x xS`
xS`
2
( ) 5 lim (2 2 x )
c. This function is discontinuous at t 5 3. The numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
t-values 1 (t 2 3)2 s lim s
tSc
25 1 0 5 220
x S 32 x S 31
.0 .0
.0 .0
.0 .0
1` 1`
4-14
d. This function is discontinuous at x 5 3. However, the numerator also has value 0 there, since 32 2 3 2 6 5 0, so this function has no vertical asymptotes. e. The denominator of the function has value 0 when ( x 1 3)( x 2 1) 5 0 x 5 2 3 or x 5 1. The numerator is non-zero at these points, so the function has vertical asymptotes there. The behaviour of the function near the asymptotes is:
x-values 6 x13 x21 f (x) lim f ( x )
xSc
At a point x, the difference between the function x y 5 x 1 4 and its asymptote y 5 1 is

x x 2 ( x 1 4) 215 x14 x14 4 52 . x14 When x is large and positive, this difference is negative, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from below. When x is large and negative, this difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. 2x 2x b. lim 2 5 lim xS` x 2 1 xS` 2 1 x 12 2
x S 23
.0 .0 .0 .0
,0 .0 .0 .0
,0 ,0 ,0 .0
.0 ,0 ,0 .0
1` 2` 2` 1`
x S 23 xS1
2
x S 11
5 lim
xS`
f. This function is discontinuous when x2 2 1 5 0 ( x 1 1)( x 2 1) 5 0 x 5 2 1 or x 5 1. The numerator is non-zero at these points, so the function has vertical asymptotes there. The behaviour of the function near the asymptotes is:
x-values x
2
x 1 2 x2 lim (2)
xS`
) )
lim x 1 2 x 2 xS` lim (2) 5

xS` xS`
x11
x21
lim y
xSc
lim ( x ) 3 lim 1 2
xS`
1 x2
x S 212 x S 21 1 xS1 xS1

2 1
.0 .0 .0 .0
,0 .0 .0 .0
,0 ,0 ,0 .0
.0 ,0 ,0 .0
1` 2` 2` 1`
1 1 3 xS` x 120 50 5 lim

2x
5. a. lim
xS` x
x 5 lim 14 xS` 5 lim
x x11x 1 11
4 x
Similarly, lim x 2 2 1 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal x S 2` asymptote of the function. At a point x, the difference between the function
f ( x ) 5 x 2 2 1 and its asymptote y 5 0 is x 2 2 1. When x is large and positive, this difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. When x is large and negative, this difference is negative, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from below. t2 3 1 t2 3t 2 1 4 c. lim 2 5 lim xS` t 2 1 xS` 2 1 t 1 2 t2 3 1 t2 5 lim 1 xS` 1 2 t2
4 2x 2x
xS`
lim (1) 5
xS`
lim 1 1 x xS` 1 5 110 51

x
( (
) )
Similarly, lim x 1 4 5 1, so y 5 1 is a horizontal x S 2` asymptote of the function.
( 4) 5 1 lim (1 2 t )
lim 3 1 2 t xS`
xS`
2
4-15
310 120 53 5
To check for a horizontal asymptote:

x12x x23 lim 5 lim xS` x 1 5 xS` 5 x11x 12x 5 lim
xS`
Similarly, lim t 2 2 1 5 3, so y 5 3 is a horizontal x S 2` asymptote of the function. At a point x, the difference between the function
g ( t ) 5 t 2 2 1 and its asymptote y 5 3 is 3t 2 1 4 2 3( t 2 2 1) 3t 2 1 4 2 3 5 t2 2 1 t2 2 1 7 5 2 . t 21 When x is large and positive, this difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. When x is large and negative, this difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. x2 3 2 2 2 3x 2 2 8x 2 7 x x 5 lim d. lim xS` x24 xS` 4 x12x
3t 2 1 4
3t 2 1 4
( (
) )
3 5
11x
( 3 ) x 5 5 lim (1 1 x)
lim 1 2
xS` xS`
120 5 110 51
Similarly, lim x 1 5 5 1, so y 5 1 is a horizontal x S 2` asymptote of the function. At a point x, the difference between the function x23 y 5 x 1 5 and its asymptote y 5 1 is x23 x 2 3 2 ( x 1 5) 8 215 52 . x15 x15 x15 When x is large and positive, this difference is negative, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from below. When x is large and negative, this difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above.
6 4 2 108 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 y
x23
8 7 x 3 2 x 2 x2 5 lim 4 xS` 12x
lim x 3 2 2 2 x x xS`
4 lim 1 2 x xS`
xS`
((
))
2
) 8 7 lim ( x ) 3 lim (3 2 2 ) x x 5 4 lim (1 2 x)

xS` xS`
5 lim ( x ) 3
xS`
Similarly, lim
3x2 2 8x 2 7 5 lim ( x ) 5 2 ` , x24 xS` xS`
5`
32020 120
so this
function has no horizontal asymptotes. 6. a. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2 5. Since the numerator is not equal to 0 there, the function has a vertical asymptote at this point. The behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
x-values x S 252 x S 25 1 x23 x15 y lim y
xSc
b. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2 2. Since the numerator is non-zero there, the function has a vertical asymptote at this point. The behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
x-values x S 22 x S 21 5 ( x 1 2)2 f (x) lim f ( x )
xSc
.0 .0
.0 .0
.0 .0
1` 1`
,0 ,0
,0 .0
.0 ,0
1` 2`
4-16
lim
xS`
5 5 5 lim 2 ( x 1 2)2 x S ` x 1 4x 1 4 5 5 lim xS` 2 4 4 x 1 1 x 1 x2
So g ( t ) can be written in the form g (t) 5 t 2 3
) ))
4 4
lim (5) 5
xS`
lim x 2 1 1 x 1 x 2 xS` lim (5) 5

xS`
( (
8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
x 2 4 6 8
lim ( x 2 ) 3 lim 1 1 x 1 x 2 xS` xS` 1 5 2 3 xS` x 11010 50 5 lim

5
Similarly, lim ( x 1 2)2 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal x S 2` asymptote of the function. At a point x, the difference between the function
f ( x ) 5 ( x 1 2)2 and its asymptote y 5 0 is
5 . ( x 1 2)2 5
d. This function is discontinuous when x 2 2 3x 5 0 x ( x 2 3) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 3 The numerator is non-zero at these points, so the function has vertical asymptotes at both of them. The behaviour of the function near these asymptotes is:
x-values 21x 3 2 2x x x23 y lim y
xSc
When x is large and positive, this
xS0
.0 .0 .0 .0
.0 .0 ,0 ,0
,0 .0 .0 .0
,0 ,0 ,0 .0
.0 ,0 .0 ,0
1` 2` 1` 2`
difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. When x is large and negative, this difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above.
10 8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 2 y
x S 01 x S 32 x S 31
To check for horizontal asymptotes: (2 1 x )(3 2 2x ) 2 2x 2 2 x 1 6 lim 5 lim 2 xS` x 2 3x xS` x 2 2 3x

x2 22 2 x 1 x2 5 lim
xS`
x 2
x2 1 2 x
1 3
5 lim
22 2 x 1 x2 12x
xS`
c. This function is discontinuous at t 5 5. However, the numerator is equal to zero there, since 52 2 2(5) 2 15 5 0, so this function has no vertical asymptote. To check for an oblique asymptote: t23 2 t 2 5 q t 2 2t 2 15 t2 2 5t 0 1 3t 2 15 0 1 3t 2 15 01010
lim 2 2 2 1 2 x x xS`
lim 1 2 x xS` 22 2 0 1 0 5 120 5 22
Similarly, lim
x S 2`
(2 1 x )(3 2 2x ) 5 2 2, x 2 2 3x
so y 5 2 2 is
a horizontal asymptote of the function.
4-17
At a point x, the difference between the function

2 2x 2 2 x 1 6 y5 x 2 2 3x
c.
and its asymptote y 5 2 2 is
2 2x 2 2 x 1 6 2 2x 2 2 x 1 6 1 2( x 2 2 3x ) 125 2 x 2 3x x 2 2 3x 2 7x 1 6 5 2 . x 2 3x When x is large and positive, this difference is negative, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from below. When x is large and negative, this difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. y 8 6 4 2 x 0 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8
x22 x2 1 2x q x3 1 0x2 1 0x 2 1 x3 1 2x2 2 2x2 1 0x 2 1 2 2x2 2 4x 4x 2 1

4x 2 1
So f ( x ) can be written in the form

f ( x ) 5 x 2 2 1 x 2 1 2x. Since x42 4x 2 1 x lim 2 5 lim x S ` x 1 2x xS` 2 2 x 11x 42x 5 lim xS` 2 x11x
xS`
( (
) )
7. a.
3x 2 7 2 x 2 3 q 3x 2 2x 2 17 3x2 2 9x 7x 2 17 7x 2 21 4
4 . x23
( ) 1 lim (4 2 ) x 5 2 lim (x(1 1 )) x 1 lim (4 2 ) x 5 2 lim ( x ) 3 lim (1 1 x)

xS` xS` xS` xS`
1 420 5 lim a b 3 xS` x 110 5 0,

f ( x ) 5 3x 2 7 1
4 lim 5 0, x 2 3 xS`
Since lim x 2 3 5 0 and

xS`
the line y 5 3x 2 7 is an asymptote
to the function f ( x ). b. x13 2 q 2x 1 3 2x 1 9x 1 2 2x2 1 3x 6x 1 2 6x 1 9 27 So f ( x ) can be written in the form

f ( x ) 5 x 1 3 2 2x 1 3. Since lim 2x 1 3 5 0 and xS`
x S 2`2x
and similarly lim x 2 1 2x 5 0, the line y 5 x 2 2 is x S 2` an asymptote to the function f ( x ). d. x13 2 3 2 x 2 4x 1 3 q x 2 x 2 9x 1 15 x3 2 4x2 1 3x 3x2 2 12x 1 15 3x2 2 12x 1 9 6 So f ( x ) can be written in the form
f ( x ) 5 x 1 3 1 x 2 2 4x 1 3. Since lim x 2 2 4x 1 3 xS`
6 6 6
4x 2 1
lim
7 5 0, 13
the line y 5 x 1 3 is an asymptote
and lim x 2 2 4x 1 3 5 0, the line y 5 x 1 3 is an x S 2` asymptote to the function f ( x ). 8. a. At a point x, the difference between the 4 function f ( x ) 5 f ( x ) 5 3x 2 7 1 x 2 3 and its oblique asymptote y 5 3x 2 7 is
3x 2 7 1 x 2 3 2 (3x 2 7) 5 x 2 3. When x is
4 4
to the function f ( x ). 4-18
large and positive, this difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. When x is large and negative, this difference is negative, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from below. b. At a point x, the difference between the function 7 f ( x ) 5 x 1 3 2 2x 1 3 and its oblique asymptote
y 5 x 1 3 is
7 7 x 1 3 2 2x 1 3 2 ( x 1 3) 5 2 2x 1 3.
lim
x 2 1 3x 2 2 x 2 1 3x 2 2 5 lim 2 2 x S ` ( x 2 1) x S ` x 2 2x 1 1
3 2 ( 2 ) x x 5 lim 2 1 x (1 2 x 1 x )
x2 1 1
2
xS`
1 1 x 2 x2 5 lim
xS`
3 2
2 1
When x is large and positive, this difference is negative, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from below. When x is large and negative, this difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. 9. a. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2 5. The numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
x-values x S 252 x S 25 1 3x 2 1 x15 f (x) lim f ( x )
xSc
1 2 x 1 x2
( 3 2) 5 2 1 lim (1 2 x 1 x )
lim 1 1 2 2 x x xS`
xS`
2
11020 12010 51 5
,0 ,0
,0 .0
.0 ,0
1` 2`

x32x 3x 2 1 lim 5 lim xS` x 1 5 xS` 5 x11x 5 lim 32x 11x
5 1
( (
) )
xS`
Similarly, lim ( x 2 1)2 5 1, so y 5 1 is a xS` horizontal asymptote of the function. c. This function is discontinuous when x2 2 4 5 0 x2 5 4 x 5 6 2. At x 5 2 the numerator is 0, since 22 1 2 2 6 5 0, so the function has no vertical asymptote there. At x 5 2 2, however, the numerator is non-zero, so the function has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
x-values x S 22 x S 22
2 1
x 2 1 3x 2 2
( 1) 5 5 lim (1 1 x)
lim 3 2 x xS`
xS`
x2 1 x 2 6
x2 2 4
h (x)
lim h ( x )
xSc
,0 ,0
.0 ,0
,0 .0
2` 1`
320 110 51 5
Similarly, lim x 1 5 5 3, so y 5 3 is a horizontal xS` asymptote of the function. b. This function is discontinuous at x 5 1. The numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the function near the asymptote is: To check for a horizontal asymptote:
x-values xS1
2
3x 2 1
To check for a horizontal asymptote: 1 6 x2 1 1 2 x2 2 x x 1x26 lim 5 lim 2 xS` x 24 xS` 4 x2 1 2 x2
1 1 x 2 x2 5 lim
xS`
1 2 x2 5
lim 1 1 2 2 x x xS` lim 1 2 x 2 xS`
x 2 1 3x 2 2
( x 2 1)2
g (x)
lim g ( x )
xSc
.0 .0
.0 .0
.0 .0
1` 1`
)
4-19
x S 11
11020 120 51 5
Similarly, lim
x2 1 x 2 6 5 1, 2 x S 2` x 2 4
so y 5 1 is a
horizontal asymptote of the function. d. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2. The numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
x-values xS2
2
Horizontal asymptote is at y 5 2 1 2. 2 (2x 1 5) 2 2(3 2 x ) 2 11 f r (x) 5 5 2 (2x 1 5) (2x 1 5)2 Since f r ( x ) 2 0, there are no maximum or minimum points. 3 y-intercept, let x 5 0, y 5 5 5 0.6 x-intercept, let y 5 0, 2x 1 5 5 0, x 5 3
4 2 x 4 2 0 2 4 2 4 f (x)
32x
5x 2 2 3x 1 2
x22
m (x)
lim m ( x )
xSc
.0 .0
,0 .0
,0 .0
2` 1`
x S 21
To check for a horizontal asymptote: x 2 1 3x 2 2 x 2 1 3x 2 2 lim 5 lim 2 2 x S ` ( x 2 1) x S ` x 2 2x 1 1

3 2 x 1 1 x 2 x2 5 lim xS` 2 2 1 x 1 2 x 1 x2 3 2 1 1 x 2 x2 5 lim 2 1 xS` 1 2 x 1 x2
2
( (
) )
( 3 2) 5 2 1 lim (1 2 x 1 x )
lim 1 1 x 2 x 2 xS`
xS`
2
11020 12010 51 5
b. This function is a polynomial, so it is continuous for every real number. It has no horizontal, vertical, or oblique asymptotes. The y-intercept can be found by letting t 5 0, which gives y 5 2 10. hr ( t ) 5 6t 2 2 30t 1 36 Set hr ( t ) 5 0 and solve for t to determine the critical points. 6t 2 2 30t 1 36 5 0 t 2 2 5t 1 6 5 0 ( t 2 2)( t 2 3) 5 0 t 5 2 or t 5 3
t h9 ( t ) Graph
Similarly, lim ( x 2 1)2 5 1, so y 5 1 is a xS` horizontal asymptote of the function. 32x 10. a. f ( x ) 5 2x 1 5 Discontinuity is at x 5 2 2.5. 32x lim 5 2` x S 2252 2x 1 5 32x lim 5 1` x S 225 1 2x 1 5 Vertical asymptote is at x 5 2 2.5. Horizontal asymptote: 32x 1 lim 52 , x S ` 2x 1 5 2 32x 1 52 . lim x S 2` 2x 1 5 2 4-20
x 2 1 3x 2 2
t,2 1 Inc.
t52 0 Local Max
2,t,3 2 Dec.
t53 0 Local Min
t.3 1 Inc.
The x-intercept cannot be easily obtained algebraically. Since the polynomial function has a local maximum when x 5 2, it must have an x-intercept prior to this x-value. Since f (0) 5 2 10 and f (1) 5 13, an estimate for the x-intercept is about 0.3.
24 20 16 12 8 4 2 0
h(t)
y 4 2 x
t 2 4 6
8 6 4 2 0 2
2 4 6 8
c. This function is discontinuous when x2 1 4 5 0 x2 5 24 This equation has no real solutions, however, so the function is continuous everywhere. To check for a horizontal asymptote: 20 20 lim 2 5 lim xS` x 1 4 xS` 2 4 x 1 1 x2
lim (20) 5
xS`
lim x 2 1 1 x 2 xS` 5
2 xS`
( (
)) (
4
lim (20) lim ( x ) 3 lim 1 1 x 2 xS` xS` 1 20 2 3 xS` x 110 50 5 lim
1 t Discontinuity is at t 5 0. 1 lim a t 1 b 5 1` 1 tS0 t 1 lim a t 1 b 5 2 ` t S 02 t Oblique asymptote is at s ( t ) 5 t. 1 sr ( t ) 5 1 2 2 t Let sr ( t ) 5 0, t 2 5 1 t 5 61. Local maximum is at ( 2 1, 2 2) and local minimum is at (1, 2).
d. s ( t ) 5 t 1
t s9 ( t ) Graph
t , 21 t 5 21 1 Increasing 0 Local Max
21 , t,0 2
0, t,1 2
t51 0 Local Min
t.1 1 Increasing
Similarly,
20 lim 2 5 0, x 14 x S 2`
so y 5 0 is a horizontal
asymptote of the function. The y-intercept of this function can be found by letting x 5 0, which gives Since the numerator of this function is never 0, it has no x-intercept. The derivative can be found by rewriting the function as y 5 20( x 2 1 4)21, then yr 5 2 20( x 2 1 4)21 (2x ) 40x 52 2 ( x 1 4)2 Letting yr 5 0 shows that x 5 0 is a critical point of the function.
x y9 Graph
Decreas- Decreasing ing
20 y 5 0 2 1 4 5 5.
4 2
s(t)
t 4 2 0 2 4 2 4
x,0 1 Inc.
x50 0 Local Max
x.0 2 Dec.
4-21
x S 23
2x 2 1 5x 1 2 x13 Discontinuity is at x 5 2 3. 2x 2 1 5x 1 2 5 5 2x 2 1 1 x13 x13 Oblique asymptote is at y 5 2x 2 1. lim 1 g ( x ) 5 1` , lim 2 g ( x ) 5 2 `
e. g ( x ) 5
There is no vertical asymptote. The function is the straight line s 5 t 1 7, t $ 2 7.

10 s(t) 8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 2
x S 23
(4x 1 5)( x 1 3) 2 (2x 2 1 5x 1 2) gr ( x ) 5 ( x 1 3)2 2x 2 1 12x 1 13 5 ( x 1 3)2 Let gr ( x ) 5 0, therefore, 2x 2 1 12x 1 13 5 0: 2 12 6 "144 2 104 x5 4 x 5 2 1.4 or x 5 2 4.6.
t s9 ( t ) Graph
2 4 6
a
11. a. The horizontal asymptote occurs at y 5 c . b. The vertical asymptote occurs when cx 1 d 5 0 or x 5 2 c .
d
x , 2 4.6 1 Increasing
2 4.6 0 Local Max
2 4.6 , x , 23 2 Decreasing
23 Undefined
23 , x , 2 1.4 2
x 5 1.4 x . 2 1.4 0 Local Min 1 Increasing
Vertical Decreasing Asymptote
Local maximum is at ( 2 4.6, 2 10.9) and local minimum is at ( 2 1.4, 2 0.7).

16 8 x 16 8 0 8 16 8 16 g(x)
t 2 1 4t 2 21 , t $ 27 t23 ( t 1 7)( t 2 3) 5 ( t 2 3) Discontinuity is at t 5 3. ( t 1 7)( t 2 3) lim 5 lim ( t 1 7) xS31 ( t 2 3) xS31 5 10 lim ( t 1 7) 5 10 2
f. s ( t ) 5
xS3
12. a. Since f is defined for all values of x, f r and f s are also defined for all values of x. f has a horizontal asymptote at y 5 0. So f r and f s will have horizontal asymptotes there. f has a local maximum at (0, 1) so f r will be 0 when x 5 0. f has a point of inflection at ( 2 0.7, 0.6) and (0.7, 0.6), so f s will be 0 at x 5 6 0.7. At x 5 0.7, f changes from concave up to concave down, so the sign of f s changes from positive to negative. At x 5 0.7, f changes from concave down to concave up, so the sign of f s changes from negative to positive there. f is increasing for x , 0, so f r will be positive. f is decreasing for x . 0, so f r will be negative. The graph of f is concave up for x , 2 0.7 and x . 0.7, so f s is positive for x , 2 0.7 and x . 0.7. The graph of f is concave down for 2 0.7 , x , 0.7, so f s is negative for 2 0.7 , x , 0.7. Also, since f s is 0 at x 5 6 0.7, the graph of f r will have a local minimum or local maximum at these points. Since the sign of f s changes from negative to positive at x 5 0.7, it must be a local minimum point. Since the sign of f s changes from positive to negative at x 5 2 0.7, it must be a local maximum point.
4-22
y 6 4 2 y = f ''(x) 4 2 0 2 4 6 2 4
b. Since f is defined for all values of x, f r and f s are also defined for all values of x. f has a horizontal asymptote at y 5 0 so f r and f s will have a horizontal asymptote there. f has a local maximum at (1, 3.5) so f r will be 0 when x 5 1. f has a local minimum at ( 2 1, 2 3.5) so f r will be 0 when x 5 2 1. f has a point of inflection at ( 2 1.7, 2 3), (1.7, 3) and (90, 0) so f s will be 0 at x 5 6 1.7 and x 5 0. At x 5 0, f changes from concave up to concave down, so the sign of f s changes from positive to negative. At x 5 2 1.7, f changes from concave down to concave up, so the sign of f s changes from negative to positive. At x 5 1.7, f changes from concave down to concave up, so the sign of f s changes from negative to positive. f is decreasing for x , 2 1 and x . 1, so f r will be negative. The graph of f is concave up for 2 1.7 , x , 0 and x . 1.7, so f s is positive for 2 1.7 , x , 0 and x . 1.7. The graph of f is concave down for x , 2 1.7 and 0 , x , 1.7, so f s is negative for x , 2 1.7 and 0 , x , 1.7. Also, since f s is 0 when x 5 0 and x 5 6 1.7, the graph of f r will have a local maximum or minimum at these points. Since the sign of f s changes from negative to positive at x 5 2 1.7, f r has a local minimum at x 5 2 1.7. Since the sign of f s changes from positive to negative at x 5 0, it must be a local maximum point. Since the sign of f s changes from negative to positive at x 5 1.7, it must be a local minimum point.
8 6 4 2 4 2 0 2 y
13. a. If f ( x ) is increasing, then f r ( x ) . 0. From the graph of f r, f r ( x ) . 0 for x , 0. If f ( x ) is decreasing, then f r ( x ) , 0. From the graph of f r, f r ( x ) , 0 for x . 0. At a stationary point, f r ( x ) 5 0. From the graph, the zero of f r ( x ) occurs at (0, 0). At x 5 0, The graph changes from positive to negative, so f has a local maximum there. If the graph of f is concave up, f s ( x ) is positive. From the slope of f r, the graph of f is concave up for x , 2 0.6 and x . 0.6. If the graph of f is concave down, f s ( x ) is negative and concave down for 2 0.6 , x , 0.6. Graphs will vary slightly. An example showing the shape of the curve is illustrated.
2 1 4 2 0 1 2 y x 2 4
b. If f ( x ) is increasing, then f r ( x ) . 0. From the graph of f r, f s ( x ) . 0 for x , 1 and x . 5. If f ( x ) is decreasing, then f r ( x ) , 0. From the graph of f r, f r ( x ) , 0 for 1 , x , 3 and 3 , x , 5. At a stationary point, f r ( x ) 5 0. From the graph, the zeros of f r ( x ) occur at x 5 1 and x 5 5. At x 5 1, the graph changes from positive to negative, so f has a local maximum there. At x 5 5, the graph changes from negative to positive, so f has a local minimum there. If the graph of f is concave up, f s ( x ) is positive. From the slope of f r, the graph is concave up for x . 3. If the graph of f is concave down, f s ( x ) is negative. From the slope of f r, the graph of f is concave down for x , 3. There is a vertical asymptote at x 5 3 since f r is not defined there. Graphs will vary slightly. An example showing the shape of the curve is illustrated.
4 y
y = f' (x) x 2 4 2
2 x 0 2 4 2 4 6
4-23
14. a. f ( x ) and r ( x ): lim f ( x ) and lim r ( x ) exist.

xS` xS`
b. h ( x ): the highest degree of x in the numerator is exactly one degree higher than the highest degree of x in the denominator. c. h ( x ): the denominator is defined for all x P R. 2x 2 3 f (x) 5 has vertical asymptotes at ( x 2 7)( x 1 2) x 5 7 and x 5 2 2. f ( 2 2.001) 5 2 110.99 so as x S 2 22, f ( x ) S 2 ` f ( 2 1.999) 5 111.23 so as x S 2 2 1 , f ( x ) S ` f (6.999) 5 111.12 so as x S 72, f ( x ) S ` f (7.001) 5 2 111.10 so as x S 7 1 , f ( x ) S 2 ` f ( x ) has a horizontal asymptote at y 5 0. g ( x ) has a vertical asymptote at x 5 3. g (2.999) 5 23 974.009 so as x S 32, g ( x ) S ` g (3.001) 5 2 24 026.009 so as x S 3 1 , g ( x ) S 2 ` 2 4x 2 1 By long division, h ( x ) 5 x 1 a 2 b so y 5 x x 11 is an oblique asymptote. ( x 1 3)( x 2 2) r (x) 5 has vertical asymptotes at ( x 2 4)( x 1 4) x 5 2 4 and x 5 4. r ( 2 4.001) 5 750.78 so as x S 2 42, r ( x ) S ` r ( 2 3.999) 5 2 749.22 so as x S 2 4 1 , r ( x ) S 2 ` r (3.999) 5 2 1749.09 so as x S 42, r ( x ) S 2 ` r (4.001) 5 1750.91 so as x S 4 1 , r ( x ) S ` r ( x ) has a horizontal asymptote at y 5 1. ax 1 5 15. f ( x ) 5 3 2 bx Vertical asymptote is at x 5 2 4. Therefore, 3 2 bx 5 0 at x 5 2 5. That is, 3 2 b ( 2 5) 5 0 3 b5 . 5 Horizontal asymptote is at y 5 2 3. ax 1 5 b 5 23 lim a x S ` 3 2 bx
a1 ax 1 5 2a x b 5 lim 3 lim a 5 x S ` 3 2 bx xS` b 2b
5
x 2 1 2x 1 1 ( x 1 1)( x 1 1) 5 lim xS` x11 xS` ( x 1 1) 5 lim ( x 1 1) lim 5` x2 1 1 x 2 1 2x 1 1 2 d b. lim c xS` x 1 1 x11 5 lim x 2 1 1 2 x 2 2 2x 2 1 xS` x11 2 2x 5 lim xS` x 1 1 22 5 lim 1 5 22 xS` 11x
xS`
2x 2 2 2x x2 2 9 Discontinuity is at x 2 2 9 5 0 or x 5 63. f ( x ) 5 1` lim 1
17. f ( x ) 5
xS3
x S 32 x S 23 1
lim f ( x ) 5 2 `
lim f ( x ) 5 2 ` lim f ( x ) 5 1`
x S 2 32
xS` xS`
Vertical asymptotes are at x 5 3 and x 5 2 3. Horizontal asymptote: lim f ( x ) 5 2 (from below)

lim f ( x ) 5 2 (from above)
But
a 2b 5 23
3 5,
or a 5 3b.
1
But b 5
then a 5 9 5.
Horizontal asymptote is at y 5 2. (4x 2 2)( x 2 2 9) 2 2x (2x 2 2 2x ) f r (x) 5 ( x2 2 9)2 4x 3 2 2x 2 2 36x 1 18 2 4x 3 1 4x 2 5 ( x 2 2 9)2 2x 2 2 36x 1 18 5 ( x 2 2 9)2 Let f r ( x ) 5 0, 2x 2 2 36x 1 18 5 0 or x 2 2 18x 1 9 5 0. 18 6 "182 2 36 x5 2 x 5 0.51 or x 5 17.5 y 5 0.057 or y 5 1.83. Local maximum is at (0.51, 0.057) and local minimum is at (17.5, 1.83).
t s9 ( t ) Graph
x1x x2 1 1 16. a. lim 5 lim 1 xS` x 1 1 xS` 11x 5`
23 , x , 0.51 1 Increasing
0.51 0
0.51 , x,3 2
3, x , 17.5 2
17.5 0
x . 17.5 1
Local Decreas- DecreasLocal Min Increasing Max ing ing
4-24
4 3 2 1 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4
f (x)
2. The slope of a general tangent to the graph g ( x ) 5 2x 3 2 3x 2 2 12x 1 15 is given by

dg 5 6x 2 2 6x 2 12. dx dg x for which dx 5 0.
We first determine values of
x 2 4 6 8 10
So 6x 2 2 6x 2 12 5 0 6( x 2 2 x 2 2) 5 0 6( x 1 1)( x 2 2) 5 0 x 5 2 1, x 5 2 Since dx is defined for all values of x, and since

dg dg 50 dx
Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 196197

1. a.
only at x 5 2 1 and x 5 2, it must be either positive or negative for all other values of x. Consider the intervals between x , 2 1, 2 1 , x , 2, and x . 2.
Value of x Value of dg 5 6x 2 2 6x 2 12 dx Slope of Tangents y-values Increasing or Decreasing
x , 21 dg .0 dx positive increasing
21 , x , 2 dg ,0 dx negative decreasing
x.2 dg .0 dx positive increasing
The function appears to be decreasing on ( 2 ` , 2) and increasing on (2, ` ). b.
3. The function appears to be increasing on ( 2 ` , 0) and (2, ` ) and decreasing on (0, 2). c.
8 6 4 2
y (3, 5) x 2 4 6 8
The function is increasing on ( 2 ` , 2 3) and ( 2 3, ` ). d.
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
(2, 0)
4. The critical numbers can be found when dx 5 0. a. dx 5 2 4x 1 16. When dx 5 0, dy 5 2 4( x 1 4) 5 0 dx x 5 24

dy dy
dy
The function appears to be decreasing on ( 2 ` , 0) and increasing on (0, ` ).
4-25
x*1 x21 x22 ( x 2 1)( x 2 2) dy dx g ( x ) 5 2x 3 2 9x 2 1 12x
1*x*2
x+2
2 2 ( 2 )( 2 ) 5 1 .0 increasing
1 2 ( 1 )( 2 ) 5 2 ,0 decreasing
1 1 (1)(1) 5 1 .0 increasing
b. dx 5 x 3 2 27x. When dx 5 0, dy 5 x ( x 2 2 27) 5 0 dx x 5 0, x 5 63"3 c. dx 5 4x 3 2 8x. When dx 5 0, dy 5 4x ( x 2 2 2) 5 0 dx x 5 0, x 5 6"2

dy dy dy
dy
dy
d. dx 5 15x 4 2 75x 2 1 60. When dx 5 0, dy 5 15( x 4 2 5x 2 1 4) 5 0 dx dy 5 15( x 2 2 1)( x 2 2 4) 5 0 dx x 5 61, x 5 62

2x (x 2 1 1) 2 ( x 2 2 1)(2x) dy . When dx 5 0, ( x 2 1 1)2 dy the numerator equals 0. So dx 5 2x ( x 2 1 1) 2 dy ( x 2 2 1)(2x ) 5 0. After simplifying, dx 5 4x 5 0.
dy
From the table above, x 5 1 is the local maximum and x 5 2 is the local minimum. dg b. 5 3x 2 2 4x 2 4 dx dg To find the critical numbers, set 5 0. dx 3x 2 2 4x 2 4 5 0 (3x 1 2)( x 2 2) 5 0 2 x 5 2 or x 5 2 3
x* 2 3x 1 2 x22 dg dx g (x) 2 3 2 2 *x*2 3 x+2
2 2 1 increasing
1 2 2 decreasing
1 1 1 increasing
e. dx 5
dy
2 The function has a local maximum at x 5 2 and a 3 local minimum at x 5 2
x50 dy ( x 2 1 2) 2 x (2x ) dy f. 5 . When dx 5 0, the 2 2 ( x 1 2) dx numerator equals 0. So after simplifying, dy 5 2 x 2 1 2 5 0. dx x 5 6"2 dg 5. a. 5 6x 2 2 18x 1 12 dx dg To find the critical numbers, set dx 5 0. So 6x 2 2 18x 1 12 5 0 6( x 2 1)( x 2 2) 5 0 x 5 1, x 5 2
6.
df 5 2x 1 k dx
df
To have a local minimum value, dx 5 0. This occurs when x 5 2 2 . So f 2 2 5 1. k2 k2 2 1251 4 2 k2 2 1251 4 k2 2 5 21 4 k2 5 4 k 5 62

k
( k)
4-26
7. f r ( x ) 5 4x 3 2 32 To find the critical numbers, set f r ( x ) 5 0. 4x 3 2 32 5 0 4( x 3 2 8) 5 0 x52

x*2 f 9 ( x ) 5 4x 3 2 32 f (x) x+2
than 3. So f ( x ) approaches y 5 3 from below when x is large and positive and approached y 5 3 from above when x is large and negative.
x2 1 1 2 2 x 2 1 3x 2 2 x x b. f ( x ) 5 5 2 1 ( x 2 1)2 2 x 1 2 x 1 x2
3 2 11x2x) ( 5 1 1x) (1 2 2 x
2 2
( (
) )
2 decreasing
1 increasing
The function has a local minimum at x 5 2. 8. a. Since x 1 2 5 0 for x 5 2 2, x 5 2 2 is a vertical asymptote. Large and positive to left of asymptote, large and negative to right of asymptote. b. Since 9 2 x 2 5 0 for x 5 63, x 5 2 3 and x 5 3 are vertical asymptotes. For x 5 2 3: large and negative to left of asymptote, large and positive to right of asymptote. c. Since 3x 1 9 5 0 for x 5 2 3, x 5 2 3 is a vertical asymptote. Large and negative to left of asymptote, large and positive to right of asymptote. d. Since 3x 2 2 13x 2 10 5 0 when x 5 2 2 3 and 2 x 5 5, x 5 2 3 and x 5 5 are vertical asymptotes. For x 5 2 2 3 large and positive to left of asymptote, large and negative to right of asymptote. For x 5 3: large and positive to left of asymptote, large and negative to right of asymptote. 9. a. f ( x ) 5
3x 2 1 5 x15 3x a 1 2 3x b
1
x S 1`
3 2 11x2x) ( (1 1 0 2 0) lim 5 2 1 (1 2 x 1 x ) (1 2 0 1 0)
2 2
51
So the horizontal asymptote is 1. Similarly, we can prove lim f ( x ) 5 1. If x is large and positive,
x S 2`
for example, x 5 1000, f ( x ) 5

9 96 998 10 02 001 ,
10002 1 3 (1000) 2 2 (1000 2 1)2
which is greater than 1. If x is large and negative, for example, x 5 2 1000,

( 2 1000)2 1 3 ( 2 1000) 2 2 ( 2 1000 2 1)
2
f (x) 5
9 96 998 5 10 02 001 , which is less
x a1 1 b x
5
1 3 a1 2 b 3x 5 5 11x
than 1. So f ( x ) approaches y 5 1 from above when x is large and positive and approaches y 5 1 from below when x is large and negative. 10. a. Since ( x 2 5)2 5 0 when x 5 5, x 5 5 is a vertical asymptote. x x f (x) 5 2 5 ( x 2 5) 10 25 x 2 1 2 x 1 x2
x S 1`
lim f ( x ) 5
3 c lim 1 2 3x d x S 2`
x S 2`
( 1) 5 lim (1 1 x)
x 1 2 x 1 x2 lim (1) x S 15 lim f ( x ) 5 10 25 x S 15 lim x 1 2 x 1 x 2

x S 15
10
25
((
))
5 1`
3(1 2 0) 5 (1 1 0) 53 So the horizontal asymptote is y 5 3. Similarly, we can prove lim f ( x ) 5 3. If x is large and positive,
x S 2`
This limit gets larger as it approaches 5 from the right. Similarly, we can prove that the limit goes to 1` as it approaches 5 from the left. For example, 1 if x 5 1000 f ( x ) 5 10 25 , which 1000 Q 1 2 1000 1 1000 2R gets larger as x gets larger. Thus, f ( x ) approaches 1` on both sides of x 5 5. b. There are no discontinuities because x 2 1 9 never equals zero.
for example, if x 5 1000, f ( x ) 5 which is smaller than 3. If x is large and negative, for exam3001 ple, if x 5 2 1000, f ( x ) 5 2 2 995 , which is larger
2999 1005 ,
4-27
2 x12 x22 x f (x) 5 2 5 12 12 x 2 12x 1 12 x2 1 2 x 1 x2
c. Using the quadratic formula, we find that x 2 2 12x 1 12 5 0 when x 5 6 6 2"6. So x 5 6 6 2"6 are vertical asymptotes.
t * 2.5198 1 2 4t23 4 Sign of C 9 ( t )
t + 2.5198
2 2 decreasing
1 1 increasing
) )
.
Behaviour of C ( t )
x S 16 1 2"6
lim
f (x) 5
This limit gets smaller as it approaches 6 1 2"6 from the right and get larger as it approaches 6 1 2"6 from the left. Similarly, we can show that the limit gets smaller as it approaches 6 2 2"6 from the left and gets larger as it approaches from the right. 11. a. f r ( x ) . 0 implies that f ( x ) is increasing. b. f r ( x ) , 0 implies that f ( x ) is decreasing. 12. a. h ( t ) 5 2 4.9t 2 1 9.5t 1 2.2 Note that h (0) 5 2.2 , 3 because when the diver dives, the board is curved down. hr ( t ) 5 2 9.8t 1 9.5 Set hr ( t ) 5 0 0 5 2 9.8t 1 9.5 t 8 0.97
0 * t * 0.97 29.8t 1 9.5 Sign of h9 ( t ) Behaviour of h ( t ) t + 0.97
12 12 x 1 2 x 1 x2 lim x S 16 1 2"6
2
x S 16 1 2"6
lim
x12
2 x
14. For f ( x ) the derivative function f r (0) 5 0 and f r (2) 5 0. Therefore, f r ( x ) passes through (0, 0) and (2, 0). When x , 0, f ( x ) is decreasing, therefore, f r ( x ) , 0. When 0 , x , 2, f ( x ) is increasing, therefore, f r ( x ) . 0. When x . 2, f ( x ) is decreasing, therefore, f r ( x ) , 0.
2 4 2 0 2 4 6 y x 2 4
1 1 increasing
2 2 decreasing
b. hr ( t ) 5 v ( t ) v ( t ) 5 2 9.8t 1 9.5 vr ( t ) 5 2 9.8 , 0 The velocity is decreasing all the time. t 13. C ( t ) 5 1 2t 22 4 1 C r ( t ) 5 2 4t 2 3 4 Set Cr ( t ) 5 0 1 0 5 2 4t 23 4 1 5 4t 23 4 t 3 5 16 t 8 2.5198
15. a. f ( x ) 5 x 2 2 7x 2 18 i. f r ( x ) 5 2x 2 7 Set f r ( x ) 5 0 0 5 2x 2 7 7 x5 2 ii.

2x 2 7 Sign of f 9 ( x ) Behaviour of f ( x )
x*
7 2
x+
7 2
2 2 decreasing
1 1 increasing
iii. From ii., there is a minimum at x 5 2. 7 7 2 7 f a b 5 a b 2 7 a b 2 18 2 2 2 7 49 49 fa b 5 2 2 18 2 4 2 7 121 fa b 5 2 2 4
4-28
iv.
10 5 4 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
y x 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 5 8x 3 2 8x 0 5 8x ( x 2 2 1) 0 5 8x ( x 2 1)( x 1 1) x 5 2 1 or x 5 0 or x 5 1
ii.
x * 21 8x x21 x11 Sign of f 9 (x) Behaviour of f ( x ) 21 * x * 0 0*x*1 x+1
2 2 2
2 2 1
1 2 1
1 1 1
b. f ( x ) 5 2 2x 3 1 9x 2 1 3 i. f r ( x ) 5 2 6x 2 1 18x Set f r ( x ) 5 0 0 5 2 6x 2 1 18x 0 5 2 6x ( x 2 3) x 5 0 or x 5 3 ii.

x*0 26x x23 Sign of f 9 ( x ) Behaviour of f ( x ) 0*x*3 x+3
( 2 )( 2 )( 2 ) ( 2 )( 2 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( 2 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( 1 )( 1 ) 52 51 52 51 decreasing increasing decreasing increasing
1 2 ( 1 )( 2 ) 5 2 decreasing
2 2 ( 2 )( 2 ) 5 1 increasing
2 1 ( 2 )( 1 ) 5 2 decreasing
iii. From ii., there is a maximum at x 5 0 and minima at x 5 2 1 and x 5 1 f ( 2 1) 5 2( 2 1)4 2 4( 2 1)2 1 2 f ( 2 1) 5 2 2 4 1 2 f ( 2 1) 5 0 f (0) 5 2(0)4 2 4(0)2 1 2 f (0) 5 2 f (1) 5 2(1)4 2 4(1)2 1 2 f (1) 5 2 2 4 1 2 f (1) 5 0 iv. y
3
iii. From ii., there is a minimum at x 5 0 and a maximum at x 5 3. f (0) 5 2 2(0)3 1 9(0)2 1 3 f (0) 5 3 f (3) 5 2 2(3)3 1 9(3)2 1 3 f (3) 5 2 54 1 81 1 3 f (3) 5 30 iv. y
35 30 25 20 15 10 5
2 1 x 2 1 0 1 1 2
x 2 4 6
0 5
d. f ( x ) 5 x 5 2 5x i. f r ( x ) 5 5x 4 2 5 Set f r ( x ) 5 0 0 5 5x 4 2 5 0 5 5( x 4 2 1) 0 5 5( x 2 2 1)( x 2 1 1) 0 5 5( x 2 1)( x 1 1)( x 2 1 1) x 5 2 1 or x 5 1
c. f ( x ) 5 2x 4 2 4x 2 1 2 i. f r ( x ) 5 8x 3 2 8x f r (x) 5 0
4-29
ii.
5 x21 x11 x2 1 1 Sign of f 9 (x) Behaviour of f ( x )
x * 21
21 * x * 1
x+1
17. a. lim
1 2 2 1
1 2 1 1
1 1 1 1
xS`
3 2 2x 3x
3 2x 2 x x 5 lim 3x xS` x
( 1 )( 2 )( 2 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( 2 )( 1 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( 1 )( 1 )( 1 ) 51 52 51 increasing decreasing increasing
022 3 2 52 3 x 2 2 2x 1 5 b. lim 2 x S ` 6x 1 2x 2 1 5
x2 2x 5 2 21 2 x2 x x 5 lim 6x 2 2 x 1 xS` 1 x2 2 x2 x2
iii. From ii., there is a maximum at x 5 2 1 and a minimum at x 5 1 f ( 2 1) 5 ( 2 1)5 2 5( 2 1) f ( 2 1) 5 2 1 1 5 f ( 2 1) 5 4 f (1) 5 (1)5 2 5(1) f (1) 5 2 4
8 6 4 2 2 1 0 2 4 6 8 y
12010 61020 1 5 6 7 1 2x 2 2 3x 3 c. lim 3 2 x S ` x 2 4x 1 3x 5

7 2x 2 3x 3 1 x3 2 x3 x3 5 lim x 3 4x 2 3x xS` 2 x3 1 x3 x3
x 1 2
01023 12010 5 23 5 1 2x 3 d. lim 4 x S ` x 2 4x 5

5 2x 3 2 x4 x4 5 lim x 4 4x xS` 2 x4 x4
16. a. vertical asymptote: x 5 2 1 2 , horizontal 1 asymptote y 5 2; as x approaches 1 2 from the left, graph approaches infinity; as x approaches 1 2 from the right, graph approaches negative infinity. b. vertical asymptote: x 5 2 2, horizontal asymptote: y 5 1; as x approaches 2 2 from the left, graph approaches infinity; as x approaches 2 2 from the right, graph decreases to ( 2 0.25, 2 1.28) and then approaches to infinity. c. vertical asymptote: x 5 2 3, horizontal asymptote: y 5 2 1; as x approaches 2 3 from the left, graph approaches infinity; as x approaches 2 3 from the right, graph approaches infinity d. vertical asymptote: x 5 2 4, no horizontal asymptote; as x approaches 2 4 from the left, graph increases to ( 2 7.81, 2 30.23) and then decreases to 2 4; as x approaches 2 4 from the right, graph decreases to ( 2 0.19, 0.23) then approaches infinity. 4-30
020 120 50 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 2x 5 2 1 2 3 e. lim 4 5 lim x 1 4 2 x S ` 3x 2 x 2 2 xS` 3 3x 2 x 2 2 2

2 3 3x 4
2 x x 5 lim x 1 lim 3x 4 x 2 2 xS` 3 xS` 2 x4 2 x4 x4 5`
4 3x 4
1 x4
f. lim
x 2 1 3x 2 18 xS` ( x 2 3)2 x 2 1 3x 2 18 5 lim 2 x S ` x 2 6x 1 9

x2 3x 18 1 x2 2 x2 x2 5 lim x 2 6x 9 xS` 2 x2 1 x2 x2
The local minimum is (5, 2 105) and the local maximum is ( 2 1, 20) 25 b. y 5 2 x 1 48 50x dy 52 2 dx ( x 1 48)2 For critical values, solve dx 5 0 or dx does not exist. Since x 2 1 48 . 0 for all x, the only critical point is 25 Q 0, 48 R d 2y 5 2 50( x 2 1 48)22 1 100x ( x 2 1 48)23 (2x ) dx 2 50 200x 2 52 2 2 1 2 ( x 1 48) ( x 1 48)3 At x 5 0, dx 2 5 2 482 , 0. The point Q 0, 25 48 R is a local maximum. c. s 5 t 1 t 21 1 ds 5 1 2 2, t 2 0 dt t
7 x dy
2
dy
dy
11020 12010 51 x 2 2 4x 2 5 g. lim xS` x2 2 1 5

x2 4x 5 2 x2 2 x2 x2 5 lim x 2 1 xS` 2 x2 x2
50
5 lim 51
xS`
12020 120 7 b x13

3
h. lim a 5x 1 4 2
xS`
5 lim 5x 1 lim 4 2 lim x

xS` xS` xS`
5`
1x
4.4 Concavity and Points of Inflection, pp. 205206

1. a. A: negative; B: negative; C: positive; D: positive b. A: negative; B: negative; C: positive; D: negative 2. a. y 5 x 3 2 6x 2 2 15x 1 10 dy 5 3x 2 2 12x 2 15 dx dy For critical values, we solve dx 5 0: 3x 2 2 12x 2 15 5 0 x 2 2 4x 2 5 5 0 ( x 2 5)( x 1 1) 5 0 x 5 5 or x 5 2 1 The critical points are (5, 2 105) and ( 2 1, 20). Now,
dy 5 6x 2 12. dx 2
2 2
For critical values, we solve dt 5 0: 1 12 250 t t2 5 1 t 5 61. The critical points are ( 2 1, 2 2) and (1, 2) d 2s 2 2 5 3 dt t At t 5 2 1, dt 5 2 2 , 0. The point ( 2 1, 2 2) is a local maximum. At t 5 1, dt 2 5 2 . 0. The point (1, 2) is a local minimum. d. y 5 ( x 2 3)3 1 8 dy 5 3( x 2 3)2 dx x 5 3 is a critical value. The critical point is (3, 8) d 2y 5 6( x 2 3) dx 2 At x 5 3, dx 2 5 0.
d 2y ds
2
ds
ds
At at this point.
dy x 5 5, dx 2 5 18 . 0. dy
2
There is a local minimum
At x 5 2 1, dx 2 5 2 18 , 0. There is a local maximum at this point.

The point (3, 8) is neither a relative (local) maximum or minimum. 3. a. For possible point(s) of inflection, solve d 2y 5 0: dx 2 6x 2 8 5 0 4 x5 . 3
4-31
Interval f 0 (x) Graph of f ( x )
x,
4 3
x5
4 3
x.
4 3
,0 Concave Down
50 Point of Inflection
.0 Concave Up
20 The point ( 4 3 , 2 1427 ) is point of inflection. b. For possible point(s) of inflection, solve d 2y 5 0: dx 2 200x 2 2 50x 2 2 2400 5 0 150x 2 5 2400. Since x 2 1 48 . 0: x 5 64.
Interval f 0 (x) Graph of f (x)
x , 24 .0
x 5 24 24 , x , 4 50 ,0 Concave Down
x54 50
x.4 .0
Concave Point of Up Inflection
Point of Concave Inflection Up
25 ( 2 4, 25 64 ) and ( 4, 64 ) are points of inflection.
2 x3 g s ( 2 1) 5 2 1 2 5 4 . 0 The curve lies above the tangent line at ( 2 1, 2). w c. p ( w ) 5 at w 5 3 !w 2 1 1 1 p ( w ) 5 w ( w 2 1 1)2 dp 1 1 3 5 ( w 2 1 1)2 1 w a2 b ( w 2 1 1)2 (2w ) dw 2 1 3 2 2 2 5 ( w 1 1) 2 w ( w 2 1 1)2 1 d 2p 3 3 5 2 ( w 2 1 1)2 (2w ) 2 2w ( w 2 1 1)2 dw 2 2 3 5 1 w 2 a b ( w 2 1 1)2 (2w ) 2 d 2p 3 81 6 At w 5 3, 2 10 !10 1 2 5 2 dw 10 !10 100 !10 9 52 , 0. 100 !10 gs (x) 5 2 2
ds 3 c. 2 5 2 dt t
Interval f 0 (t) Graph of f ( t )
The curve is below the tangent line at (3,
3 !10
).
t,0 ,0 Concave Down
t50 Undefined Undefined
t.0 .0 Concave Up
The graph does not have any points of inflection. d. For possible points of inflection, solve d 2y 5 0: dx 2 6( x 2 3) 5 0 x 5 3.
x,3 ,0 Concave Down
x53 50 Point of Inflection
x.3 .0 Concave Up
(3, 8) is a point of inflection. 4. a. f ( x ) 5 2x 3 2 10x 1 3 at x 5 2 f r ( x ) 5 6x 2 2 10 f s ( x ) 5 12x f s (2) 5 24 . 0 The curve lies above the tangent at (2, 2 1). 1 b. g ( x ) 5 x 2 2 at x 5 2 1 x 1 gr ( x ) 5 2x 1 2 x
d. The first derivative is ( t 2 4)(2) 2 (2t )(1) sr ( t ) 5 ( t 2 4)2 28 5 ( t 2 4)2 The second derivative is ( t 2 4)2 (0) 2 ( 2 8)2( t 2 4)1 ss (t) 5 ( t 2 4)4 16 5 ( t 2 4)3 16 So s s ( 2 2) 5 ( 2 2 2 4)3 16 2 52 52 216 27 Since the second derivative is negative at this point, the function lies below the tangent there. 5. For the graph on the left: i. f s ( x ) . 0 for x , 1 Thus, the graph of f ( x ) is concave up on x , 1. f s ( x ) # 0 for x . 1. The graph of f ( x ) is concave down on x . 1. ii. There is a point of inflection at x 5 1.
4-32
iii.
y y = f''(x) 1 0 1 2 y y = f(x) 3
For possible points of inflection, solve f s ( x ) 5 0: 12x 2 1 24x 5 0 12x ( x 1 2) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 2 2.

x , 22 .0
x 5 22 22 , x , 0 50 ,0 Concave Down
x50 50
x.0 .0
4 3 2 1 2 1 0 1
x 1 2
For the graph on the right: i. f s ( x ) . 0 for x , 0 or x.2 The graph of f ( x ) is concave up on x , 0 or x . 2. The graph of f ( x ) is concave down on 0 , x , 2. ii. There are points of inflection at x 5 0 and x 5 2. iii. y
y = f''(x) x 1 0 y 1 2 3
The points of inflection are ( 2 2, 2 16) and (0, 0). ii. If x 5 0, y 5 0. For critical points, we solve f r ( x ) 5 0: 4x 3 1 12x 2 5 0 4x 2 ( x 1 3) 5 0 x 5 0 and x 5 2 3.
x , 23 ,0 Decreasing
x 5 23 23 , x , 0 x 5 0 50 Local Min .0 Increasing 50
x.0 .0 Increasing
If y 5 0, x 4 1 4x 3 5 0 x 3 ( x 1 4) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 2 4 The x-intercepts are 0 and 2 4.

20 15 10 5 y
4 2 2 0 2
y = f (x) x 2 4
x 2
6. For any function y 5 f ( x ), find the critical points, i.e., the values of x such that f r ( x ) 5 0 or f r ( x ) does not exist. Evaluate f s ( x ) for each critical value. If the value of the second derivative at a critical point is positive, the point is a local minimum. If the value of the second derivative at a critical point is negative, the point is a local maximum. 7. Step 4: Use the first derivative test or the second derivative test to determine the type of critical points that may be present. 8. a. f ( x ) 5 x 4 1 4x 3 i. f r ( x ) 5 4x 3 1 12x 2 f s ( x ) 5 12x 2 1 24x
0 2 5 10 15 20 25
4w 2 2 3 w3 4 3 5 2 3, w 2 0 3 w 4 9 i. gr ( w ) 5 2 2 1 4 w w 9 2 4w 2 5 w4 8 36 gs (w) 5 3 2 3 w w 8w 2 2 36 5 w5
b. d. g ( w ) 5
4-33
For possible points of inflection, we solve g s ( w ) 5 0: 8w 2 2 36 5 0, since w 5 2 0 9 w2 5 2 3 w56 . "2

Interval g9 ( w ) Graph of g ( w )
w,2
,w , 3 3 3 2 3 3 , 3 w5 w52 w. !2 0, !2 !2 !2 !2 !2 w ,0 ,0 50 .0 ,0 0 .0 Point of Concave Concave Point of Concave Inflection Up Down Inflection Up
Concave Down
9. The graph is increasing when x , 2 and when 2 , x , 5. The graph is decreasing when x . 5. The graph has a local maximum at x 5 5. The graph has a horizontal tangent line at x 5 2. The graph is concave down when x , 2 and when 4 , x , 7. The graph is concave up when 2 , x , 4 and when x . 7. The graph has points of inflection at x 5 2, x 5 4, and x 5 7. The y-intercept of the graph is 2 4.
4 y 2 4 2 0 2 4 2 4 6 8 x
3 8 !2 The points of inflection are (2 ! 2 , 2 9 ) and 3 8 !2 (! 2 , 2 9 ).
ii. There is no y-intercept. The x-intercept is 6 !2. For critical values, we solve gr ( w ) 5 0: 9 2 4w 2 5 0 since w 4 2 0 3 w56 . 2
w,2 ,0
3 3 w52 2 2 50 Local Min
3 , 2 w ,0 .0
w,
,0, 3 2 .0
w5 0
3 2
w.
3 2
,0
Decreasing Down
Local Increasing Increasing Decreasing Max
4w 2 2 3 4w 2 2 3 lim 5 ` , 5 2` wS0 w3 wS01 w3 4 4 3 3 lim a 2 3 b 5 0, lim a 2 3 b 5 0 w S 2` w w wS` w w Thus, y 5 0 is a horizontal asymptote and x 5 0 is a vertical asymptote. y 4 3 2 1 x 0 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 lim2
10. f ( x ) 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 c f r ( x ) 5 3ax 2 1 2bx f s ( x ) 5 6ax 1 2b Since (2, 11) is a relative extremum, f (2) 5 12a 1 4b 5 0. Since (1, 5) is an inflection point, f s (1) 5 6a 1 2b 5 0. Since the points are on the graph, a 1 b 1 c 5 5 and 8a 1 4b 1 c 5 11 7a 1 3b 5 6 9a 1 3b 5 0 2a 5 2 6 a 5 23 b59 c 5 2 1. Thus, f ( x ) 5 2 3x 3 1 9x 2 2 1.
10 8 6 4 2 4 2 0 2 y (2, 11)
(1, 5) x 2 4 6 8
1
11. f ( x ) 5 ( x 1 1)2 1 bx 21 1 1 f r ( x ) 5 ( x 1 1)2 2 bx 22 2 1 3 f s ( x ) 5 2 ( x 1 1)2 1 2bx 23 4

4-34
Since the graph of y 5 f ( x ) has a point of inflection at x 5 3: 1 2b 3 2 (4)2 1 50 4 27 1 2b 2 1 50 32 27 27 b5 . 64 12. f ( x ) 5 ax 4 1 bx 3 f r ( x ) 5 4ax 3 1 3bx 2 f s ( x ) 5 12ax 2 1 6bx For possible points of inflection, we solve f s ( x ) 5 0: 12ax 2 1 6bx 5 0 6x (2ax 1 b ) 5 0 b x 5 0 or x 5 2 . 2a The graph of y 5 f s ( x ) is a parabola with x-intercepts 0 and 2 2a. We know the values of f s ( x ) have opposite signs when passing through a root. Thus at x 5 0 and at
x 5 2 , the concavity changes as the graph goes 2a through these points. Thus, f ( x ) has points of
b b
When x 5 0, y 5 0. Also, y 5
x ( x 2 2 2x 1 4) x 3 ( x 2 1)2 1 34 5 . x2 2 4 x2 2 4
Since ( x 2 1)2 1 3 . 0, the only x-intercept is x 5 0. Since lim x 2 2 4 5 0, the curve approaches the xS` value x 2 2 as x S ` . This suggests that the line y 5 x 2 2 is an oblique asymptote. It is verified by the limit lim 3x 2 2 2 f ( x )4 5 0. Similarly, the
xS`
8x 2 8
curve approaches y 5 x 2 2 as x S 2 ` . dy 8( x 2 2 4) 2 8( x 2 1)(2x ) 511 dx ( x2 2 4)2 2 8( x 2 2x 1 4) 512 ( x 2 2 4)2 We solve dx 5 0 to find critical values:
8x 2 2 16x 1 32 5 x 4 2 8x 2 1 16 x 4 2 16x 2 2 16 5 0 x 2 5 8 1 4"5 ( 8 2 4"5 is x 8 64.12. lim y 5 ` and lim y 5 2 `
x S 2`
dy
inadmissible)
xS`
inflection at x 5 0 and x 5 2 2a. To find the x-intercepts, we solve f ( x ) 5 0 x 3 ( ax 1 b ) 5 0 b x 5 0 or x 5 2 . a The point midway between the x-intercepts has b x-coordinate 2 2a. The points of inflection are (0, 0) and
Interval
x, x5 2 4.12 2 2 , x 2 4.12 2 4.12 , x , 2 , 2 .0 50 ,0 ,0
2,x 2 4.12 ,0
x5 4.12 0
x. 4.12 .0
dy dx
Graph Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Decreas- Local Increasof y ing Max ing ing ing Min ing
(22ba, 216ba ).
3
8 4
y x 2 4 6
13. a. y 5
x 3 2 2x 2 1 4x 8x 2 8 5 x 2 2 1 x2 2 4 x2 2 4
(by
division of polynomials). The graph has discontinuities at x 5 62. 8x 2 8 b 5 2` lim a x 2 2 1 2 x S 2 22 x 24 8x 2 8 lim 1 a x 2 2 1 2 b 5 2` x S 22 x 24

8x 2 8 b 5 2` x2 2 4 8x 2 8 lim a x 2 2 1 2 b 5 2` x S 22 1 x 24
x S 2 22
6 4 2 0 4 8 12 16
lim a x 2 2 1
b. Answers may vary. For example, there is a section of the graph that lies between the two sections of the graph that approach the asymptote. 14. For the various values of n, f ( x ) 5 ( x 2 c )n has the following properties:
4-35
n f9 ( x ) f99 ( x ) Infl. Pt.
n51 1 0 None
n52 2 (x 2 c) 2 None
n53 3 ( x 2 c )2 6 (x 2 c) x5c
n54 4 ( x 2 c )3 12 ( x 2 c )2 x5c
It appears that the graph of f has an inflection point at x 5 c when n $ 3.
4. a. y 5 x 3 2 9x 2 1 15x 1 30 We know the general shape of a cubic polynomial with leading coefficient positive. The local extrema will help refine the graph. dy 5 3x 2 2 18x 1 15 dx Set dx 5 0 to find the critical values:
3x 2 2 18x 1 15 5 0 x 2 2 6x 1 5 5 0 ( x 2 1)( x 2 5) 5 0 x 5 1 or x 5 5. The local extrema are (1, 37) and (5, 5). y (1, 37) 30 (3, 21) 15 x (5, 5) 0 2 2 4 6 8 10 15
30
dy
4.5 An Algorithm for Curve Sketching, pp. 212213

1. A cubic polynomial that has a local minimum must also have a local maximum. If the local minimum is to the left of the local maximum, then f ( x ) S 1` as x S 2 ` and f ( x ) S 2 ` as x S 1` . If the local minimum is to the right of the local maximum, then f ( x ) S 2 ` as x S 2 ` and f ( x ) S 1` as x S 1` . 2. Since each local maximum and minimum of a function corresponds to a zero of its derivative, the number of zeroes of the derivative is the maximum number of local extreme values that the function can have. For a polynomial of degree n, the derivative has degree n 2 1, so it has at most n 2 1 zeroes, and thus at most n 2 1 local extremes. A polynomial of degree three has at most 2 local extremes. A polynomial of degree four has at most 3 local extremes. 3. a. This function is discontinuous when x 2 1 4x 1 3 5 0 ( x 1 3)( x 1 1) 5 0 x 5 2 3 or x 5 2 1. Since the numerator is non-zero at both of these points, they are both equations of vertical asymptotes. b. This function is discontinuous when x 2 2 6x 1 12 6 6 " ( 2 6)2 2 4(1)(12) x5 2(1) 6 6 "2 12 5 2 This equation has no real solutions, so the function has no vertical asymptotes. c. This function is discontinuous when x 2 2 6x 1 9 5 0 ( x 2 3)2 5 0 x 5 3. Since the numerator is non-zero at this point, it is the equation of a vertical asymptote.
b. f ( x ) 5 4x 3 1 18x 2 1 3 The graph is that of a cubic polynomial with leading coefficient negative. The local extrema will help refine the graph. dy 5 12x 2 1 36x dx dy To find the critical values, we solve dx 5 0: 2 12x ( x 2 3) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 3. The local extrema are (0, 3) and (3, 57). d 2y 5 2 24x 1 36 dx 2 The point of inflection is ( 3 2 , 30) .
60 45 30 15 2 0 ( 3 , 30) 2 x 2 4 6 8 10 y (3, 57)
4-36
c. y 5 3 1
1 ( x 1 2)2
1
We observe that y 5 3 1 ( x 1 2)2 is just a translation of y 5 x 2. The graph of y 5 x 2 is

1 1 1
The reference point (0, 0) for y 5 x 2 becomes the point ( 2 2, 3) for y 5 3 1 ( x 1 2)2. The vertical asymptote is x 5 2 2, and the horizontal asymptote is y 5 3.
3 2 1 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 y
The critical values are x 5 2 2, 2, 3. f s ( x ) 5 12x 2 2 24x 2 16 Since f s ( 2 2) 5 80 . 0, ( 2 2, 2 80) is a local minimum. Since f s (2) 5 2 16 , 0, (2, 48) is a local maximum. Since f s (3) 5 20 . 0, (3, 45) is a local minimum. The graph has x-intercepts 0 and 2 3.2 The points of inflection can be found by solving f s ( x ) 5 0: 3x 2 2 6x 2 4 5 0 6 6 "84 x5 6 1 5 x 8 2 or . 2 2
y (2, 48) 40 (3, 45) x 3 2 1 0 20 40 1 2 3 4
x 1 2 3
20
dy 2 5 2 ( x 1 2)3, dx d 2y dx 2 6
hence there are no critical points.
60 80 (2, 80)
5 ( x 1 2)4 . 0, hence the graph is always concave up. y 8

4 x 4 2 0 4 8 2 4
2x x 2 25 There are discontinuities at x 5 2 5 and x 5 5. 2x 2x lim a 2 b 5 2 ` and lim1 a 2 b5` x S 52 x 2 25 S 25 x 2 25 2x 2x lim a 2 b 5 2 ` and lim1 a 2 b5` x S 52 x 2 25 S 25 x 2 25 x 5 2 5 and x 5 5 are vertical asymptotes.
e. y 5
dy 2( x 2 2 25) 2 2x (2x ) 2x 2 1 50 5 5 2 , 0 for 2 2 dx ( x 2 25) ( x 2 2 25)2
d. f ( x ) 5 x 4 2 4x 3 2 8x 2 1 48x We know the general shape of a fourth degree polynomial with leading coefficient positive. The local extrema will help refine the graph. f r ( x ) 5 4x 3 2 12x 2 2 16x 1 48 For critical values, we solve f r ( x ) 5 0 x 3 2 3x 2 2 4x 1 12 5 0. Since f r (2) 5 0, x 2 2 is a factor of f r ( x ). The equation factors are ( x 2 2)( x 2 3)( x 1 2) 5 0.
all x in the domain. The graph is decreasing throughout the domain.

2x x lim a 2 b 5 lim 25 x S ` x 2 25 xS` 1 2 x2 50
x S 2`
lim
2 x
1 2 x2
25 5 0
y 5 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
4-37
d 2y 4x (x 2 2 25)2 2 (2x 2 1 50)(2)( x2 2 25)(2x ) 5 2 dx 2 ( x 2 2 25)4 4x 3 1 300x 4x ( x 2 1 75) 5 ( x 2 2 25)3 ( x 2 2 25)3 There is a possible point of inflection at x 5 0. 5
Interval dy dx2 Graph of y
2
Similarly, lim x 2 2 4x 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal

xS`
x , 25 25 , x , 0 ,0 Concave Down .0 Point of Up
x50 50 Concave Inflection
0,x,5 ,0 Point of Down
x.5 .0 Concave Up
asymptote of the function. Since y 5 0 and x 5 0 are both asymptotes of the function, it has no x- or y- intercepts. The derivative is ( x 2 2 4x ) 2 (1)(2x 2 4) f r (x) 5 ( x 2 2 4x )2 4 2 2x 5 2 , and the second derivative is ( x 2 4x )2
f s (x) 5 ( x 2 2 4x )2 ( 2 2) 2 (4 2 2x )(2( x 2 2 4x )(2x 2 4)) ( x 2 2 4x )4
3 2 1 12 8 4 0 1 2 3
x 4 8 12
f. This function is discontinuous when x 2 2 4x 5 0 x ( x 2 4) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 4. The numerator is non-zero at these points, so the function has vertical asymptotes at both of them. The behaviour of the function near these asymptotes is:
x-values 1 x x24 f (x) lim f ( x )
xSc
2 2x 2 1 8x 1 8x 2 2 32x 1 32 ( x 2 2 4x )3 6x 2 2 24x 1 32 5 ( x 2 2 4x )3 Letting f r ( x ) 5 0 shows that x 5 2 is a critical point of the function. The inflection points can be found by letting f s ( x ) 5 0, so 2(3x 2 2 12x 1 16) 5 0 5 x5 5 12 6 " ( 2 12)2 2 4(3)(16) 2(3)
12 6 "2 48 6 This equation has no real solutions, so the graph of f has no inflection points.
x x*0 0*x*2 x50 2*x*4 x+4
xS0 xS0
.0 .0 .0 .0
,0 .0 .0 .0
,0 ,0 ,0 .0
.0 ,0 ,0 .0
1` 2` 2` 1`
f r (x) Graph fs (x) Concavity
1 Inc. 1 Up
1 Inc. 2 Down
0 Local Max 2 Down
2 Dec. 2 Down
2 Dec. 1 Up
x S 42 xS4
1
To check for a horizontal asymptote: 1 1 lim 2 5 lim x S ` x 2 4x xS` 2 x 124
lim (1) 5
xS`
8 6 4 2 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
lim x 2 1 2 4
xS`
( (
2
)) (
x
x 2 4 6 8 10 12
lim (1) 5
xS`
lim ( x ) 3 lim 1 2 4
xS` xS`
1 1 2 3 xS` x 110 50 5 lim
4-38
6x 2 2 2 x3 6 2 5 2 3 x x There is a discontinuity at x 5 0. 6x 2 2 2 6x 2 2 2 lim lim 5 ` 5 2` and x S 02 x3 xS01 x3 The y-axis is a vertical asymptote. There is no y-intercept. The x-intercept is a vertical asymptote. 1 There is no y-intercept. The x-intercept is 6 ! 3.
g. y 5
The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.

8 4 6 4 2 0 4 8 12 y
x 2 4 6
6 6 2 6x 2 1 6 dy 52 21 45 dx x x x4
dy 50 dx
Interval dy dx
when 6x 2 5 6 x 5 61
x , 21 x 5 21 21 , x , 0 0 , x , 1 x 5 1 ,0 50 Local Min .0 .0 50 x.1 ,0
x13 x2 2 4 There are discontinuities at x 5 2 2 and at x 5 2. x13 x13 and lim2 a 2 lim 2 a 2 b5` b 5 2` x S 22 x 24 xS2 x 24
h. y 5
Graph of Decreasy 5 f (x) ing
Increasing Increasing
Local DecreasMax ing
There is a local minimum at ( 2 1, 2 4) and a local maximum at (1, 4). 12 24 12x 2 2 24 d 2y 2 5 3 5 3 5 dx x x x3 d 2y For possible points of inflection, we solve dx 2 5 0 ( x 3 2 0): 12x 2 5 24 x 5 6"2.
Interval d2y dx2
x13 x13 b 5 2 ` and lim a 2 b5` 2 2 xS2 x 24 xS2 x 24 There are vertical asymptotes at x 5 2 2 and x 5 2. When x 5 0, y 5 2 3 4 . The x-intercept is 2 3. 2 dy (1)( x 2 4) 2 ( x 1 3)(2x ) 5 dx ( x 2 2 4)2 2 2 x 2 6x 2 4 5 ( x 2 2 4)2
lim a 2
For critical values, we solve dx 5 0: x 2 1 6x 1 4 5 0 6 6 "36 2 16 x52 2 5 2 3 6 "5 8 2 5.2 or 2 0.8.

Interval dy dx
dy
x, 2 !2 ,0
x, 2 !2 50
2 !2 , x,0
0, x , !2 ,0
x 5 !2
x . !2
x, 2 5.2 ,0
x 5 2 5.2 , 2 2 , x 5 2 0.8 , 2 5.2 x , 2 2 x , 2 0.8 2 0.8 x , 2 50 .0 Increasing .0 Increasing 50 ,0
x.2 ,0
.0
50
.0
Graph of Concave Point of Concave Concave Point of Convave y 5 f ( x ) Down Inflection Up Down Inflection Up
5 There are points of inflection at (2 "2, 2 ! 2)
Graph Decreas- Local of y ing Min
Local Decreas- DecreasMax ing ing
and ("2,
5 !2
).
1 3 1 x2 x lim y 5 lim 4 50 xS` xS` 12 2 x 1 3 1 x2 x lim 4 50 xS` 1 2 x2
2 3 6x 2 2 2 5 lim x x 5 0 lim 3 xS` x xS` 1 lim

6 2 2 x3 x
x 52`
50
4-39

2.0 1.0 8 6 4 2 0 1.0 2.0 2 4 6 8 y
For x , 1, dx 2 , 0 and y is always concave down. For, x . 1, dx 2 . 0 and y is always concave up. The line y 5 x 2 2 is an oblique asymptote.
8 6 4 2 y
d 2y
d 2y
(3, 3) x
x 2 2 3x 1 6 x21 4 5x221 x21 x22 x 2 1 q x2 2 3x 1 6 x2 2 x 2 2x 1 6 2 2x 1 2 4 There is a discontinuity at x 5 1. x 2 2 3x 1 6 lim a b 5 2` x S 12 x21 x 2 2 3x 1 6 lim a b5` xS11 x21 Thus, x 5 1 is a vertical asymptote. The y-intercept is 2 6. There are no x-intercepts ( x 2 2 3x 1 6 . 0 for all x in the domain). dy 4 512 dx ( x 2 1)2
i. y 5
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 2 4 (1, 5) 6 8
j. This function is continuous everywhere, so it has no vertical asymptotes. It also has no horizontal asymptote, because 2 2 lim ( x 2 4)3 5 ` and lim ( x 2 4)3 5 ` .
xS` x S 2`
The x-intercept of the function is found by letting f ( x ) 5 0, which gives 2 ( x 2 4)3 5 0 x54 The y-intercept is found by letting x 5 0, which
2
gives f (0) 5 (0 2 4)3 8 2.5. The derivative of the function is 21 f r (x) 5 (2 3 ) ( x 2 4) 3 and the second derivative is
2 f s (x) 5 (22 9 ) ( x 2 4) 3 . Neither of these derivatives 4
has a zero, but each is undefined for x 5 4, so it is a critical value and a possible point of inflection.
x f 9 (x) Graph f 99 ( x ) Concavity
x,4 2 Dec. 2 Down
x54 Undefined Local Min Undefined Undefined
x.4 1 Inc. 2 Down
For critical values, we solve dx 5 0: 4 12 50 ( x 2 1)2 ( x 2 1)2 5 4 x 2 1 5 62 x 5 2 1 or x 5 3.

Interval x , 2 1 x 5 2 1 dy dx Graph of y
dy
21 , x,1 ,0
1, x,3 ,0
x53 x.3 50 .0
.0 Increasing
50
Local Decreas- Decreas- Local IncreasMax ing ing Min ing
d 2y 8 2 5 dx ( x 2 1)3
5 4 3 2 1 0 1
x 2 4 6 8 10
4-40
5. a.
j.
b.
c.
6. y 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d Since (0, 0) is on the curve d 5 0: dy 5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c dx dy At x 5 2, 5 0. dx Thus, 12a 1 4b 1 c 5 0. Since (2, 4) is on the curve, 8a 1 4b 1 2c 5 4 or 4a 1 2b 1 c 5 2. d 2y 5 6ax 1 2b dx 2 Since (0, 0) is a point of inflection, dx 2 5 0 when x 5 0. Thus, 2b 5 0 b 5 0. Solving for a and c: 12a 1 c 5 0 4a 1 c 5 2 8a 5 2 2 1 a52 4 c 5 3. 1 The cubic polynomial is y 5 2 x 3 1 3x. 4 The y-intercept is 0. The x-intercepts are found by setting y 5 0: 1 2 x ( x 2 2 12) 5 0 4 x 5 0, or x 5 62"3. 3 Let y 5 f ( x ). Since f ( 2 x ) 5 1 4 x 2 3x 5 2 f ( x ), f ( x ) is an odd function. The graph of y 5 f ( x ) is symmetric when reflected in the origin.
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 y
d 2y
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
x 1 2 3 4
i.
4-41
7. a. Answers may vary. For example:

8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 y
2x k2x x2 50 lim a 2 b 5 lim 2 2 xS` k 1 x xS` k 2 1 1 x

k 1 2 2 x lim 2 x 5 0 xS` k 11 x2
x 2 4 6 8
Hence, the x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.

3 2 1 y
x 2 4 6 8
b. Answers may vary. For example:

8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 y
4 2 0 1 2 3
1
x 2 4 6 8
k2x k2 1 x2 There are no discontinuities.
8. f ( x ) 5
9. g ( x ) 5 x3 ( x 1 3)3 There are no discontinuities. 1 2 2 2 1 1 gr ( x ) 5 x3 ( x 1 3)3 1 x3 a b ( x 1 3)3 (1) 3 3 x 1 3 1 2x 3( x 1 1) 5 32 1 5 2 1 3x ( x 1 3)3 3x3 ( x 1 3)3 x11 5 32 1 3x ( x 1 3)3 gr ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 2 1. gr ( x ) doesnt exist when x 5 0 or x 5 2 3.
Interval x , 2 3 x 5 2 3
The y-intercept is k and the x-intercept is k.

f r (x) 5 5 ( 2 1)( k 1 x ) 2 ( k 2 x )(2x ) ( k 2 1 x 2 )2
2 2
23 , x 21 , x x50 x 5 21 ,0 , 21 ,0 50 .0 Increasing Does not Exist
x,0
g2 ( x )
.0
Does not Exist
.0 Increasing
x 2 2 2kx 2 k 2 ( k 2 1 x 2 )2 For critical points, we solve f r ( x ) 5 0: x 2 2 2kx 2 k 2 5 0 x 2 2 2kx 2 k 2 5 2k 2 ( x 2 k )2 5 2k 2
Graph Increasof g ( x ) ing
Local Decreas- Local Max ing Min
There is a local maximum at ( 2 3, 0) and a local minimum at ( 2 1, 2 1.6). The second derivative is algebraically complicated to find.
Interval g0 (x) Graph g0 (x)
x 2 k 5 6 "2 k x 5 (1 1 "2 )k or x 5 (1 2 "2 )k.

x, 2 0.41k .0 x5 0.41k ,0 Local Max 2 0.41k , x , 2.41k ,0 Decreasing x5 2.41k 50 Local Min x. 2.41k .0 Increasing
x , 23 x 5 23 .0 Concave Down Does Not Exist Cusp
23 , x,0
x50 Does Not Exist
x.0 .0
.0
Interval f (x) Graph of f ( x )
Concave Point of Concave Up Inflection Down
Increasing
4-42
6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 (1, 1.6) 6
b. g ( t ) 5 "t 2 1 4t 2 "t 2 1 t
5
x 2 4 6
( "t 2 1 4t 2 "t 2 1 t )( "t 2 1 4t 1 "t 2 1 t ) 3t "t2 1 4t 1 "t2 1 t
10. a. f ( x ) 5
5
!x 1 1 x
2
0x0
11 x
1 x2
x S 2` y53 2
lim g ( t ) 5 2 1 32 1 5 2 3 2 , since 0 t 0 5 2 t for t , 0
xS`
lim g ( t ) 5 3 5 3 2 , since 0 t 0 5 t for t . 0
"t 1 4t 1 "t 2 1 t 3t 5 4 1 0t0 1 1 1 0t0 1 1 t t

2
and y 5 2 3 2 are horizontal asymptotes.
, since x . 0 1 x 11 2 x 1 5 lim xS` 1 11 2 x 51 y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote to the right-hand branch of the graph. x , since 0 x 0 5 2 x lim f ( x ) 5 lim x S 2` x S 2` 1 2x 1 1 2 x for x , 0 x 5 lim x S 2` 1 2 11 2 x 5 21 y 5 2 1 is a horizontal asymptote to the left-hand branch of the graph. y 2
xS` xS`
lim f ( x ) 5 lim
11. y 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d dy 5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c dx d 2y b b 2 5 6ax 1 2b 5 6a a x 1 dx 3a
For possible points of inflection, we solve dx 2 5 0: b x52 . 3a The sign of dx 2 changes as x goes from values less than 2 3a to values greater than 2 3a. Thus, there is a point of inflection at x 5 2 3a. At x 5
b dy b 2 b , 5 3a a 2 b 1 2b a 2 b 1 c 3a dx 3a 3a b2 5c2 . 3a
b b b d 2y
d 2y
Review Exercise, pp. 216219

1. a. i. x , 1 ii. x . 1 iii. (1, 20) b. i. x , 2 3, 2 3 , x , 1, x . 6.5 ii. 1 , x , 3, 3 , x , 6.5 iii. (1, 2 1), (6.5, 2 1) 2. No. A counter example is sufficient to justify the conclusion. The function f ( x ) 5 x 3 is always increasing yet the graph is concave down for x , 0 and concave up for x . 0.
1 x 2 1 0 1 2 1 2
4-43
4 2
x 4 2 0 2 4 2 4
(7 2 x )(1 1 x ) ( x 2 1 7)2 Since x 2 1 7 . 0 for all x, the only critical values occur when hr ( x ) 5 0. The critical values are x 5 7 and x 5 2 1. 5
Interval h9 ( x ) Graph of h ( t )
x 5 21 21 , x , 7 50 Local Min .0 Increasing
x57 50 Local Max
x.7 ,0 Decreasing
3. a. f ( x ) 5 2 2x 3 1 9x 2 1 20 f r ( x ) 5 2 6x 2 1 18x For critical values, we solve: f r (x) 5 0 2 6x ( x 2 3) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 3. f s ( x ) 5 2 12x 1 18 Since f s (0) 5 18 . 0, (0, 20) is a local minimum point. The tangent to the graph of f ( x ) is horizontal at (0, 20). Since f s (3) 5 2 18 , 0, (3, 47) is a local maximum point. The tangent to the graph of f ( x ) is horizontal at (3, 47). b. f ( x ) 5 x 4 2 8x 3 1 18x 2 1 6 f ( x ) 5 4x 3 2 24x 2 1 36x f ( x ) 5 4x ( x 2 2 6x 1 9) f ( x ) 5 4x ( x 2 3)2 Let f ( x ) 5 0: 4x ( x 2 3)2 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 3 The critical points are (0, 6) and (3, 33).
x dy dx Graph x,0 2 0 0 Local Min 0,x,3 1 3 0 x.3 1
There is a local minimum at ( 2 1, 2 1 2 ) and a local 1 maximum at (7, 14 ). At both points, the tangents are parallel to the x-axis. 1 d) g ( x ) 5 ( x 2 1)3 1 22 gr ( x ) 5 ( x 2 1) 3 3 Let gr ( x ) 5 0: 1 22 ( x 2 1) 3 5 0 3 There are no solutions, but gr ( x ) is undefined for x 5 1, so the point (1, 0) is a critical point.
x f 9 (x) Graph x,1 1 Inc. 1 Undefined x.1 1 Inc.
Dec
Inc
Inc
Local minimum at (0, 6) (3, 33) is neither a local maximum nor a local minimum. The tangent is parallel to the x-axis at both points because the derivative is defined at both points. x23 c. h ( x ) 5 2 x 17 (1)( x 2 1 7) 2 ( x 2 3)(2x ) h (x) 5 ( x 2 1 7)2 7 1 6x 2 x 2 5 ( x 2 1 7)2 4-44
(1, 0) is neither a local maximum nor a local minimum. The tangent is not parallel to the x-axis because it is not defined for x 5 1. 4. a. a , x , b, x . e b. b , x , c c. x , a, d , x , e d. c , x , d 2x 5. a. y 5 x23 There is a discontinuity at x 5 3. 2x 2x lim a b 5 2 ` and lim a b5` x S 32 x 2 3 xS31 x 2 3 Therefore, x 5 3 is a vertical asymptote. x25 b. g ( x ) 5 x15 There is a discontinuity at x 5 2 5. x25 x25 lim 2 a b 5 ` and lim 1 a b 5 2` x S 25 x15 x S 25 x15 Therefore, x 5 2 5 is a vertical asymptote. x 2 2 2x 2 15 c. f ( x ) 5 x13
( x 1 3)( x 2 5) x13 5 x 2 5, x 2 2 3 There is a discontinuity at x 5 2 3. lim 1 f ( x ) 5 2 8 and lim 2 f ( x ) 5 2 8 5

x S 23 x S 23
8. a. i. Concave up: 2 1 , x , 3 Concave down: x , 2 1, 3 , x ii. Points of inflection at x 5 2 1 and x 5 3 iii. y

80 40 x 4 0 40 80 4 8 12
There is a hole in the graph of y 5 f ( x ) at ( 2 3, 2 8). 5 d. g ( x ) 5 2 x 2 x 2 20 5 g (x) 5 ( x 2 5)( x 1 4) To find vertical asymptotes, set the denominator equal to 0: ( x 2 5)( x 1 4) 5 0 x 5 2 4 or x 5 5 Vertical asymptotes at x 5 2 4 and x 5 5 5 lim 2 5` x S 24 ( x 2 5)( x 1 4) 5 lim 1 5 2` x S 24 ( x 2 5)( x 1 4) 5 lim 5 2` x S 52 ( x 2 5)( x 1 4) 5 lim 5` x S 5 1 ( x 2 5)( x 1 4) 6. y 5 x 3 1 5 yr 5 3x 2 y s 5 6x Let y s 5 0 6x 5 0 x50 The point of inflection is (0, 5) Since the derivative is 0 at x 5 0, the tangent line is parallel to the x-axis at that point. Because the derivative is always positive, the function is always increasing and therefore must cross the tangent line instead of just touching it. 7. y (2, 10)
10 8 6 4 2
b. i. Concave up: 2 4.5 , x , 1, 5 , x Concave down: x , 2 4.5, 1 , x , 5 ii. Points of inflection at x 5 2 4.5, x 5 1, and x 5 5 iii. y
10
5 x 10 5 0 5 10 5 10
ax 1 b ( x 2 1)( x 2 4) ax 1 b 5 2 x 2 5x 1 4 a ( x 2 2 5x 1 4) 2 ( ax 1 b )(2x 2 5) gr ( x ) 5 ( x 2 2 5x 1 4)2 Since the tangent at (2, 2 1) has slope 0, gr (2) 5 0.
9. a. g ( x ) 5
(3, 4) x 1 2 3 4 (1, 6)
4 3 2 1 0 2 4 6
Hence, 5 0 and b 5 0. 4 Since (2, 2 1) is on the graph of g ( x ): 2a 1 b 21 5 22 2a 1 0 5 2 a 5 1. x Therefore g ( x ) 5 ( x 2 1)( x 2 4).
2 2a 1 2a 1 b
4-45
b. There are discontinuities at x 5 1 and x 5 4. lim g ( x ) 5 ` and lim g (x) 5 2 ` 2 1

xS1 xS4 xS1
8 4
lim g ( x ) 5 2 ` and lim g (x) 5 ` 2 1

xS4
x 5 1 and x 5 4 are vertical asymptotes. The y-intercept is 0. 4 2 x2 gr ( x ) 5 2 ( x 2 5x 1 4)2 gr ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 62.

Interval
x 4 2 0 4
2, x,4 ,0 x.4 ,0
x , 22 x 5 22 ,0 Decreasing 0 Local Min
22 , x,1 .0
1, x,2 .0
x52 0 Local Max
(2, 9)
(2, 9)
g9 ( x ) Graph of g ( x )
Increas- Increasing ing
There is a local minimum at (2 2, 2 1 9 ) and a local maximum at (2, 2 1).

3 2 1 2 1 0 1 2 3
4
3x 2 1 x11 4 532 x11 1 From experience, we know the graph of y 5 2 x is
b. f ( x ) 5
y x 1 2 3 4 5 4 2 x 4
2
0 2 4
10. a. y 5 x 2 8x 1 7 This is a fourth degree polynomial and is continuous for all x. The y-intercept is 7. dy 5 4x 3 2 16x dx 5 4x ( x 2 2)( x 1 2) The critical values are x 5 0, 2 2 and 2.
Interval
The graph of the given function is just a transformation of the graph of y 5 2 x. The vertical asymptote is x 5 2 1 and the horizontal asymptote is y 5 3. The y-intercept is 2 1 and there is an x-intercept at 1 3.
x2 1 1 4x 2 2 9 x2 1 1 5 (2x 2 3)(2x 1 3) The function is discontinuous at x 5 2 3 2 and at x53 2. lim3 2g ( x ) 5 `
1
22 , x,0 .0 Increasing
x50 50 Local Max
0,x ,2 ,0 Decreasing
x52 50 Local Min
x.2 .0 Increasing
dy dx
Graph of y
c. g ( x ) 5
There are local minima at ( 2 2, 2 9) and at (2, 2 9), and a local maximum at (0, 7).
xS22
4-46
1 x S 23 2
lim g ( x ) 5 2 `
xS 2
x dy dx Graph
x,1 2
1 0 Local Min
1,x,4 1
4 0
x.4 1
g (x) 5 2 ` lim 32
xS22
lim g (x) 5 ` 31
3 Hence, x 5 2 3 2 and x 5 2 are vertical asymptotes. 1 The y-intercept is 2 9. 2x (4x 2 2 9) 2 ( x 2 1 1)(8x ) 2 26x gr ( x ) 5 5 2 2 (4x 2 9) (4x 2 2 9)2 gr ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 0.
Dec
Inc
Inc
Interval g9 ( x ) Graph g (x)
x,2 .0
3 3 2 , x ,0 2 2 .0
x50 50
0,x, ,0
3 2
x.
3 2
,0
Increasing Increasing Local Max Decreasing Decreasing
There is a local maximum at Q 0, 2 1 9 R.

1 1 x2 1 lim g ( x ) 5 lim 5 and lim g ( x ) 5 1 4 9 xS` xS` 4 xS` 4 2 x2
1
Local minimum at (1, 2 27) (4, 0) is not a local extremum y s 5 4(2( x 2 4)( x 2 1) 1 ( x 2 4)2 ) x24 y s 5 4 a 2( x 2 4) a x 2 1 1 bb 2 3 y s 5 8( x 2 4) a x 2 3 b 2 Let y s 5 0: 3 8( x 2 4) a x 2 3 b 5 0 2 x 5 4 or x 5 2 The points of inflection are (2, 2 16) and (4, 0).
x dy dx Graph x,2 1 2 0 point of inflection 2,x,4 2 4 0 point of inflection x.4 1
Hence, y 5 1 4 is a horizontal asymptote.

4 2 x 4 2 0 2 4 2 4 y
c. up
c. down
c. up
The graph has a local minimum at (1, 2 27) and points of inflection at (2, 2 16) and (4, 0), with x-intercepts of 0 and 4 and a y-intercept of 0.
40 20 y
d) y 5 x ( x 2 4) This is a polynomial function, so there are no discontinuities and no asymptotes. The domain is 5x P R6 . x-intercepts at x 5 0 and x 5 4 y-intercepts at y 5 0 yr 5 ( x 2 4)3 1 3x ( x 2 4)2 yr 5 ( x 2 4)2 ( x 2 4 1 3x ) yr 5 4( x 2 4)2 ( x 2 1) Let yr 5 0: 4( x 2 4)2 ( x 2 1) 5 0 x 5 4 or x 5 1 The critical numbers are (1, 2 27) and (4, 0).
x 2 0 20 40 2 4 6
x x 2 4x 1 4 x 5 5 x ( x 2 2)22 ( x 2 2)2 There is a discontinuity at x 5 2 lim h ( x ) 5 ` 5 lim h (x) 2 1
e. h ( x ) 5
xS2
xS2
4-47
Thus, x 5 2 is a vertical asymptote. The y-intercept is 0. hr ( x ) 5 ( x 2 2)22 1 x ( 2 2)( x 2 2)23 (1) x 2 2 2 2x 5 ( x 2 2)3 22 2 x 5 ( x 2 2)3 hr ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 2 2.
Interval h9 ( x ) Graph of h (x)
x 5 22 50 Local Min
22 , x , 2 .0 Increasing
x.2 ,0 Decreasing
Therefore, x 5 3 is a vertical asymptote. The y-intercept is 2 2 3. The x-intercepts are t 5 1 and t 5 2. 2 f r (t) 5 1 2 ( t 2 3)2 2 f r ( t ) 5 0 when 1 2 50 ( t 2 3)2 ( t 2 3)2 5 2 t 2 3 5 6"2 t 5 3 6 "2.
Interval f9 ( t ) t5 t* 3 2 "2 * 3 2 "2 3 2 "2 t*3 3*t* 3 1 "2 t5 t+ 3 1 "2 3 1 "2
.0
50
,0
,0 Decreasing
50 Local Min
.0 Increasing
There is a local minimum at Q 2 2,

4 4 12x 1x 2 Similarly, lim h ( x ) 5 0 xS` xS` xS`
21 8 R.
Graph of f ( t )
Increasing
Local Max
Decreasing
lim h ( x ) 5 lim 5
50
The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. h s ( x ) 5 2 2( x 2 2)23 2 2( x 2 2)23 1 6x ( x 2 2)24 5 2 4( x 2 2)23 1 6x ( x 2 2)24 2x 1 8 5 ( x 2 2)4 h s ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 2 4 The second derivative changes signs on opposite sides x 5 2 4, Hence ( 2 4, 2 1 9 ) is a point of inflection.
4 2 x 4 2 0 2 4 2 4 y
(1.6, 0.2) is a local maximum and (4.4, 5.8) is a local minimum. y 8

4 4 0 4 (4.4, 5.8) (1.6, 0.3) 4 8 x
t 2 2 3t 1 2 t23 2 5t1 t23 Thus, f ( t ) 5 t is an oblique asymptote. There is a discontinuity at t 5 3. lim f ( t ) 5 2 ` and lim f (t) 5 ` 2 1
f. f ( t ) 5
2x 1 4 x2 2 k2 2( x 2 2 k 2 ) 2 (2x 1 4)(2x ) f r (x) 5 ( x 2 2 k 2 )2 2 2x 1 8x 1 2k 2 52 ( x 2 2 k 2 )2 For critical values, f r ( x ) 5 0 and x 2 6k: x 2 1 4x 1 k 2 5 0 2 4 6 "16 2 4k 2 x5 . 2 For real roots, 16 2 4k 2 $ 0 2 2 # k # 2. The conditions for critical points to exist are 2 2 # k # 2 and x 2 6k. b. There are three different graphs that results for values of k chosen.
11. a. f ( x ) 5
tS3
tS3
4-48
k50
4 2 x 4 2 0 2 4 2 4 y
xS`
lim 3 y 2 f ( x )4 5 lim c x 2 3 2 a x 2 3 1
xS`
2 bd 2x 2 1
k52
4 2 x 4 2 0 2 4 2 4 y
2 d 50 xS` 2x 2 1 4x 3 2 x 2 2 15x 2 50 b. f ( x ) 5 x 2 2 3x 18x 2 50 f ( x ) 5 4x 1 11 1 2 x 2 3x 4x 1 11 x2 2 3x q 4x3 2 x2 2 15x 2 50 4x3 2 12x2 11x2 2 15x 11x2 2 33x 18x 2 50 lim 3 y 2 f ( x )4
xS`
5 lim c 2
5 lim c 4x 1 11 2 a 4x 1 11 1
xS`
18x 2 50 bd x 2 2 3x
18 50 2 x2 x 5 lim 3 xS` 12x
For all other values of k, the graph will be similar to that of 1( i ) in Exercise 9.5. y 4
2 x 4 2 0 2 4 2 4
50 13. g ( x ) 5 ( x 2 2 4)2 g ( x ) 5 ( x 2 2 4)( x 2 2 4) gr ( x ) 5 2x ( x 2 2 4) 1 2x ( x 2 2 4) gr ( x ) 5 4x ( x 2 2 4) gr ( x ) 5 4x ( x 2 2)( x 1 2) Set gr ( x ) 5 0 0 5 4x ( x 2 2)( x 1 2) x 5 2 2 or x 5 0 or x 5 2

x * 22 4x x22 x12 Sign of g 9 (x) Behaviour of g ( x ) 22 * x * 0 0* x * 2 x+2
2 2 2
2 2 1
1 2 1
1 1 1
2x 2 2 7x 1 5 12. a. f ( x ) 5 2x 2 1 2 f (x) 5 x 2 3 1 2x 2 1 The equation of the oblique asymptote is y 5 x 2 3. x23 2 2x 2 1 q 2x 2 7x 1 5 2x2 2 x 2 6x 1 5 2 6x 1 3 2

( 2 )( 2 )( 2 ) ( 2 )( 2 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( 2 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( 1 )( 1 ) 52 decreasing 51 increasing 52 decreasing 51 increasing
3 2 x 2 7x 1 5, 2 4 # x # 3 2 f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 1 3x 2 7 Set f r ( x ) 5 0 0 5 3x 2 1 3x 2 7 2 3 6 " (3)2 2 4(3)( 2 7) x5 2(3)
14. f ( x ) 5 x 3 1
4-49
2 3 6 "93 6 x 8 2 2.107 or x 8 1.107 f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 1 3x 2 7 f r ( x ) 5 6x 1 3 When x 5 2 2.107, f r ( 2 2.107) 5 6( 2 2.107) 1 3 f r ( 2 2.107) 5 2 9.642 Since f s ( 2 2.107) , 0, a local maximum occurs when x 5 2 2.107. when x 5 1.107, f s (1.107) 5 6(1.107) 1 3 f s (1.107) 5 9.642 Since f s (1.107) . 0, a local minimum occurs when x 5 (1.107). when x 5 2 4, 3 f ( 2 4) 5 ( 2 4)3 1 ( 2 4)2 2 7( 2 4) 1 5 2 f ( 2 4) 5 2 64 1 24 1 28 1 5 f ( 2 4) 5 2 7 when x 5 2 2.107, 3 f ( 2 2.107) 5 ( 2 2.107)3 1 ( 2 2.107)2 2 2 7( 2 2.107) 1 5 f ( 2 2.107) 8 2 9.353 919 1 6.659 173 5 1 14.749 1 5 when x 5 1.107, 3 f (1.107) 5 (1.107)3 1 (1.107)2 2 7(1.107) 1 5 2 f (1.107) 8 1.356 572 1 1.838 173 5 2 7.749 1 5 f (1.107) 8 0.446 when x 5 3, 3 f (3) 5 (3)3 1 (3)2 2 7(3) 1 5 2 f (3) 5 27 1 13.5 2 21 1 5 f (3) 5 24.5 Local Maximum: ( 2 2.107, 17.054) Local Minimum: (1.107, 0.446) Absolute Maximum: (3, 24.5) Absolute Minimum: ( 2 4, 2 7) 15. f ( x ) 5 4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2 Evaluate y 5 4(0)3 1 6(0)2 2 24(0) 2 2 y 5 22 f ( x ) 5 4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2 f r ( x ) 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24 Set f r ( x ) 5 0 0 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24 0 5 12( x 2 1 x 2 2) 0 5 12( x 2 1)( x 1 2) x 5 2 2 or x 5 1 x5
x * 22 12( x 2 1) x12 Sign of f 9 (x) Behaviour of f ( x )
22 * x * 1
x+1
2 2 ( 2 )( 2 ) 5 1 increasing
2 1 ( 2 )( 1 ) 5 2 decreasing
1 1 ( 1 )( 1 ) 5 1 increasing
maximum at x 5 2 2
minimum at x 5 1
when x 5 2 2, f ( 2 2) 5 4( 2 2)3 1 6( 2 2)2 2 24( 2 2) 2 2 f ( 2 2) 5 2 32 1 24 1 48 2 2 f ( 2 2) 5 38 when x 5 1, f (1) 5 4(1)3 1 6(1)2 2 24(1) 2 2 f (1) 5 4 1 6 2 24 2 2 f (1) 5 2 16 Maximum: ( 2 2, 38) Minimum: (1, 2 16) f r ( x ) 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24 f s ( x ) 5 24x 1 12 Set f s ( x ) 5 0 0 5 24x 1 12 x 5 2 0.5
x * 20.5 f 0 ( x ) 5 24x 1 12 f (x) x + 20.5
2 concave down
1 concave up
point of inflection at x 5 2 0.5
when x 5 2 0.5, f ( 2 0.5) 5 4( 2 0.5)3 1 6( 2 0.5)2 2 24( 2 0.5) 2 2 f ( 2 0.5) 5 2 0.5 1 1.5 1 12 2 2 f ( 2 0.5) 5 11 Point of inflection: ( 2 0.5, 11)
200 160 120 80 40 1612 8 4 0 40 80 y
x 4 8 12 16
4-50
Chapter 4: Critical Points
16. a. p ( x ): oblique asymptote, because the highest degree of x in the numerator is exactly one degree higher than the highest degree of x in the denominator. q ( x ): vertical asymptotes at x 5 2 1 and x 5 3; horizontal asymptote at y 5 0 r ( x ): vertical asymptotes at x 5 2 1 and x 5 1; horizontal asymptote at y 5 1 s ( x ): vertical asymptote at y 5 2. x 2 2 2x 2 8 b. r ( x ) 5 x2 2 1 ( x 2 4)( x 1 2) 5 ( x 2 1)( x 1 1) The domain is 5 x 0 x 2 2 1, 1, x P R6 . x-intercepts: 2 2, 4; y-intercept: 8 r has vertical asymptotes at x 5 2 1 and x 5 1. r ( 2 1.001) 5 2 2496.75, so as x S 2 12, r (x) S 2 ` r ( 2 0.999) 5 2503.25, so as x S 2 1 1 , r ( x ) S ` r (0.999) 5 4502.25, so as x S 12, r ( x ) S ` r (1.001) 5 2 4497.75, so as x S 1 1 , r ( x ) S 2 ` x2 2x 8 2 2 2 2 2 x 2 2x 2 8 x2 x x lim 5 lim x S 2` x2 2 1 x S 2` x2 1 2 2 2 x x 2 8 12 2 2 x x 5 lim x S 2` 1 12 2 x 12020 5 120 51 So, y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote on the left. x2 2x 8 2 2 2 2 2 x 2 2x 2 8 x2 x x lim 5 lim xS` x2 2 1 xS` x2 1 2 2 2 x x 2 8 12 2 2 x x 5 lim xS` 1 12 2 x 12020 5 120 51
So, y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote on the right. ( x 2 2 1)(2x 2 2) 2 ( x 2 2 2x 2 8)(2x ) rr ( x ) 5 ( x 2 2 1)2 3 2 2x 2 2x 2 2x 1 2 2 (2x 3 2 4x 2 2 16x ) 5 ( x 2 2 1)2 2x 2 1 14x 1 2 5 ( x 2 2 1)2 2( x 2 1 7x 1 1) 5 ( x 2 2 1)2 rr is defined for all values of x in the domain of r. rr ( x ) 5 0 for x 8 2 0.15 and x 8 2 6.85. rr (1) and rr ( 2 1) do not exist.
x * 26.85 x 2 1 7x 1 1 r 9 (x) x 5 26.85 26.85 * x * 21
1 1
x 5 21
0 0
21 * x * 20.15
2 2
x 5 20.15
x 2 1 7x 1 1 r 9 (x)
2 undefined
20.15 * x * 1
2 2
x51
0 0
x+1
x 2 1 7x 1 1 r 9 (x)
1 1
1 undefined
1 1
r is increasing when x , 2 6.85, 2 0.15 , x , 1, and x . 1. r is decreasing when 2 6.85 , x , 2 1 and 2 1 , x , 2 0.15. r has a maximum turning point at x 5 2 6.85 and a minimum turning point at x 5 2 0.15. ( x 2 2 1)2 (4x 1 14) rs (x) 5 ( x 2 2 1)4 2 (2x 2 1 14x 1 2) 32( x 2 2 1)(2x )4 ( x 2 2 1)4 2 ( x 2 1)(4x 1 14) 2 4x (2x 2 1 14x 1 2) 5 ( x 2 2 1)3 4x 3 1 14x 2 2 4x 2 14 2 8x 3 2 56x 2 2 8x 5 ( x 2 2 1)3 2 4x 3 2 42x 2 2 12x 2 14 5 ( x 2 2 1)3 2 2(2x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) 5 ( x 2 2 1)3 r s is defined for all values of x in the domain of r. r s ( x ) 5 0 for x 8 2 10.24. This is a possible point of inflection. r s (1) and r s ( 2 1) do not exist.
Vectors and Calculus Solutions Manual
4-51
x * 210.24 22(2 x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) ( x 2 2 1)3 r 0 (x)
x 5 10.24
1 1 1
210.24 * x * 21
0 1 0
x 5 21
22(2 x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) ( x 2 2 1)3 r 0 (x)
2 1 2
21 * x * 1
2 0 undefined
x51
x (3x 2 ) 2 ( x 3 1 8)(1) x2 3 3 3x 2 x 2 8 5 x2 2x 3 2 8 5 x2 f r ( x ) is defined for all values of x in the domain of f. f r ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 1.59. f r (0) does not exist. f r (x) 5
x*0 2x3 2 8 x2 f ' (x) x50 0 * x * 1.59
2 1 2
x 5 1.59
2 0 undefined
x + 1.59
2 1 2
22(2 x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) ( x 2 2 1)3 r 0 (x)
2 2 1
x+1
2 0 undefined
2x3 2 8 x2 f 9 (x)
0 1 0
1 1 1
22(2 x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) ( x 2 2 1)3 r 0 (x)
2 1 2
The graph is concave up for x , 2 10.24 and 2 1 , x , 1. The graph is concave down for 2 10.24 , x , 2 1 and x . 1. The graph changes concavity at x 5 2 10.24. This is a point of inflection with coordinates ( 2 10.24, 1.13). r ( 2 6.85) 5 1.15 and r ( 2 0.15) 5 7.85. The graph has a local maximum point at ( 2 6.85, 1.15) and a local minimum point at ( 2 0.15) 5 7.85.
10 8 6 4 2 4 2 0 2 4 y
f is increasing for x . 1.59 and decreasing for x , 0 and 0 , x , 1.59. f has a minimum turning point at x 5 1.59. x 2 (6x 2 ) 2 (2x 3 2 8)(2x ) f s (x) 5 x4 2 x (6x ) 2 (2x 3 2 8)2 5 x3 3 3 6x 2 4x 1 16 5 x3 3 2x 1 16 5 x3 f s is defined for all values of x in the domain of f. f s ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 2 2. This is a possible point of inflection. f (0) does not exist.
x * 22 x 5 22 22 * x * 0
x 2 4
2x3 1 16 x3 f 0 (x)
2 2 1
x50
0 2 0
x+0
1 2 2
17. The domain is 5x 0 x Z 0, x P R6 : x-intercept: 2 2, y-intercept: 8; f has a vertical asymptote at x 5 0. f ( 2 0.001) 5 2 7999.99, so f ( x ) S 2 ` as x S 02. f (0.001) 5 8000.00, so f ( x ) S ` as x S 0 1 . There are no horizontal asymptotes.
2x3 1 16 x3 f 0 (x)
1 0 undefined
1 1 1
f is concave up when x , 2 2 and x . 0. f is concave down when 2 2 , x , 0. The graph changes 4-52
concavity where x 5 2 2. This is point of inflection with coordinates ( 2 2, 0). f (1.59) 8 7.56. The graph has a local minimum at (1.59, 7.56).
16 12 8 4 6 4 2 0 4 8 y
x 2 4 6
10x 2 20 ( x 2 1)4 10( x 2 2) 5 ( x 2 1)4 The domain is 5x 0 x 2 1, x P R6 . The x- and y-intercepts are both 0. f has a vertical asymptote at x 5 1. f (0.999) 5 4 995 000 so as x S 12, f ( x ) S ` f (1.001) 5 5 005 000 so as x S 1 1 , f ( x ) S ` 5x 5x lim 2 lim 2 50 50 x S 2` x 2 2x 1 1 x S 2` x 2 2x 1 1 y 5 0 is a horizontal y 5 0 is a horizontal asymptote on the right. asymptote on the left. 5 f r ( x ) is defined for all values of x in the domain of f. f r ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 2 1. f (1) does not exist.
x * 21 25( x 1 1) ( x 2 1)3 f 9 (x) x 5 21 21 * x * 1 x51 x+1
18. If f ( x ) is increasing, then f r ( x ) . 0. From the graph of f r, f r ( x ) . 0 for x . 0. If f ( x ) is decreasing, then f r ( x ) , 0. From the graph of f r, f r ( x ) , 0 for x , 0. At a stationary point, f r ( x ) 5 0. From the graph, the zero for f r ( x ) occurs at x 5 0. At x 5 0. f r ( x ) changes from negative to positive, so f has a local minimum point there. If the graph of f is concave up, then f s is positive. From the slope of f r, the graph of f is concave up for 2 0.6 , x , 0.6. If the graph of f is concave down, then f s is negative. From the slope of f r, the graph of f is concave down for x , 2 0.6 and x . 0.6. Graphs will vary slightly.
2 1 x 2 1 0 1 1 2 y
1 2 2
0 2 0
2 2 1
2 0 undefined
2 1 2
f is decreasing when x , 2 1 and x . 1. f is increasing when 2 1 , x , 1. f has a minimum turning point at x 5 2 1. f s ( x ) is defined for all values of x in the domain of f. f s ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 2 3. This is a possible point of inflection. f (1) does not exist.
x * 22 x12 f 0 (x) x 5 22 22 * x * 1 x51 x+1
2 2
0 0
1 1
1 undefined
1 1
19. f r ( x ) 5
( x 2 1)2 (5) 2 5x (2)( x 2 1)(1) ( x 2 1)4 5( x 2 1) 2 10x 5 ( x 2 1)3 2 5x 2 5 5 ( x 2 1)3 2 5( x 1 1) 5 ( x 2 1)3 ( x 2 1)3 ( 2 5) fs (x) 5 ( x 2 1)6 ( 2 5x 2 5)(3)( x 2 1)2 (1) 2 ( x 2 1)6 ( x 2 1)( 2 5) 2 3( 2 5x 2 5) 5 ( x 2 1)4
The graph is concave down for x , 2 2 and concave up when 2 2 , x , 1 and x . 1. It changes concavity at x 5 2 2. f has an inflection point at x 5 2 2 with coordinates ( 2 2, 2 1.11). f ( 2 1) 5 2 1.25. f has a local minimum at ( 2 1, 2 1.25).
6 4 2 4 2 0 2 x 2 4 y
4-53
20. a. Graph A is f, graph C is f r, and graph B is f s . We know this because when you take the derivative, the degree of the denominator increases by one. Graph A has a squared term in the denominator, graph C has a cubic term in the denominator, and graph B has a term to the power of four in the denominator. b. Graph F is f, graph E is f r and graph D is f s . We know this because the degree of the denominator increases by one degree when the derivative is taken.
Chapter 4 Test, p. 220

1. a. x , 2 9 or 2 6 , x , 2 3 or 0 , x , 4 or x . 8 b. 2 9 , x , 2 6 or 2 3 , x , 0 or 4 , x , 8 c. ( 2 9, 1), ( 2 6, 2 2), (0, 1), (8, 2 2) d. x 5 2 3, x 5 4 e. f s ( x ) . 0 f. 2 3 , x , 0 or 4 , x , 8 g. ( 2 8, 0), (10, 2 3) 2. a. g ( x ) 5 2x 4 2 8x 3 2 x 2 1 6x gr ( x ) 5 8x 3 2 24x 2 2 2x 1 6 To find the critical points, we solve gr ( x ) 5 0: 8x 3 2 24x 2 2 2x 1 6 5 0 4x 3 2 12x 2 2 x 1 3 5 0 Since gr (3) 5 0, ( x 2 3) is a factor. ( x 2 3)(4x 2 2 1) 5 0 1 x 5 3 or x 5 2 1 2 or x 5 2 . Note: We could also group to get 4x 2 ( x 2 3) 2 ( x 2 3) 5 0. b. g s ( x ) 5 24x 2 2 48x 2 2 1 17 Since g s ( 2 1 2 ) 5 28 . 0, ( 2 2 , 2 8 ) is a local maximum. 1 15 Since g s ( 2 1 2 ) 5 2 20 , 0, ( 2 , 8 ) is a local maximum. Since g s (3) 5 70 . 0, (3, 2 45) is a local minimum. 3. y (1, 7)
6 4 2 (1, 4) (3, 2) x 2 4 6
x 2 1 7x 1 10 ( x 2 3)( x 1 2) The function g ( x ) is not defined at x 5 2 2 or x 5 3. At x 5 2 2, the value of the numerator is 0. Thus, there is a discontinuity at x 5 2 2, but x 5 2 2 is not a vertical asymptote. At x 5 3, the value of the numerator is 40. x 5 3 is a vertical asymptote. ( x 1 2)( x 1 5) x15 g (x) 5 5 , x 2 22 ( x 2 3)( x 1 2) x23 x15 lim 2 g ( x ) 5 lim 2 a b x S 22 x S 22 x23 3 52 5 x15 lim 1 g ( x ) 5 lim 1 a b x S 22 x S 22 x23 3 52 5 There is a hole in the graph of g ( x ) at ( 2 2, 2 3 5) . x15 lim g ( x ) 5 lim a b x S 32 x S 32 x 2 3 5 2` x15 lim g ( x ) 5 lim a b 1 1 xS3 xS3 x23 5` There is a vertical asymptote at x 5 3. Also, lim g ( x ) 5 lim g ( x ) 5 1.
4. g ( x ) 5
xS`
x S 2`
Thus, y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote.

6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 y
x 2 4 6
5.
6 4 2 0 2 4 6
40 y 20 6 4 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 2 4 6 8 10 12
4-54
2x 1 10 x2 2 9 2x 1 10 5 ( x 2 3)( x 1 3) There are discontinuities at x 5 2 3 and at x 5 3. lim f ( x ) 5 ` x S 32 f x 5 2 3 is a vertical asymptote. lim1 f ( x ) 5 2 `
6. f ( x ) 5
xS3
x S 32 xS3
lim f ( x ) 5 2 ` f x 5 3 is a vertical asymptote. lim1 f ( x ) 5 `
The y-intercept is 2 10 9 and x 5 2 5 is an x-intercept. 2 2( x 2 9) 2 (2x 1 10)(2) f r (x) 5 ( x 2 2 9)2 2 2 2x 2 20x 2 18 5 ( x 2 2 9)2 For critical values, we solve f r ( x ) 5 0: x 2 1 10x 1 9 5 0 ( x 1 1)( x 1 9) 5 0 x 5 2 1 or x 5 2 9. 2 9, ( 21 9 ) is a local minimum and ( 2 1, 2 1) is a local maximum.
2 10 1 x2 x lim f ( x ) 5 lim 9 5 0 and xS` xS` 1 2 x2 2 10 1 2 x x lim f ( x ) 5 lim 9 50 xS` xS` 1 2 x2
7. f ( x ) 5 x 3 1 bx 2 1 c f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 1 2bx Since f r ( 2 2) 5 0, 12 2 4b 5 0 b 5 3. Also, f ( 2 2) 5 6. Thus, 2 8 1 12 1 c 5 6 c 5 2. 2 f r ( x ) 5 3x 1 6x 5 3x ( x 1 2) The critical points are ( 2 2, 6) and (0, 2). f s ( x ) 5 6x 1 6 Since f s ( 2 2) 5 2 6 , 0, ( 2 2, 6) is a local maximum. Since f r (0) 5 6 . 0, (0, 2) is a local minimum.
8 (2, 6) 6 4 2 4 3 2 1 0 2 4 6 8 y
(0, 2) 1 2 3 4
8 6 4 2 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 y
x 2 4 6 8 10
4-55
CHAPTER 4 Curve Sketching

Review of Prerequisite Skills, pp.162163
1. a. 2y 2 1 y 2 3 5 0 (2y 1 3)( y 2 1) 5 0 3 y 5 2 or y 5 1 2 b. x 2 2 5x 1 3 5 17 x 2 2 5x 2 14 5 0 ( x 2 7)( x 1 2) 5 0 x 5 7 or x 5 2 2 c. 4x 2 1 20x 1 25 5 0 (2x 1 5)(2x 1 5) 5 0
5 x52 2 d. y 3 1 4y 2 1 y 2 6 5 0 y 5 1 is a zero, so y 2 1 is a factor. After synthetic division, the polynomial factors to ( y 2 1)( y 2 1 5y 1 6). So ( y 2 1)( y 1 3)( y 1 2) 5 0. y 5 1 or y 5 2 3 or y 5 2 2 2. a. 3x 1 9 , 2 3x , 2 7 7 x,2 3 b. 5(3 2 x ) $ 3x 2 1 15 2 5x $ 3x 2 1 16 $ 8x 8x # 16 x#2 c. t 2 2 2t , 3 t 2 2 2t 2 3 , 0 ( t 2 3)( t 1 1) , 0 Consider t 5 3 and t 5 2 1.
t values ( t 1 1) ( t 2 3) ( t 2 3)( t 1 1) t * 21 21 * t * 3 t+3 x values ( x 1 4) ( x 2 1) ( x 1 4)( x 2 1) x * 24 24 * x * 1 x+1
2 2 1
1 2 2
1 1 1
The solution is x , 2 4 or x . 1. 3. a. y
3 2 1
x 1 2 3
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
b.
8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x 2 4 6 8
c.
6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6
2 2 1
1 2 2
1 1 1
x 2 4 6
The solution is 2 1 , t , 3. d. x 2 1 3x 2 4 . 0 ( x 1 4)( x 2 1) . 0 Consider x 5 2 4 and x 5 1.

4-1
d.
6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6
d. f ( t ) 5
x 2 4 6
4. a. lim ( x 2 2 4) 5 22 2 4 2
50 x 1 3x 2 10 b. lim xS2 x22 ( x 1 5)( x 2 2) 5 lim xS2 x22 5 lim ( x 1 5)
2 xS2 xS2
57
c. lim
x 3 2 27 xS3 x 2 3 ( x 2 3)( x 2 1 3x 1 9) 5 lim xS3 x23 5 lim ( x 2 1 3x 1 9)

xS3 2
2t 2 !t 2 4 f r(t) 5 t24 4( t 2 4) 2t 2 2 !t 2 4 2 !t 2 4 f r(t) 5 t24 4( t 2 4) 2 2t f r(t) 5 3 2( t 2 4)2 2t 2 16 5 3 2( t 2 4)2 t28 5 3 ( t 2 4)2 x28 6. a. x 1 3 q x2 2 5x 1 4 x2 1 3x 28x 1 4 28x 2 24 28 ( x 2 2 5x 2 4) 4 ( x 1 3) 5 x 2 8 1 x17 b. x 2 1 q x2 1 6x 2 9 x2 2 x 7x 2 9 7x 2 7 22 ( x 2 2 6x 2 9) 4 ( x 2 1) 5 x 1 7 2 28 x13
2" t 2 4 2
2t !t 2 4
53 133319 5 27 d. lim1 "2x 1 1

xS4
5 "2 3 4 1 1 53 1 1 5. a. f ( x ) 5 x 4 1 2x 3 2 x 4 1 4 5 x 1 2x 3 2 x 21 4 f r ( x ) 5 x 3 1 6x2 1 x 22 x11 b. f ( x ) 5 2 x 23 ( x 2 2 3)(1) 2 ( x 1 1)(2x ) f r(x) 5 ( x 2 2 3)2 2 x 2 3 2 2x 2 2 2x 5 ( x 2 2 3)2 2 2 x 2 2x 2 3 5 ( x 2 2 3)2 x 2 1 2x 1 3 52 ( x 2 2 3)2 2 c. f ( x ) 5 (3x 2 6x )2 f r ( x ) 5 2(3x 2 2 6x )(6x 2 6)
2 x21 7. f ( x ) 5 x 3 1 0.5x 2 2 2x 1 3 f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 1 x 2 2 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 2 3x 1 x 2 2 5 0 (3x 2 2)( x 1 1) 5 0 2 x 5 or x 5 2 1 3 , 2.19 The points are ( 2 ) and ( 2 1, 4.5). 3 8. a. If f ( x ) 5 x n, where n is a real number, then f r ( x ) 5 nx n 2 1. b. If f ( x ) 5 k, where k is a constant, then f r( x ) 5 0. c. If k ( x ) 5 f ( x )g ( x ), then kr ( x ) 5 f r ( x )g ( x ) 2 f ( x )gr ( x )
d. If h ( x ) 5 g ( x ), then hr ( x )
5 f r ( x )g ( x ) 2 f ( x )gr ( x ) , g ( x ) 2 0. 3g ( x )4 2
f (x)
4-2
e. If f and g are functions that have derivatives, then the composite function h ( x ) 5 f ( g ( x )) has a derivative given by hr ( x ) 5 f r ( g ( x ))gr ( x ). f. If u is a function of x, and n is a positive integer, then dx ( u n ) 5 nu n 2 1dx
xS`
There is no solution, so there is no x-intercept. The y-intercept is y 5 0 1 1 5 5.

4x x22 To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0. 4x 50 x22 x50 0 The y-intercept is y 5 0 2 2 5 0. 3x 2 5 iii. y 5 6x 2 3 To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0: 3x 2 5 50 6x 2 3 Therefore, 3x 2 5 5 0 5 x5 3 2 5 5 The y-intercept is y 5 0 0 2 3 5 3. 10x 2 4 iv. y 5 5x To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0. 10x 2 4 50 5x Therefore, 10x 2 4 5 0 2 x5 5 4 The y-intercept is y 5 0 2 0 , which is undefined, so there is no y-intercept. 5 b. i. y 5 x11 Domain: 5x P R 0 x 2 2 16 Range: 5y P R 0 y 2 06 4x ii. y 5 x22 Domain: 5x P R 0 x 2 26 Range: 5y P R 0 y 2 46 3x 2 5 iii. y 5 6x 2 3 1 Domain: e x P R Z x 2 f 2 1 Range: e y P R Z y 2 f 2 10x 2 4 iv. y 5 5x Domain: 5x P R 0 x 2 06 Range: 5y P R 0 y 2 26
5
ii. y 5
du
9. a. lim 2x 2 2 3x 1 4 5 `
x S 2` xS`
lim 2x 2 2 3x 1 4 5 `
b. lim 2x 3 1 4x 2 1 5 `
x S 2` xS`
lim 2x 3 1 4x 2 1 5 2 `
c. lim 2 5x 4 1 2x 3 2 6x 2 1 7x 2 1 5 2 `
x S 2`
lim 2 5x 4 1 2x 3 2 6x 2 1 7x 2 1 5 2 `
1 1 5 f (x) 2x Let 2x 5 0 x 5 0, so the graph has a vertical asymptote at x 5 0. 1 1 b. 5 f (x) 2x 1 3 Let 2 x 1 3 5 0 x 5 3, so the graph has a vertical asymptote at x 5 3. 1 1 c. 5 f (x) ( x 1 4)2 1 1 Let ( x 1 4)2 1 1 5 0 There is no solution, so the graph has no vertical asymptotes. 1 1 d. 5 f (x) ( x 1 3)2 Let ( x 1 3)2 5 0 x 5 2 3, so the graph has a vertical asymptote at x 5 2 3.
10. a.
11. a. lim x 1 1 5 0, so the horizontal asymptote

xS`
is y 5 0. b. lim x 2 2 5 4, so the horizontal asymptote is y 5 4.

xS` 1 c. lim 6x 2 3 5 1 2 , so the horizontal asymptote is y 5 2. xS`
4x
3x 2 5
d. lim
is y 5 2.
10x 2 4 5 2, 5x xS` 5
so the horizontal asymptote
12. a. i. y 5 x 1 1 To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0.

5 50 x11
4-3
4.1 Increasing and Decreasing Functions, pp. 169171

1. a. f ( x ) 5 x 3 1 6x 2 1 1 f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 1 12x Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 3x ( x 1 4) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 2 4 The points are (0, 1) and ( 2 4, 33). b. f ( x ) 5 "x 2 1 4 1 5 ( x 2 1 4)2 1 1 f r ( x ) 5 ( x 2 1 4)22 (2x ) 2 x 5 2 !x 1 4 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: x 50 2 !x 1 4 So x 5 0. The point is (0, 2). c. f ( x ) 5 (2x 2 1)2 ( x 2 2 9) f r ( x ) 5 2(2x 2 1)(2)( x 2 2 9) 1 2x (2x 2 1)2 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 2(2x 2 1)(2( x 2 2 9) 1 x (2x 2 1)) 5 0 2(2x 2 1)(4x 2 2 x 2 18) 5 0 2(2x 2 1)(4x 2 9)( x 1 2) 5 0 9 1 x 5 or x 5 or x 5 2 2. 2 4 This points are ( 1 2 , 0) , (2.25, 2 48.2) and ( 2 2, 2 125). 5x d. f ( x ) 5 2 x 11 5( x 2 1 1) 2 5x (2x ) 5(1 2 x 2 ) f r(x) 5 5 ( x 2 1 1)2 ( x 2 1 1)2 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 5(1 2 x 2 ) 50 ( x 2 1 1)2 Therefore, 5(1 2 x 2 ) 5 0 (1 2 x )(1 1 x ) 5 0 x5 61
5 The points are ( 1, 5 2 ) and ( 2 1, 2 2 ) . 2. A function is increasing when f r ( x ) . 0 and is decreasing when f r ( x ) , 0. 3. a. i. x , 2 1, x . 2 ii. 2 1 , x , 2 iii. ( 2 1, 4), (2, 2 1)
b. i. 2 1 , x , 1 ii. x , 2 1, x . 1 iii. ( 2 1, 2), (2, 4) c. i. x , 2 2 ii. 2 2 , x , 2, 2 , x iii. none d. i. 2 1 , x , 2, 3 , x ii. x , 2 1, 2 , x , 3 iii. (2, 3) 4.
a. f ( x ) 5 x3 1 3x2 1 1 f r( x ) 5 3x2 1 6x Let f r( x ) 5 0 3x2 1 6x 5 0 3x ( x 1 2) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 2 2

x f 9 (x) Graph
x , 22 1 Increasing
22 0
22 , x , 0 2 Decreasing
0 0
x.0 1 Increasing
b.
f ( x ) 5 x 5 2 5x 4 1 100 f r ( x ) 5 5x 4 2 20x3 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 5x 4 2 20x 3 5 0 5x 3 ( x 2 4) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 4.

x f 9 (x) Graph
x,0 1 Increasing
0 0
0,x,4 2 Decreasing
4 0
x.4 1 Increasing
4-4
c.
e.
1 x 1 f r (x) 5 1 2 2 x Let f r ( x ) 5 0 1 12 250 x x2 2 1 5 0 x 5 2 1 or x 5 1 Also note that f ( x ) is undefined for x 5 0. f (x) 5 x 1

x f 9 (x) Graph x , 21 1 Increasing 21 21 , x , 0 0 2 Decreasing 0 0,x,1 1 2 Decreasing 0 x.1 1 Increasing
y 5 3x 4 1 4x 3 2 12x 2 yr 5 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x Intervals of increasing: 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x . 0 x ( x 2 1 x 2 2) . 0 x ( x 2 1)( x 1 2) . 0
x * 22 x x21 x12 y9
Intervals of decreasing: 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x , 0 x ( x 2 1 x 2 2) , 0 x ( x 2 1)( x 1 2) , 0

0*x*1 x*1
22 * x * 0
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1
1 2 1 2
1 1 1 1
undefined
Intervals of increasing: 2 2 , x , 0, x . 1 Intervals of decreasing: x , 2 2, 0 , x , 1 f.
d.
x21 x2 1 3 x 2 1 3 2 2x ( x 2 1) f r(x) 5 ( x 2 1 3)2 Let f r ( x ) 5 0, therefore, 2 x 2 1 2x 1 3 5 0. Or x 2 2 2x 2 3 5 0 ( x 2 3)( x 1 1) 5 0 x 5 3 or x 5 2 1 f (x) 5

x f 9 (x) Graph
x , 21 2 Decreasing
21 0
3 0
x.3 2
y 5 x4 1 x2 2 1 yr 5 4x 3 1 2x Interval of increasing: Interval of decreasing: 4x 3 1 2x , 0 4x 3 1 2x . 0 2 x (2x 2 1 1) , 0 x (2x 1 1) . 0 2 But 2x 1 1 is always positive. Interval of increasing: x . 0 Interval of decreasing: x , 0 5. f r ( x ) 5 ( x 2 1)( x 1 2)( x 1 3) Let f r ( x ) 5 0: Then ( x 2 1)( x 1 2)( x 1 3) 5 0 x 5 1 or x 5 2 2 or x 5 2 3.
x
x , 23 2
23 0
22 22 , x , 1 1 0 2 Decreasing 0
x.1 1 Increasing
Decreasing
f 9 (x)
Graph Decreasing
4-5
6.
5 4 3 2 1 2 1 0 (1, 0) 1 2
y (2, 5)
3 2 1 x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
x 1 2 3
2 3 4 5
7. f ( x ) 5 x 3 1 ax 2 1 bx 1 c f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 1 2ax 1 b Since f ( x ) increases to ( 2 3, 18) and then decreases, f r (3) 5 0. Therefore, 27 2 6a 1 b 5 0 or 6a 2 b 5 27. (1) Since f ( x ) decreases to the point (1, 2 14) and then increases f r (1) 5 0. Therefore, 3 1 2ab 1 b 5 0 or 2a 1 b 5 2 3. (2) Add (1) to (2) 8a 5 24 and a 5 3. When a 5 3, b 5 6 1 b 5 2 3 or b 5 2 9. Since (1, 2 14) is on the curve and a 5 3, b 5 2 9, then 2 14 5 1 1 3 2 9 1 c c 5 2 9. The function is f ( x ) 5 x 3 1 3x 2 2 9x 2 9. 8. y
(5, 6) 8
c. i. 2 2 , x , 3 ii. x , 2 2, x . 3 iii. x 5 2 2, x 5 3
5 4 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 1 y
x 1 2 3
d. i. x . 2 ii. x , 2 iii. x 5 2
5 4 3 2 1 0 y
4 4 0 4
(1, 2) 4
x 1 2 3 4 5
9. a. i. x , 4 ii. x . 4 iii. x 5 4
3 2 1 1 0 1 2 3 y
10. f ( x ) 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c f r ( x ) 5 2ax 1 b Let f r ( x ) 5 0, then x 5 2a . 2b If x , 2a , f r ( x ) , 0, therefore the function is decreasing.

x
2b
1 2 3 4 5
b. i. x , 2 1, x . 1 ii. 2 1 , x , 1 iii. x 5 2 1, x 5 1 4-6
If x . 2a , f r ( x ) . 0, therefore the function is increasing. 11. f ( x ) 5 x 4 2 32x 1 4 f r ( x ) 5 4x 3 2 32 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 4x 3 2 32 5 0 4x 3 5 32
2b
x3 5 8 x52
x f (x) Graph
x,2 2 Dec.
2 0 Local Min
x.2 1 Inc
20 y
12.
4
x 2 0 4 2 4
x 4 0 20 40 4 8
x dy dx Graph
0 0 Local Max
0,x,2 2 Dec.
2 0 Local Min
x,2 1 Inc.
4-7
x3 5 8 x52
x f (x) Graph
x,2 2 Dec.
2 0 Local Min
x.2 1 Inc
20 y
12.
4
x 2 0 4 2 4
x 4 0 20 40 4 8
x dy dx Graph
0 0 Local Max
0,x,2 2 Dec.
2 0 Local Min
x,2 1 Inc.
4-7
Local minima at ( 2 2, 2 16) and (2, 2 16) Local maximum at (0, 0) 2x b. f ( x ) 5 2 x 19 2( x 2 1 9) 2 2x (2x ) f r (x) 5 ( x 2 1 9)2 18 2 2 x 2 5 2 ( x 1 9)2 Let f r ( x ) 5 0 Therefore, 18 2 2x 2 5 0 x2 5 9 x 5 63.
x f 9 (x) Graph
20 10
x 4 2 0 10 20
x.3 2 Decreasing
x , 23 2
23 0
23 , x,3 1
3 0 Local Max
Decreasing Local Min Increasing
Local minimum at ( 2 3, 2 0.3) and local maximum at (3, 0.3). c. y 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1 dy 5 3x 2 1 6x 5 3x ( x 1 2) dx dy Let 50 dx 3x ( x 1 2) 5 0 x 5 0, 2 2 The critical points are (0, 1) and ( 2 2, 5).
x dy dx Graph
2x x 19 To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0. 2x 50 2 x 19 Therefore, 2x 5 0 x50 To find the y-intercepts, let x 5 0. 0 y5 50 9 y 0.5
b. f ( x ) 5
x 4 2 0 0.5 2 4
x , 22 1 Inc.
22 0 Local Min
22 , x , 0 2
0 0 Local Max
x,0 1 Inc.
Local maximum at ( 2 2, 5) Local minimum at (0, 1) 4. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2 To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0. x 4 2 8x 2 5 0 2 x ( x 2 2 8) 5 0
x 5 0, 6 "8 To find the y-intercepts, let x 5 0. y50
c. y 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1 To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0. 0 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1 The x-intercept cannot be easily obtained algebraically. Since the function has a local maximum when x 5 2 2, it must have an x-intercept prior to this x-value. Since f ( 2 3) 5 1 and f ( 2 4) 5 2 15, an estimate for the x-intercept is about 2 3.1. To find the y-intercepts, let x 5 0. y51
4-8
6 5 4 3 2 1 4 2 0 1 2
x 2 4
5. a. h ( x ) 5 2 6x 3 1 18x 2 1 3 hr ( x ) 5 2 18x 2 1 36x Let hr ( x ) 5 0: 2 18x 2 1 36x 5 0 18x (2 2 x ) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 2 The critical points are (0, 3) and (2, 27). Local minimum at (0, 3) Local maximum at (2, 27) Since the derivative is 0 at both points, the tangent is parallel to the horizontal axis for both. b. g ( t ) 5 t 5 1 t 3 gr ( t ) 5 5t 4 1 3t 2 Let gr ( t ) 5 0: 5t 4 1 3t 2 5 0 2 t (5t 2 1 3) 5 0 t50
x dy dx Graph
The critical point is at (5, 0), but is neither a maximum or minimum. The tangent is not parallel to the x-axis. 1 d. f ( x ) 5 ( x 2 2 1)3 1 2 f r ( x ) 5 ( x 2 2 1)23 (2x ) 3 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 1 2 2 ( x 2 1)23 (2x ) 5 0 3 x50 There is a critical point at (0, 2 1). Since the derivative is undefined for x 5 61, (1, 0) and ( 2 1, 0) are also critical points.
x dy dx Graph
x , 21 21 21 , x , 0 2 Dec. DNE 2 Dec.
0 0 Local Min
0,x,1 1 Inc.
0 DNE
x,1 1 Inc.
Local minimum at (0, 2 1) The tangent is parallel to the horizontal axis at (0, 2 1) because the derivative is 0 there. Since the derivative is undefined at ( 2 1, 0) and (1, 0), the tangent is not parallel to the horizontal axis at either point. 6. a.
x,0 1 Inc.
0 0 Local Min
0,x,2 2 Dec.
0 0 Local Max
x.2 1 Inc.
b.
The critical point is (0, 0).

t g9 ( x ) Graph
c.
t.0 1 Inc.
t,0 1 Inc.
0 0 Local Min
(0, 0) is neither a maximum nor a minimum Since the derivative at (0, 0) is 0, the tangent is parallel to the horizontal axis there. 1 c. y 5 ( x 2 5)3 dy 1 22 5 ( x 2 5) 3 dx 3 1 5 2 3( x 2 5)3 dy 20 dx
d.
7. a. f ( x ) 5 2 2x 2 1 8x 1 13 f r ( x ) 5 2 4x 1 8 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 2 4x 1 8 5 0 x52 4-9
The critical point is (2, 21). Local maximum at (2, 21)

x f 9 (x) Graph
x,2 1 Inc.
2 0 Local Max.
x.2 2 Dec.
20 10
c. f ( x ) 5 2x 3 1 9x 2 1 12x f r ( x ) 5 6x 2 1 18x 1 12 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 6x 2 1 18x 1 12 5 0 6( x 1 2)( x 1 1) 5 0 x 5 2 2 or x 5 2 1 The critical points are ( 2 2, 2 4) and ( 2 1, 2 5).
x dy dx
x , 22 1 Inc.
22 0 Local Max
22 , x , 21 2 Dec.
21 0 Local Min
x . 21 1 Inc.
x 8 4 0 10 20 4 8
Graph
Local maximum at ( 2 2, 2 4) Local minimum at ( 2 1, 2 5)

8 4 x 4 2 0 4 8 2 4 y
1 b. f ( x ) 5 x 3 2 9x 1 2 3 f r (x) 5 x2 2 9 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: x2 2 9 5 0 x2 5 9 x5 63 The critical points are ( 2 3, 20) and (3, 2 16) Local maximum at ( 2 3, 20) Local minimum at (3, 2 16)
x dy dx Graph
x , 23 1 Inc.
23 0 Local Max
23 , x , 3 2 Dec.
3 0 Local Min
x.3 1 Inc.
20 10
d. f ( x ) 5 2 3x 3 2 5x f r ( x ) 5 2 9x 2 2 5 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 2 9x 2 2 5 5 0 5 x2 5 2 9 This equation has no solution, so there are no critical points.

8 4 y
x 8 4 0 10 20 4 8 2 1 0 4 8 1 2
e. f ( x ) 5 "x 2 2 2x 1 2 2x 2 2 x21 f r (x) 5 5 2 2 2 !x 2 2x 1 2 !x 2 2x 1 2

4-10
Let f r ( x ) 5 0: Therefore, x 2 1 5 0 x51 The critical point is (1, 1). "x 2 2 2x 1 2 is never undefined or equal to zero, so (1, 1) is the only critical point.
x f 9 (x) Graph
x dy dx Graph
x , 26 2 Dec.
26 0 Local Min
26 , x , 21 1 Inc.
21 0 Local Max
21 , x , 2 2 Dec.
2 0 Local Min
x,2 1 Inc.
x,1 2 Dec.
1 0 Local Min
x.1 1 Inc.
Local minima at x 5 2 6 and x 5 2 Local maximum at x 5 2 1 9. f(x)

(1, 6) 6 5 4 3 2 1
Local minimum at (1, 1)

8 4 x 4 2 0 2 4 y
4 3 2 1 0 1
(3, 1) x 1 2 3 4
f. f ( x ) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 f r ( x ) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 12x 3 2 12x 2 5 0 12x 2 ( x 2 1) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 1

x dy dx Graph
x,0 2 Dec.
0 0
0,x,1 2 Dec.
1 0 Local Min
x.1 1 Inc.
There are critical points at (0, 0) and (1, 2 1). Neither local minimum nor local maximum at (0, 0) Local minimum at (1, 2 1)
8 4 x 4 2 0 2 4 y
10. y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c dy 5 2ax 1 b dx Since a relative maximum occurs at x 5 3, then 2ax 1 b 5 0 at x 5 3. Or, 6a 1 b 5 0. Also, at (0, 1), 1 5 0 1 0 1 c or c 5 1. Therefore, y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 1. Since (3, 12) lies on the curve, 12 5 9a 1 3b 1 1 9a 1 3b 5 11 6a 1 b 5 0. Since b 5 2 6a, Then 9a 2 18a 5 11 11 or a 5 2 9 22 b5 . 3 The equation is y 5 2 9 x 2 1 3 x 1 1. 11. f ( x ) 5 x 2 1 px 1 q f r ( x ) 5 2x 1 p In order for 1 to be an extremum, f r (1) must equal 0. 2(1) 1 p 5 0 p 5 22 To find q, substitute the known values for p and x into the original equation and set it equal to 5.
x f 9 (x) Graph
11
22
8. f r ( x ) 5 ( x 1 1)( x 2 2)( x 1 6) Let f r ( x ) 5 0: ( x 1 1)( x 2 2)( x 1 6) 5 0 x 5 2 6 or x 5 2 1 or x 5 2 The critical numbers are 2 6, 2 1, and 2.
x,1 2 Dec.
1 0 Local Min
x.1 1 Inc.
4-11
(1)2 1 (1)( 2 2) 1 q 5 5 q56 This extremum is a minimum value. 12. a. f ( x ) 5 x 3 2 kx f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 2 k In order for f to have no critical numbers, f r ( x ) 5 0 must have no solutions. Therefore, 3x 2 5 k must have no solutions, so k , 0. b. f ( x ) 5 x 3 2 kx f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 2 k In order for f to have one critical numbers, f r ( x ) 5 0 must have exactly one solution. Therefore, 3x 2 5 k must have one solution, which occurs when k 5 0. c. f ( x ) 5 x 3 2 kx f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 2 k In order for f to have two critical numbers, f r ( x ) 5 0 must have two solutions. Therefore, 3x 2 5 k must have two solutions, which occurs when k . 0. 13. g ( x ) 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d gr ( x ) 5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c Since there are local extrema at x 5 0 and x 5 2, 0a 1 0b 1 c 5 0 and 12a 1 4b 1 c 5 0 Therefore, c 5 0 and 12a 1 4b 5 0 Going back to the original equation, we have the points (2, 4) and (0, 0). Substitute these values of x in the original function to get two more equations: 8a 1 4b 1 2c 1 d 5 4 and d 5 0. We now know that c 5 0 and d 5 0. We are left with two equations to find a and b: 12a 1 4b 5 0 8a 1 4b 5 4 Subtract the second equation from the first to get 4a 5 2 4. Therefore a 5 2 1, and b 5 3. 14. a. f '(x) 6 4 2 x 0 6 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 6
b.
6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6
f '(x)
x 2 4 6
c.
6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6
f '(x)
x 2 4 6
d.
6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6
f '(x)
x 2 4 6
15. f ( x ) 5 3x 4 1 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d a. f r ( x ) 5 12x 3 1 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c At x 5 0, f r (0) 5 0, then f r (0) 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 c or c 5 0. At x 5 2 2, f r ( 2 2) 5 0, (1) 2 96 1 12a 2 4b 5 0. Since (0, 2 9) lies on the curve, 2 9 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 d or d 5 2 9. Since ( 2 2, 2 73) lies on the curve, 2 73 5 48 2 8a 1 4b 1 0 2 9 2 8a 1 4b 5 2 112 or 2a 2 b 5 28 (2) Also, from (1): 3a 2 b 5 24 2a 2 b 5 2 28 a 5 24 b 5 2 36.
4-12
x f 9 (x)
( x 2 2 2)( x 2 1 1) 5 0 x 2 5 2 or x 2 5 2 1
dy
y 60 40 20 6 4 2 0 20 40 60 2 4 6
x , 22 2
22 0
22 , x,0 1
0 0
0, x,3 2
3 0
x.3 1
Decreas- Local Increas- Local Decreas- Local IncreasGraph ing Min ing Max ing Min ing

x dy dx Graph
x,0 1 Increasing
0 0 Local Max
x.0 2 Decreasing

y 6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 2 4 6
17. h ( x ) 5

x

xS`
x S 2`
4-13
x f 9 (x)
( x 2 2 2)( x 2 1 1) 5 0 x 2 5 2 or x 2 5 2 1
dy
y 60 40 20 6 4 2 0 20 40 60 2 4 6
x , 22 2
22 0
22 , x,0 1
0 0
0, x,3 2
3 0
x.3 1
Decreas- Local Increas- Local Decreas- Local IncreasGraph ing Min ing Max ing Min ing

x dy dx Graph
x,0 1 Increasing
0 0 Local Max
x.0 2 Decreasing

y 6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 2 4 6
17. h ( x ) 5

x

xS`
x S 2`
4-13
Condition for an oblique asymptote is that the highest power of g ( x ) must be one more than the highest power of h ( x ).
x21x 2x 1 3 3. a. lim 5 lim 1 xS` x 2 1 xS` xx2x 1 1 2x 5 lim
xS`
52
5 2
( (
) )
Similarly, lim
2 5x 2 1 3x 5 25 2 2. x S 2` 2x 2 5
3 1
x5 2 2 x3 1 x5 2x 5 2 3x 2 1 5 d. lim 4 5 lim x S ` 3x 1 5x 2 4 xS` 4 5 4 x 3 1 x3 2 x4 x 2 2 x3 1 x5 5 lim

xS`
( (
) )
12x
)
5
( 3) 5 1 lim (1 2 x)
lim 2 1 x xS`
xS`
3 1 x3 2 x4
3
210 120 52 5
Similarly,
2
2x 1 3 lim 5 2. x S 2` x 2 1
2
b.
3 x 5 2 x2 5x 2 3 lim 2 5 lim xS` x 1 2 xS` 2 2 x 1 1 x2 3 5 2 x2 5 lim 2 xS` 1 1 x2 3 lim 5 2 x 2 xS`
( (
) )
( ( x3 1 x5 )) 5 5 4 lim (3 1 x 2 x ) 3 5 lim ( x ) 3 lim (2 2 x 1 x ) 5 5 4 lim (3 1 x 2 x )

lim x 2 2
xS` xS`
3 4
xS`
xS`
xS`
5 lim ( x ) 3
xS`
5`
2x 5 2 3x 2 1 5
22010 31020
( ) 2 lim (1 1 ) x
xS`
2
Similarly, lim 3x 4 1 5x 2 4 5 lim ( x ) 5 2 ` . x S 2` xS` 4. a. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2 5. The numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
x-values x x15 y lim y
xSc
520 110 55 5
x S 252 x S 25 1
,0 ,0
,0 .0
.0 ,0
1` 2`
Similarly, lim x 2 1 2 5 5. x S 2`
x2 25 1 x 2 5x 2 1 3x c. lim 5 lim 2 x S ` 2x 2 5 xS` 2 5 x 2 2 x2 25 1 x 5 lim
xS`
5x 2 2 3
( (
) )
b. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2. The numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
x-values x12 x22 f (x) lim f ( x )
xSc
x S 22 x S 21
,0 .0
,0 .0
,0 .0
2` 1`
5 2 2 x2
3 lim 2 5 1 x xS`
xS`
2
( ) 5 lim (2 2 x )
c. This function is discontinuous at t 5 3. The numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
t-values 1 (t 2 3)2 s lim s
tSc
25 1 0 5 220
xS3
.0 .0
.0 .0
.0 .0
1` 1`
xS3
4-14
d. This function is discontinuous at x 5 3. However, the numerator also has value 0 there, since 32 2 3 2 6 5 0, so this function has no vertical asymptotes. e. The denominator of the function has value 0 when ( x 1 3)( x 2 1) 5 0 x 5 2 3 or x 5 1. The numerator is non-zero at these points, so the function has vertical asymptotes there. The behaviour of the function near the asymptotes is:
x-values 6 x13 x21 f (x) lim f ( x )
xSc
At a point x, the difference between the function x y 5 x 1 4 and its asymptote y 5 1 is

x x 2 ( x 1 4) 215 x14 x14 4 52 . x14 When x is large and positive, this difference is negative, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from below. When x is large and negative, this difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. 2x 2x b. lim 2 5 lim xS` x 2 1 xS` 2 1 x 12 2
x S 232 x S 231 xS1 xS1

2 1
.0 .0 .0 .0
,0 .0 .0 .0
,0 ,0 ,0 .0
.0 ,0 ,0 .0
1` 2` 2` 1`
5 lim
xS`
f. This function is discontinuous when x2 2 1 5 0 ( x 1 1)( x 2 1) 5 0 x 5 2 1 or x 5 1. The numerator is non-zero at these points, so the function has vertical asymptotes there. The behaviour of the function near the asymptotes is:
x-values x
2
x 1 2 x2 lim (2)
xS`
) )
lim x 1 2 x 2 xS` lim (2) 5

xS` xS`
x11
x21
lim y
xSc
lim ( x ) 3 lim 1 2
xS`
1 x2
x S 212 x S 21 1 x S 12 x S 11
.0 .0 .0 .0
,0 .0 .0 .0
,0 ,0 ,0 .0
.0 ,0 ,0 .0
1` 2` 2` 1`
1 1 3 x xS` 120 50 5 lim

2x
5. a. lim
x 5 lim xS` x 1 4 xS` 5 lim
x
4 x11x
Similarly, lim x 2 2 1 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal x S 2` asymptote of the function. At a point x, the difference between the function
f ( x ) 5 x 2 2 1 and its asymptote y 5 0 is x 2 2 1. When x is large and positive, this difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. When x is large and negative, this difference is negative, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from below. t2 3 1 t2 3t 2 1 4 c. lim 2 5 lim xS` t 2 1 xS` 2 1 t 1 2 t2 3 1 t2 5 lim 1 xS` 1 2 t2
4 2x 2x
1 11
4 x
xS`
lim (1) 5
xS`
lim 1 1 x xS` 1 5 110 51

x
( (
) )
Similarly, lim x 1 4 5 1, so y 5 1 is a horizontal x S 2` asymptote of the function.
( 4) 5 1 lim (1 2 t )
lim 3 1 2 t xS`
xS`
2
4-15
310 120 53 5

x12x x23 lim 5 lim xS` x 1 5 xS` 5 x11x 12x 5 lim
xS`
Similarly, lim t 2 2 1 5 3, so y 5 3 is a horizontal x S 2` asymptote of the function. At a point x, the difference between the function
g ( t ) 5 t 2 2 1 and its asymptote y 5 3 is 3t 2 1 4 2 3( t 2 2 1) 3t 2 1 4 2 3 5 t2 2 1 t2 2 1 7 5 2 . t 21 When x is large and positive, this difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. When x is large and negative, this difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. x2 3 2 2 2 3x 2 2 8x 2 7 x x 5 lim d. lim xS` x24 xS` 4 x12x
3t 2 14
3t 2 1 4
( (
) )
3 5
11x
( 3 ) x 5 5 lim (1 1 x)
lim 1 2
xS` xS`
120 5 110 51
Similarly, lim x 1 5 5 1, so y 5 1 is a horizontal x S 2` asymptote of the function. At a point x, the difference between the function x23 y 5 x 1 5 and its asymptote y 5 1 is x23 x 2 3 2 ( x 1 5) 8 215 52 . x15 x15 x15 When x is large and positive, this difference is negative, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from below. When x is large and negative, this difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above.
6 4 2 108 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 y
x23
8 7 x 3 2 x 2 x2 5 lim 4 xS` 12x
lim x 3 2 2 2 x x xS` lim 1 2 x xS`

xS`
((
))
2
) 8 7 lim ( x ) 3 lim (3 2 2 ) x x 5 4 lim (1 2 x)

4
xS` xS`
5 lim ( x ) 3
xS`
Similarly, lim
3x2 2 8x 2 7 5 lim ( x ) 5 2 ` , x24 xS` xS`
5`
32020 120
so this
function has no horizontal asymptotes. 6. a. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2 5. Since the numerator is not equal to 0 there, the function has a vertical asymptote at this point. The behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
x-values x S 252 x S 25 1 x23 x15 y lim y
xSc
b. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2 2. Since the numerator is non-zero there, the function has a vertical asymptote at this point. The behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
x-values xS2 xS2
2
( x 1 2)2
f (x)
lim f ( x )
xSc
.0 .0
.0 .0
.0 .0
1` 1`
,0 ,0
,0 .0
.0 ,0
1` 2`
4-16
lim
5 5 2 5 lim 2 x S ` ( x 1 2) x S ` x 1 4x 1 4 5 5 lim xS` 2 4 4 x 1 1 x 1 x2
So g ( t ) can be written in the form g (t) 5 t 2 3
(
2
) ))
4 4
lim (5) 5
xS`
lim x 1 1 x 1 x 2 xS` lim (5) 5

2 xS`
( (
8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
x 2 4 6 8
lim ( x ) 3 lim 1 1 x 1 x 2 xS` xS` 5 lim 50

5
1
2
xS` x
5 11010
Similarly, lim ( x 1 2)2 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal x S 2` asymptote of the function. At a point x, the difference between the function
f ( x ) 5 ( x 1 2)2 and its asymptote y 5 0 is
5 . ( x 1 2)2 5
d. This function is discontinuous when x 2 2 3x 5 0 x ( x 2 3) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 3 The numerator is non-zero at these points, so the function has vertical asymptotes at both of them. The behaviour of the function near these asymptotes is:
x-values 21x 3 2 2x x x23 y lim y
xSc
When x is large and positive, this
xS0 xS0
2 1
.0 .0 .0 .0
.0 .0 ,0 ,0
,0 .0 .0 .0
,0 ,0 ,0 .0
.0 ,0 .0 ,0
1` 2` 1` 2`
difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. When x is large and negative, this difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above.
10 8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 2 y
x S 32 xS3
1
To check for horizontal asymptotes: (2 1 x )(3 2 2x ) 2 2x 2 2 x 1 6 lim 5 lim xS` x 2 2 3x xS` x 2 2 3x

x2 22 2 x 1 x2 5 lim
xS`
x 2
x2 1 2 x
1 3
5 lim
22 2 x 1 x2 12x
xS`
c. This function is discontinuous at t 5 5. However, the numerator is equal to zero there, since 52 2 2(5) 2 15 5 0, so this function has no vertical asymptote. To check for an oblique asymptote: t23 t 2 5 q t2 2 2t 2 15 t2 2 5t 0 1 3t 2 15 0 1 3t 2 15 01010
lim 2 2 2 1 2 x x xS`
lim 1 2 x xS` 22 2 0 1 0 5 120 5 22
Similarly, lim
(2 1 x )(3 2 2x ) 5 2 2, x 2 2 3x x S 2`
so y 5 2 2 is
a horizontal asymptote of the function.
4-17
At a point x, the difference between the function

2 2x 2 2 x 1 6 y5 x 2 2 3x
2
c.
and its asymptote y 5 2 2 is
2 2x 2 x 1 6 2 2x 2 2 x 1 6 1 2( x 2 2 3x ) 1 2 5 x 2 2 3x x 2 2 3x 2 7x 1 6 5 2 . x 2 3x When x is large and positive, this difference is negative, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from below. When x is large and negative, this difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. y 8 6 4 2 x 0 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8
x22 x 1 2x q x 1 0x 1 0x 2 1 x3 1 2x2 2 2x2 1 0x 2 1 2 2x2 2 4x 4x 2 1

2 3 2

f ( x ) 5 x 2 2 1 x 2 1 2x. Since x42 4x 2 1 x lim 2 5 lim x S ` x 1 2x xS` 2 2 x 11x 42x 5 lim xS` 2 x11x
xS`
4x 2 1
( (
) )
7. a.
3x 2 7 x 2 3 q 3x2 2 2x 2 17 3x2 2 9x 7x 2 17 7x 2 21 4
4 . x23
( ) 1 lim (4 2 ) x 5 2 lim (x(1 1 )) x 1 lim (4 2 ) x 5 2 lim ( x ) 3 lim (1 1 x)

xS` xS` xS` xS`
1 420 5 lim a b 3 xS` x 110 5 0,

f ( x ) 5 3x 2 7 1 lim
4 5 0, xS` x 2 3
Since lim x 2 3 5 0 and

xS`
the line y 5 3x 2 7 is an asymptote
to the function f ( x ). b. x13 2 2x 1 3 q 2x 1 9x 1 2 2x2 1 3x 6x 1 2 6x 1 9 27 So f ( x ) can be written in the form

f ( x ) 5 x 1 3 2 2x 1 3. Since lim 2x 1 3 5 0 and xS`
7 5 0, 2 x 13 x S 2` 7 7
and similarly lim x 2 1 2x 5 0, the line y 5 x 2 2 is x S 2` an asymptote to the function f ( x ). d. x13 x2 2 4x 1 3 q x3 2 x2 2 9x 1 15 x3 2 4x2 1 3x 3x2 2 12x 1 15 3x2 2 12x 1 9 6 So f ( x ) can be written in the form
f ( x ) 5 x 1 3 1 x 2 2 4x 1 3. Since lim x 2 2 4x 1 3 xS`
6 6 6
4x 2 1
lim
the line y 5 x 1 3 is an asymptote
and lim x 2 2 4x 1 3 5 0, the line y 5 x 1 3 is an x S 2` asymptote to the function f ( x ). 8. a. At a point x, the difference between the 4 function f ( x ) 5 f ( x ) 5 3x 2 7 1 x 2 3 and its oblique asymptote y 5 3x 2 7 is
3x 2 7 1 x 2 3 2 (3x 2 7) 5 x 2 3. When x is
4 4
to the function f ( x ). 4-18
large and positive, this difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. When x is large and negative, this difference is negative, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from below. b. At a point x, the difference between the function 7 f ( x ) 5 x 1 3 2 2x 1 3 and its oblique asymptote
y 5 x 1 3 is x 1 3 2 2x 1 3 2 ( x 1 3) 5 2 2x 1 3. When x is large and positive, this difference is negative, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from below. When x is large and negative, this difference is positive, which means that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. 9. a. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2 5. The numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
x-values x S 25 x S 25
2 1
lim
x 2 1 3x 2 2 x 2 1 3x 2 2 5 lim 2 2 x S ` ( x 2 1) x S ` x 2 2x 1 1
3 2 ( 2 ) x x 5 lim 2 1 x (1 2 x 1 x )
x2 1 1
2
xS`
1 1 x 2 x2 5 lim
xS`
3 2
2 1
1 2 x 1 x2
( 3 2) 5 2 1 lim (1 2 x 1 x )
lim 1 1 2 2 x x xS`
xS`
2
11020 12010 51 5
3x 2 1
x15
f (x)
lim f ( x )
xSc
,0 ,0
,0 .0
.0 ,0
1` 2`

x32x 3x 2 1 lim 5 lim xS` x 1 5 xS` 5 x11x 5 lim 32x 11x
5 1
( (
) )
xS`
Similarly, lim ( x 2 1)2 5 1, so y 5 1 is a xS` horizontal asymptote of the function. c. This function is discontinuous when x2 2 4 5 0 x2 5 4 x 5 6 2. At x 5 2 the numerator is 0, since 22 1 2 2 6 5 0, so the function has no vertical asymptote there. At x 5 2 2, however, the numerator is non-zero, so the function has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
x-values x S 22
2
x 2 1 3x 2 2
( 1) 5 5 lim (1 1 x)
lim 3 2 x xS`
xS`
x2 1 x 2 6
x2 2 4
h (x)
lim h ( x )
xSc
,0 ,0
.0 ,0
,0 .0
2` 1`
x S 22 1
320 110 51 5
Similarly,
3x 2 1 lim 5 3, xS` x 1 5
asymptote of the function. b. This function is discontinuous at x 5 1. The numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the function near the asymptote is: To check for a horizontal asymptote:
x-values x S 12 x S 11 x 2 1 3x 2 2 ( x 2 1)2 g (x) lim g ( x )
xSc
To check for a horizontal asymptote: 1 6 x2 1 1 2 x2 2 x x 1x26 lim 5 lim xS` x2 2 4 xS` 4 x2 1 2 x2
1 1 x 2 x2 5 lim
xS`
1 2 x2 5
lim 1 1 2 2 x x xS` lim 1 2 x 2 xS`
.0 .0
.0 .0
.0 .0
1` 1`
)
4-19
11020 120 51 5
Similarly, lim
x2 1 x 2 6 5 1, 2 x S 2` x 2 4
so y 5 1 is a
horizontal asymptote of the function. d. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2. The numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
x-values xS2
2
Horizontal asymptote is at y 5 2 1 2. 2 (2x 1 5) 2 2(3 2 x ) 2 11 f r (x) 5 5 (2x 1 5)2 (2x 1 5)2 Since f r ( x ) 2 0, there are no maximum or minimum points. 3 y-intercept, let x 5 0, y 5 5 5 0.6 x-intercept, let y 5 0, 2x 1 5 5 0, x 5 3
4 2 x 4 2 0 2 4 2 4 f (x)
32x
5x 2 2 3x 1 2
x22
m (x)
lim m ( x )
xSc
.0 .0
,0 .0
,0 .0
2` 1`
x S 21
To check for a horizontal asymptote: x 2 1 3x 2 2 x 2 1 3x 2 2 lim 5 lim 2 2 x S ` ( x 2 1) x S ` x 2 2x 1 1

3 2 x 1 1 x 2 x2 5 lim xS` 2 2 1 x 1 2 x 1 x2 3 2 1 1 x 2 x2 5 lim 2 1 xS` 1 2 x 1 x2
2
( (
) )
( 3 2) 5 2 1 lim (1 2 x 1 x )
lim 1 1 x 2 x 2 xS`
xS`
2
11020 12010 51 5
b. This function is a polynomial, so it is continuous for every real number. It has no horizontal, vertical, or oblique asymptotes. The y-intercept can be found by letting t 5 0, which gives y 5 2 10. hr ( t ) 5 6t 2 2 30t 1 36 Set hr ( t ) 5 0 and solve for t to determine the critical points. 6t 2 2 30t 1 36 5 0 t 2 2 5t 1 6 5 0 ( t 2 2)( t 2 3) 5 0 t 5 2 or t 5 3
t
Similarly,
x 2 1 3x 2 2 lim 5 1, 2 x S ` ( x 2 1)
t,2 1 Inc.
t52 0 Local Max
2,t,3 2 Dec.
t53 0 Local Min
t.3 1 Inc.
so y 5 1 is a
h9 ( t ) Graph
horizontal asymptote of the function. 32x 10. a. f ( x ) 5 2x 1 5 Discontinuity is at x 5 2 2.5. 32x lim 2 5 2` x S 225 2x 1 5 32x lim 1 5 1` x S 225 2x 1 5 Vertical asymptote is at x 5 2 2.5. Horizontal asymptote: 32x 1 lim 52 , x S ` 2x 1 5 2 32x 1 52 . lim x S 2` 2x 1 5 2 4-20
The x-intercept cannot be easily obtained algebraically. Since the polynomial function has a local maximum when x 5 2, it must have an x-intercept prior to this x-value. Since f (0) 5 2 10 and f (1) 5 13, an estimate for the x-intercept is about 0.3.
24 20 16 12 8 4 2 0
h(t)
y 4 2 x
t 2 4 6
8 6 4 2 0 2
2 4 6 8
c. This function is discontinuous when x2 1 4 5 0 x2 5 24 This equation has no real solutions, however, so the function is continuous everywhere. To check for a horizontal asymptote: 20 20 lim 2 5 lim xS` x 1 4 xS` 2 4 x 1 1 x2
lim (20) 5
xS`
lim x 2 1 1 x 2 xS` 5
xS`
( (
)) (
4
lim (20) lim ( x 2 ) 3 lim 1 1 x 2 xS` xS` 5 lim 50 1

2 xS` x
1 t Discontinuity is at t 5 0. 1 lim a t 1 b 5 1` tS01 t 1 lim at 1 b 5 2 ` 2 tS0 t Oblique asymptote is at s ( t ) 5 t. 1 sr ( t ) 5 1 2 2 t Let sr ( t ) 5 0, t 2 5 1 t 5 61. Local maximum is at ( 2 1, 2 2) and local minimum is at (1, 2).
d. s ( t ) 5 t 1
20 110
t s9 ( t )
t , 21 t 5 21 1 Increasing 0 Local Max
21 , t,0 2
0, t,1 2
t51 0 Local Min
t.1 1 Increasing
Similarly,
20 lim 2 5 0, x S 2` x 1 4
Graph
asymptote of the function. The y-intercept of this function can be found by letting x 5 0, which gives Since the numerator of this function is never 0, it has no x-intercept. The derivative can be found by rewriting the function as y 5 20( x 2 1 4)21, then yr 5 2 20( x 2 1 4)21 (2x ) 40x 52 2 ( x 1 4)2 Letting yr 5 0 shows that x 5 0 is a critical point of the function.
x y9 Graph
20 y 5 0 2 1 4 5 5.
4 2
s(t)
t 4 2 0 2 4 2 4
x,0 1 Inc.
x50 0 Local Max
x.0 2 Dec.
4-21
x S 23
2x 2 1 5x 1 2 x13 Discontinuity is at x 5 2 3. 2x 2 1 5x 1 2 5 5 2x 2 1 1 x13 x13 Oblique asymptote is at y 5 2x 2 1. lim 1 g ( x ) 5 1` , lim 2 g ( x ) 5 2 `
e. g ( x ) 5
There is no vertical asymptote. The function is the straight line s 5 t 1 7, t $ 2 7.

10 s(t) 8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 2
x S 23
(4x 1 5)( x 1 3) 2 (2x 2 1 5x 1 2) gr ( x ) 5 ( x 1 3)2 2x 2 1 12x 1 13 5 ( x 1 3)2 Let gr ( x ) 5 0, therefore, 2x 2 1 12x 1 13 5 0: 2 12 6 "144 2 104 x5 4 x 5 2 1.4 or x 5 2 4.6.
t s9 ( t ) Graph
2 4 6
a
11. a. The horizontal asymptote occurs at y 5 c . b. The vertical asymptote occurs when cx 1 d 5 0 or x 5 2 c .
d
x , 2 4.6 1 Increasing
2 4.6 0 Local Max
2 4.6 , x , 23 2 Decreasing
23 Undefined
23 , x , 2 1.4 2
x 5 1.4 x . 2 1.4 0 Local Min 1 Increasing
Vertical Decreasing Asymptote
Local maximum is at ( 2 4.6, 2 10.9) and local minimum is at ( 2 1.4, 2 0.7).

16 8 x 16 8 0 8 16 8 16 g(x)
t 2 1 4t 2 21 , t $ 27 t23 ( t 1 7)( t 2 3) 5 ( t 2 3) Discontinuity is at t 5 3. ( t 1 7)( t 2 3) lim 5 lim ( t 1 7) 1 xS3 ( t 2 3) xS31 5 10 lim ( t 1 7) 5 10 2
f. s ( t ) 5
xS3
12. a. Since f is defined for all values of x, f r and f s are also defined for all values of x. f has a horizontal asymptote at y 5 0. So f r and f s will have horizontal asymptotes there. f has a local maximum at (0, 1) so f r will be 0 when x 5 0. f has a point of inflection at ( 2 0.7, 0.6) and (0.7, 0.6), so f s will be 0 at x 5 6 0.7. At x 5 0.7, f changes from concave up to concave down, so the sign of f s changes from positive to negative. At x 5 0.7, f changes from concave down to concave up, so the sign of f s changes from negative to positive there. f is increasing for x , 0, so f r will be positive. f is decreasing for x . 0, so f r will be negative. The graph of f is concave up for x , 2 0.7 and x . 0.7, so f s is positive for x , 2 0.7 and x . 0.7. The graph of f is concave down for 2 0.7 , x , 0.7, so f s is negative for 2 0.7 , x , 0.7. Also, since f s is 0 at x 5 6 0.7, the graph of f r will have a local minimum or local maximum at these points. Since the sign of f s changes from negative to positive at x 5 0.7, it must be a local minimum point. Since the sign of f s changes from positive to negative at x 5 2 0.7, it must be a local maximum point.
4-22
y 6 4 2 y = f ''(x) 4 2 0 2 4 6 2 4
b. Since f is defined for all values of x, f r and f s are also defined for all values of x. f has a horizontal asymptote at y 5 0 so f r and f s will have a horizontal asymptote there. f has a local maximum at (1, 3.5) so f r will be 0 when x 5 1. f has a local minimum at ( 2 1, 2 3.5) so f r will be 0 when x 5 2 1. f has a point of inflection at ( 2 1.7, 2 3), (1.7, 3) and (90, 0) so f s will be 0 at x 5 6 1.7 and x 5 0. At x 5 0, f changes from concave up to concave down, so the sign of f s changes from positive to negative. At x 5 2 1.7, f changes from concave down to concave up, so the sign of f s changes from negative to positive. At x 5 1.7, f changes from concave down to concave up, so the sign of f s changes from negative to positive. f is decreasing for x , 2 1 and x . 1, so f r will be negative. The graph of f is concave up for 2 1.7 , x , 0 and x . 1.7, so f s is positive for 2 1.7 , x , 0 and x . 1.7. The graph of f is concave down for x , 2 1.7 and 0 , x , 1.7, so f s is negative for x , 2 1.7 and 0 , x , 1.7. Also, since f s is 0 when x 5 0 and x 5 6 1.7, the graph of f r will have a local maximum or minimum at these points. Since the sign of f s changes from negative to positive at x 5 2 1.7, f r has a local minimum at x 5 2 1.7. Since the sign of f s changes from positive to negative at x 5 0, it must be a local maximum point. Since the sign of f s changes from negative to positive at x 5 1.7, it must be a local minimum point.
8 6 4 2 4 2 0 2 y
13. a. If f ( x ) is increasing, then f r ( x ) . 0. From the graph of f r, f r ( x ) . 0 for x , 0. If f ( x ) is decreasing, then f r ( x ) , 0. From the graph of f r, f r ( x ) , 0 for x . 0. At a stationary point, f r ( x ) 5 0. From the graph, the zero of f r ( x ) occurs at (0, 0). At x 5 0, The graph changes from positive to negative, so f has a local maximum there. If the graph of f is concave up, f s ( x ) is positive. From the slope of f r, the graph of f is concave up for x , 2 0.6 and x . 0.6. If the graph of f is concave down, f s ( x ) is negative and concave down for 2 0.6 , x , 0.6. Graphs will vary slightly. An example showing the shape of the curve is illustrated.
2 1 4 2 0 1 2 y x 2 4
b. If f ( x ) is increasing, then f r ( x ) . 0. From the graph of f r, f s ( x ) . 0 for x , 1 and x . 5. If f ( x ) is decreasing, then f r ( x ) , 0. From the graph of f r, f r ( x ) , 0 for 1 , x , 3 and 3 , x , 5. At a stationary point, f r ( x ) 5 0. From the graph, the zeros of f r ( x ) occur at x 5 1 and x 5 5. At x 5 1, the graph changes from positive to negative, so f has a local maximum there. At x 5 5, the graph changes from negative to positive, so f has a local minimum there. If the graph of f is concave up, f s ( x ) is positive. From the slope of f r, the graph is concave up for x . 3. If the graph of f is concave down, f s ( x ) is negative. From the slope of f r, the graph of f is concave down for x , 3. There is a vertical asymptote at x 5 3 since f r is not defined there. Graphs will vary slightly. An example showing the shape of the curve is illustrated.
4 y
y = f' (x) x 2 4 2
2 x 0 2 4 2 4 6
4-23
14. a. f ( x ) and r ( x ): lim f ( x ) and lim r ( x ) exist.

xS` xS`
b. h ( x ): the highest degree of x in the numerator is exactly one degree higher than the highest degree of x in the denominator. c. h ( x ): the denominator is defined for all x P R. 2x 2 3 f (x) 5 has vertical asymptotes at ( x 2 7)( x 1 2) x 5 7 and x 5 2 2. f ( 2 2.001) 5 2 110.99 so as x S 2 22, f ( x ) S 2 ` f ( 2 1.999) 5 111.23 so as x S 2 2 1 , f ( x ) S ` f (6.999) 5 111.12 so as x S 72, f ( x ) S ` f (7.001) 5 2 111.10 so as x S 7 1 , f ( x ) S 2 ` f ( x ) has a horizontal asymptote at y 5 0. g ( x ) has a vertical asymptote at x 5 3. g (2.999) 5 23 974.009 so as x S 32, g ( x ) S ` g (3.001) 5 2 24 026.009 so as x S 3 1 , g ( x ) S 2 ` 2 4x 2 1 By long division, h ( x ) 5 x 1 a 2 b so y 5 x x 11 is an oblique asymptote. ( x 1 3)( x 2 2) r (x) 5 has vertical asymptotes at ( x 2 4)( x 1 4) x 5 2 4 and x 5 4. r ( 2 4.001) 5 750.78 so as x S 2 42, r ( x ) S ` r ( 2 3.999) 5 2 749.22 so as x S 2 4 1 , r ( x ) S 2 ` r (3.999) 5 2 1749.09 so as x S 42, r ( x ) S 2 ` r (4.001) 5 1750.91 so as x S 4 1 , r ( x ) S ` r ( x ) has a horizontal asymptote at y 5 1. ax 1 5 15. f ( x ) 5 3 2 bx Vertical asymptote is at x 5 2 4. Therefore, 3 2 bx 5 0 at x 5 2 5. That is, 3 2 b ( 2 5) 5 0 3 b5 . 5 Horizontal asymptote is at y 5 2 3. ax 1 5 b 5 23 lim a x S ` 3 2 bx
a1 ax 1 5 2a x b 5 lim 3 lim a 5 x S ` 3 2 bx xS` b 2b
5
x 2 1 2x 1 1 ( x 1 1)( x 1 1) 5 lim xS` x11 xS` ( x 1 1) 5 lim ( x 1 1) lim 5` x2 1 1 x 2 1 2x 1 1 2 d b. lim c xS` x 1 1 x11 5 lim x 2 1 1 2 x 2 2 2x 2 1 xS` x11 2 2x 5 lim xS` x 1 1 22 5 lim 1 5 22 xS` 11x
xS`
2x 2 2 2x x2 2 9 Discontinuity is at x 2 2 9 5 0 or x 5 63. f ( x ) 5 1` lim 1
17. f ( x ) 5
xS3
x S 32 x S 23 1
lim f ( x ) 5 2 `
lim f ( x ) 5 2 ` lim f ( x ) 5 1`
x S 2 32
xS` xS`
Vertical asymptotes are at x 5 3 and x 5 2 3. Horizontal asymptote: lim f ( x ) 5 2 (from below)

lim f ( x ) 5 2 (from above)
But
a 2b 5 23
3 5,
or a 5 3b.
1
But b 5
then a 5 9 5.
2
Horizontal asymptote is at y 5 2. (4x 2 2)( x 2 2 9) 2 2x (2x 2 2 2x ) f r (x) 5 ( x2 2 9)2 4x 3 2 2x 2 2 36x 1 18 2 4x 3 1 4x 2 5 ( x 2 2 9)2 2x 2 2 36x 1 18 5 ( x 2 2 9)2 Let f r ( x ) 5 0, 2x 2 2 36x 1 18 5 0 or x 2 2 18x 1 9 5 0. 18 6 "182 2 36 x5 2 x 5 0.51 or x 5 17.5 y 5 0.057 or y 5 1.83. Local maximum is at (0.51, 0.057) and local minimum is at (17.5, 1.83).
t s9 ( t ) Graph
x1x x 11 16. a. lim 5 lim 1 xS` x 1 1 xS` 11x 5`
23 , x , 0.51 1 Increasing
0.51 0
0.51 , x,3 2
3, x , 17.5 2
17.5 0
x . 17.5 1
Local Decreas- DecreasLocal Min Increasing Max ing ing
4-24
4 3 2 1 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4
f (x)

x 2 4 6 8 10

dg dg 50 dx

1. a.
8 6 4 2
y (3, 5) x 2 4 6 8
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
(2, 0)

dy dy
dy
4-25
4 3 2 1 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4
f (x)

x 2 4 6 8 10

dg dg 50 dx

1. a.
8 6 4 2
y (3, 5) x 2 4 6 8
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
(2, 0)

dy dy
dy
4-25
x*1 x21 x22 ( x 2 1)( x 2 2) dy dx g ( x ) 5 2x 3 2 9x 2 1 12x
1*x*2
x+2
2 2 ( 2 )( 2 ) 5 1 .0 increasing
1 2 ( 1 )( 2 ) 5 2 ,0 decreasing
1 1 (1)(1) 5 1 .0 increasing
b. dx 5 x 3 2 27x. When dx 5 0, dy 5 x ( x 2 2 27) 5 0 dx x 5 0, x 5 63"3 c. dx 5 4x 3 2 8x. When dx 5 0, dy 5 4x ( x 2 2 2) 5 0 dx x 5 0, x 5 6"2

dy dy dy
dy
dy
d. dx 5 15x 4 2 75x 2 1 60. When dx 5 0, dy 5 15( x 4 2 5x 2 1 4) 5 0 dx dy 5 15( x 2 2 1)( x 2 2 4) 5 0 dx x 5 61, x 5 62

2x (x 2 1 1) 2 ( x 2 2 1)(2x) dy . When 5 0, 2 2 ( x 1 1) dx dy the numerator equals 0. So dx 5 2x ( x 2 1 1) 2 dy ( x 2 2 1)(2x ) 5 0. After simplifying, dx 5 4x 5 0.
dy
From the table above, x 5 1 is the local maximum and x 5 2 is the local minimum. dg b. 5 3x 2 2 4x 2 4 dx dg To find the critical numbers, set 5 0. dx 3x 2 2 4x 2 4 5 0 (3x 1 2)( x 2 2) 5 0 2 x 5 2 or x 5 2 3
x* 2 3x 1 2 x22 dg dx g (x) 2 3 2 2 *x*2 3 x+2
2 2 1 increasing
1 2 2 decreasing
1 1 1 increasing
e. dx 5
dy
2 The function has a local maximum at x 5 2 and a 3 local minimum at x 5 2
x50 dy ( x 2 1 2) 2 x (2x ) dy f. 5 . When dx 5 0, the ( x 2 1 2)2 dx numerator equals 0. So after simplifying, dy 5 2 x 2 1 2 5 0. dx x 5 6"2 dg 5. a. 5 6x 2 2 18x 1 12 dx dg To find the critical numbers, set dx 5 0. So 6x 2 2 18x 1 12 5 0 6( x 2 1)( x 2 2) 5 0 x 5 1, x 5 2
6.
df 5 2x 1 k dx
df
To have a local minimum value, dx 5 0. This occurs when x 5 2 2 . So f 2 2 5 1. k2 k2 2 1251 4 2 k2 2 1251 4 k2 2 5 21 4 k2 5 4 k 5 62

k
( k)
4-26
7. f r ( x ) 5 4x 3 2 32 To find the critical numbers, set f r ( x ) 5 0. 4x 3 2 32 5 0 4( x 3 2 8) 5 0 x52

x*2 f 9 ( x ) 5 4x 3 2 32 f (x) x+2
than 3. So f ( x ) approaches y 5 3 from below when x is large and positive and approached y 5 3 from above when x is large and negative.
x2 1 1 2 2 x 2 1 3x 2 2 x x b. f ( x ) 5 5 2 2 1 ( x 2 1) x2 1 2 x 1 x2
3 2 11x2x) ( 5 1 1x) (1 2 2 x
2 2
( (
) )
2 decreasing
1 increasing
The function has a local minimum at x 5 2. 8. a. Since x 1 2 5 0 for x 5 2 2, x 5 2 2 is a vertical asymptote. Large and positive to left of asymptote, large and negative to right of asymptote. b. Since 9 2 x 2 5 0 for x 5 63, x 5 2 3 and x 5 3 are vertical asymptotes. For x 5 2 3: large and negative to left of asymptote, large and positive to right of asymptote. c. Since 3x 1 9 5 0 for x 5 2 3, x 5 2 3 is a vertical asymptote. Large and negative to left of asymptote, large and positive to right of asymptote. d. Since 3x 2 2 13x 2 10 5 0 when x 5 2 2 3 and and are vertical asymptotes. x 5 5, x 5 2 2 x 5 5 3 For x 5 2 2 3 large and positive to left of asymptote, large and negative to right of asymptote. For x 5 3: large and positive to left of asymptote, large and negative to right of asymptote.
3x 2 1 9. a. f ( x ) 5 5 x15 3x a 1 2 3x b
1
x S 1`
lim
2 2x) (1 1 3 (1 1 0 2 0) x 5 2 1 (1 2 x 1 x ) (1 2 0 1 0)
2 2
51
So the horizontal asymptote is 1. Similarly, we can prove lim f ( x ) 5 1. If x is large and positive,
x S 2`
for example, x 5 1000, f ( x ) 5

9 96 998 10 02 001 ,
10002 1 3 (1000) 2 2 (1000 2 1)2
which is greater than 1. If x is large and negative, for example, x 5 2 1000,

( 2 1000)2 1 3 ( 2 1000) 2 2 ( 2 1000 2 1)
2
f (x) 5
9 96 998 5 10 02 001 , which is less
x a1 1 b x
5
1 3 a1 2 b 3x 5 5 11x
than 1. So f ( x ) approaches y 5 1 from above when x is large and positive and approaches y 5 1 from below when x is large and negative. 10. a. Since ( x 2 5)2 5 0 when x 5 5, x 5 5 is a vertical asymptote. x x f (x) 5 5 ( x 2 5)2 10 25 x 2 1 2 x 1 x2
1
10 25 x 1 2 x 1 x2
) ))
x S 1`
lim f ( x ) 5
3 c lim 1 2 3x d x S 2`
x S 2`
( 1) 5 lim (1 1 x)
x S 15
3(1 2 0) 5 (1 1 0) 53 So the horizontal asymptote is y 5 3. Similarly, we can prove lim f ( x ) 5 3. If x is large and positive,
x S 2`
5 1` 10 25 x 1 2 1 lim x x2 x S 15 This limit gets larger as it approaches 5 from the right. Similarly, we can prove that the limit goes to 1` as it approaches 5 from the left. For example, 1 if x 5 1000 f ( x ) 5 10 25 , which 1000 Q 1 2 1000 1 1000 2R
lim f ( x ) 5
x S 15
lim (1)
((
for example, if x 5 1000, f ( x ) 5 which is smaller than 3. If x is large and negative, for exam3001 ple, if x 5 2 1000, f ( x ) 5 2 2 995 , which is larger
2999 1005 ,
gets larger as x gets larger. Thus, f ( x ) approaches 1` on both sides of x 5 5. b. There are no discontinuities because x 2 1 9 never equals zero.
4-27
c. Using the quadratic formula, we find that x 2 2 12x 1 12 5 0 when x 5 6 6 2"6. So x 5 6 6 2"6 are vertical asymptotes.
x22 f (x) 5 2 5 x 2 12x 1 12 x12 x
t * 2.5198 1 2 4t23 4 Sign of C 9 ( t )
t + 2.5198
2 2 decreasing
1 1 increasing
x2 1 2 x 1 x2 x12
12
12
12
) )
.
Behaviour of C ( t )
x S 16 1 2"6
lim
f (x) 5
x S 16 1 2"6
lim
2 x
)
12
This limit gets smaller as it approaches 6 1 2"6 from the right and get larger as it approaches 6 1 2"6 from the left. Similarly, we can show that the limit gets smaller as it approaches 6 2 2"6 from the left and gets larger as it approaches from the right. 11. a. f r ( x ) . 0 implies that f ( x ) is increasing. b. f r ( x ) , 0 implies that f ( x ) is decreasing. 12. a. h ( t ) 5 2 4.9t 2 1 9.5t 1 2.2 Note that h (0) 5 2.2 , 3 because when the diver dives, the board is curved down. hr ( t ) 5 2 9.8t 1 9.5 Set hr ( t ) 5 0 0 5 2 9.8t 1 9.5 t 8 0.97
0 * t * 0.97 29.8t 1 9.5 Sign of h9 ( t ) Behaviour of h ( t ) t + 0.97
x 2 1 2 x 1 x2 x S 16 1 2"6 lim
14. For f ( x ) the derivative function f r (0) 5 0 and f r (2) 5 0. Therefore, f r ( x ) passes through (0, 0) and (2, 0). When x , 0, f ( x ) is decreasing, therefore, f r ( x ) , 0. When 0 , x , 2, f ( x ) is increasing, therefore, f r ( x ) . 0. When x . 2, f ( x ) is decreasing, therefore, f r ( x ) , 0.
2 4 2 0 2 4 6 y x 2 4
1 1 increasing
2 2 decreasing
b. hr ( t ) 5 v ( t ) v ( t ) 5 2 9.8t 1 9.5 vr ( t ) 5 2 9.8 , 0 The velocity is decreasing all the time. t 13. C ( t ) 5 1 2t 22 4 1 C r ( t ) 5 2 4t 2 3 4 Set Cr ( t ) 5 0 1 0 5 2 4t 23 4 1 5 4t 23 4 t 3 5 16 t 8 2.5198
15. a. f ( x ) 5 x 2 2 7x 2 18 i. f r ( x ) 5 2x 2 7 Set f r ( x ) 5 0 0 5 2x 2 7 7 x5 2 ii.

2x 2 7 Sign of f 9 ( x ) Behaviour of f ( x )
x*
7 2
x+
7 2
2 2 decreasing
1 1 increasing
iii. From ii., there is a minimum at x 5 2. 7 7 2 7 f a b 5 a b 2 7 a b 2 18 2 2 2 7 49 49 fa b 5 2 2 18 2 4 2 7 121 fa b 5 2 2 4
4-28
iv.
10 5 4 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
y x 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 5 8x 3 2 8x 0 5 8x ( x 2 2 1) 0 5 8x ( x 2 1)( x 1 1) x 5 2 1 or x 5 0 or x 5 1
ii.
x * 21 8x x21 x11 Sign of f 9 (x) Behaviour of f ( x ) 21 * x * 0 0*x*1 x+1
2 2 2
2 2 1
1 2 1
1 1 1
b. f ( x ) 5 2 2x 3 1 9x 2 1 3 i. f r ( x ) 5 2 6x 2 1 18x Set f r ( x ) 5 0 0 5 2 6x 2 1 18x 0 5 2 6x ( x 2 3) x 5 0 or x 5 3 ii.

x*0 26x x23 Sign of f 9 ( x ) Behaviour of f ( x ) 0*x*3 x+3
( 2 )( 2 )( 2 ) ( 2 )( 2 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( 2 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( 1 )( 1 ) 52 51 52 51 decreasing increasing decreasing increasing
1 2 ( 1 )( 2 ) 5 2 decreasing
2 2 ( 2 )( 2 ) 5 1 increasing
2 1 ( 2 )( 1 ) 5 2 decreasing
iii. From ii., there is a maximum at x 5 0 and minima at x 5 2 1 and x 5 1 f ( 2 1) 5 2( 2 1)4 2 4( 2 1)2 1 2 f ( 2 1) 5 2 2 4 1 2 f ( 2 1) 5 0 f (0) 5 2(0)4 2 4(0)2 1 2 f (0) 5 2 f (1) 5 2(1)4 2 4(1)2 1 2 f (1) 5 2 2 4 1 2 f (1) 5 0 iv. y
3
iii. From ii., there is a minimum at x 5 0 and a maximum at x 5 3. f (0) 5 2 2(0)3 1 9(0)2 1 3 f (0) 5 3 f (3) 5 2 2(3)3 1 9(3)2 1 3 f (3) 5 2 54 1 81 1 3 f (3) 5 30 iv. y
35 30 25 20 15 10 5
2 1 x 2 1 0 1 1 2
x 2 4 6
0 5
d. f ( x ) 5 x 5 2 5x i. f r ( x ) 5 5x 4 2 5 Set f r ( x ) 5 0 0 5 5x 4 2 5 0 5 5( x 4 2 1) 0 5 5( x 2 2 1)( x 2 1 1) 0 5 5( x 2 1)( x 1 1)( x 2 1 1) x 5 2 1 or x 5 1
c. f ( x ) 5 2x 4 2 4x 2 1 2 i. f r ( x ) 5 8x 3 2 8x f r (x) 5 0
4-29
ii.
5 x21 x11 x2 1 1 Sign of f 9 (x) Behaviour of f ( x )
x * 21
21 * x * 1
x+1
17. a. lim
1 2 2 1
1 2 1 1
1 1 1 1
3 2 2x xS` 3x
3 2x 2 x x 5 lim 3x xS` x
( 1 )( 2 )( 2 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( 2 )( 1 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( 1 )( 1 )( 1 ) 51 52 51 increasing decreasing increasing
022 3 2 52 3 x 2 2 2x 1 5 b. lim 2 x S ` 6x 1 2x 2 1 5
x2 2x 5 2 21 2 x2 x x 5 lim 6x 2 2 x 1 xS` 1 x2 2 x2 x2
iii. From ii., there is a maximum at x 5 2 1 and a minimum at x 5 1 f ( 2 1) 5 ( 2 1)5 2 5( 2 1) f ( 2 1) 5 2 1 1 5 f ( 2 1) 5 4 f (1) 5 (1)5 2 5(1) f (1) 5 2 4
8 6 4 2 2 1 0 2 4 6 8 y
12010 61020 1 5 6 7 1 2x 2 2 3x 3 c. lim 3 2 x S ` x 2 4x 1 3x 5

7 2x 2 3x 3 3 1 3 2 x x3 5 lim x 3 2 x 4 x 3 x xS` 2 x3 1 x3 x3
x 1 2
01023 12010 5 23 5 1 2x 3 d. lim 4 x S ` x 2 4x 5

5 2x 3 4 2 x4 5 lim x 4 x 4 x xS` 2 x4 x4
16. a. vertical asymptote: x 5 2 1 2 , horizontal 1 asymptote y 5 1 as x approaches ; 2 2 from the left, graph approaches infinity; as x approaches 1 2 from the right, graph approaches negative infinity. b. vertical asymptote: x 5 2 2, horizontal asymptote: y 5 1; as x approaches 2 2 from the left, graph approaches infinity; as x approaches 2 2 from the right, graph decreases to ( 2 0.25, 2 1.28) and then approaches to infinity. c. vertical asymptote: x 5 2 3, horizontal asymptote: y 5 2 1; as x approaches 2 3 from the left, graph approaches infinity; as x approaches 2 3 from the right, graph approaches infinity d. vertical asymptote: x 5 2 4, no horizontal asymptote; as x approaches 2 4 from the left, graph increases to ( 2 7.81, 2 30.23) and then decreases to 2 4; as x approaches 2 4 from the right, graph decreases to ( 2 0.19, 0.23) then approaches infinity. 4-30
020 120 50 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 2x 5 2 1 2 3 e. lim 4 5 lim x 1 4 2 x S ` 3x 2 x 2 2 xS` 3 3x 2 x 2 2 2 1 2 4 2 x x x 5 lim x 1 lim 3x 4 x 2 2 xS` 3 xS` 2 x4 2 x4 x4 5` 1

2 3 3x 4 4 3x 4
f. lim
x 2 1 3x 2 18 xS` ( x 2 3)2 x 2 1 3x 2 18 5 lim 2 x S ` x 2 6x 1 9

The local minimum is (5, 2 105) and the local maximum is ( 2 1, 20) 25 b. y 5 2 x 1 48 50x dy 52 2 dx ( x 1 48)2 For critical values, solve dx 5 0 or dx does not exist. Since x 2 1 48 . 0 for all x, the only critical point is 25 Q 0, 48 R d 2y 5 2 50( x 2 1 48)22 1 100x ( x 2 1 48)23 (2x ) dx 2 50 200x 2 52 2 1 ( x 1 48)2 ( x 2 1 48)3 At x 5 0, dx 2 5 2 482 , 0. The point Q 0, 25 48 R is a local maximum. c. s 5 t 1 t 21 1 ds 5 1 2 2, t 2 0 dt t
7 x dy
2
dy
dy
11020 12010 51 x 2 2 4x 2 5 g. lim xS` x2 2 1 5

x2 4x 5 2 x2 2 x2 x2 5 lim x 2 1 xS` 2 x2 x2
50
12020 xS` 120 51 5 lim
h. lim a 5x 1 4 2
xS`
7 b x13
3

xS` xS` xS`
5`
1x

dy 5 6x 2 12. dx 2
2 2
For critical values, we solve dt 5 0: 1 12 250 t t2 5 1 t 5 61. The critical points are ( 2 1, 2 2) and (1, 2) d 2s 2 5 3 dt 2 t At t 5 2 1, dt 5 2 2 , 0. The point ( 2 1, 2 2) is a local maximum. At t 5 1, dt 2 5 2 . 0. The point (1, 2) is a local minimum. d. y 5 ( x 2 3)3 1 8 dy 5 3( x 2 3)2 dx x 5 3 is a critical value. The critical point is (3, 8) d 2y 5 6( x 2 3) dx 2 At x 5 3, dx 2 5 0.
d 2y ds
2
ds
ds
At at this point.
dy x 5 5, dx 2 5 18 . 0. dy
2

4-31
f. lim
x 2 1 3x 2 18 xS` ( x 2 3)2 x 2 1 3x 2 18 5 lim 2 x S ` x 2 6x 1 9

The local minimum is (5, 2 105) and the local maximum is ( 2 1, 20) 25 b. y 5 2 x 1 48 50x dy 52 2 dx ( x 1 48)2 For critical values, solve dx 5 0 or dx does not exist. Since x 2 1 48 . 0 for all x, the only critical point is 25 Q 0, 48 R d 2y 5 2 50( x 2 1 48)22 1 100x ( x 2 1 48)23 (2x ) dx 2 50 200x 2 52 2 1 ( x 1 48)2 ( x 2 1 48)3 At x 5 0, dx 2 5 2 482 , 0. The point Q 0, 25 48 R is a local maximum. c. s 5 t 1 t 21 1 ds 5 1 2 2, t 2 0 dt t
7 x dy
2
dy
dy
11020 12010 51 x 2 2 4x 2 5 g. lim xS` x2 2 1 5

x2 4x 5 2 x2 2 x2 x2 5 lim x 2 1 xS` 2 x2 x2
50
12020 xS` 120 51 5 lim
h. lim a 5x 1 4 2
xS`
7 b x13
3

xS` xS` xS`
5`
1x

dy 5 6x 2 12. dx 2
2 2
For critical values, we solve dt 5 0: 1 12 250 t t2 5 1 t 5 61. The critical points are ( 2 1, 2 2) and (1, 2) d 2s 2 5 3 dt 2 t At t 5 2 1, dt 5 2 2 , 0. The point ( 2 1, 2 2) is a local maximum. At t 5 1, dt 2 5 2 . 0. The point (1, 2) is a local minimum. d. y 5 ( x 2 3)3 1 8 dy 5 3( x 2 3)2 dx x 5 3 is a critical value. The critical point is (3, 8) d 2y 5 6( x 2 3) dx 2 At x 5 3, dx 2 5 0.
d 2y ds
2
ds
ds
At at this point.
dy x 5 5, dx 2 5 18 . 0. dy
2

4-31
x,
4 3
x5
4 3
x.
4 3
,0 Concave Down
50 Point of Inflection
.0 Concave Up
20 The point ( 4 3 , 2 1427 ) is point of inflection. b. For possible point(s) of inflection, solve d 2y 5 0: dx 2 200x 2 2 50x 2 2 2400 5 0 150x 2 5 2400. Since x 2 1 48 . 0: x 5 64.
Interval f 0 (x) Graph of f (x)
x , 24 .0
x 5 24 24 , x , 4 50 ,0 Concave Down
x54 50
x.4 .0
25 ( 2 4, 25 64 ) and ( 4, 64 ) are points of inflection.
2 x3 g s ( 2 1) 5 2 1 2 5 4 . 0 The curve lies above the tangent line at ( 2 1, 2). w c. p ( w ) 5 at w 5 3 !w 2 1 1 1 p ( w ) 5 w ( w 2 1 1)2 dp 1 1 3 5 ( w 2 1 1)2 1 w a2 b ( w 2 1 1)2 (2w ) dw 2 1 3 5 ( w 2 1 1)2 2 w 2 ( w 2 1 1)2 1 2 d 2p 3 3 2 2 2 2 5 2 ( w 1 1) (2w ) 2 2w ( w 1 1) dw 2 3 5 1 w 2 a b ( w 2 1 1)2 (2w ) 2 d 2p 3 81 6 At w 5 3, 2 10 !10 1 2 5 2 dw 10 !10 100 !10 9 52 , 0. 100 !10 gs (x) 5 2 2
ds 3 c. 2 5 2 dt t
Interval f 0 (t) Graph of f ( t )
The curve is below the tangent line at (3,
3 !10
).
t,0 ,0 Concave Down
t50 Undefined Undefined
t.0 .0 Concave Up
The graph does not have any points of inflection. d. For possible points of inflection, solve d 2y 5 0: dx 2 6( x 2 3) 5 0 x 5 3.
x,3 ,0 Concave Down
x53 50 Point of Inflection
x.3 .0 Concave Up
(3, 8) is a point of inflection. 4. a. f ( x ) 5 2x 3 2 10x 1 3 at x 5 2 f r ( x ) 5 6x 2 2 10 f s ( x ) 5 12x f s (2) 5 24 . 0 The curve lies above the tangent at (2, 2 1). 1 b. g ( x ) 5 x 2 2 at x 5 2 1 x 1 gr ( x ) 5 2x 1 2 x
d. The first derivative is ( t 2 4)(2) 2 (2t )(1) sr ( t ) 5 ( t 2 4)2 28 5 ( t 2 4)2 The second derivative is ( t 2 4)2 (0) 2 ( 2 8)2( t 2 4)1 ss (t) 5 ( t 2 4)4 16 5 ( t 2 4)3 16 So s s ( 2 2) 5 ( 2 2 2 4)3 16 2 52 52 216 27 Since the second derivative is negative at this point, the function lies below the tangent there. 5. For the graph on the left: i. f s ( x ) . 0 for x , 1 Thus, the graph of f ( x ) is concave up on x , 1. f s ( x ) # 0 for x . 1. The graph of f ( x ) is concave down on x . 1. ii. There is a point of inflection at x 5 1.
4-32
iii.
y y = f''(x) 1 0 1 2 y y = f(x) 3
For possible points of inflection, solve f s ( x ) 5 0: 12x 2 1 24x 5 0 12x ( x 1 2) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 2 2.

x , 22 .0
x 5 22 22 , x , 0 50 ,0 Concave Down
x50 50
x.0 .0
4 3 2 1 2 1 0 1
x 1 2
For the graph on the right: i. f s ( x ) . 0 for x , 0 or x.2 The graph of f ( x ) is concave up on x , 0 or x . 2. The graph of f ( x ) is concave down on 0 , x , 2. ii. There are points of inflection at x 5 0 and x 5 2. iii. y
y = f''(x) x 1 0 y 1 2 3
The points of inflection are ( 2 2, 2 16) and (0, 0). ii. If x 5 0, y 5 0. For critical points, we solve f r ( x ) 5 0: 4x 3 1 12x 2 5 0 4x 2 ( x 1 3) 5 0 x 5 0 and x 5 2 3.
x 5 23 23 , x , 0 x 5 0 50 Local Min .0 Increasing 50
x.0 .0 Increasing
If y 5 0, x 4 1 4x 3 5 0 x 3 ( x 1 4) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 2 4 The x-intercepts are 0 and 2 4.

20 15 10 5 y
4 2 2 0 2
y = f (x) x 2 4
x 2
6. For any function y 5 f ( x ), find the critical points, i.e., the values of x such that f r ( x ) 5 0 or f r ( x ) does not exist. Evaluate f s ( x ) for each critical value. If the value of the second derivative at a critical point is positive, the point is a local minimum. If the value of the second derivative at a critical point is negative, the point is a local maximum. 7. Step 4: Use the first derivative test or the second derivative test to determine the type of critical points that may be present. 8. a. f ( x ) 5 x 4 1 4x 3 i. f r ( x ) 5 4x 3 1 12x 2 f s ( x ) 5 12x 2 1 24x
0 2 5 10 15 20 25
4w 2 2 3 w3 4 3 5 2 3, w 2 0 3 w 4 9 i. gr ( w ) 5 2 2 1 4 w w 9 2 4w 2 5 w4 8 36 gs (w) 5 3 2 3 w w 8w 2 2 36 5 w5
b. d. g ( w ) 5
4-33
For possible points of inflection, we solve g s ( w ) 5 0: 8w 2 2 36 5 0, since w 5 2 0 9 w2 5 2 3 w56 . "2

w,2
,w , 3 3 3 2 3 3 , 3 w5 w52 w. !2 0 , !2 !2 !2 !2 !2 w ,0 ,0 50 .0 ,0 0 .0 Point of Concave Concave Point of Concave Inflection Up Down Inflection Up
Concave Down
9. The graph is increasing when x , 2 and when 2 , x , 5. The graph is decreasing when x . 5. The graph has a local maximum at x 5 5. The graph has a horizontal tangent line at x 5 2. The graph is concave down when x , 2 and when 4 , x , 7. The graph is concave up when 2 , x , 4 and when x . 7. The graph has points of inflection at x 5 2, x 5 4, and x 5 7. The y-intercept of the graph is 2 4.
4 y 2 4 2 0 2 4 2 4 6 8 x
3 8 !2 The points of inflection are (2 ! 2 , 2 9 ) and
ii. There is no y-intercept. The x-intercept is 6 !2. For critical values, we solve gr ( w ) 5 0: 9 2 4w 2 5 0 since w 4 2 0 3 w56 . 2
3 !2 ,
2 28 ! 9
).
w,2 ,0
3 3 w52 2 2 50 Local Min
3 , 2 w ,0 .0
,0, 3 w, 2 .0
w5 0
3 2
w.
3 2
,0
Decreasing Down
Local Increasing Increasing Decreasing Max
4w 2 2 3 4w 2 2 3 lim 5 ` , 5 2` wS0 w3 wS01 w3 4 4 3 3 lim a 2 3 b 5 0, lim a 2 3 b 5 0 w S 2` w w wS` w w Thus, y 5 0 is a horizontal asymptote and x 5 0 is a vertical asymptote. y 4 3 2 1 x 0 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 lim2
10. f ( x ) 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 c f r ( x ) 5 3ax 2 1 2bx f s ( x ) 5 6ax 1 2b Since (2, 11) is a relative extremum, f (2) 5 12a 1 4b 5 0. Since (1, 5) is an inflection point, f s (1) 5 6a 1 2b 5 0. Since the points are on the graph, a 1 b 1 c 5 5 and 8a 1 4b 1 c 5 11 7a 1 3b 5 6 9a 1 3b 5 0 2a 5 2 6 a 5 23 b59 c 5 2 1. Thus, f ( x ) 5 2 3x 3 1 9x 2 2 1.
10 8 6 4 2 4 2 0 2 y (2, 11)
(1, 5) x 2 4 6 8
1
11. f ( x ) 5 ( x 1 1)2 1 bx 21 1 1 f r ( x ) 5 ( x 1 1)2 2 bx 22 2 1 3 f s ( x ) 5 2 ( x 1 1)2 1 2bx 23 4

4-34
Since the graph of y 5 f ( x ) has a point of inflection at x 5 3: 1 2b 3 2 (4)2 1 50 4 27 1 2b 2 1 50 32 27 27 b5 . 64 12. f ( x ) 5 ax 4 1 bx 3 f r ( x ) 5 4ax 3 1 3bx 2 f s ( x ) 5 12ax 2 1 6bx For possible points of inflection, we solve f s ( x ) 5 0: 12ax 2 1 6bx 5 0 6x (2ax 1 b ) 5 0 b x 5 0 or x 5 2 . 2a The graph of y 5 f s ( x ) is a parabola with x-intercepts 0 and 2 2a. We know the values of f s ( x ) have opposite signs when passing through a root. Thus at x 5 0 and at
x 5 2 , the concavity changes as the graph goes 2a through these points. Thus, f ( x ) has points of
b b
When x 5 0, y 5 0. Also, y 5
x ( x 2 2 2x 1 4) x 3 ( x 2 1)2 1 34 5 . 2 x 24 x2 2 4
Since ( x 2 1)2 1 3 . 0, the only x-intercept is x 5 0. Since lim x 2 2 4 5 0, the curve approaches the xS` value x 2 2 as x S ` . This suggests that the line y 5 x 2 2 is an oblique asymptote. It is verified by the limit lim 3x 2 2 2 f ( x )4 5 0. Similarly, the
xS`
8x 2 8
curve approaches y 5 x 2 2 as x S 2 ` . dy 8( x 2 2 4) 2 8( x 2 1)(2x ) 511 dx ( x2 2 4)2 2 8( x 2 2x 1 4) 512 ( x 2 2 4)2 We solve dx 5 0 to find critical values:
8x 2 2 16x 1 32 5 x 4 2 8x 2 1 16 x 4 2 16x 2 2 16 5 0 x 2 5 8 1 4"5 ( 8 2 4"5 is x 8 64.12. lim y 5 ` and lim y 5 2 `
x S 2`
dy
inadmissible)
xS`
inflection at x 5 0 and x 5 2 2a. To find the x-intercepts, we solve f ( x ) 5 0 x 3 ( ax 1 b ) 5 0 b x 5 0 or x 5 2 . a The point midway between the x-intercepts has b x-coordinate 2 2a. The points of inflection are (0, 0) and
Interval
x, x5 2 4.12 2 2 , x 2 4.12 2 4.12 , x , 2 , 2 .0 50 ,0 ,0
2,x 2 4.12 ,0
x5 4.12 0
x. 4.12 .0
dy dx
Graph Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Decreas- Local Increasof y ing Max ing ing ing Min ing
(22ba, 216ba ).
3
8 4
y x 2 4 6
13. a. y 5
x 3 2 2x 2 1 4x 8x 2 8 5 x 2 2 1 x2 2 4 x2 2 4
(by
division of polynomials). The graph has discontinuities at x 5 62. 8x 2 8 b 5 2` lim a x 2 2 1 2 x S 2 22 x 24 8x 2 8 lim a x 2 2 1 2 b 5 2` x S 22 1 x 24

8x 2 8 b 5 2` x2 2 4 8x 2 8 lim 1 a x 2 2 1 2 b 5 2` x S 22 x 24
x S 2 22
6 4 2 0 4 8 12 16
lim a x 2 2 1
b. Answers may vary. For example, there is a section of the graph that lies between the two sections of the graph that approach the asymptote. 14. For the various values of n, f ( x ) 5 ( x 2 c )n has the following properties:
4-35
n f9 ( x ) f99 ( x ) Infl. Pt.
n51 1 0 None
n52 2 (x 2 c) 2 None
n53 3 ( x 2 c )2 6 (x 2 c) x5c
n54 4 ( x 2 c )3 12 ( x 2 c )2 x5c
30
dy

60 45 30 15 2 0 ( 3 , 30) 2 x 2 4 6 8 10 y (3, 57)
4-36
n f9 ( x ) f99 ( x ) Infl. Pt.
n51 1 0 None
n52 2 (x 2 c) 2 None
n53 3 ( x 2 c )2 6 (x 2 c) x5c
n54 4 ( x 2 c )3 12 ( x 2 c )2 x5c
30
dy

60 45 30 15 2 0 ( 3 , 30) 2 x 2 4 6 8 10 y (3, 57)
4-36
c. y 5 3 1
1 ( x 1 2)2
1
We observe that y 5 3 1 ( x 1 2)2 is just a translation of y 5 x 2. The graph of y 5 x 2 is

1 1 1
The reference point (0, 0) for y 5 x 2 becomes the point ( 2 2, 3) for y 5 3 1 ( x 1 2)2. The vertical asymptote is x 5 2 2, and the horizontal asymptote is y 5 3.
3 2 1 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 y
The critical values are x 5 2 2, 2, 3. f s ( x ) 5 12x 2 2 24x 2 16 Since f s ( 2 2) 5 80 . 0, ( 2 2, 2 80) is a local minimum. Since f s (2) 5 2 16 , 0, (2, 48) is a local maximum. Since f s (3) 5 20 . 0, (3, 45) is a local minimum. The graph has x-intercepts 0 and 2 3.2 The points of inflection can be found by solving f s ( x ) 5 0: 3x 2 2 6x 2 4 5 0 6 6 "84 x5 6 1 5 x 8 2 or . 2 2
y (2, 48) 40 (3, 45) x 3 2 1 0 20 40 1 2 3 4
x 1 2 3
20
dy 2 5 2 ( x 1 2)3, dx
hence there are no critical points. hence the graph is always
60 80 (2, 80)
d 2y 6 5 ( x 1 2)4 . 0, dx 2
concave up.
8 4
x 4 2 0 4 8 2 4
2x x 2 25 There are discontinuities at x 5 2 5 and x 5 5. 2x 2x lim a 2 b 5 2 ` and lim1 a 2 b5` 2 xS5 x 2 25 S 25 x 2 25 2x 2x lim b 5 2 ` and lim1 a 2 b5` a 2 2 xS5 x 2 25 S 25 x 2 25 x 5 2 5 and x 5 5 are vertical asymptotes.
e. y 5
dy 2( x 2 2 25) 2 2x (2x ) 2x 2 1 50 5 5 2 ( x 2 2 25)2 , 0 for dx ( x 2 2 25)2
d. f ( x ) 5 x 4 2 4x 3 2 8x 2 1 48x We know the general shape of a fourth degree polynomial with leading coefficient positive. The local extrema will help refine the graph. f r ( x ) 5 4x 3 2 12x 2 2 16x 1 48 For critical values, we solve f r ( x ) 5 0 x 3 2 3x 2 2 4x 1 12 5 0. Since f r (2) 5 0, x 2 2 is a factor of f r ( x ). The equation factors are ( x 2 2)( x 2 3)( x 1 2) 5 0.
all x in the domain. The graph is decreasing throughout the domain.

2x x lim a 2 b 5 lim 25 x S ` x 2 25 xS` 1 2 x2 50
x S 2`
lim
2 x
1 2 x2
25 5 0
4-37
d 2y 4x (x 2 2 25)2 2 (2x 2 1 50)(2)( x2 2 25)(2x ) 5 2 dx 2 ( x 2 2 25)4 4x 3 1 300x 4x ( x 2 1 75) 5 5 ( x 2 2 25)3 ( x 2 2 25)3 There is a possible point of inflection at x 5 0.
Interval dy dx2 Graph of y
2
Similarly, lim x 2 2 4x 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal

xS`
x , 25 25 , x , 0 ,0 Concave Down .0 Point of Up
x50 50 Concave Inflection
0,x,5 ,0 Point of Down
x.5 .0 Concave Up
asymptote of the function. Since y 5 0 and x 5 0 are both asymptotes of the function, it has no x- or y- intercepts. The derivative is ( x 2 2 4x ) 2 (1)(2x 2 4) f r (x) 5 ( x 2 2 4x )2 4 2 2x 5 2 , and the second derivative is ( x 2 4x )2
f s (x) 5 ( x 2 2 4x )2 ( 2 2) 2 (4 2 2x )(2( x 2 2 4x )(2x 2 4)) ( x 2 2 4x )4
3 2 1 12 8 4 0 1 2 3
x 4 8 12
f. This function is discontinuous when x 2 2 4x 5 0 x ( x 2 4) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 4. The numerator is non-zero at these points, so the function has vertical asymptotes at both of them. The behaviour of the function near these asymptotes is:
x-values 1 x x24 f (x) lim f ( x )
xSc
2 2x 2 1 8x 1 8x 2 2 32x 1 32 ( x 2 2 4x )3 6x 2 2 24x 1 32 5 ( x 2 2 4x )3 Letting f r ( x ) 5 0 shows that x 5 2 is a critical point of the function. The inflection points can be found by letting f s ( x ) 5 0, so 2(3x 2 2 12x 1 16) 5 0 5 x5 5 12 6 " ( 2 12)2 2 4(3)(16) 2(3)
12 6 "2 48 6 This equation has no real solutions, so the graph of f has no inflection points.
x x*0 0*x*2 x50 2*x*4 x+4
x S 02 xS0
1
.0 .0 .0 .0
,0 .0 .0 .0
,0 ,0 ,0 .0
.0 ,0 ,0 .0
1` 2` 2` 1`
f r (x) Graph fs (x) Concavity
1 Inc. 1 Up
1 Inc. 2 Down
0 Local Max 2 Down
2 Dec. 2 Down
2 Dec. 1 Up
x S 42 xS4
1
To check for a horizontal asymptote: 1 1 lim 2 5 lim x S ` x 2 4x xS` 2 x 124
lim (1) 5
xS`
8 6 4 2 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
lim x 2 1 2 4
( ( xS`
2 xS`
x))
x 2 4 6 8 10 12
lim (1) 5
xS`
lim ( x ) 3 lim 1 2 4
xS`
1 1 2 3 xS` x 110 50 5 lim
4-38
6x 2 2 2 x3 6 2 5 2 3 x x There is a discontinuity at x 5 0. 6x 2 2 2 6x 2 2 2 lim lim 5 ` 5 2` and x S 02 x3 xS01 x3 The y-axis is a vertical asymptote. There is no y-intercept. The x-intercept is a vertical asymptote. 1 There is no y-intercept. The x-intercept is 6 ! 3.
g. y 5

8 4 6 4 2 0 4 8 12 y
x 2 4 6
6 6 2 6x 2 1 6 dy 52 21 45 dx x x x4
dy 50 dx
Interval dy dx
when 6x 2 5 6 x 5 61
x , 21 x 5 21 21 , x , 0 0 , x , 1 x 5 1 ,0 50 Local Min .0 .0 50 x.1 ,0
x13 x2 2 4 There are discontinuities at x 5 2 2 and at x 5 2. x13 x13 and lim2 a 2 lim a 2 b5` b 5 2` x S 222 x 2 4 xS2 x 24
h. y 5
Graph of Decreasy 5 f (x) ing
Increasing Increasing
Local DecreasMax ing
There is a local minimum at ( 2 1, 2 4) and a local maximum at (1, 4). 12 24 12x 2 2 24 d 2y 5 5 5 dx 2 x3 x3 x3 d 2y For possible points of inflection, we solve dx 2 5 0 ( x 3 2 0): 12x 2 5 24 x 5 6"2.
Interval d2y dx2
x13 x13 b 5 2 ` and lim a 2 b5` x2 2 4 x S 22 x 2 4 There are vertical asymptotes at x 5 2 2 and x 5 2. When x 5 0, y 5 2 3 4 . The x-intercept is 2 3. 2 dy (1)( x 2 4) 2 ( x 1 3)(2x ) 5 dx ( x 2 2 4)2 2 x 2 2 6x 2 4 5 ( x 2 2 4)2
x S 22
lim a
For critical values, we solve dx 5 0: x 2 1 6x 1 4 5 0 6 6 "36 2 16 x52 2 5 2 3 6 "5 8 2 5.2 or 2 0.8.

Interval dy dx
dy
x, 2 !2 ,0
x, 2 !2 50
2 !2 , x,0
0, x , !2 ,0
x 5 !2
x . !2
x, 2 5.2 ,0
x 5 2 5.2 , 2 2 , x 5 2 0.8 , 2 5.2 x , 2 2 x , 2 0.8 2 0.8 x , 2 50 .0 Increasing .0 Increasing 50 ,0
x.2 ,0
.0
50
.0
Graph of Concave Point of Concave Concave Point of Convave y 5 f ( x ) Down Inflection Up Down Inflection Up
5 There are points of inflection at (2 "2, 2 ! 2)
Graph Decreas- Local of y ing Min
Local Decreas- DecreasMax ing ing
and ("2,
5 !2
).
1 3 1 x2 x lim y 5 lim 4 50 xS` xS` 12 2 x 1 3 1 x2 x lim 4 50 xS` 1 2 x2
2 3 6x 2 2 2 5 lim x x 5 0 lim 3 xS` x xS` 1 lim

6 2 2 x3 x
x 52`
50
4-39

2.0 1.0 8 6 4 2 0 1.0 2.0 2 4 6 8 y
For x , 1, dx 2 , 0 and y is always concave down. For, x . 1, dx 2 . 0 and y is always concave up. The line y 5 x 2 2 is an oblique asymptote.
8 6 4 2 y
d 2y
d 2y
(3, 3) x
x 2 2 3x 1 6 x21 4 5x221 x21 x22 x 2 1 q x2 2 3x 1 6 x2 2 x 2 2x 1 6 2 2x 1 2 4 There is a discontinuity at x 5 1. x 2 2 3x 1 6 lim a b 5 2` x S 12 x21 x 2 2 3x 1 6 lim a b5` xS11 x21 Thus, x 5 1 is a vertical asymptote. The y-intercept is 2 6. There are no x-intercepts ( x 2 2 3x 1 6 . 0 for all x in the domain). dy 4 512 dx ( x 2 1)2
i. y 5
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 2 4 (1, 5) 6 8
j. This function is continuous everywhere, so it has no vertical asymptotes. It also has no horizontal asymptote, because 2 2 lim ( x 2 4)3 5 ` and lim ( x 2 4)3 5 ` .
xS` x S 2`
The x-intercept of the function is found by letting f ( x ) 5 0, which gives 2 ( x 2 4)3 5 0 x54 The y-intercept is found by letting x 5 0, which
2
gives f (0) 5 (0 2 4)3 8 2.5. The derivative of the function is 21 f r (x) 5 (2 3 ) ( x 2 4) 3 and the second derivative is
2 f s (x) 5 (22 9 ) ( x 2 4) 3 . Neither of these derivatives 4
has a zero, but each is undefined for x 5 4, so it is a critical value and a possible point of inflection.
x f 9 (x) Graph f 99 ( x ) Concavity
x,4 2 Dec. 2 Down
x54 Undefined Local Min Undefined Undefined
x.4 1 Inc. 2 Down
For critical values, we solve 4 12 50 ( x 2 1)2 ( x 2 1)2 5 4 x 2 1 5 62 x 5 2 1 or x 5 3.

Interval x , 2 1 x 5 2 1 dy dx Graph of y
dy 5 0: dx
21 , x,1 ,0
1, x,3 ,0
x53 x.3 50 .0
.0 Increasing
50
Local Decreas- Decreas- Local IncreasMax ing ing Min ing
d 2y 8 5 d 2x ( x 2 1)3
5 4 3 2 1 0 1
x 2 4 6 8 10
4-40
5. a.
j.
b.
c.
6. y 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d Since (0, 0) is on the curve d 5 0: dy 5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c dx dy At x 5 2, 5 0. dx Thus, 12a 1 4b 1 c 5 0. Since (2, 4) is on the curve, 8a 1 4b 1 2c 5 4 or 4a 1 2b 1 c 5 2. d 2y 5 6ax 1 2b dx 2 Since (0, 0) is a point of inflection, dx 2 5 0 when x 5 0. Thus, 2b 5 0 b 5 0. Solving for a and c: 12a 1 c 5 0 4a 1 c 5 2 8a 5 2 2 1 a52 4 c 5 3. 1 The cubic polynomial is y 5 2 x 3 1 3x. 4 The y-intercept is 0. The x-intercepts are found by setting y 5 0: 1 2 x ( x 2 2 12) 5 0 4 x 5 0, or x 5 62"3. 3 Let y 5 f ( x ). Since f ( 2 x ) 5 1 4 x 2 3x 5 2 f ( x ), f ( x ) is an odd function. The graph of y 5 f ( x ) is symmetric when reflected in the origin.
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 y
d 2y
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
x 1 2 3 4
i.
4-41
7. a. Answers may vary. For example:

8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 y
2x k2x x2 50 lim a 2 2 b 5 lim k2 xS` k 1 x xS` 1 1 x2

k 1 2 2 x lim 2 x 5 0 xS` k 11 x2
x 2 4 6 8
Hence, the x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.

3 2 1 y
x 2 4 6 8
b. Answers may vary. For example:

8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 y
4 2 0 1 2 3
1
x 2 4 6 8
k2x k2 1 x2 There are no discontinuities.
8. f ( x ) 5
9. g ( x ) 5 x3 ( x 1 3)3 There are no discontinuities. 1 2 2 2 1 1 gr ( x ) 5 x3 ( x 1 3)3 1 x3 a b ( x 1 3)3 (1) 3 3 x 1 3 1 2x 3( x 1 1) 5 32 1 5 2 1 3x ( x 1 3)3 3x3 ( x 1 3)3 x11 5 32 1 3x ( x 1 3)3 gr ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 2 1. gr ( x ) doesnt exist when x 5 0 or x 5 2 3.
Interval x , 2 3 x 5 2 3
The y-intercept is k and the x-intercept is k.

f r (x) 5 5 ( 2 1)( k 2 1 x 2 ) 2 ( k 2 x )(2x ) ( k 2 1 x 2 )2
23 , x 21 , x x50 x 5 21 ,0 , 21 ,0 50 .0 Increasing Does not Exist
x,0
g2 ( x )
.0
Does not Exist
.0 Increasing
x 2 2 2kx 2 k 2 ( k 2 1 x 2 )2 For critical points, we solve f r ( x ) 5 0: x 2 2 2kx 2 k 2 5 0 x 2 2 2kx 2 k 2 5 2k 2 ( x 2 k )2 5 2k 2
Graph Increasof g ( x ) ing
Local Decreas- Local Max ing Min
There is a local maximum at ( 2 3, 0) and a local minimum at ( 2 1, 2 1.6). The second derivative is algebraically complicated to find.
Interval g0 (x) Graph g0 (x)
x 2 k 5 6 "2 k x 5 (1 1 "2 )k or x 5 (1 2 "2 )k.

x, 2 0.41k .0 x5 0.41k ,0 Local Max 2 0.41k , x , 2.41k ,0 Decreasing x5 2.41k 50 Local Min x. 2.41k .0 Increasing
x , 23 x 5 23 .0 Concave Down Does Not Exist Cusp
23 , x,0
x50 Does Not Exist
x.0 .0
.0
Interval f (x) Graph of f ( x )
Concave Point of Concave Up Inflection Down
Increasing
4-42
6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 (1, 1.6) 6
b. g ( t ) 5 "t 2 1 4t 2 "t 2 1 t
5
x 2 4 6
( "t 2 1 4t 2 "t 2 1 t )( "t 2 1 4t 1 "t 2 1 t ) 3t "t2 1 4t 1 "t2 1 t
10. a. f ( x ) 5
5
!x 1 1 x
2
1 0x0 1 1 2 x x lim f ( x ) 5 lim , since x . 0 xS` xS` 1 x 11 2 x 1 5 lim xS` 1 11 2 x 51 y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote to the right-hand branch of the graph. x , since 0 x 0 5 2 x lim f ( x ) 5 lim x S 2` x S 2` 1 2x 1 1 2 x for x , 0 x 5 lim x S 2` 1 2 11 2 x 5 21 y 5 2 1 is a horizontal asymptote to the left-hand branch of the graph. y 2
1 x 2 1 0 1 2 1 2
x S 2` y53 2
xS`
"t 1 4t 1 "t 2 1 t 3t 5 4 1 0t0 1 1 1 0t0 1 1 t t

2
11. y 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d dy 5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c dx d 2y b 5 6ax 1 2b 5 6a a x 1 b dx 2 3a
b b b d 2y
d 2y

4-43
6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 (1, 1.6) 6
b. g ( t ) 5 "t 2 1 4t 2 "t 2 1 t
5
x 2 4 6
( "t 2 1 4t 2 "t 2 1 t )( "t 2 1 4t 1 "t 2 1 t ) 3t "t2 1 4t 1 "t2 1 t
10. a. f ( x ) 5
5
!x 1 1 x
2
1 0x0 1 1 2 x x lim f ( x ) 5 lim , since x . 0 xS` xS` 1 x 11 2 x 1 5 lim xS` 1 11 2 x 51 y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote to the right-hand branch of the graph. x , since 0 x 0 5 2 x lim f ( x ) 5 lim x S 2` x S 2` 1 2x 1 1 2 x for x , 0 x 5 lim x S 2` 1 2 11 2 x 5 21 y 5 2 1 is a horizontal asymptote to the left-hand branch of the graph. y 2
1 x 2 1 0 1 2 1 2
x S 2` y53 2
xS`
"t 1 4t 1 "t 2 1 t 3t 5 4 1 0t0 1 1 1 0t0 1 1 t t

2
11. y 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d dy 5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c dx d 2y b 5 6ax 1 2b 5 6a a x 1 b dx 2 3a
b b b d 2y
d 2y

4-43
4 2
x 4 2 0 2 4 2 4
(7 2 x )(1 1 x ) ( x 2 1 7)2 2 Since x 1 7 . 0 for all x, the only critical values occur when hr ( x ) 5 0. The critical values are x 5 7 and x 5 2 1. 5
Interval h9 ( x ) Graph of h ( t )
x 5 21 21 , x , 7 50 Local Min .0 Increasing
x57 50 Local Max
x.7 ,0 Decreasing
3. a. f ( x ) 5 2 2x 3 1 9x 2 1 20 f r ( x ) 5 2 6x 2 1 18x For critical values, we solve: f r (x) 5 0 2 6x ( x 2 3) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 3. f s ( x ) 5 2 12x 1 18 Since f s (0) 5 18 . 0, (0, 20) is a local minimum point. The tangent to the graph of f ( x ) is horizontal at (0, 20). Since f s (3) 5 2 18 , 0, (3, 47) is a local maximum point. The tangent to the graph of f ( x ) is horizontal at (3, 47). b. f ( x ) 5 x 4 2 8x 3 1 18x 2 1 6 f ( x ) 5 4x 3 2 24x 2 1 36x f ( x ) 5 4x ( x 2 2 6x 1 9) f ( x ) 5 4x ( x 2 3)2 Let f ( x ) 5 0: 4x ( x 2 3)2 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 3 The critical points are (0, 6) and (3, 33).
x dy dx Graph x,0 2 0 0 Local Min 0,x,3 1 3 0 x.3 1
There is a local minimum at ( 2 1, 2 1 2 ) and a local 1 maximum at (7, 14 ). At both points, the tangents are parallel to the x-axis. 1 d) g ( x ) 5 ( x 2 1)3 1 22 gr ( x ) 5 ( x 2 1) 3 3 Let gr ( x ) 5 0: 1 22 ( x 2 1) 3 5 0 3 There are no solutions, but gr ( x ) is undefined for x 5 1, so the point (1, 0) is a critical point.
x f 9 (x) Graph x,1 1 Inc. 1 Undefined x.1 1 Inc.
Dec
Inc
Inc
Local minimum at (0, 6) (3, 33) is neither a local maximum nor a local minimum. The tangent is parallel to the x-axis at both points because the derivative is defined at both points. x23 c. h ( x ) 5 2 x 17 (1)( x 2 1 7) 2 ( x 2 3)(2x ) h (x) 5 ( x 2 1 7)2 7 1 6x 2 x 2 5 ( x 2 1 7)2 4-44
(1, 0) is neither a local maximum nor a local minimum. The tangent is not parallel to the x-axis because it is not defined for x 5 1. 4. a. a , x , b, x . e b. b , x , c c. x , a, d , x , e d. c , x , d 2x 5. a. y 5 x23 There is a discontinuity at x 5 3. 2x 2x lim a b 5 2 ` and lim a b5` 2 1 xS3 x23 xS3 x23 Therefore, x 5 3 is a vertical asymptote. x25 b. g ( x ) 5 x15 There is a discontinuity at x 5 2 5. x25 x25 lim a b 5 ` and lim 1 a b 5 2` x S 252 x 1 5 x S 25 x15 Therefore, x 5 2 5 is a vertical asymptote. x 2 2 2x 2 15 c. f ( x ) 5 x13
( x 1 3)( x 2 5) x13 5 x 2 5, x 2 2 3 There is a discontinuity at x 5 2 3. lim 1 f ( x ) 5 2 8 and lim 2 f ( x ) 5 2 8 5

x S 23 x S 23
8. a. i. Concave up: 2 1 , x , 3 Concave down: x , 2 1, 3 , x ii. Points of inflection at x 5 2 1 and x 5 3 iii. y

80 40 x 4 0 40 80 4 8 12
There is a hole in the graph of y 5 f ( x ) at ( 2 3, 2 8). 5 d. g ( x ) 5 2 x 2 x 2 20 5 g (x) 5 ( x 2 5)( x 1 4) To find vertical asymptotes, set the denominator equal to 0: ( x 2 5)( x 1 4) 5 0 x 5 2 4 or x 5 5 Vertical asymptotes at x 5 2 4 and x 5 5 5 lim 2 5` x S 24 ( x 2 5)( x 1 4) 5 lim 1 5 2` x S 24 ( x 2 5)( x 1 4) 5 lim2 5 2` x S 5 ( x 2 5)( x 1 4) 5 lim1 5` x S 5 ( x 2 5)( x 1 4) 6. y 5 x 3 1 5 yr 5 3x 2 y s 5 6x Let y s 5 0 6x 5 0 x50 The point of inflection is (0, 5) Since the derivative is 0 at x 5 0, the tangent line is parallel to the x-axis at that point. Because the derivative is always positive, the function is always increasing and therefore must cross the tangent line instead of just touching it. 7. y (2, 10)
10 8 6 4 2
b. i. Concave up: 2 4.5 , x , 1, 5 , x Concave down: x , 2 4.5, 1 , x , 5 ii. Points of inflection at x 5 2 4.5, x 5 1, and x 5 5 iii. y
10
5 x 10 5 0 5 10 5 10
ax 1 b ( x 2 1)( x 2 4) ax 1 b 5 2 x 2 5x 1 4 a ( x 2 2 5x 1 4) 2 ( ax 1 b )(2x 2 5) gr ( x ) 5 ( x 2 2 5x 1 4)2 Since the tangent at (2, 2 1) has slope 0, gr (2) 5 0.
9. a. g ( x ) 5
(3, 4) x 1 2 3 4 (1, 6)
4 3 2 1 0 2 4 6
Hence, 5 0 and b 5 0. 4 Since (2, 2 1) is on the graph of g ( x ): 2a 1 b 21 5 22 2a 1 0 5 2 a 5 1. x Therefore g ( x ) 5 ( x 2 1)( x 2 4).
2 2a 1 2a 1 b
4-45
b. There are discontinuities at x 5 1 and x 5 4. lim g ( x ) 5 ` and lim g (x) 5 2 ` 2 1

xS1 xS4 xS1
8 4
lim g ( x ) 5 2 ` and lim g (x) 5 ` 2 1

xS4
x 5 1 and x 5 4 are vertical asymptotes. The y-intercept is 0. 4 2 x2 gr ( x ) 5 2 ( x 2 5x 1 4)2 gr ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 62.

Interval
x 4 2 0 4
2, x,4 ,0 x.4 ,0
22 , x,1 .0
1, x,2 .0
x52 0 Local Max
(2, 9)
(2, 9)
g9 ( x ) Graph of g ( x )
Increas- Increasing ing
There is a local minimum at (2 2, 2 1 9 ) and a local maximum at (2, 2 1).

3 2 1 2 1 0 1 2 3 y
3x 2 1 x11 4 532 x11 1 From experience, we know the graph of y 5 2 x is
b. f ( x ) 5
y x 1 2 3 4 5 4 2 x 4 2 0 2 4 2 4
10. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2 1 7 This is a fourth degree polynomial and is continuous for all x. The y-intercept is 7. dy 5 4x 3 2 16x dx 5 4x ( x 2 2)( x 1 2) The critical values are x 5 0, 2 2 and 2.
Interval
The graph of the given function is just a transformation of the graph of y 5 2 x. The vertical asymptote is x 5 2 1 and the horizontal asymptote is y 5 3. The y-intercept is 2 1 and there is an x-intercept at 1 3.
x2 1 1 4x 2 2 9 x2 1 1 5 (2x 2 3)(2x 1 3) The function is discontinuous at x 5 2 3 2 and at x53 . 2 lim3 2g ( x ) 5 `
1
22 , x,0 .0 Increasing
x50 50 Local Max
0,x ,2 ,0 Decreasing
x52 50 Local Min
x.2 .0 Increasing
dy dx
Graph of y
c. g ( x ) 5
There are local minima at ( 2 2, 2 9) and at (2, 2 9), and a local maximum at (0, 7).
xS22
4-46
1 x S 23 2
lim g ( x ) 5 2 `
xS 2
x dy dx Graph
x,1 2
1 0 Local Min
1,x,4 1
4 0
x.4 1
g (x) 5 2 ` lim 32
xS22
lim g (x) 5 ` 31
3 Hence, x 5 2 3 2 and x 5 2 are vertical asymptotes. 1 The y-intercept is 2 9. 2x (4x 2 2 9) 2 ( x 2 1 1)(8x ) 2 26x gr ( x ) 5 5 (4x 2 2 9)2 (4x 2 2 9)2 gr ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 0.
Dec
Inc
Inc
Interval g9 ( x ) Graph g (x)
x,2 .0
3 3 2 , x ,0 2 2 .0
x50 50
0,x, ,0
3 2
x.
3 2
,0
Increasing Increasing Local Max Decreasing Decreasing
There is a local maximum at Q 0, 2 1 9 R.

1 1 x2 1 lim g ( x ) 5 lim lim g ( x ) 5 1 4 9 5 4 and x xS` xS` S` 4 2 x2
1
Local minimum at (1, 2 27) (4, 0) is not a local extremum y s 5 4(2( x 2 4)( x 2 1) 1 ( x 2 4)2 ) x24 y s 5 4 a 2( x 2 4) a x 2 1 1 bb 2 3 y s 5 8( x 2 4) a x 2 3 b 2 Let y s 5 0: 3 8( x 2 4) a x 2 3 b 5 0 2 x 5 4 or x 5 2 The points of inflection are (2, 2 16) and (4, 0).
x dy dx Graph x,2 1 2 0 point of inflection 2,x,4 2 4 0 point of inflection x.4 1
Hence, y 5 1 4 is a horizontal asymptote.

4 2 x 4 2 0 2 4 2 4 y
c. up
c. down
c. up
The graph has a local minimum at (1, 2 27) and points of inflection at (2, 2 16) and (4, 0), with x-intercepts of 0 and 4 and a y-intercept of 0.
40 20 y
d) y 5 x ( x 2 4) This is a polynomial function, so there are no discontinuities and no asymptotes. The domain is 5x P R6 . x-intercepts at x 5 0 and x 5 4 y-intercepts at y 5 0 yr 5 ( x 2 4)3 1 3x ( x 2 4)2 yr 5 ( x 2 4)2 ( x 2 4 1 3x ) yr 5 4( x 2 4)2 ( x 2 1) Let yr 5 0: 4( x 2 4)2 ( x 2 1) 5 0 x 5 4 or x 5 1 The critical numbers are (1, 2 27) and (4, 0).
x 2 0 20 40 2 4 6
x x 2 2 4x 1 4 x 5 5 x ( x 2 2)22 ( x 2 2)2 There is a discontinuity at x 5 2 lim h ( x ) 5 ` 5 lim h (x) 2 1
e. h ( x ) 5
xS2
xS2
4-47
Thus, x 5 2 is a vertical asymptote. The y-intercept is 0. hr ( x ) 5 ( x 2 2)22 1 x ( 2 2)( x 2 2)23 (1) x 2 2 2 2x 5 ( x 2 2)3 22 2 x 5 ( x 2 2)3 hr ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 2 2.
Interval h9 ( x ) Graph of h (x)
x 5 22 50 Local Min
22 , x , 2 .0 Increasing
x.2 ,0 Decreasing
Therefore, x 5 3 is a vertical asymptote. The y-intercept is 2 2 3. The x-intercepts are t 5 1 and t 5 2. 2 f r (t) 5 1 2 ( t 2 3)2 2 f r ( t ) 5 0 when 1 2 50 ( t 2 3)2 ( t 2 3)2 5 2 t 2 3 5 6"2 t 5 3 6 "2.
Interval f9 ( t ) t5 t* 3 2 "2 * 3 2 "2 3 2 "2 t*3 3*t* 3 1 "2 t5 t+ 3 1 "2 3 1 "2
.0
50
,0
,0 Decreasing
50 Local Min
.0 Increasing
There is a local minimum at Q 2 2,

4 4 12x 1x 2 Similarly, lim h ( x ) 5 0 xS` xS` xS`
21 8 R.
Graph of f ( t )
Increasing
Local Max
Decreasing
lim h ( x ) 5 lim 5
50
The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. h s ( x ) 5 2 2( x 2 2)23 2 2( x 2 2)23 1 6x ( x 2 2)24 5 2 4( x 2 2)23 1 6x ( x 2 2)24 2x 1 8 5 ( x 2 2)4 h s ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 2 4 The second derivative changes signs on opposite sides x 5 2 4, Hence ( 2 4, 2 1 9 ) is a point of inflection.
4 2 x 4 2 0 2 4 2 4 y
(1.6, 0.2) is a local maximum and (4.4, 5.8) is a local minimum. y 8

4 4 0 4 (4.4, 5.8) (1.6, 0.3) 4 8 x
t 2 2 3t 1 2 t23 2 5t1 t23 Thus, f ( t ) 5 t is an oblique asymptote. There is a discontinuity at t 5 3. lim f ( t ) 5 2 ` and lim f (t) 5 ` 2 1
f. f ( t ) 5
2x 1 4 x2 2 k2 2( x 2 2 k 2 ) 2 (2x 1 4)(2x ) f r (x) 5 ( x 2 2 k 2 )2 2 2x 1 8x 1 2k 2 52 ( x 2 2 k 2 )2 For critical values, f r ( x ) 5 0 and x 2 6k: x 2 1 4x 1 k 2 5 0 2 4 6 "16 2 4k 2 x5 . 2 For real roots, 16 2 4k 2 $ 0 2 2 # k # 2. The conditions for critical points to exist are 2 2 # k # 2 and x 2 6k. b. There are three different graphs that results for values of k chosen.
11. a. f ( x ) 5
tS3
tS3
4-48
k50
4 2 x 4 2 0 2 4 2 4 y
xS`
lim 3 y 2 f ( x )4 5 lim c x 2 3 2 a x 2 3 1
xS`
2 bd 2x 2 1
k52
4 2 x 4 2 0 2 4 2 4 y
2 d 50 xS` 2x 2 1 4x 3 2 x 2 2 15x 2 50 b. f ( x ) 5 x 2 2 3x 18x 2 50 f ( x ) 5 4x 1 11 1 2 x 2 3x 4x 1 11 x2 2 3x q 4x3 2 x2 2 15x 2 50 4x3 2 12x2 11x2 2 15x 11x2 2 33x 18x 2 50 lim 3 y 2 f ( x )4
xS`
5 lim c 2
5 lim c 4x 1 11 2 a 4x 1 11 1
xS`
18x 2 50 bd x 2 2 3x
18 50 2 x2 x 5 lim 3 xS` 12x
For all other values of k, the graph will be similar to that of 1( i ) in Exercise 9.5. y 4
2 x 4 2 0 2 4 2 4
50 13. g ( x ) 5 ( x 2 2 4)2 g ( x ) 5 ( x 2 2 4)( x 2 2 4) gr ( x ) 5 2x ( x 2 2 4) 1 2x ( x 2 2 4) gr ( x ) 5 4x ( x 2 2 4) gr ( x ) 5 4x ( x 2 2)( x 1 2) Set gr ( x ) 5 0 0 5 4x ( x 2 2)( x 1 2) x 5 2 2 or x 5 0 or x 5 2

x * 22 4x x22 x12 Sign of g 9 (x) Behaviour of g ( x ) 22 * x * 0 0* x * 2 x+2
2 2 2
2 2 1
1 2 1
1 1 1
2x 2 2 7x 1 5 2x 2 1 2 f (x) 5 x 2 3 1 2x 2 1 The equation of the oblique asymptote is y 5 x 2 3. x23 2x 2 1 q 2x2 2 7x 1 5 2x2 2 x 2 6x 1 5 2 6x 1 3 2
( 2 )( 2 )( 2 ) ( 2 )( 2 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( 2 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( 1 )( 1 ) 52 decreasing 51 increasing 52 decreasing 51 increasing
12. a. f ( x ) 5
3 2 x 2 7x 1 5, 2 4 # x # 3 2 f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 1 3x 2 7 Set f r ( x ) 5 0 0 5 3x 2 1 3x 2 7 2 3 6 " (3)2 2 4(3)( 2 7) x5 2(3)
14. f ( x ) 5 x 3 1
4-49
2 3 6 "93 6 x 8 2 2.107 or x 8 1.107 f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 1 3x 2 7 f r ( x ) 5 6x 1 3 When x 5 2 2.107, f r ( 2 2.107) 5 6( 2 2.107) 1 3 f r ( 2 2.107) 5 2 9.642 Since f s ( 2 2.107) , 0, a local maximum occurs when x 5 2 2.107. when x 5 1.107, f s (1.107) 5 6(1.107) 1 3 f s (1.107) 5 9.642 Since f s (1.107) . 0, a local minimum occurs when x 5 (1.107). when x 5 2 4, 3 f ( 2 4) 5 ( 2 4)3 1 ( 2 4)2 2 7( 2 4) 1 5 2 f ( 2 4) 5 2 64 1 24 1 28 1 5 f ( 2 4) 5 2 7 when x 5 2 2.107, 3 f ( 2 2.107) 5 ( 2 2.107)3 1 ( 2 2.107)2 2 2 7( 2 2.107) 1 5 f ( 2 2.107) 8 2 9.353 919 1 6.659 173 5 1 14.749 1 5 when x 5 1.107, 3 f (1.107) 5 (1.107)3 1 (1.107)2 2 7(1.107) 1 5 2 f (1.107) 8 1.356 572 1 1.838 173 5 2 7.749 1 5 f (1.107) 8 0.446 when x 5 3, 3 f (3) 5 (3)3 1 (3)2 2 7(3) 1 5 2 f (3) 5 27 1 13.5 2 21 1 5 f (3) 5 24.5 Local Maximum: ( 2 2.107, 17.054) Local Minimum: (1.107, 0.446) Absolute Maximum: (3, 24.5) Absolute Minimum: ( 2 4, 2 7) 15. f ( x ) 5 4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2 Evaluate y 5 4(0)3 1 6(0)2 2 24(0) 2 2 y 5 22 f ( x ) 5 4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2 f r ( x ) 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24 Set f r ( x ) 5 0 0 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24 0 5 12( x 2 1 x 2 2) 0 5 12( x 2 1)( x 1 2) x 5 2 2 or x 5 1 x5
x * 22 12( x 2 1) x12 Sign of f 9 (x) Behaviour of f ( x )
22 * x * 1
x+1
2 2 ( 2 )( 2 ) 5 1 increasing
2 1 ( 2 )( 1 ) 5 2 decreasing
1 1 ( 1 )( 1 ) 5 1 increasing
maximum at x 5 2 2
minimum at x 5 1
when x 5 2 2, f ( 2 2) 5 4( 2 2)3 1 6( 2 2)2 2 24( 2 2) 2 2 f ( 2 2) 5 2 32 1 24 1 48 2 2 f ( 2 2) 5 38 when x 5 1, f (1) 5 4(1)3 1 6(1)2 2 24(1) 2 2 f (1) 5 4 1 6 2 24 2 2 f (1) 5 2 16 Maximum: ( 2 2, 38) Minimum: (1, 2 16) f r ( x ) 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24 f s ( x ) 5 24x 1 12 Set f s ( x ) 5 0 0 5 24x 1 12 x 5 2 0.5
x * 20.5 f 0 ( x ) 5 24x 1 12 f (x) x + 20.5
2 concave down
1 concave up
point of inflection at x 5 2 0.5
when x 5 2 0.5, f ( 2 0.5) 5 4( 2 0.5)3 1 6( 2 0.5)2 2 24( 2 0.5) 2 2 f ( 2 0.5) 5 2 0.5 1 1.5 1 12 2 2 f ( 2 0.5) 5 11 Point of inflection: ( 2 0.5, 11)
200 160 120 80 40 1612 8 4 0 40 80 y
x 4 8 12 16
4-50
16. a. p ( x ): oblique asymptote, because the highest degree of x in the numerator is exactly one degree higher than the highest degree of x in the denominator. q ( x ): vertical asymptotes at x 5 2 1 and x 5 3; horizontal asymptote at y 5 0 r ( x ): vertical asymptotes at x 5 2 1 and x 5 1; horizontal asymptote at y 5 1 s ( x ): vertical asymptote at y 5 2. x 2 2 2x 2 8 b. r ( x ) 5 x2 2 1 ( x 2 4)( x 1 2) 5 ( x 2 1)( x 1 1) The domain is 5 x 0 x 2 2 1, 1, x P R6 . x-intercepts: 2 2, 4; y-intercept: 8 r has vertical asymptotes at x 5 2 1 and x 5 1. r ( 2 1.001) 5 2 2496.75, so as x S 2 12, r (x) S 2 ` r ( 2 0.999) 5 2503.25, so as x S 2 1 1 , r ( x ) S ` r (0.999) 5 4502.25, so as x S 12, r ( x ) S ` r (1.001) 5 2 4497.75, so as x S 1 1 , r ( x ) S 2 ` x2 2x 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 x 2 2x 2 8 x x x lim 5 lim 2 2 x S 2` x 21 x S 2` x 1 2 2 x2 x 2 8 12 2 2 x x 5 lim x S 2` 1 12 2 x 12020 5 120 51 So, y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote on the left. x2 2x 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 x 2 2x 2 8 x x x lim 5 lim 2 2 xS` x 21 xS` x 1 2 2 x2 x 2 8 12 2 2 x x 5 lim xS` 1 12 2 x 12020 5 120 51
So, y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote on the right. ( x 2 2 1)(2x 2 2) 2 ( x 2 2 2x 2 8)(2x ) rr ( x ) 5 ( x 2 2 1)2 3 2 2x 2 2x 2 2x 1 2 2 (2x 3 2 4x 2 2 16x ) 5 ( x 2 2 1)2 2 2x 1 14x 1 2 5 ( x 2 2 1)2 2( x 2 1 7x 1 1) 5 ( x 2 2 1)2 rr is defined for all values of x in the domain of r. rr ( x ) 5 0 for x 8 2 0.15 and x 8 2 6.85. rr (1) and rr ( 2 1) do not exist.
x * 26.85 x 2 1 7x 1 1 r 9 (x) x 5 26.85 26.85 * x * 21
1 1
x 5 21
0 0
21 * x * 20.15
2 2
x 5 20.15
x 2 1 7x 1 1 r 9 (x)
2 undefined
20.15 * x * 1
2 2
x51
0 0
x+1
x 2 1 7x 1 1 r 9 (x)
1 1
1 undefined
1 1
r is increasing when x , 2 6.85, 2 0.15 , x , 1, and x . 1. r is decreasing when 2 6.85 , x , 2 1 and 2 1 , x , 2 0.15. r has a maximum turning point at x 5 2 6.85 and a minimum turning point at x 5 2 0.15. ( x 2 2 1)2 (4x 1 14) rs (x) 5 ( x 2 2 1)4 2 (2x 2 1 14x 1 2) 32( x 2 2 1)(2x )4 ( x 2 2 1)4 2 ( x 2 1)(4x 1 14) 2 4x (2x 2 1 14x 1 2) 5 ( x 2 2 1)3 3 2 4x 1 14x 2 4x 2 14 2 8x 3 2 56x 2 2 8x 5 ( x 2 2 1)3 3 2 2 4x 2 42x 2 12x 2 14 5 ( x 2 2 1)3 3 2 2(2x 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) 5 ( x 2 2 1)3 r s is defined for all values of x in the domain of r. r s ( x ) 5 0 for x 8 2 10.24. This is a possible point of inflection. r s (1) and r s ( 2 1) do not exist.
4-51
x * 210.24 22(2 x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) ( x 2 2 1)3 r 0 (x)
x 5 10.24
1 1 1
210.24 * x * 21
0 1 0
x 5 21
22(2 x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) ( x 2 2 1)3 r 0 (x)
2 1 2
21 * x * 1
2 0 undefined
x51
x (3x 2 ) 2 ( x 3 1 8)(1) x2 3 3 3x 2 x 2 8 5 x2 3 2x 2 8 5 x2 f r ( x ) is defined for all values of x in the domain of f. f r ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 1.59. f r (0) does not exist. f r (x) 5
x*0 2x3 2 8 x2 f ' (x) x50 0 * x * 1.59
2 1 2
x 5 1.59
2 0 undefined
x + 1.59
2 1 2
22(2 x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) ( x 2 2 1)3 r 0 (x)
2 2 1
x+1
2 0 undefined
2x3 2 8 x2 f 9 (x)
0 1 0
1 1 1
22(2 x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) ( x 2 2 1)3 r 0 (x)
2 1 2
The graph is concave up for x , 2 10.24 and 2 1 , x , 1. The graph is concave down for 2 10.24 , x , 2 1 and x . 1. The graph changes concavity at x 5 2 10.24. This is a point of inflection with coordinates ( 2 10.24, 1.13). r ( 2 6.85) 5 1.15 and r ( 2 0.15) 5 7.85. The graph has a local maximum point at ( 2 6.85, 1.15) and a local minimum point at ( 2 0.15) 5 7.85.
10 8 6 4 2 4 2 0 2 4 y
f is increasing for x . 1.59 and decreasing for x , 0 and 0 , x , 1.59. f has a minimum turning point at x 5 1.59. x 2 (6x 2 ) 2 (2x 3 2 8)(2x ) f s (x) 5 x4 2 x (6x ) 2 (2x 3 2 8)2 5 x3 3 3 6x 2 4x 1 16 5 x3 3 2x 1 16 5 x3 f s is defined for all values of x in the domain of f. f s ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 2 2. This is a possible point of inflection. f (0) does not exist.
x * 22 x 5 22 22 * x * 0
x 2 4
2x3 1 16 x3 f 0 (x)
2 2 1
x50
0 2 0
x+0
1 2 2
17. The domain is 5x 0 x Z 0, x P R6 : x-intercept: 2 2, y-intercept: 8; f has a vertical asymptote at x 5 0. f ( 2 0.001) 5 2 7999.99, so f ( x ) S 2 ` as x S 02. f (0.001) 5 8000.00, so f ( x ) S ` as x S 0 1 . There are no horizontal asymptotes.
2x3 1 16 x3 f 0 (x)
1 0 undefined
1 1 1
f is concave up when x , 2 2 and x . 0. f is concave down when 2 2 , x , 0. The graph changes 4-52
concavity where x 5 2 2. This is point of inflection with coordinates ( 2 2, 0). f (1.59) 8 7.56. The graph has a local minimum at (1.59, 7.56).
16 12 8 4 6 4 2 0 4 8 y
x 2 4 6
10x 2 20 ( x 2 1)4 10( x 2 2) 5 ( x 2 1)4 The domain is 5x 0 x 2 1, x P R6 . The x- and y-intercepts are both 0. f has a vertical asymptote at x 5 1. f (0.999) 5 4 995 000 so as x S 12, f ( x ) S ` f (1.001) 5 5 005 000 so as x S 1 1 , f ( x ) S ` 5x 5x lim 2 lim 2 50 50 x S 2` x 2 2x 1 1 x S 2` x 2 2x 1 1 y 5 0 is a horizontal y 5 0 is a horizontal asymptote on the right. asymptote on the left. 5 f r ( x ) is defined for all values of x in the domain of f. f r ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 2 1. f (1) does not exist.
x * 21 25( x 1 1) ( x 2 1)3 f 9 (x) x 5 21 21 * x * 1 x51 x+1
18. If f ( x ) is increasing, then f r ( x ) . 0. From the graph of f r, f r ( x ) . 0 for x . 0. If f ( x ) is decreasing, then f r ( x ) , 0. From the graph of f r, f r ( x ) , 0 for x , 0. At a stationary point, f r ( x ) 5 0. From the graph, the zero for f r ( x ) occurs at x 5 0. At x 5 0. f r ( x ) changes from negative to positive, so f has a local minimum point there. If the graph of f is concave up, then f s is positive. From the slope of f r, the graph of f is concave up for 2 0.6 , x , 0.6. If the graph of f is concave down, then f s is negative. From the slope of f r, the graph of f is concave down for x , 2 0.6 and x . 0.6. Graphs will vary slightly.
2 1 x 2 1 0 1 1 2 y
1 2 2
0 2 0
2 2 1
2 0 undefined
2 1 2
f is decreasing when x , 2 1 and x . 1. f is increasing when 2 1 , x , 1. f has a minimum turning point at x 5 2 1. f s ( x ) is defined for all values of x in the domain of f. f s ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 2 3. This is a possible point of inflection. f (1) does not exist.
x * 22 x12 f 0 (x) x 5 22 22 * x * 1 x51 x+1
2 2
0 0
1 1
1 undefined
1 1
19. f r ( x ) 5
( x 2 1) (5) 2 5x (2)( x 2 1)(1) ( x 2 1)4 5( x 2 1) 2 10x 5 ( x 2 1)3 2 5x 2 5 5 ( x 2 1)3 2 5( x 1 1) 5 ( x 2 1)3 ( x 2 1)3 ( 2 5) fs (x) 5 ( x 2 1)6 ( 2 5x 2 5)(3)( x 2 1)2 (1) 2 ( x 2 1)6 ( x 2 1)( 2 5) 2 3( 2 5x 2 5) 5 ( x 2 1)4
The graph is concave down for x , 2 2 and concave up when 2 2 , x , 1 and x . 1. It changes concavity at x 5 2 2. f has an inflection point at x 5 2 2 with coordinates ( 2 2, 2 1.11). f ( 2 1) 5 2 1.25. f has a local minimum at ( 2 1, 2 1.25).
6 4 2 4 2 0 2 x 2 4 y
4-53

6 4 2 (1, 4) (3, 2) x 2 4 6
x 2 1 7x 1 10 ( x 2 3)( x 1 2) The function g ( x ) is not defined at x 5 2 2 or x 5 3. At x 5 2 2, the value of the numerator is 0. Thus, there is a discontinuity at x 5 2 2, but x 5 2 2 is not a vertical asymptote. At x 5 3, the value of the numerator is 40. x 5 3 is a vertical asymptote. ( x 1 2)( x 1 5) x15 g (x) 5 5 , x 2 22 ( x 2 3)( x 1 2) x23 x15 lim g ( x ) 5 lim 2 a b x S 2 22 x S 22 x23 3 52 5 x15 lim g ( x ) 5 lim 1 a b x S 22 1 x S 22 x23 3 52 5 There is a hole in the graph of g ( x ) at ( 2 2, 2 3 5) . x15 lim g ( x ) 5 lim a b x S 32 x S 32 x 2 3 5 2` x15 lim g ( x ) 5 lim a b 1 1 xS3 xS3 x23 5` There is a vertical asymptote at x 5 3. Also, lim g ( x ) 5 lim g ( x ) 5 1.
4. g ( x ) 5
xS`
x S 2`

6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 y
x 2 4 6
5.
6 4 2 0 2 4 6
40 y 20 6 4 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 2 4 6 8 10 12
4-54

6 4 2 (1, 4) (3, 2) x 2 4 6
x 2 1 7x 1 10 ( x 2 3)( x 1 2) The function g ( x ) is not defined at x 5 2 2 or x 5 3. At x 5 2 2, the value of the numerator is 0. Thus, there is a discontinuity at x 5 2 2, but x 5 2 2 is not a vertical asymptote. At x 5 3, the value of the numerator is 40. x 5 3 is a vertical asymptote. ( x 1 2)( x 1 5) x15 g (x) 5 5 , x 2 22 ( x 2 3)( x 1 2) x23 x15 lim g ( x ) 5 lim 2 a b x S 2 22 x S 22 x23 3 52 5 x15 lim g ( x ) 5 lim 1 a b x S 22 1 x S 22 x23 3 52 5 There is a hole in the graph of g ( x ) at ( 2 2, 2 3 5) . x15 lim g ( x ) 5 lim a b x S 32 x S 32 x 2 3 5 2` x15 lim g ( x ) 5 lim a b 1 1 xS3 xS3 x23 5` There is a vertical asymptote at x 5 3. Also, lim g ( x ) 5 lim g ( x ) 5 1.
4. g ( x ) 5
xS`
x S 2`

6 4 2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 y
x 2 4 6
5.
6 4 2 0 2 4 6
40 y 20 6 4 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 2 4 6 8 10 12
4-54
2x 1 10 x2 2 9 2x 1 10 5 ( x 2 3)( x 1 3) There are discontinuities at x 5 2 3 and at x 5 3. lim f ( x ) 5 ` x S 32 f x 5 2 3 is a vertical asymptote. lim1 f ( x ) 5 2 `
6. f ( x ) 5
xS3
x S 32 xS3
lim f ( x ) 5 2 ` f x 5 3 is a vertical asymptote. lim1 f ( x ) 5 `
The y-intercept is 2 10 9 and x 5 2 5 is an x-intercept. 2( x 2 2 9) 2 (2x 1 10)(2) f r (x) 5 ( x 2 2 9)2 2 2 2x 2 20x 2 18 5 ( x 2 2 9)2 For critical values, we solve f r ( x ) 5 0: x 2 1 10x 1 9 5 0 ( x 1 1)( x 1 9) 5 0 x 5 2 1 or x 5 2 9. ( 2 9, 2 1 9 ) is a local minimum and ( 2 1, 2 1) is a local maximum.
2 10 1 x2 x lim f ( x ) 5 lim 9 5 0 and xS` xS` 1 2 x2 2 10 1 2 x x lim f ( x ) 5 lim 9 50 xS` xS` 1 2 x2
7. f ( x ) 5 x 3 1 bx 2 1 c f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 1 2bx Since f r ( 2 2) 5 0, 12 2 4b 5 0 b 5 3. Also, f ( 2 2) 5 6. Thus, 2 8 1 12 1 c 5 6 c 5 2. f r ( x ) 5 3x 2 1 6x 5 3x ( x 1 2) The critical points are ( 2 2, 6) and (0, 2). f s ( x ) 5 6x 1 6 Since f s ( 2 2) 5 2 6 , 0, ( 2 2, 6) is a local maximum. Since f r (0) 5 6 . 0, (0, 2) is a local minimum.
8 (2, 6) 6 4 2 4 3 2 1 0 2 4 6 8 y
(0, 2) 1 2 3 4
8 6 4 2 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 y
x 2 4 6 8 10
4-55

Chapter 4 Solutions

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CHAPTER 4 Curve Sketching

Review of Prerequisite Skills, pp.162163

The solution is 2 1 , t , 3. d. x 2 1 3x 2 4 . 0 ( x 1 4)( x 2 1) . 0 Consider x 5 2 4 and x 5 1.

x 3 2 27 xS3 x 2 3 ( x 2 3)( x 2 1 3x 1 9) 5 lim xS3 x23 5 lim ( x 2 1 3x 1 9)

53 133319 5 27 d. lim1 "2x 1 1

There is no solution, so there is no x-intercept. The y-intercept is y 5 0 1 1 5 5.

11. a. lim x 1 1 5 0, so the horizontal asymptote

is y 5 0. b. lim x 2 2 5 4, so the horizontal asymptote is y 5 4.

is y 5 2. 12. a. i. y 5 x 1 1 To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0.

so the horizontal asymptote

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

4.1 Increasing and Decreasing Functions, pp. 169171

a. f ( x ) 5 x3 1 3x2 1 1 f r( x ) 5 3x2 1 6x Let f r( x ) 5 0 3x2 1 6x 5 0 3x ( x 1 2) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 2 2

f ( x ) 5 x 5 2 5x 4 1 100 f r ( x ) 5 5x 4 2 20x3 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 5x 4 2 20x 3 5 0 5x 3 ( x 2 4) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 4.

Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

1 x 1 f r (x) 5 1 2 2 x Let f r ( x ) 5 0 1 12 250 x x2 2 1 5 0 x 5 2 1 or x 5 1 Also note that f ( x ) is undefined for x 5 0. f (x) 5 x 1

Intervals of decreasing: 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x , 0 x ( x 2 1 x 2 2) , 0 x ( x 2 1)( x 1 2) , 0

Intervals of increasing: 2 2 , x , 0, x . 1 Intervals of decreasing: x , 2 2, 0 , x , 1 f.

x21 f (x) 5 2 x 13 x 2 1 3 2 2x ( x 2 1) f r(x) 5 ( x 2 1 3)2 Let f r ( x ) 5 0, therefore, 2 x 2 1 2x 1 3 5 0. Or x 2 2 2x 2 3 5 0 ( x 2 3)( x 1 1) 5 0 x 5 3 or x 5 2 1

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

10. f ( x ) 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c f r ( x ) 5 2ax 1 b Let f r ( x ) 5 0, then x 5 2a . 2b If x , 2a , f r ( x ) , 0, therefore the function is decreasing.

b. i. x , 2 1, x . 1 ii. 2 1 , x , 1 iii. x 5 2 1, x 5 1 4-6

If x . 2a , f r ( x ) . 0, therefore the function is increasing. 11. f ( x ) 5 x 4 2 32x 1 4 f r ( x ) 5 4x 3 2 32 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 4x 3 2 32 5 0 4x 3 5 32

Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

Therefore, f ( x2 ) ? g ( x2 ) , f ( x1 ) ? g ( x1 ). But LS . 0 and RS . 0. Therefore, the function fg is strictly decreasing.

x , 22 22 22 , x , 0 2 Dec. 0 Local Min 1 Inc.

Decreasing Local Min Increasing

Local maximum at ( 2 2, 5) Local minimum at (0, 1) 4. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2 To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0. x 4 2 8x 2 5 0 2 x ( x 2 2 8) 5 0

x 5 0, 6 "8 To find the y-intercepts, let x 5 0. y50

Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

x , 21 21 21 , x , 0 2 Dec. DNE 2 Dec.

The critical point is (0, 0).

7. a. f ( x ) 5 2 2x 2 1 8x 1 13 f r ( x ) 5 2 4x 1 8 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 2 4x 1 8 5 0 x52 4-9

The critical point is (2, 21). Local maximum at (2, 21)

Local maximum at ( 2 2, 2 4) Local minimum at ( 2 1, 2 5)

d. f ( x ) 5 2 3x 3 2 5x f r ( x ) 5 2 9x 2 2 5 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 2 9x 2 2 5 5 0 5 x2 5 2 9 This equation has no solution, so there are no critical points.

e. f ( x ) 5 "x 2 2 2x 1 2 2x 2 2 x21 f r (x) 5 5 2 !x 2 2 2x 1 2 !x 2 2 2x 1 2

Local minima at x 5 2 6 and x 5 2 Local maximum at x 5 2 1 9. f(x)

Local minimum at (1, 1)

f. f ( x ) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 f r ( x ) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 Let f r ( x ) 5 0: 12x 3 2 12x 2 5 0 12x 2 ( x 2 1) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 1

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

Local maximum is at (0, 2 9). 16. a. y 5 4 2 3x 2 2 x 4 dy 5 2 6x 2 4x 3 dx dy Let 5 0: dx 2 6x 2 4x 3 5 0 2 2x (2x 2 1 3) 5 0

Local maximum is at (0, 4).

4.3 Vertical and Horizontal Asymptotes, pp. 193195

b. y 5 3x 5 2 5x 3 2 30x dy 5 15x 4 2 15x 2 2 30 dx dy Let 5 0: dx 15x 4 2 15x 2 2 30 5 0 x4 2 x2 2 2 5 0

x5 2 2 x3 1 x5 2x 5 2 3x 2 1 5 d. lim 4 5 lim x S ` 3x 1 5x 2 4 xS` 4 5 4 x 3 1 x3 2 x4 x 2 2 x3 1 x5 5 lim

( ( x3 1 x5 )) 5 5 4 lim (3 1 x 2 x ) 3 5 lim ( x ) 3 lim (2 2 x 1 x ) 5 5 4 lim (3 1 x 2 x )

Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

At a point x, the difference between the function x y 5 x 1 4 and its asymptote y 5 1 is

lim x 1 2 x 2 xS` lim (2) 5

x S 212 x S 21 1 xS1 xS1

1 1 3 xS` x 120 50 5 lim

x 5 lim 14 xS` 5 lim

lim 1 1 x xS` 1 5 110 51

Similarly, lim x 1 4 5 1, so y 5 1 is a horizontal x S 2` asymptote of the function.

Calculas and Vectors Solutions Manual

To check for a horizontal asymptote:

8 7 x 3 2 x 2 x2 5 lim 4 xS` 12x