Bibliography Primary Sources

Babine, Alexis. A Russian Civil War Diary: Alexis Babine in Saratov, 1917-1922. Duke University. London: Duke University Press, 1988. While in Russia, Mr. Babine was in charge of acquiring Russian books for the Library of Congress. When the revolution took place, he was stranded in Russia and began to record his thoughts. I did not really find any use for this book as there were many other memoirs and diaries that contained the same details. Balabanoff, Angelica. Impressions of Lenin. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1964. Angelica Balbanoff was a communist who was involved in the affairs of many of the early communist parties throughout the early years of their existence. In this book, the author gave me an understanding of the general atmosphere at the meeting of the third Communist International. Barmine, Alexander. One Who Survived: The Life Story of a Russian under the Soviets. New York: Putnam, 1945. Throughout his career, Mr. Barmine was a soldier in the Soviet Army during the War with Poland. In his memoir, he described what occurred throughout the conflict. He shared what took place at the battle of Warsaw, which lost Soviet dominance over the country, and led to the end of the war. Bezsonov, Youri. My Twenty-Six Prisons and My escape from Solvetski. London: Thirty Bedford Square, 1929. As he grew up in Soviet Russia, Bezsonov was arrested by the Cheka, and described how they targeted members of certain demographics of the Russian classes. For example, Bezsonov stated many other people who had been arrested with him were members of the educated upper class. The Bolshevik October Revolution . Time. 6 Nov 2007. Time, Inc. 11 Dec 2012. <time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1681193,00.html> Many of the pictures that I found in this collection gave me a vivid idea of the conditions that were present during the Bolshevik coup in Petrograd. I used one of these in my section on the Constituent Assembly to display how this was an election, not a coup, and how the Bolshleviks were able to get only a minority of the votes as a result.

Bonch-Bruyevich, Mikhail. From Tsarist General to Red Army Commander. Moscow, Progress Publishers, 1966. This general gave me an account of his experience as he served in the Red Army throughout this era in Russian History. It was interesting how he transformed from one government to the next and still kept the same position. He likely did this because of the need for experienced officers in the Soviet Government, as many of them chose to join the White army. The Cabinet Papers, 1915-1982. The Cabinet Papers. The National Archives. 17 Dec 2012. <nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/> Using the British National Archives, I found many documents that described the overall opinion of Britain and its involvement in the affairs of Russia. One document that really stuck out was where a Cabinet member said that Britain should not support the Whites because the Soviet Government would win. Although Great Britain supported the Whites, this helped me prove how the shifting attitudes of many countries led to their eventual withdrawal. Conklin, Jo-anne and Abbot Gleason. Views and Reviews: Soviet Political Posters and Cartoons. Brown University Library. Oct. 2008. Brown University. 19 Dec 2012. <dl.lib.brown.edu/Views_and_Reviews/> Using these archives, I found many posters with a translation provided with each one. Many of the cartoons were interesting to look at. One of them showed the nations of the Communist International and how each of their communist parties were being strengthened by the organization. Czechs in Siberia Mobilize Russians. New York Times. 1. Aug 1918. In this article, the New York Times described how the Czech revolt was growing. This proved how the war developed and effectively led to the start of the Civil War. However, I chose not to regard this as a reliable source. Events reported on Russia in other countries at the time were flaky, and not always truthful. Denkin, Anton I. The White Army. Westport: Hyperion Press Inc., 1930. Instrumental in the White cause, Denkin was involved from the start of the war to the end. In this book, he described the entire war through his own eyes and explained his role.

Dotsenko, Paul. The Struggle For a Democracy in Siberia, 1917-1920. Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1983. After meeting with Ms. Polansky at UH, she gave me this book on Paul Dotsenko, who had been working with the White Government in Siberia and saw its rise and fall. She believed it to be a valuable source and an excellent eyewitness account. It was a very valuable primary source in terms of him being a witness to the entire lifespan of the White Government. Goldman, Emma. My Two Years in Russia: An American Anarchists Disillusionment, and the Betrayal of the Russian Revolution by Lenins Soviet Union. St. Petersburg: Red and Black Publishers, 2008. My teacher mentioned Emma Goldman as a well-known Communist and Anarchist in American History. I was surprised by this though, as she described her disillusionment in Soviet Russia as she saw it for herself. Although she described their conditions, I focused more on the voices of actual Russians who were forced to live through this treatment rather than an Americans view. Heald, Edward T. Witness to Revolution: Letters From Russia 1916-1919. Kent: Kent State University Press, 1972. Edward Heald was accompanying the Czech Legion as a member of the YMCA when they first revolted in 1918. I quoted his book and learned a bit more about the start of this event that eventually set off the Russian Civil War. Other than this, the book basically described his day-by-day experiences and was only useful to me when he discussed their revolt. Kerensky, Alexander F. Russia and Historys Turning Point. London: Cassell, 1965. After the Emperor of Russia was overthrown in March, Alexander Kerensky slowly rose through the hierarchy of the Provisional Government and soon became Prime Minister. However, as government popularity receded, he lost support and was overthrown by the Bolsheviks in November. I recorded a quote from when he described the Bolshevik takeover of Petrograd. All in all, the book was straight to the point and discussed the major events that transpired as he lost power. Lenin, Vladimir. Lenins Final Fight: Speeches and Writings, 1922-1923. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1995. Lenin had many strokes in the aftermath of the Civil War, and in the process, his health deteriorated. Throughout its pages, this book contained many important writings and speeches by Lenin on the many events that were transpiring within the Soviet Union. This helped me better understand his take on these issues and what he thought before his final stroke and death in early 1924.

Lenin, Vladimir. The Third, Communist International Lenin Internet Archive. 2006. Marxists Internet Archive. 14 Dec 2012. < marxists.org/romana/audio/speeches/3rd-international> When the Communist International was created in 1919, Lenin described what it would do for the spread of communism. It was somewhat eerie listening to this archived speech, as he foreshadowed a world under communism and an eventual Soviet nation that dominated the world. This site had many of the speeches that he made while he was in power and I used one to prove how determined these people were to spread their ideology to many places around the globe. Lenin, Vladimir and Trotsky, Leon. Kronstadt. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1979. This book held a collection of articles and speeches that Trotsky and Lenin made in reaction to the unpopular results War Communism had throughout the country. This book helped me better understand the reaction these important Soviet leaders had in response to the overwhelming unpopularity of War Communism. It also made me realize how the New Economic Policy emerged as a result. Lenkoff, Alekxander N. Life of a Russia migr Soldier. Berkeley: University of California Berkeley, 1967. This book included an interview with a former White soldier that had immigrated to San Francisco in the aftermath of the Russian Civil War. I already had many memoirs from former White Soldiers and this one was not as descriptive. Liberman, Simon I. Building Lenins Russia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1945. In the aftermath of the Civil War, Simon Liberman worked for the Soviet government when it came to rebuilding the economy. As a result, I found more information on the New Economic policy and how the government was attempting to fix its conditions. Political Photography in the Soviet Union. Soviet Photograhy. Soviet History Archive. 28 Dec. 2012. <cddc.vt.edu/marxists/history/ussr/art/photography/politics/index.htm> Using this, I found many maps and photographs which displayed the new life that came to many Russians during the first few years under the rule of the Soviet government. There were also many maps and photographs that displayed some of the events of the Civil War. Also, I found some for my impacts, but chose not to use them because of how they were somehow irrelevant to the information that I was presenting. Pottier, Eugene. The International. Sounds of the Soviet Union. Marxists Internet Archive. 3 Jan. 2013 <marxists.org/history/ussr/sounds/lyrics/international.htm> The International was a song that was used as the first national anthem of the Soviet Union. I decided to use it as introductory music when the viewer first enters the site and views my thesis.

Rachmanowa, Alya. Flight from Terror. New York, The John Day Company, 1933. As a former member of the autocracy, Ms. Rachmanocas account gave me a glimpse of the repression these people suffered during the Red Terror that was waged by the Cheka. This was a valuable source when it came to finding evidence for how bad the conditions were as these people braved the first few years of the Soviets iron rule. Reed, John. Ten Days That Shook the World. London: Penguin Books, 1977. Of all the eyewitness accounts, this is one of the most famous ones. This was one of the first primary source books that I was able to find when I first began my project. However, I discussed this book when I met with Dr. Romaniello and he described to me how it was not a reliable source in certain areas. After researching more on this, I discovered that his opinion was valid, and as a result, chose not to trust this source Russian Scenes, 1916-1925? Internet Archive. 2011. Fedflix. 12 Dec 2012. <archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.23995> Originally, this clip was available at the Federal Archives. However, when I applied for it, I found out that I had to pay for the clip to be processed. Instead, I found it on the Internet Archive, which is a very useful source when it comes to finding archival footage. Using this footage, I was able to find a clip that described the success of the New Economic Policy and how it was able to reform farming. Stock Newsreel Excerpts 223. Fedflix. Mar. 2001. Internet Archive. 20 Dec. 2012. <archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.89343> Although this newsreel was in Polish, it gave me a good idea of how organized the Polish were. It showed the progress made by the Polish army. Overall, I used this to prove how successful the Polish had been when it came to invading some of the Russian Territory. Trotsky, Leon. History of the Russian Revolution. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1980. This book, at 1200 pages, was very descriptive when it came to the rise of the Bolsheviks during the overthrow of the provisional government. I quoted a letter that Trotsky received from Lenin discussing his opinion that it was the time to seize power from the provisional government.

Trotsky, Leon. The Revolution Betrayed. Mineola: Dover Publications Inc., 2004. By the time this book was written, Trotsky had been in exile after being in a power struggle with an emerging leader in the Soviet government: Josef Stalin. This book described how the New Economic Policy had excellent results when it came to revamping the economy and how the subsequent policies under Stalin had been complete disasters. Tschebotarioff, Gregory P. Russia: My Native Land. New York: McGraw Hill, 1964. Throughout the Civil War, this officer served with the higher officers of the White Army. I found his memoir to be important as he described how the army gradually lost the war. He also discussed the evacuation at the end of the war and how he was able to escape. Wrangel, Petr N. The Memoirs of General Wrangel. London: Williams & Nortage Ltd., 1929. At the end of the war, General Wrangel was the last head of the White Army. By 1920, the Soviet Government had more resources and a powerful military force, and realizing this, Wrangel evacuated the last significant white force. Although a valuable primary source, the book was very hard to read, with the pages being very thick and the book itself being in terrible shape. However, It gave me a perspective on the gradual deterioration of his army. Underwood and Underwood. Vladivostok, Russia. Soldiers and sailors from many countries are lined up in front of the Allies Headquarters Building. Online Public Access. National Archives. 2 Jan 2013. <research.archives.gov/description/533749> During the Allied Intervention, many nations decided to send troops and supplies. I had found many pictures that distinctly showed a certain nation and their aid. Using these archives, I found a picture which displayed all of the nations together.

Secondary Sources A Century of Warfare Madacy Home Video. DVD. Dolby Digital, 2009. In this documentary, I gained a good overview of the Civil War along with the subsequent war that occurred with Poland in 1920. The discussion about Poland provided me an explanation for what caused the war, its major events, and how it ended.

Cheka. Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. 2001. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. 27 Dec 2012. <encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\C\H\Cheka.htm> In this article, I found a picture that displayed the amount of ruthlessness the Cheka had for repressing any dissent. This picture showed members of the clergy who had been executed because of their affiliation with the church. Constituent Assembly. Encyclopedia Britannica Online School Edition. 2012. Encyclopedia Britannica. 27 Dec 2012. <school.eb.com/eb/article-9026006> Although very brief, this article gave a general idea of what the constituent assembly was and how it functioned in its short tenure in the young Soviet Government. Curtis, Glenn E. The Era of the New Economic Policy. Russia: A Country Study. 1996. Country Studies. 14 Nov 2012. <countrystudies.us/russia/8.htm> In this article, I gained more information on the New Economic Policy and what it aimed to accomplish. Through this article, I learned about what reforms it was able to bring and how it saved the Soviet government from economic oblivion.

Curtis, Glenn E. Revolutions and Civil War. Russia: A Country Study. 1996. Country Studies. 28 Nov 2012. <countrystudies.us/russia/9.htm> With this article, I understood the major events that occurred during these five years that with the rise of the Soviet Government. I found country studies to be very reliable and non-biased, with straight to the point facts. This helped me learn the basic details about the Cheka and many of the other government programs that were being developed as the Soviets grew. Daniel, Robert V. Red October: The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. Boston: Beacon Press, 1984. Overall, this book was well researched and gave many details about the events that surrounded the provisional government before being taken over by the Bolsheviks. This book also discussed the political parties in Russia and how the Bolsheviks took power even when they were not the most popular party. Figes, Orlando. A Peoples Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891-1924. New York: Penguin Books, 1996. In terms of my secondary sources, I think that this would rank as one of the most important. It told of all of the affairs that took place in the Soviet government in detail throughout its first years. Well researched, it gave me a long list of primary sources that

were out there for me to find at the numerous libraries throughout Hawaii. This book helped me get a good start on finding primary sources and material evidence.

Khisamutdinov, Amir. Personal Interview. 9 Jan 2013. After getting in contact with the Russian Bibliographer at UH, I got in touch with Dr. Khisamutdinov, who was a professor of History at the Far Eastern Federal University in Vladivostok, Russia. I was fortunate to have gotten the chance to meet him in person and get his perspective on this event in the history of Russia. He also really helped me to better understand a different viewpoint on this topic. Khisamutdinov, Amir. The Russian Far East: Historical Essays. Honolulu: Bookmasters, 1993. In this book, I learned about the gradual downfall of the White Army in Siberia. This book also discussed how there were still small numbers of Whites that were present in Siberia that continued the war after 1920. In addition, this book described the rebuilding of this area during the 1920s. Kaiser, Daniel H. The Russian Revolution of 1917: A Guide to Electoral Behavior in Revolutionary Russia. Dec. 2002. Grinnell College. 6 Jan 2013. <http://web.grinnell.edu/individuals/kaiser/revolt.html> In this collection, there were many graphs that showed the electoral results of the constituent assembly in 1917. From this collection, I found a graph to display how the Bolsheviks came in a distant second. Lafont, Marie. Soviet Posters: The Sergo Grigorian Collection. New York: Priestel, 2007. This publication provided many propaganda posters that I used for the graphics. Also, this book was very useful when it came to the translations since each poster came with one. Mawdsley, Evan. The Russian Civil War. New York: Pegasus Books, 2008. Covering the war from the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly to the gradual reconstruction of the Soviet Government after the war, this book detailed the events that took place during the war and other events that rotated around it like the war with Poland. New Economic Policy. Encyclopedia Britannica Online School Edition. 2012. Encyclopedia Britannica. 23 Nov. 2012. <school.eb.com/eb/article-9055456>

In this article, I gained a clearer understanding of the New Economic Policy and how it attempted to reform certain aspects of the economy while keeping others under Soviet Domination.

Polansky, Patricia Personal Interview. 9 Jan 2013 Ms. Polansky is the Russian bibliographer at UH Manoa, and aided me in finding many primary source books. Other then books, she allowed me to look at actual primary source documents from the Civil War. These ranged from booklets to newspapers. Also, she helped Dr. Khismitdinov when it came to answering the questions for the interview. In short, Ms. Polansky was a very valuable person to meet. Romaniello, Matthew. Personal Interview. 12 Dec 2012. As the professor of Russian History at UH Manoa, Dr. Romaniello gave me insight on many of the events that took place throughout this time period in Russia. In the interview, he answered many important questions on the Civil War and the effect that it had on Russia. Russian Civil War. Encyclopedia Britannica Online School Edition. 2012. Encyclopedia Britannica. 23 Nov. 2012. <school.eb.com/eb/article-283723> Overall, this source gave me a general idea of the Civil War, and the important events that encompassed the years that the Civil War took place in. It was really only an introductory source that later built up to more detailed sources. Russian Revolution in Color. 24 July 2004. DVD. Shanchie, 2007. This documentary was the very first source I watched on this History Day topic. Watching this documentary made me want to do a project on the Bolshevik takeover of Russia, and eventually, led me to my final topic on the Civil War. Smith, Gibson S. Guarding the Rail, Taming the Cossacks: The U.S. Army in Russia, 19181920 Prologue Magnazine. 2002. National Archives. 28 Dec 2013. < archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/winter/us-army-in-russia-1.html> In this article, I found pictures that went along with my pages on the Czech Legion and the involvement of the Allied Powers. Many showed the Czech Legion armed, allied troops arriving in Russia, and allied generals with White generals. Thompson, John M. Revolutionary Russia, 1917. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1989.

This book discussed the social upheaval that occurred during 1917 and how it led to the revolution by the Bolsheviks against the provisional government. It gave me insight on the constituent assembly and the factors that led to that outcome in the elections.

War Communism. Encyclopedia Britannica Online School Edition. 2012. Encyclopedia Britannica. 24 Nov. 2012. <school.eb.com/eb/article-9076076> Although only a short article, this piece gave me a clear, concise description of what War Communism was and how it led to such an unpopular reaction from much of the peasantry. With this understanding, I realized why the New Economic Policy was put into place in 1921.