WB-Mech 120 Ch04 Static PDF

Workbench - Mechanical Introduction 12.
Chapter 4 Static Structural Analysis
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-1
May 5, 2009 Inventory #002593
Static Structural Analysis
Chapter Overview
Training Manual
In this chapter, performing linear static structural analyses in Simulation will be covered:
A. B. C. D. E. F. Geometry and Elements Assemblies and Contact Types Analysis Settings Environment, including Loads and Supports Solving Models Results and Postprocessing
The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to ANSYS DesignSpace Entra licenses and above.
Some options discussed in this chapter may require more advanced licenses, but these are noted accordingly.
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Basics of Linear Static Analysis
Training Manual
For a linear static structural analysis, the displacements {x} are solved for in the matrix equation below:
Assumptions:
[K] is constant
[K ]{x} = {F}
Linear elastic material behavior is assumed Small deflection theory is used Some nonlinear boundary conditions may be included
{F} is statically applied

No time-varying forces are considered No inertial effects (mass, damping) are included
It is important to remember these assumptions related to linear static analysis. Nonlinear static and dynamic analyses are covered in later chapters.
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A. Geometry
Training Manual
In structural analyses, all types of bodies supported by Simulation may be used. For surface bodies, thickness must be supplied in the Details view of the Geometry branch.
The cross-section and orientation of line bodies are defined within DesignModeler and are imported into Simulation automatically.
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Point Mass
Training Manual
A Point Mass can be added to a model (Geometry branch) to simulate parts of the structure not explicitly modeled:
A point mass is associated with surface(s) only. The location can be defined by either:
(x, y, z) coordinates in any user-defined Coordinate System. Selecting vertices/edges/surfaces to define location.
Point mass is affected by Acceleration, Standard Earth Gravity, and Rotational Velocity. No other loads affect a point mass. The mass is connected to selected surfaces assuming no stiffness between them. No rotational inertial terms are present.
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Material Properties
Training Manual
Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio are required for linear static structural analyses:
Material input is handled in the Engineering Data application. Mass density is required if any inertial loads are present. Thermal expansion coefficient is required if a uniform temperature load is applied. Thermal conductivity is NOT required for uniform temperature conditions. Stress Limits are needed if a Stress Tool result is present. Fatigue Properties are needed if Fatigue Tool result is present.
Requires Fatigue Module add-on license.
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B. Assemblies Solid Body Contact
Training Manual
When importing assemblies of solid parts, contact regions are automatically created between the solid bodies.
Contact allows non-matching meshes at boundaries between solid parts Tolerance controls under Contact branch allows the user to specify distance of auto contact detection via slider bar
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Assemblies Solid Body Contact
Training Manual
In Simulation, the concept of contact and target surfaces are used for each contact region:
One side of a contact region is referred to as a contact surface, the other side is referred to as a target surface. The contact surfaces are restricted from penetrating through the target surface.
When one side is designated the contact and the other side the target, this is called asymmetric contact. If both sides are made to be contact & target this is called symmetric contact. C T By default, Simulation uses symmetric contact for solid assemblies. For ANSYS Professional licenses and above, the user may change to asymmetric contact, as desired.
Symmetric Contact
Asymmetric Contact
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Five contact types are available:
Contact Type Bonded No Separation Frictionless Rough Frictional Iterations 1 1 Multiple Multiple Multiple Normal Behavior (Separation) Tangential Behavior (Sliding) No Gaps No Sliding No Gaps Sliding Allowed Gaps Allowed Sliding Allowed Gaps Allowed No Sliding Gaps Allowed Sliding Allowed
Training Manual
Bonded and No Separation contact are linear and require only 1 iteration. Frictionless, Rough and Frictional contact are nonlinear and require multiple iterations.
Nonlinear contact types allow an interface treatment option:

Add Offset: input zero or non-zero value for initial adjustment Adjusted to Touch: ANSYS closes any gap to a just touching position (ANSYS Professional and above)
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Interface treatment options:
C T C T
Training Manual
Add offset: contact surface is numerically offset a given amount in positive or negative direction (offset can be ramped on).
Adjusted to touch: offsets contact surface to provide initial contact with target regardless of actual gap/penetration.
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Advanced options (see chapter 3 for additional details on the pinball region):
Pin Ball Region:
Inside pinball = near-field contact Outside pinball = far-field contact Allows the solver to more efficiently process contact calculations.
Training Manual
For ANSYS Professional licenses and above, mixed assemblies of shells and solids are supported as well as more contact options.
In this case, the gap between the two parts is bigger than the pinball region, so no automatic gap closure will be performed.
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Assemblies Spot Weld
Training Manual
Spot welds provide a means of connecting shell assemblies at discrete points:

Spotweld definition is done in the CAD software. Currently, only DesignModeler and Unigraphics define supported spot weld definitions.
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Assemblies Contact Summary

Summary of contact types and options available in Simulation:
Contact Geometry Solid Body Face (Scope = Contact) All types All formulations Symmetry respected Solid Body Edge Surface Body Face (Scope = Contact) Bonded, No Separation All formulations Symmetry respected
Training Manual
Surface Body Edge
Solid Body Face (Scope = Target) Solid Body Edge (Scope = Target) Surface Body Face (Scope = Target)
(Scope = Contact) Bonded, No Separation All formulations Asymmetric only Not supported for solving1 Bonded, No Separation All formulations Asymmetric only Bonded, No Separation Bonded, No Separation All formulations Symmetry respected All formulations Asymmetric only Bonded only MPC formulation Asymmetric only
Surface Body Edge (Scope = Target)
Not supported for solving1
(Scope = Contact) Bonded only MPC formulation Asymmetric only Not supported for solving1 Bonded only MPC formulation Asymmetric only Bonded, No Separation Bonded only Augmented Lagrange, All formulations Pure Penalty, and MPC formulation Symmetry respected Asymmetric only Not supported for solving1 Bonded only Augmented Lagrange, Pure Penalty, and MPC formulation Asymmetric only
1 For Face/Edge contact, faces must always be designated as targets and edges must always be designated as contacts
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C. Analysis Settings
The Analysis Settings details provide general control over the solution process: Step Controls:
Manual and auto time stepping controls. Specify the number of steps in an analysis and an end time for each step. Time is a tracking mechanism in static analyses (discussed later).
Training Manual
Solver Controls:
Two solvers available (default program chosen):
Direct solver (Sparse solver in ANSYS). Iterative solver (PCG solver in ANSYS).
Weak springs:
Simulation tries to anticipate underconstrained models.
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. . . Analysis Settings Analysis Data Management

Analysis Data Management:
Solver Files Directory shows location where associated analysis files will be saved. Future Analysis: indicates whether a down stream analysis (e.g. pre-stressed modal) will use the solution. This is set automatically when coupled analyses are configured in the project schematic. Scratch Solver Files Directory: temporary directory used during solution. Save ANSYS db. Delete Unneeded Files: may choose to save all files for future use in Mechanical APDL. Solver Units: Active System or manual. Solver Unit System: if the above setting is manual, you may choose 1 of 8 possible solver unit systems to insure consistency when data is shared with Mechanical APDL (does not affect results/load displays in the GUI).
Training Manual
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. . . Analysis Settings Step Controls

Step Controls:
Multiple steps allow a series of static analyses to be set up and solved sequentially. For a static analysis, the end time can be used as a counter/tracker to identify the load steps and substeps. Results can be viewed step by step. Load values for each step can be entered in the Tabular Data section provided.
Training Manual
The time and load value are displayed in the graphics window
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. . . Multiple Steps
Training Manual
A summary of all the different steps can be viewed by highlighting Analysis Type and then selecting the Worksheet tab.
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. . . Multiple Steps
Training Manual
Results for each individual step can be viewed after the solution by selecting the desired step and RMB >Retrieve This Result.
Select desired step and RMB to retrieve result
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D. Loads and Supports

Loads and supports are thought of in terms of the degrees of freedom (DOF) available for the elements used. In solids the DOF are x, y and z translations (for shells we add rotational DOF rotx, roty and rotz). Supports, regardless of actual names, are always defined in terms of DOF.
Training Manual
UY UX UZ
M ot
For example a Frictionless Support applied to the Z surface of the block shown would indicate that the Z degree of freedom is no longer free (all other DOF are free).
io n
Frictionless surface
Co ns tra
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in ed
. . . Loads and Supports

Load types:
Inertial loads:
These loads act on the entire system. Density is required for mass calculations. These are only loads which act on defined Point Masses.
Training Manual
Structural Loads:
Forces or moments acting on parts of the system.
Structural Supports:
Constraints that prevent movement on certain regions.
Thermal Loads:
The thermal loads which result in a temperature field causing thermal expansion/contraction in the model.
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Directional Loads
Loads and supports having a direction component can be defined in global or local coordinate systems:
In the Details view, change Define By to Components. Then, select the appropriate CS from the pull-down menu.
Training Manual
Load Supports Coordinate Systems Acceleration No Standard Earth Gravity Yes Rotational Velocity Yes Force Yes Remote Force Location of Origin Only Bearing Load Yes Moment Yes Given Displacement Yes
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Acceleration & Gravity

Acceleration:
Acts on entire model in length/time2 units. Acceleration can be defined by Components or Vector.
Training Manual
Body will move in the opposite direction of the applied acceleration.
Standard Earth Gravity:

Value applied coincides with selected unit system. Standard Earth Gravity direction is defined along one of three global or local coordinate system axes. Body will move in the same direction of the applied gravity. Rotational velocity: Entire model rotates about an axis at a given rate. Define by vector or component method. Input can be in radians per second (default) or RPM.
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Forces and Pressures

Pressure loading:
Applied to surfaces, acts normal to the surface. Positive value into surface, negative value acts out of surface. Units of pressure are in force per area.
Training Manual
Force loading:
Forces can be applied on vertices, edges, or surfaces. The force will be evenly distributed on all entities. Units are mass*length/time2. Force can be defined via vector or component methods.
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Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure:
Applies a linearly varying load to a surface (solid or shell) to mimic fluid force acting on the structure. Fluid may be contained or external.
User specifies:
Magnitude and direction of acceleration. Fluid Density. Coordinate system representing the free surface of the fluid. For Shells, a Top/Bottom face option is provided.
Training Manual
Internal
External
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Bearing Load
Bearing Load (force): Force component distributed on compressive side using projected area. Axial components are not allowed. Use only one bearing load per cylindrical surface. If the cylindrical surface is split be sure to select both halves of cylindrical surface when applying this load. Bearing load can be defined via vector or component method.
Training Manual
Bearing Load
Force Load
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Moment Load
Moment Loading :

Training Manual
For solid bodies moments can be applied on a surface only. If multiple surfaces are selected, the moment load is evenly distributed. Vector or component method can be employed using the right hand rule. For surface bodies a moment can be applied to a vertex, edge or surface. Units of moment are in Force*length.
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Remote Load
Remote Force Loading :

Training Manual
Applies an offset force on a surface or edge of a body. The user supplies the origin of the force (geometry or coordinates). Can be defined using vector or component method. Applies an equivalent force and moment on the surface.
Example: 10 inch beam with a 1 lbf remote force scoped to the end of the beam. Remote force is located 20 inches from the fixed support.
F=1 lbf
20
Moment Reaction
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. . . Bolt Pretension
Bolt Pretension:
Applies a pretension load to a cylindrical section using:
Pretension load (force) OR Adjustment (length)
Training Manual
For body loading a local coordinate system is required (preload in z direction). Automatic two loadstep solution:
LS1: pretension load, boundary conditions and contact conditions are applied. LS2: relative motion of the pretension section is fixed and external loads are applied.
For sequenced loading additional options are available (see next page)
4-28
. . . Bolt Pretension Sequenced Simulation

The Define By field in the details view provides the following options for sequence loading:
Load or Adjustment: as defined on previous page. Lock : Fixes all displacements (load applied and held). Open : Leaves the pretension load open (no pretension).
Training Manual
2 4 3 1
Bolt Load Tips: 3D simulations only. Cylindrical surfaces or bodies only. A refined mesh is recommended (at least 2 elements in axial direction).
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. . . Line Pressure
Line Pressure loading :
Training Manual
Applies a distributed force on one edge only for 3-D simulations, using force density loading. Units are in force/length. Can be defined by :
Magnitude and Vector Magnitude and component direction (global or local coordinate systems) Magnitude and tangential
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Supports
Fixed Support :
Constraints all degrees of freedom on vertex, edge, or surface
Solid bodies: constrains x, y, and z Surface and line bodies: constrains x, y, z, rotx, roty and rotz
Training Manual
Given Displacement :
Applies known displacement on vertex, edge, or surface Allows for imposed translational displacement in x, y, and z (in user-defined Coordinate System) Entering 0 means that the direction is constrained, leaving the direction blank means the direction is free.
Elastic Support :
Allows faces/edges to deform according to a spring behavior. Foundation stiffness is the pressure required to produce unit normal deflection of the foundation
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Supports
Frictionless Support:
Training Manual
Applies constraints (fixes) in normal direction on surfaces. For solid bodies, this support can be used to apply a symmetry boundary condition. Examples . . . Fixed in radial direction
Free translation in plane of support
Fixed translation out of plane of support
Free in tangential and axial directions

4-32
Supports
Cylindrical Support:
Training Manual
Provides individual control for axial, radial, or tangential constraints. Applied on cylindrical surfaces.
Radial
Tangential Example . . . Axial
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Supports (Solid Bodies)

Compression Only Support :
Applies a constraint in the normal compressive direction only. Can be used on a cylindrical surface to model a pin, bolt, etc..
Requires an iterative (nonlinear) solution.
Training Manual
Force
d Fixe
Compression Only Force
4-34
Supports (Line/Surface Bodies)

Simply Supported :
Can be applied on edge or vertex of surface or line bodies Prevents all translations but all rotations are free
Training Manual
Fixed Rotation :
Can be applied on surface, edge, or vertex of surface or line bodies Constrains rotations but translations are free
Translation fixed Translations free
Rotations free
Rotations fixed
Simply Supported Edge

Fixed Rotation Edge

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Thermal Loading
Thermal condition :
Applies a uniform temperature in a structural analysis. Appears under Loads in structural analysis. A reference temperature must be provided (see next slide).
Training Manual
4-36
Thermal Loading
A temperature differential can cause thermal expansion or contraction in a structure:
Thermal strains (th) are calculated as follows:
x th y th z th
Training Manual
= = = (T Tref )
= thermal expansion coefficient (CTE material property). Tref = reference temperature (thermal strains are zero). T = applied temperature (see previous slide). Reference temperature is defined in the environment branch (global) or as a property of individual bodies.
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Solving the Model

Two processors used if present (default). To set the number use, Tools > Solve Process Settings.
Training Manual
To solve the model click on the Solve button on the Standard Toolbar.
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E. Workshop 4.1 Linear Structural Analysis

Workshop 4.1 Linear Structural Analysis Goal:
A 5 part assembly representing an impeller type pump is analyzed with a 100N preload on the belt.
Training Manual
4-39
F. Results and Postprocessing

Numerous structural results are available:
Directional and total deformation. Components, principal, or invariants of stresses and strains. Contact output. Reaction forces.
Training Manual
In Simulation, results may be requested before or after solving.

If you solve a model then request results afterwards, click on the Solve button , and the results will be retrieved. A new solution is not required.
4-40
Plotting Results
Training Manual
Contour and vector plots are usually shown on the deformed geometry. Use the Context Toolbar to change settings.
4-41
Deformation
The deformation of the model can be plotted:
Total deformation is a scalar quantity:
2 2 Utotal = U x + U y + U z2
Training Manual
The x, y, and z components of deformation can be requested under Directional, in global or local coordinates. Vector plots of deformation are available (see below).
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Stresses and Strains

Stresses and strains:
Training Manual
Stresses and (elastic) strains have six components (x, y, z, xy, yz, xz) while thermal strains have three components (x, y, z) For stresses and strains, components can be requested under Normal (x, y, z) and Shear (xy, yz, xz). For thermal strains, (x, y, z) components are under Thermal. Principal stresses are always arranged such that s1 > s2 > s3 Intensity is defined as the largest of the absolute values
s1 - s2, s2 - s3 or s3 - s1
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Stress Tools
Safety Factors (choose from 4 failure theories):
Ductile Theories:
Maximum Equivalent Stress Maximum Shear Stress
Training Manual
Brittle Theories:
Mohr-Coulomb Stress Maximum Tensile Stress
Within each stress tool safety factor, safety margin and stress ratio can be plotted.
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Contact Results
Contact results are requested via a Contact Tool under the Solution branch.
Training Manual
4-45
Contact Results
1. Worksheet view (details): select contact regions from the list.
Contact, target or both sides can be selected.
Training Manual
Select the contact region(s) for the Contact Tool (2 methods):
2. Geometry: select contact regions on the graphics screen.
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User Defined Results
Training Manual
In addition to the standard result items one can insert user defined results. These results can include mathematical expressions and can be combinations of multiple result items. Define in 2 ways:
Select User Defined Result from the solution context menu
OR - From the Solution Worksheet highlight result > RMB > Create User Defined Result.
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. . . User Defined Results

Details allow an expression using various basic math operations as well as square root, absolute value, exponent, etc.. User defined results can be labelled with a user Identifier. Result legend contains identifier and expression.
Training Manual
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G. Workshop 4.2 2D Structural Analysis

Workshop 4.2 2D Structural Analysis 2D structural analyses. Shown here is the 2D axisymmetric model.
Training Manual
Pressure Cap
Retaining Ring
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Workbench - Mechanical Introduction 12.

Chapter 4 Static Structural Analysis

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

May 5, 2009 Inventory #002593

Static Structural Analysis

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

May 5, 2009 Inventory #002593

Static Structural Analysis

Basics of Linear Static Analysis

{F} is statically applied

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

May 5, 2009 Inventory #002593

Static Structural Analysis

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

May 5, 2009 Inventory #002593

Static Structural Analysis

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

May 5, 2009 Inventory #002593

Static Structural Analysis

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

May 5, 2009 Inventory #002593

Static Structural Analysis

B. Assemblies Solid Body Contact

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

May 5, 2009 Inventory #002593

Static Structural Analysis

Assemblies Solid Body Contact

Static Structural Analysis

Assemblies Solid Body Contact

Nonlinear contact types allow an interface treatment option:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

May 5, 2009 Inventory #002593

Static Structural Analysis

Assemblies Solid Body Contact

Static Structural Analysis

Assemblies Solid Body Contact

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

May 5, 2009 Inventory #002593

Static Structural Analysis

Assemblies Spot Weld

Spot welds provide a means of connecting shell assemblies at discrete points:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

May 5, 2009 Inventory #002593

Static Structural Analysis

Assemblies Contact Summary

Surface Body Edge

Surface Body Edge (Scope = Target)

Not supported for solving1

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

May 5, 2009 Inventory #002593

Static Structural Analysis

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

May 5, 2009 Inventory #002593

Static Structural Analysis

. . . Analysis Settings Analysis Data Management

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

May 5, 2009 Inventory #002593

Static Structural Analysis

. . . Analysis Settings Step Controls