ANSYS Mechanical ANSYS Mechanical Structural Nonlinearities: Rate Independent Plasticity

Customer Training Material
Lecture 5 Rate Independent Plasticity
ANSYS Mechanical Structural Nonlinearities

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. Release 13.0 December 2010
L5-1
ANSYS Mechanical Rate Independent Plasticity
Chapter Overview
The following will be covered in this Chapter:
A. Background Elasticity/Plasticity B. B Yield Criteria C. Hardening Rules D. Material Data Input E. Analysis Settings F. Reviewing Results G. Workshop
The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to ANSYS Structural licenses and above.
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Release 13.0 December 2010
A. Metal Plasticity Overview

Review of Elasticity:
Before proceeding to a discussion on plasticity, it may be useful to review elasticity of metals.

In elastic response, if the induced stresses are below the materials yield strength, the material can fully recover its original shape upon unloading. From a standpoint of metals, this behavior is due to the stretching but not metals breaking of chemical bonds between atoms. Because elasticity is due to this stretching of atomic bonds, it is fully recoverable. Moreover, these elastic strains tend to be small. Elastic behavior of metals is most commonly described by the stressstrain relationship of Hookes Law:
= E
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... Metal Plasticity Overview
What is plasticity? When a ductile material experiences stresses beyond the elastic limit, it will yield, acquiring large permanent deformations.
Plasticity refers to the material response beyond yield. Plastic response is important for metal forming operations. Plasticity is also important as an energy-absorbing mechanism for y gy g structures in service.
Materials that fail with little plastic deformation are said to be brittle. Ductile response is safer in many respects than is brittle response.
This Chapter will review some basics of plasticity by defining certain terminology.
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Plastic deformation results from slip between planes of atoms due to shear stresses (deviatoric stresses). This dislocation motion is essentially atoms in the crystal structure rearranging themselves to have new neighbors
results in unrecoverable strains or permanent deformation after load is removed. slipping does not generally result in any volumetric strains (condition of incompressibility), unlike elasticity
Yield Strength y Unloading Elastic Plastic
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Rate-Independent Plasticity:
If the material response is not dependent on the rate of loading or deformation, the material is said to be rate-independent. rate independent.
Most metals exhibit rate-independent behavior at low temperatures (< 1/4 or 1/3 melting temperature) and low strain rates.
Engineering vs. True Stress-Strain: While engineering stress-strain can be used for small-strain analyses, true stress-strain must be used for plasticity, as they are more representative measures of the state of the material. Stress
True Engineering
Strain
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Engineering vs. True Stress-Strain (contd):
If presented with engineering stress-strain data, one can convert these values to true stress-strain with the following approximations: stress strain
Up until twice the strain at which yielding occurs:
= eng
= eng
= ln (1 + eng )
Up until the point at which necking occurs:
= eng (1 + eng )
Note that, only for stress conversion, the following is assumed:

Material is incompressible (acceptable approximation for large strains) p ( p pp g ) Stress distribution across cross-section of specimen is assumed to be uniform.
Beyond necking:
There is no conversion equation relating engineering to true stress-strain at q g g g necking. The instantaneous cross-section must be measured.
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B. Yield Criterion
Yield Criterion:
The yield criteria is used to relate multiaxial stress state with the uniaxial case.
Tensile testing on specimens provide uniaxial data, which can easily be plotted on one-dimensional stress-strain curves, such as those presented earlier in this section. The actual structure usually exhibits multiaxial stress state. The yield criterion provides a scalar invariant measure of the stress state of the material which can be compared with the uniaxial case. t i l hi h b d ith th i i l
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... Yield Criterion

Hydrostatic stress - generates volume change. Deviatoric stress - generates angular distortion.
In general, a stress state can be separated into two components.
1 - p
=
2
Stress State (Where: 1 =
+
p p 2 - p 3 - p
2 = 3)
Hydrostatic stress (p) causing volume change only
Deviatoric stress causing angular distortion only
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Yield Criterion
The von Mises yield criterion predicts that yielding will occur whenever the distortion energy in a unit volume equals the distortion energy in the same volume when uniaxially stressed to the yield strength.
From this theory, a scalar invariant (von Mises equivalent stress) is theory derived as:
1 2 ( 1 2 ) + e = 2
( 2 3 )
( 3 1 ) ]
2
When von Mises equivalent stress exceeds the uniaxial material yield strength, general yielding will occur.
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... Yield Criterion
If plotted in 3D principal stress space, the von Mises yield surface is a cylinder.
The cylinder is aligned with the axis 1=2=3. Note t at if t e st ess state is ote that the stress s inside the cylinder, no yielding occurs. This means that if the material is under hydrostatic pressure (1= 2= 3) no amount ( = = ), of hydrostatic pressure will cause yielding. Another way to view this is that stresses which deviate from the axis (1=2=3) contribute to the von Mises stress calculation.
1 =2 =3
1 3
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Yield Criterion
At the edge of the cylinder (circle), yielding will occur. No stress state can exist outside of the cylinder.
Instead, hardening rules will describe how the cylinder changes with respect to yielding.
Plastic
Elastic
2
Principal Stress Space
Uniaxial Stress-Strain
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C. Hardening Rules
The hardening rule describes how the yield surface changes (size, center,shape) as the result of plastic deformation. The hardening rule determines when the material will yield again if the loading is continued or reversed.
This is in contrast to elastic-perfectly-plastic materials which exhibit no hardening -- i.e., the yield surface remains fixed.
Plastic Yield Surface after Loading Elastic Initial Yield Surface
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Hardening Rules
There are two basic hardening rules to prescribe the modification of the yield surface:
Kinematic hardening.
The yield surface remains constant in i i size and translates in the dt l t i th direction of yielding.
Subsequent Yield Surface Initial Yield Surface
Isotropic hardening.
The yield surface expands uniformly in all directions with plastic flow.
1 2
Subsequent Yield Surface Initial Yield Surface
1 Most metals exhibit kinematic hardening behavior for small strain cyclic loading. i li l di
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Kinematic Hardening
The stress-strain behavior for linear kinematic hardening is illustrated below:

3
Subsequent Yield Surface
' y 2y
Initial Yield Surface
Subsequent yield in compression is decreased by the amount that the yield stress in tension increased, so that a 2y difference y y (This is known as the between the yields is always maintained. ( Bauschinger effect.)
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Kinematic Hardening
An initially isotropic material is no longer isotropic after it yields and experiences kinematic hardening. For very large strain simulations, the linear kinematic hardening model can become inappropriate because of the Bauschinger effect.
2
y
Kinematic hardening is generally used for small strain, cyclic loading applications. li ti
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Isotropic Hardening
Isotropic hardening states that the yield surface expands uniformly during plastic flow. The term isotropic refers to the uniform dilatation of the yield surface and is different from an isotropic yield criterion (i.e., material orientation).
1
Subsequent Yield Surface
' y 2'
Initial Yield Surface
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Isotropic Hardening
Plotting the stress-strain curve enables an understanding of what occurs during a loading and reverse loading cycle:
y 2
Note that the subsequent yield in compression is equal to the highest stress l h hi h attained during the tensile phase. Isotropic hardening is often used for large strain or proportional loading simulations. It is usually not applicable for cyclic loading. loading
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D. Material Data Input
Curve shapes Two different type of stress-strain curve representations are possible:
Bilinear
Multilinear
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... Material Data Input

Linear elastic material properties must be supplied
The same requirements exist for linear static structural analyses, namely that Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio must be defined as a minimum. i i
Metal plasticity is available as a nonlinear material model. This will be di b discussed next. d t
Other nonlinear constitutive models may be added with Command Objects N t th t only ANSYS P f Note that l Professional NLS licenses and above support i l li d b t nonlinear material laws.
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To add metal plasticity, first navigate to the project schematic. Highlight the Engineering Data branch, double click or RMB and click on Edit
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This opens the Engineering Data dialogue box for adding and editing various material properties related to the active project(s).
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From the Toolbox, open the plasticity folder:
Highlight the metal plasticity model of interests (in the example below, Bilinear Isotropic is selected) RMB on the material model and click on Include Property
The Bilinear Isotropic Hardening model p g will then appear in the Properties Dialogue box. The yellow blank boxes are now available for user y to define yield strength and tangent modulus.
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After defining the yield strength and tangent modulus, the data will automatically be plotted graphically for inspection:
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Bilinear isotropic or kinematic hardening models also support temperature dependent properties via Tabular input.
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In a similar procedure, multilinear isotropic or kinematic hardening models can also be defined and verified:
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E. Analysis Settings for Metal Plasticity

Ensure that the substep size is adequate to capture the path dependent response accurately with minimal bisections.
Solver will trigger a bisection automatically for plastic strains exceeding 15% in a substep Refer to CUTCONTROL command doc.
Large Deflection = ON is recommended For large models with long run times and potential convergence trouble, consider setting up a Restart Control strategy in the tti R t tC t l t t i th event that adjustment to time step range or convergence criteria is necessary
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F. Reviewing Results
Reviewing results in a metal plasticity model is similar to a linear elastic run with the exception that there is now a path dependent plastic strain to consider.
Review multiple results sets along the path
Examine the nonlinear force deflection curve to better understand how the l ti t i is i fl th plastic strain i influencing the overall nonlinearity of the structure. i th ll li it f th t t
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Summary of Plasticity in Mechanical
Metal plasticity deals with elastic and inelastic (permanent) deformation. Inelastic or plastic deformation occurs when the stress is higher than the yield strength. There will always be some recoverable strain (elastic strain) upon unloading. l di A stress-strain curve is based on scalar data, usually from a uniaxial test. A system may undergo a multiaxial stress state, so WB-Mechanical uses the Mises yield criterion to relate a multiaxial stress state with scalar test data. In this situation, true stress vs. strain data should be supplied. After yielding occurs, the yield point may increase due to strain hardening. This changes the yield surface, and the way in which it evolves in Simulation is d t i determined by I t i d b Isotropic or Kinematic hardening assumption. i Ki ti h d i ti The stress-strain curve can be represented by a bilinear or multilinear curve.
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Workshop 5A Metal Plasticity

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. Release 13.0 December 2010
WS5A-1
Belleville Washer (Spring)

A Belleville washer, also called a Belleville spring, is a cone shaped washer that deforms to preload a bolted joint The Belleville washer acts like a lock washer and also provides some compliance to a bolted joint
Axi-symmetric FE model of washer and contact surfaces

Goal:
Define a nonlinear metal plasticity material for a belleville spring geometry and simulate spring back upon application of and subsequent removal of a displacement load load. Post process stress and strain results Generate a force vs. deflection curve on the spring.
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2D axisymmetric geometry The spring material is a ductile steel sandwitched between two rigid surfaces. Frictionless contact is assumed between the spring and the rigid geometries
Displaced rigid boundary 2D axisymmetric centerline Fixed rigid boundary Belleville spring
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Workshop 5A: Metal Plasticity

Steps to Follow:
Restore Archive browse for file W5a-belleville.wbpz
Save as
File name: W5a-belleville Save as type: Workbench Project Files (*.wbpj) ( .wbpj)
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The project Schematic should look like the picture to the right.
From this Schematic, you can see that Engineering (material) Data and Geometry have E i i ( t i l) D t dG t h already been defined (green check marks). It remains to set up and run the FE model in Mechanical
Open the Engineering Data Cell (highlight and double li k d bl click OR Right Mouse Button Ri ht M B tt (RMB)>Edit) to verify the linear material properties. Verify that the units are in Metric(Tonne,mm,) system. If not, fix this by clicking on Utility Menu > Units > Metric(Tonne, mm,)
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Double click on the Model Cell to open the FE Model (Mechanical Session) (or RMB=>Edit)
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Unit > Metric (mm,kg,N,s,mV,mA)
Once inside the Mechanical application, verify the working unit system Open the folders beneath the model branch to become familiar with the model set-up. set up
Highlight Geometry and refer Geometry to the details window to verify that this is a 2D axisymmetric model. Inspect the two asymmetric frictionless contact regions on top and bottom of spring which interface with top and bottom rigid boundaries. Inspect the no-separation contact region which ties down the spring at the bottom corner to prevent rigid body motion during unloading unloading.
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Review the mesh:
RMB>Generate Mesh
The upper and lower geometries are meshed with one element each, while the belleville spring geometry is a free mesh.
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This is going to be a 3 load step analysis:
With the bottom plate fixed: LS1: Null Solution (to generate results at origin for force-deflection plot) force deflection LS2: Apply displacement load (-5mm) to upper plate LS3: Remove displacement load Confirm the following Analysis Settings: Number of Steps: Weak Springs: Large Deflection: 3 Off On
For Current Step Number =1, Auto Time Stepping O and with Initial, Minimum and St i On d ith I iti l Mi i d Maximum Substeps = 1. (Null Solution) p , g For Current Step Numbers 2 and 3, Program Controlled for Auto Time Stepping.
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Review the predefined displacement load on the upper plate for the three load steps.
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Execute Solve: After solution is complete, review convergence history:
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Post Process results at Load step 2: Note how high the stress in the spring is at the end of LS2. Recall, this is still linear elastic material. At LS3 (not shown), plastic strain is zero and there is no permanent deformation of the spring upon unloading as expected.
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Generate Force vs. Deflection Curve of Spring
With Solution Branch Highlighted: RMB>Insert>User Defined Result Scope result to the upper rigid plate res lt pper Define the expression as abs(FY) for absolute value of force in Y-direction
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Repeat Procedure for Displacement in UY
Highlight both User Defined Results: RMB>Rename based on Definition Highlight Solution Branch: RMB>Evaluate results
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Insert a Chart T l f plotting FY vs UY I t Ch t Tool for l tti
Fill in Chart tool Details Window as Follows: O tli Selection: Select abs(FY) and abs(UY) from Solution Branch Outline S l ti S l t b (FY) d b (UY) f S l ti B h X Axis: abs(UY) (Max) X-Axis Label: Deflection Y-Axis Label: Force Omit: Time, abs(FY)(Min), abs(UY)(Min)
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Resulting Chart of Force vs Displacement for linear material is a straight line with no permanent deformation as expected
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Duplicate the Static Analysis
Return to the Project Schematic Highlight the Model Cell and RMB> Duplicate
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Disassociate material properties link
The second analysis is going to be with metal plasticity defined Highlight the Engineering data link and RMB>Delete
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Project Schematic should now look like the diagram below
We can now modify the Engineering data in Table B without effecting the model and/or results of Table A. Change the title of the new Analysis to:
Belleville Spring-Nonlinear Materials
Open the Engineering Data Cell in Table B
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Insert a Metal Plasticity Model
From the Tool Box, open the Plasticity Folder Highlight Multilinear Isotropic Hardening and RMB>Include Property The new material should now appear in the Properties dialogue box
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Define Plasticity data
Fill in plastic strain and stress data as shown to the right
From the Utility Menu, read in the modified material properties with
Refresh Project
Return to Project Workspace
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From the project schematic, highlight and open the model cell in Table B.
All the geometry entities, meshing specs, boundary conditions, loads and analysis settings are preserved from the previous analysis analysis.
Execute the Solve with the newly defined plasticity properties
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After solution is complete, review Solution output:
Confirm that the metal plasticity, as defined, was included in this new run
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Review the Convergence History. Compare this with the Linear material run.
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Post Process results at Load step 2 as before:
Compare the max stress in this material with the linear material Note also that the spring now takes a permanent set after load is removed as expected.
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Highlight the Chart tool and Plot Force vs Deflection as before. Note the nonlinear path of the curve reflecting the influence of the material yielding and taking a permanent set. Note also the difference in the magnitude of the load required to produce the same deflection with this material verses the linear material, underscoring the importance of considering nonlinear material behavior in some designs.
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ANSYS Mechanical ANSYS Mechanical Structural Nonlinearities: Rate Independent Plasticity

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Customer Training Material

Lecture 5 Rate Independent Plasticity

ANSYS Mechanical Structural Nonlinearities

ANSYS Mechanical Rate Independent Plasticity

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Rate Independent Plasticity

A. Metal Plasticity Overview

Customer Training Material

Before proceeding to a discussion on plasticity, it may be useful to review elasticity of metals.

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Rate Independent Plasticity

... Metal Plasticity Overview

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Rate Independent Plasticity

... Metal Plasticity Overview

Customer Training Material

Yield Strength y Unloading Elastic Plastic

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS Mechanical Rate Independent Plasticity

... Metal Plasticity Overview

Customer Training Material

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Rate Independent Plasticity

... Metal Plasticity Overview

Customer Training Material

Up until the point at which necking occurs:

Note that, only for stress conversion, the following is assumed:

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Rate Independent Plasticity

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Rate Independent Plasticity

... Yield Criterion

Customer Training Material

In general, a stress state can be separated into two components.

Hydrostatic stress (p) causing volume change only

Deviatoric stress causing angular distortion only

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Rate Independent Plasticity

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Rate Independent Plasticity

... Yield Criterion

Customer Training Material

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Rate Independent Plasticity

Customer Training Material

Principal Stress Space

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Rate Independent Plasticity

Customer Training Material