Signals and Systems - Chapter 2
Signals and Systems - Chapter 2
Signals and Systems - Chapter 2
Continuous-Time Systems
Prof. Yasser Mostafa Kadah
Overview of Chapter 2
Systems and their classification Linear time-invariant systems
System Concept
Mathematical transformation of an input signal (or signals) into an output signal (or signals)
Idealized model of the physical device or process
Examples:
Electrical/electronic circuits
In practice, the model and the mathematical representation are not unique
System Classification
Static or dynamic systems
Capability of storing energy, or remembering state
Linearity
A linear system is a system in which the superposition holds Output
Scaling Additivity
input
Linear System
Output
Nonlinear System
Examples:
y(x)= a x y(x)= a x + b Linear Nonlinear
input
Linearity Examples
Show that the following systems are nonlinear:
where x(t) is the input and y(t), z(t), and v(t) are the outputs.
Whenever the explicit relation between the input and the output of a system is represented by a nonlinear expression the system is nonlinear
Linearity Examples
Consider each of the components of an RLC circuit and determine under what conditions they are linear.
R C L
Linearity Examples
Op Amp
Linear or nonlinear region
Virtual short
Time Invariance
System S does not change with time
System does not ageits parameters are constant
Example: AM modulation
RLC Circuits
Kirchhoffs voltage law,
d/dt
Nonlinear Systems
Nonzero initial conditions means nonlinearity Can also be time-varying
Then,
Convolution Integral
Generic representation of a signal:
The impulse response of an analog LTI system, h(t), is the output of the system corresponding to an impulse (t) as input, and zero initial conditions The response of an LTI system S represented by its impulse response h(t) to any signal x(t) is given by:
Convolution Integral
Causality
A continuous-time system S is called causal if: Whenever the input x(t)=0 and there are no initial conditions, the output is y(t)=0 The output y(t) does not depend on future inputs For a value > 0, when considering causality it is helpful to think of: Time t (the time at which the output y(t) is being computed) as the present Times t- as the past Times t+ as the future
Causality
(c) Feedback
Problem Assignments
Problems: 2.3, 2.4, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, 2.12, 2.14 Partial Solutions available from the student section of the textbook web site