Cumulative Review of Calculus,

pp. 267270
1. a. f(x) 5 3x2 1 4x 2 5
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a)
m 5 lim
hS0
h
f(2 1 h) 2 15
5 lim
hS0
h
3(2 1 h)2 1 4(2 1 h) 2 5 2 15
5 lim
hS0
h
12 1 12h 1 3h 2 1 8 1 4h 2 20
5 lim
hS0
h
3h 2 1 16h
5 lim
hS0
h
5 lim 3h 1 16
hS0

5 16
2
b. f(x) 5
x21
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a)
m 5 lim
hS0
h
f(2 1 h) 2 2
5 lim
hS0
h
5 lim

hS0

5 lim

2
22
21h21

h
2
2(1 1 h)
2 11h
11h

h
2 2 2(1 1 h)
5 lim
hS0
h(1 1 h)
22h
5 lim
hS0 h(1 1 h)
22
5 lim
hS0 1 1 h
5 22
c. f(x) 5 !x 1 3
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a)
m 5 lim
hS0
h
f(6 1 h) 2 3
5 lim
hS0
h
!h 1 9 2 3
5 lim
hS0
h
( !h 1 9 2 3)( !h 1 9 1 3)
5 lim
hS0
h( !h 1 9 1 3)
hS0

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

h1929
hS0 h( !h 1 9 1 3)
h
5 lim
hS0 h( !h 1 9 1 3)
1
5 lim
hS0 ( !h 1 9 1 3)
1
5
6
d. f(x) 5 25x
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a)
m 5 lim
hS0
h
25(11h) 2 32
5 lim
hS0
h
25 ? 25h 2 32
5 lim
hS0
h
32(25h 2 1)
5 lim
hS0
h
5(25h 2 1)
5 32 lim
hS0
5h
5h
(2 2 1)
5 160 lim
hS0
5h
5 160 ln 2
change in distance
2. a. average velocity 5
change in time
s(t2 ) 2 s(t1 )
5
t2 2 t1
32(4)2 1 3(4) 1 14 2 3 (2(1)2 1 3(1) 1 1)4
5
421
45 2 6
5
3
5 13 m> s
b. instantaneous velocity 5 slope of the tangent
s(a 1 h) 2 s(a)
m 5 lim
hS0
h
s(3 1 h) 2 s(3)
5 lim
hS0
h
2(3 1 h)2 1 3(3 1 h) 1 1
5 lim c
hS0
h
(2(3)2 1 3(3) 1 1)
d
2
h
18 1 12h 1 2h 2 1 9 1 3h 1 1 2 28
5 lim
hS0
h
5 lim

5-1

5 lim 353.655 1 4.9h4

15h 1 2h 2
hS0
h
5 lim (15 1 2h)
5 lim

hS0

hS0

5 15 m> s

f(a 1 h) 2 f(a)
h
(4 1 h)3 2 64
f(4 1 h) 2 f(4)
lim
5 lim
hS0
h
hS0
h
(4 1 h)3 2 64 5 f(4 1 h) 2 f(4)
Therefore, f(x) 5 x 3.
4. a. Average rate of change in distance with respect
to time is average velocity, so
s(t2 ) 2 s(t1 )
average velocity 5
t2 2 t1
s(3) 2 s(1)
5
321
4.9(3)2 2 4.9(1)
5
321
5 19.6 m> s
b. Instantaneous rate of change in distance with
respect to time 5 slope of the tangent.
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a)
m 5 lim
hS0
h
f(2 1 h) 2 f(2)
5 lim
hS0
h
4.9(2 1 h)2 2 4.9(2)2
5 lim
hS0
h
19.6 1 19.6h 1 4.9h 2 2 19.6
5 lim
hS0
h
2
19.6h 1 4.9h
5 lim
hS0
h
5 lim 19.6 1 4.9h
m 5 lim

3.

hS0

hS0

5 19.6 m> s
c. First, we need to determine t for the given
distance:
146.9 5 4.9t 2
29.98 5 t 2
5.475 5 t
Now use the slope of the tangent to determine the
instantaneous velocity for t 5 5.475:
f(5.475 1 h) 2 f(5.475)
m 5 lim
hS0
h
4.9(5.475 1 h)2 2 4.9(5.475)2
5 lim
hS0
h
146.9 1 53.655h 1 4.9h 2 2 146.9
5 lim
hS0
h
53.655h 1 4.9h 2
5 lim
hS0
h
5-2

5 53.655 m> s
5. a. Average rate of population change
p(t2 ) 2 p(t1 )
5
t2 2 t1
2(8)2 1 3(8) 1 1 2 (2(0) 1 3(0) 1 1)
5
820
128 1 24 1 1 2 1
5
820
5 19 thousand fish> year
b. Instantaneous rate of population change
p(t 1 h) 2 p(t)
5 lim
hS0
h
p(5 1 h) 2 p(5)
5 lim
hS0
h
2(5 1 h)2 1 3(5 1 h) 1 1
5 lim c
hS0
h
(2(5)2 1 3(5) 1 1)
2
d
h
50 1 20h 1 2h 2 1 15 1 3h 1 1 2 66
5 lim
hS0
h
2h 2 1 23h
5 lim
hS0
h
5 lim 2h 1 23
5 23 thousand fish> year
6. a. i. f(2) 5 3
ii. lim2 f(x) 5 1
hS0

xS2

iii. lim1 f(x) 5 3

xS2

iv. lim f(x) 5 2

xS6

b. No, lim f(x) does not exist. In order for the limit
xS4

to exist, lim2 f(x) and lim1 f(x) must exist and they
xS4

xS4

must be equal. In this case, lim2 f(x) 5 `, but

xS4

lim1 f(x) 5 2 `, so lim f(x) does not exist.

xS4

xS4

7. f(x) is discontinuous at x 5 2. lim2 f(x) 5 5, but

xS2

lim1 f(x) 5 3.

xS2

2x 2 1 1
2(0)2 1 1
5
xS0 x 2 5
025
1
52
5
x23
b. lim
xS3 !x 1 6 2 3
(x 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3)
5 lim
xS3 ( !x 1 6 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3)

8. a. lim

Cumulative Review of Calculus

(x 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3)
xS3
x1629
(x 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3)
5 lim
xS3
x23
5 lim !x 1 6 1 3
5 lim

xS3

56

c. lim

xS23

5 lim

1
1
13
x

x13
x13
3x

x13
x13
5 lim
xS23 3x(x 1 3)
1
5 lim
xS23 3x
1
52
9
x2 2 4
d. lim 2
xS2 x 2 x 2 2
(x 1 2)(x 2 2)
5 lim
xS2 (x 1 1)(x 2 2)
x12
5 lim
xS2 x 1 1
4
5
3
x22
e. lim 3
xS2 x 2 8
x22
5 lim
2
xS2 (x 2 2)(x 1 2x 1 4)
1
5 lim 2
xS2 x 1 2x 1 4
1
5
12
!x 1 4 2 !4 2 x
f. lim
x
xS0
( !x 1 4 2 !4 2 x)( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x)
5 lim
xS0
x( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x)
x 1 4 2 (4 2 x)
5 lim
xS0 x( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x)
2x
5 lim
xS0 x( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x)
2
5 lim
xS0 ( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x)
1
5
2
xS23

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

9. a. f(x) 5 3x2 1 x 1 1
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
f r(x) 5 lim
hS0
h
3(x 1 h)2 1 (x 1 h) 1 1
5 lim c
hS0
h
2
(3x 1 x 1 1)
2
d
h
3x 2 1 6hx 1 6h 2 1 x 1 h
5 lim c
hS0
h
1 2 3x 2 2 x 2 1
1
d
h
6hx 1 6h 2 1 h
5 lim
hS0
h
5 lim 6x 1 6h 1 1
hS0

5 6x 1 1
1
b. f(x) 5
x
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
f r(x) 5 lim
hS0
h
1
1
2x
x
1
h
5 lim

h
x 2 (x 1 h)
5 lim
hS0 h(x)(x 1 h)
2h
5 lim
hS0 h(x)(x 1 h)
21
5 lim
hS0 x(x 1 h)
1
52 2
x
10. a. To determine the derivative, use the power rule:
y 5 x 3 2 4x 2 1 5x 1 2
dy
5 3x 2 2 8x 1 5
dx
b. To determine the derivative, use the chain rule:
y 5 "2x 3 1 1
dy
1
5
(6x 2 )
3
dx
2"2x 1 1
3x 2
5
"2x 3 1 1
c. To determine the derivative, use the quotient rule:
2x
y5
x13
dy
2(x 1 3) 2 2x
5
dx
(x 1 3)2
6
5
(x 1 3)2
hS0

5-3

d. To determine the derivative, use the product rule:

y 5 (x 2 1 3)2 (4x 5 1 5x 1 1)
dy
5 2(x 2 1 3)(2x)(4x 5 1 5x 1 1)
dx
1 (x 2 1 3)2 (20x 4 1 5)
5 4x(x 2 1 3)(4x 5 1 5x 1 1)
1 (x 2 1 3)2 (20x 4 1 5)
e. To determine the derivative, use the quotient rule:
(4x 2 1 1)5
y5
(3x 2 2)3
dy
5(4x 2 1 1)4 (8x)(3x 2 2)3
5
dx
(3x 2 2)6
3(3x 2 2)2 (3)(4x 2 1 1)5
2
(3x 2 2)6
5 (4x 2 1 1)4 (3x 2 2)2
40x(3x 2 2) 2 9(4x 2 1 1)
3
(3x 2 2)6
(4x 2 1 1)4 (120x 2 2 80x 2 36x 2 2 9)
5
(3x 2 2)4
(4x 2 1 1)4 (84x 2 2 80x 2 9)
5
(3x 2 2)4
2
f. y 5 3x 1 (2x 1 1)34 5
Use the chain rule
dy
5 53x 2 1 (2x 1 1)34 4 32x 1 6(2x 1 1)24
dx
11. To determine the equation of the tangent line,
we need to determine its slope at the point (1, 2).
To do this, determine the derivative of y and
evaluate for x 5 1:
18
y5
(x 1 2)2
5 18(x 1 2)22
dy
5 236(x 1 2)23
dx
236
5
(x 1 2)3
236
m5
(x 1 2)3
24
236
5
5
27
3
Since we have a given point and we know the slope,
use point-slope form to write the equation of the
tangent line:
24
y225
(x 2 1)
3
3y 2 6 5 24x 1 4
4x 1 3y 2 10 5 0
5-4

12. The intersection point of the two curves

occurs when
x 2 1 9x 1 9 5 3x
x 2 1 6x 1 9 5 0
(x 1 3)2 5 0
x 5 23.
At a point x, the slope of the line tangent to the
curve y 5 x 2 1 9x 1 9 is given by
dy
d 2
5
(x 1 9x 1 9)
dx
dx
5 2x 1 9.
At x 5 23, this slope is 2(23) 1 9 5 3.
d
13. a. pr(t) 5 (2t2 1 6t 1 1100)
dt
5 4t 1 6
b. 1990 is 10 years after 1980, so the rate of change
of population in 1990 corresponds to the value
pr(10) 5 4(10) 1 6
5 46 people per year.
c. The rate of change of the population will be 110
people per year when
4t 1 6 5 110
t 5 26.
This corresponds to 26 years after 1980, which is
the year 2006.
d
14. a. f r(x) 5 (x 5 2 5x 3 1 x 1 12)
dx
5 5x 4 2 15x 2 1 1
d
f s (x) 5
(5x 4 2 15x 2 1 1)
dx
5 20x 3 2 30x
b. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 22x 22
d
f r(x) 5
(22x 22 )
dx
5 4x 23
4
x3
d
f s (x) 5
(4x 23 )
dx
5 212x 24
12
52 4
x
1
c. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 4x 22
d
1
f r(x) 5
(4x 2 2 )
dx
3
5 22x22
2
52
"x 3
5

Cumulative Review of Calculus

d
3
(22x 22 )
dx
5
5 3x 22
3
5
"x 5
d. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 x 4 2 x 24
d 4
f r(x) 5
(x 2 x 24 )
dx
5 4x 3 1 4x 25
4
5 4x 3 1 5
x
d
f s (x) 5
(4x 3 1 4x 25 )
dx
5 12x 2 2 20x 26
20
5 12x 2 2 6
x
15. Extreme values of a function on an interval will
only occur at the endpoints of the interval or at a
critical point of the function.
d
a. f r(x) 5 (1 1 (x 1 3)2 )
dx
5 2(x 1 3)
The only place where f r(x) 5 0 is at x 5 23, but
that point is outside of the interval in question. The
extreme values therefore occur at the endpoints of
the interval:
f(22) 5 1 1 (22 1 3)2 5 2
f(6) 5 1 1 (6 1 3)2 5 82
The maximum value is 82, and the minimum
value is 6
1
b. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 x 1 x 22
d
1
f r(x) 5
(x 1 x 22 )
dx
1 3
5 1 1 2 x 22
2
1
512
2"x 3
On this interval, x $ 1, so the fraction on the right
is always less than or equal to 12. This means that
f r(x) . 0 on this interval and so the extreme values
occur at the endpoints.
1
52
f(1) 5 1 1
!1
1
1
f(9) 5 9 1
59
!9
3
The maximum value is 9 13, and the minimum
value is 2.
f s (x) 5

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

c. f r(x) 5

d
ex
a
b
dx 1 1 e x

(1 1 e x )(e x ) 2 (e x )(e x )
(1 1 e x )2
ex
5
(1 1 e x )2
Since e x is never equal to zero, f r(x) is never zero,
and so the extreme values occur at the endpoints of
the interval.
e0
1
f(0) 5
0 5
11e
2
e4
f(4) 5
1 1 e4
e4
The maximum value is 1 1 e 4, and the minimum
value is 12.
d
d. f r(x) 5 (2 sin (4x) 1 3)
dx
5 8 cos (4x)
p
Cosine is 0 when its argument is a multiple of
5

3p

or 2 .

3p
p
1 2kp or 4x 5
1 2kp
2
2
3p
p
p
p
x5
x5 1 k
1 k
8
2
8
2

4x 5

p 3p 5p 7p

Since xP30, p4, x 5 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 .

Also test the function at the endpoints of the interval.
f(0) 5 2 sin 0 1 3 5 3
p
p
f a b 5 2 sin 1 3 5 5
8
2
3p
3p
1351
f a b 5 2 sin
8
2
5p
5p
1355
f a b 5 2 sin
8
2
7p
7p
f a b 5 2 sin
1351
8
2
f(p) 5 2 sin (4p) 1 3 5 3
The maximum value is 5, and the minimum
value is 1.
16. a. The velocity of the particle is given by
v(t) 5 sr(t)
d
5 (3t 3 2 40.5t 2 1 162t)
dt
5 9t 2 2 81t 1 162.

5-5

The acceleration is
a(t) 5 vr(t)
d
5 (9t 2 2 81t 1 162)
dt
5 18t 2 81
b. The object is stationary when v(t) 5 0:
9t 2 2 81t 1 162 5 0
9(t 2 6)(t 2 3) 5 0
t 5 6 or t 5 3
The object is advancing when v(t) . 0 and retreating
when v(t) , 0. Since v(t) is the product of two
linear factors, its sign can be determined using the
signs of the factors:
t-values

t23

t26

v(t)

Object

0,t,3

,0

,0

.0

Advancing

3,t,6

.0

,0

,0

Retreating

6,t,8

.0

.0

.0

Advancing

c. The velocity of the object is unchanging when the

acceleration is 0; that is, when
a(t) 5 18t 2 81 5 0
t 5 4.5
d. The object is decelerating when a(t) , 0, which
occurs when
18t 2 81 , 0
0 # t , 4.5
e. The object is accelerating when a(t) . 0, which
occurs when
18t 2 81 . 0
4.5 , t # 8
17.
w
l

Let the length and width of the field be l and w, as

shown. The total amount of fencing used is then
2l 1 5w. Since there is 750 m of fencing available,
this gives
2l 1 5w 5 750
5
l 5 375 2 w
2
The total area of the pens is
A 5 lw
5
5 375w 2 w 2
2
The maximum value of this area can be found by
expressing A as a function of w and examining its
derivative to determine critical points.
5-6

A(w) 5 375w 2 52w 2, which is defined for 0 # w

and 0 # l. Since l 5 375 2 52w, 0 # l gives the
restriction w # 150. The maximum area is therefore
the maximum value of the function A(w) on the
interval 0 # w # 150.
d
5
Ar(w) 5
a375w 2 w 2 b
dw
2
5 375 2 5w
Setting Ar(w) 5 0 shows that w 5 75 is the only
critical point of the function. The only values of
interest are therefore:
5
A(0) 5 375(0) 2 (0)2 5 0
2
5
A(75) 5 375(75) 2 (75)2 5 14 062.5
2
5
A(150) 5 375(150) 2 (150)2 5 0
2
The maximum area is 14 062.5 m2
18.
r
h

Let the height and radius of the can be h and r, as

shown. The total volume of the can is then pr 2h.
The volume of the can is also give at 500 mL, so
pr 2h 5 500
500
h5
pr 2
The total surface area of the can is
A 5 2prh 1 2pr 2
1000
5
1 2pr 2
r
The minimum value of this surface area can be
found by expressing A as a function of r and
examining its derivative to determine critical points.
1000
A(r) 5
1 2pr 2, which is defined for 0 , r and
r
500

0 , h. Since h 5 pr 2 , 0 , h gives no additional

restriction on r. The maximum area is therefore the
maximum value of the function A(r) on the interval
0 , r.
d 1000
Ar(r) 5 a
1 2pr 2 b
r
dr
1000
5 2 2 1 4pr
r

Cumulative Review of Calculus

The critical points of A(r) can be found by setting

Ar(r) 5 0:
2

1000
1 4pr 5 0
r2

4pr 3 5 1000
r 5 # 1000 8 4.3 cm
3

4p

So r 5 4.3 cm is the only critical point of the

function. This gives the value
500
h5
8 8.6 cm.
p(4.3)2
19.
r
h

Let the radius be r and the height h.

Minimize the cost:
C 5 2pr 2 (0.005) 1 2prh(0.0025)
V 5 pr2 h 5 4000
4000
h5
pr 2
4000
b (0.0025)
C(r) 5 2pr 2 (0.005) 1 2pr a
pr 2
20
5 0.01pr 2 1 , 1 # r # 36
r
20
C r(r) 5 0.02pr 2 2 .
r
For a maximum or minimum value, let C r(r) 5 0.
0.02pr 2 2

20

r2

50

20
0.02p
r 8 6.8
Using the max min algorithm:
C(1) 5 20.03, C(6.8) 5 4.39, C(36) 5 41.27.
The dimensions for the cheapest container are a
radius of 6.8 cm and a height of 27.5 cm.
20. a. Let the length, width, and depth be l, w, and
d, respectively. Then, the given information is that
l 5 x, w 5 x, and
l 1 w 1 d 5 140. Substituting gives
2x 1 d 5 140
d 5 140 2 2x
b. The volume of the box is V 5 lwh. Substituting
in the values from part a. gives
V 5 (x)(x)(140 2 2x)
5 140x 2 2 2x 3
r3 5

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

In order for the dimensions of the box to make sense,

the inequalities l $ 0, w $ 0, and h $ 0 must be
satisfied. The first two give x $ 0, the third requires
x # 70. The maximum volume is therefore the
maximum value of V(x) 5 140x 2 2 2x 3 on the
interval 0 # x # 70, which can be found by
determining the critical points of the derivative Vr(x).
d
Vr(x) 5
(140x 2 2 2x 3 )
dx
5 280x 2 6x 2
5 2x(140 2 3x)
Setting Vr(x) 5 0 shows that x 5 0 and
140

x 5 3 8 46.7 are the critical points of the function.

The maximum value therefore occurs at one of these
points or at one of the endpoints of the interval:
V(0) 5 140(0)2 2 2(0)3 5 0
V(46.7) 5 140(46.7)2 2 2(46.7)3 5 101 629.5
V(0) 5 140(70)2 2 2(70)3 5 0
So the maximum volume is 101 629.5 cm3, from a
box with length and width 46.7 cm and depth
140 2 2(46.7) 5 46.6 cm.
21. The revenue function is
R(x) 5 x(50 2 x 2 )
5 50x 2 x 3. Its maximum for x $ 0 can be
found by examining its derivative to determine
critical points.
d
Rr(x) 5
(50x 2 x 3 )
dx
5 50 2 3x 2
The critical points can be found by setting Rr(x) 5 0:
50 2 3x 2 5 0
50
x5 6
8 64.1
3
Only the positive root is of interest since the number
of MP3 players sold must be positive. The number
must also be an integer, so both x 5 4 and x 5 5
must be tested to see which is larger.
R(4) 5 50(4) 2 43 5 136
R(4) 5 50(5) 2 53 5 125
So the maximum possible revenue is $136, coming
from a sale of 4 MP3 players.
22. Let x be the fare, and p(x) be the number of
passengers per year. The given information shows
that p is a linear function of x such that an increase
of 10 in x results in a decrease of 1000 in p. This
means that the slope of the line described by p(x) is
21000
10 5 2100. Using the initial point given,
p(x) 5 2100(x 2 50) 1 10 000
5 2100x 1 15 000

5-7

The revenue function can now be written:

R(x) 5 xp(x)
5 x(2100x 1 15 000)
5 15 000x 2 100x 2
Its maximum for x $ 0 can be found by examining
its derivative to determine critical points.
d
Rr(x) 5
(15 000x 2 100x 2 )
dx
5 15 000 2 200x
Setting Rr(x) 5 0 shows that x 5 75 is the only
critical point of the function. The problem states
that only $10 increases in fare are possible, however,
so the two nearest must be tried to determine the
maximum possible revenue:
R(70) 5 15 000(70) 2 100(70)2 5 560 000
R(80) 5 15 000(80) 2 100(80)2 5 560 000
So the maximum possible revenue is $560 000,
which can be achieved by a fare of either $70 or $80.
23. Let the number of $30 price reductions be n.
The resulting number of tourists will be 80 1 n
where 0 # n # 70. The price per tourist will be
5000 2 30n dollars. The revenue to the travel
agency will be (5000 2 30n)(80 1 n) dollars. The
cost to the agency will be 250 000 1 300(80 1 n)
dollars.
Profit 5 Revenue 2 Cost
P(n) 5 (5000 2 30n)(80 1 n)
2 250 000 2 300(80 1 n), 0 # n # 70
P r(n) 5 230(80 1 n) 1 (5000 2 30n)(1) 2 300
5 2300 2 60n
1
P r(n) 5 0 when n 5 38
3
Since n must be an integer, we now evaluate P(n)
for n 5 0, 38, 39, and 70. (Since P(n) is a quadratic
function whose graph opens downward with vertex
at 38 13 , we know P(38) . P(39).)
P(0) 5 126 000
P(38) 5 (3860)(118) 2 250 000 2 300(118)
5 170 080
P(39) 5 (3830)(119) 2 250 000 2 300(119)
5 170 070
P(70) 5 (2900)(150) 2 250 000 2 300(150)
5 140 000
The price per person should be lowered by $1140
(38 decrements of $30) to realize a maximum profit
of $170 080.
dy
d
24. a.
5
(25x 2 1 20x 1 2)
dx
dx
5 210x 1 20
5-8

dy

Setting dx 5 0 shows that x 5 2 is the only critical

number of the function.

b.

x,2

x52

x.2

y9

Graph

Inc.

Local Max

Dec.

d
dy
5
(6x 2 1 16x 2 40)
dx
dx
5 12x 1 16
dy

Setting dx 5 0 shows that x 5 2 43 is the only

critical number of the function.
x

x,2

4
3

x52

4
3

x.2

y9

Graph

Dec.

Local Min

Inc.

4
3

d
dy
5
(2x 3 2 24x)
dx
dx
5 6x 2 2 24
dy
The critical numbers are found by setting dx 5 0:
6x 2 2 24 5 0
6x 2 5 24
x 5 62

c.

x , 22

x 5 22

22 , x , 2

x52

x.2

y9

Graph

Inc.

Local Max

Dec.

Local Min

Inc.

dy
d
x
5
a
b
dx
dx x 2 2
(x 2 2)(1) 2 x(1)
5
(x 2 2)2
22
5
(x 2 2)2
This derivative is never equal to zero, so the
function has no critical numbers. Since the
numerator is always negative and the denominator
is never negative, the derivative is always negative.
This means that the function is decreasing
everywhere it is defined, that is, x 2 2.
25. a. This function is discontinuous when
x2 2 9 5 0
x 5 63. The numerator is non-zero at these
points, so these are the equations of the vertical
asymptotes.

d.

Cumulative Review of Calculus

To check for a horizontal asymptote:

8
8
lim 2
5 lim
9
xS` x 2 9
xS` 2
x a1 2 2 b
x
lim (8)
xS`
5
9
lim x 2 a1 2 2 b
xS`
x
lim (8)
xS`
5
9
lim (x)2 3 lim a1 2 2 b
xS`
xS`
x
1
8
5 lim 2 3
xS` x
120
50
8

Similarly, lim x 2 2 9 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal

xS2`
asymptote of the function.
There is no oblique asymptote because the degree
of the numerator does not exceed the degree of the
denominator by 1.
Local extrema can be found by examining the
derivative to determine critical points:
(x 2 2 9)(0) 2 (8)(2x)
yr 5
(x 2 2 9)2
216x
5 2
(x 2 9)2
Setting yr 5 0 shows that x 5 0 is the only critical
point of the function.
x,0

x50

x.0

y9

Graph

Inc.

Local Max

Dec.

So (0, 2 89 ) is a local maximum.

b. This function is discontinuous when
x2 2 1 5 0
x 5 61. The numerator is non-zero at these
points, so these are the equations of the vertical
asymptotes.
To check for a horizontal asymptote:
4x 3
x 3 (4)
5 lim
lim 2
xS` x 2 1
xS` 2
1
x 1 2 x2
x(4)
5 lim
1
xS`
1 2 x2

lim (x(4))

xS`

lim 1 2 x 2
xS`

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

lim (x) 3 lim (4)

xS`

xS`

lim 1 2

xS`

5 lim (x) 3
xS`

1
x2

4
120

5`
4x 3

Similarly, lim x 2 2 1 5 lim (x) 5 2`, so this

xS 2`
xS 2`
function has no horizontal asymptote.
To check for an oblique asymptote:
4x
x2 2 1q4x3 1 0x2 1 0x 1 0
4x3 1 0x2 2 4x
0 1 0 1 4x 1 0
So y can be written in the form
4x
y 5 4x 1 2
. Since
x 21
4x
x(4)
lim 2
5 lim
xS` x 2 1
xS` 2
1
x 1 2 x2

5 lim

xS`

x 1 2 x2
lim (4)

xS`

((

lim x 1 2 x 2

xS`

))

lim (4)

xS`

lim (x) 3 lim 1 2 x 2

xS`
xS`

1
4
5 lim a b 3
x
120
5 0,
4x

and similarly lim x 2 2 1 5 0, the line y 5 4x is an

xS 2`
asymptote to the function y.
Local extrema can be found by examining the
derivative to determine critical points:
(x 2 2 1)(12x 2 ) 2 (4x 3 )(2x)
yr 5
(x 2 2 1)2
12x 4 2 12x 2 2 8x 4
5
(x 2 2 1)2
4x 4 2 12x 2
5
(x 2 2 1)2
Setting yr 5 0:
4x 4 2 12x 2 5 0
x 2 (x 2 2 3) 5 0

5-9

so x 5 0, x 5 6 !3 are the critical points of the

function

y9

x , 2 !3

x 5 2 !3

2 !3 , x , 0

x50

y9

Graph

Inc.

Local Max

Dec.

Horiz.

0 , x , !3

x 5 !3

x . !3

y9

Graph

Dec.

Local Min

Inc.

1
,x,1
2
2

(2!3, 26 !3) is a local maximum, ( !3, 6 !3) is

a local minimum, and (0, 0) is neither.
26. a. This function is continuous everywhere, so it
has no vertical asymptotes. To check for a horizontal
asymptote:
lim (4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2)
xS`

5 lim x 3 a4 1

24
6
2
2 2 2 3)
x
x
x
6
2
24
5 lim (x 3 ) 3 lim a4 1 2 2 2 3 b
x
xS`
xS`
x
x
3
5 lim (x ) 3 (4 1 0 2 0 2 0)
xS`

x.1

Graph

Dec.

Local Min

Inc.

y0

Concavity

Up

Up

Up

30
20
10

3 2 1 0
10

1 2

y = 4x3 + 6x2 24x 2

b. This function is discontinuous when

x2 2 4 5 0
(x 1 2)(x 2 2) 5 0
x 5 2 or x 5 22. The numerator is non-zero at
these points, so the function has vertical asymptotes
at both of them. The behaviour of the function near
these asymptotes is:
3x

x12

x22

,0

,0

,0

,0

x-values

xS`

x51

lim y
xS`

5`
Similarly,
lim (4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2) 5 lim (x 3 ) 5 2`,

x S 22

,0

.0

,0

.0

1`

x S 22

.0

.0

,0

,0

2`

so this function has no horizontal asymptote.

The y-intercept can be found by letting x 5 0,
which gives y 5 4(0)3 1 6(0)2 2 24(0) 2 2
5 22
The derivative is of the function is
d
(4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2)
yr 5
dx
5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24
5 12(x 1 2)(x 2 1), and the second derivative is
d
ys 5
(12x 2 1 12x 2 24)
dx
5 24x 1 12
Letting f r(x) 5 0 shows that x 5 22 and x 5 1 are
critical points of the function. Letting ys 5 0 shows
that x 5 2 12 is an inflection point of the function.

x S 21

.0

.0

.0

.0

1`

xS 2`

xS2`

x , 22

x 5 22

22 , x

y9

1
x52
2
2

Graph

Inc.

Local Max

Dec.

Dec.

y0

Concavity

Down

Down

Down

Infl.

5-10

x S 22

2`

To check for a horizontal asymptote:

3x
x(3)
lim 2
5 lim
xS` x 2 4
xS` 2
4
x 12 2
x

5 lim

xS`

x 1 2 x2
lim (3)

xS`

((

))

lim x 1 2 x 2
xS`
lim (3)
xS`

lim (x) 3 lim 1 2 x 2

xS`
xS`
1
3
5 lim 3
xS` x
120
50

3x

Similarly, lim x 2 2 4 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal

xS`
asymptote of the function.
Cumulative Review of Calculus

This function has y 5 0 when x 5 0, so the origin is

both the x- and y-intercept.
The derivative is
(x 2 2 4)(3) 2 (3x)(2x)
yr 5
(x 2 2 4)2
2
23x 2 12
5
, and the second derivative is
(x 2 2 4)2
(x 2 2 4)2 (26x)
ys 5
(x 2 2 4)4
(23x 2 2 12)(2(x 2 2 4)(2x))
2
(x 2 2 4)4
26x 3 1 24x 1 12x 3 1 48x
5
(x 2 2 4)3
6x 3 1 72x
5
(x 2 2 4)3
The critical points of the function can be found by
letting yr 5 0, so
23x 2 2 12 5 0
x 2 1 4 5 0. This has no real solutions, so the
function y has no critical points.
The inflection points can be found by letting
ys 5 0, so
6x 3 1 72x 5 0
6x(x 2 1 12) 5 0
The only real solution to this equation is x 5 0, so
that is the only possible inflection point.
x

x , 22 22 , x , 0

x50

0,x,2

x.2

y9

Graph

Dec.

Dec.

Dec.

Dec.

Dec.

y0

Concavity

Down

Up

Infl.

Down

Up

6
4
2

6 4 2 0
2
4
6

3x
y =
x2 4
x
2 4 6

d
((24)e 5x11 )
dx
d
5 (24)e 5x11 3
(5x 1 1)
dx
5 (220)e 5x11

27. a. f r(x) 5

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

d
(xe 3x )
dx
d
5 xe 3x 3
(3x) 1 (1)e 3x
dx
5 e 3x (3x 1 1)
d
c. yr 5 (63x28 )
dx
d
5 (ln 6)63x28 3
(3x 2 8)
dx
5 (3 ln 6)63x28
d
d. yr 5 (e sin x )
dx
d
5 e sin x 3
(sin x)
dx
5 (cos x)e sin x
28. The slope of the tangent line at x 5 1 can be

b. f r(x) 5

dy

found by evaluating the derivative dx for x 5 1:

d 2x21
dy
5
(e
)
dx
dx
d
5 e 2x21 3
(2x 2 1)
dx
5 2e 2x21
Substituting x 5 1 shows that the slope is 2e. The
value of the original function at x 5 1 is e, so the
equation of the tangent line at x 5 1 is
y 5 2e(x 2 1) 1 e.
29. a. The maximum of the function modelling the
number of bacteria infected can be found by
examining its derivative.
d
t
N r(t) 5 ((15t)e 2 5 )
dt
d
t
t
t
5 15te 25 3 a2 b 1 (15)e 25
dt
5
t
5 e25 (15 2 3t)
Setting Nr(t) 5 0 shows that t 5 5 is the only
critical point of the function (since the exponential
function is never zero). The maximum number of
infected bacteria therefore occurs after 5 days.
5
b. N(5) 5 (15(5))e 25
5 27 bacteria
dy
d
30. a.
5
(2 sin x 2 3 cos 5x)
dx
dx
d
5 2 cos x 2 3(2sin 5x) 3
(5x)
dx
5 2 cos x 1 15 sin 5x

5-11

b.

dy
d
5
(sin 2x 1 1)4
dx
dx

d
5 4(sin 2x 1 1)3 3
(sin 2x 1 1)
dx
d
5 4(sin 2x 1 1)3 3 (cos 2x) 3
(2x)
dx
5 8 cos 2x(sin 2x 1 1)3
1
c. y can be rewritten as y 5 (x 2 1 sin 3x)2 . Then,
dy
d
1
5
(x 2 1 sin 3x)2
dx
dx
1 2
d
1
5 (x 1 sin 3x)22 3
(x 2 1 sin 3x)
2
dx
1
1
5 (x 2 1 sin 3x)22
2
d
3 a2x 1 cos 3x 3
(3x)b
dx
2x 1 3 cos 3x
5
2 !x 2 1 sin 3x
dy
d
sin x
d.
5
a
b
dx
dx cos x 1 2
(cos x 1 2)(cos x) 2 (sin x)(2sin x)
5
(cos x 1 2)2
cos2 x 1 sin2 x 1 2 cos x
5
(cos x 1 2)2
1 1 2 cos x
5
(cos x 1 2)2
dy
d
5
(tan x 2 2 tan2 x)
e.
dx
dx
d
d
5
sec2 x 2 3
(x 2 )
dx
dx
d
2 2 tan x 3
(tan x)
dx
5 2x sec2 x 2 2 2 tan x sec2 x
dy
d
5
(sin (cos x 2 ))
f.
dx
dx
d
5 cos (cos x 2 ) 3
(cos x 2 )
dx
d
5 cos (cos x 2 ) 3 (2sin x 2 ) 3
(x 2 )
dx
5 22x sin x 2 cos(cos x 2 )

31.
l2
u
100
l1

250

As shown in the diagram, let u be the angle between

the ladder and the ground, and let the total length
of the ladder be l 5 l1 1 l2, where l1 is the length
from the ground to the top corner of the shed and
l2is the length from the corner of the shed to the
wall.
100
250
cos u 5
sin u 5
l1
l2
l2 5 100 sec u
l1 5 250 csc u
l 5 250 csc u 1 100 sec u
dl
5 2250 csc u cot u 1 100 sec u tan u
du
250 cos u
100 sin u
52
1
sin2 u
cos2 u
dl

To determine the minimum, solve du 5 0.

250 cos u
100 sin u
5
2
sin u
cos2 u
3
250 cos u 5 100 sin3 u
2.5 5 tan3 u
3
tan u 5 "
2.5
u 8 0.94
At u 5 0.94, l 5 250 csc 0.94 1 100 sec 0.94
8 479 cm
The shortest ladder is about 4.8 m long.
32. The longest rod that can fit around the corner is
determined by the minimum value of x 1 y. So,
determine the minimum value of l 5 x 1 y.
y

u
x
u

5-12

Cumulative Review of Calculus

From the diagram, sin u 5 y and cos u 5 x. So,

3

l 5 cos u 1 sin u, for 0 # u # 2 .

dl
3 sin u
3 cos u
5
2
2
du
cos u
sin2 u
3
3 sin u 2 3 cos3 u
5
cos2 u sin2 u
dl

Solving du 5 0 yields:

3
3
p 1
p
cos 4
sin 4
5 3 !2 1 3 !2
5 6 !2

So l 5

When u 5 0 or u 5 2 , the longest possible rod

would have a length of 3 m. Therefore the longest
rod that can be carried horizontally around the
corner is one of length 6 !2, or about 8.5 m.

3 sin3 u 2 3 cos3 u 5 0
tan3 u 5 1
tan u 5 1
p
u5
4

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-13