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    Week 12

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    onuraktas1923
    This document discusses using the Laplace transform to analyze continuous-time linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It explains that the Laplace transform can express signals as combinations of exponentials, allowing differential equations describing LTI systems to be solved in the frequency domain. The response of an LTI system to any input can be determined by expressing the input as exponentials and using superposition. Transfer functions relating the input and output of LTI systems can also be determined using the Laplace transform. Examples are provided to illustrate determining system responses and transfer functions.

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    Week 12

    Uploaded by

    onuraktas1923
    6 views15 pages
    This document discusses using the Laplace transform to analyze continuous-time linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It explains that the Laplace transform can express signals as combinations of exponentials, allowing differential equations describing LTI systems to be solved in the frequency domain. The response of an LTI system to any input can be determined by expressing the input as exponentials and using superposition. Transfer functions relating the input and output of LTI systems can also be determined using the Laplace transform. Examples are provided to illustrate determining system responses and transfer functions.

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    This document discusses using the Laplace transform to analyze continuous-time linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It explains that the Laplace transform can express signals as combinations of exponentials, allowing differential equations describing LTI systems to be solved in the frequency domain. The response of an LTI system to any input can be determined by expressing the input as exponentials and using superposition. Transfer functions relating the input and output of LTI systems can also be determined using the Laplace transform. Examples are provided to illustrate determining system responses and transfer functions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views15 pages

    Week 12

    Uploaded by

    onuraktas1923
    This document discusses using the Laplace transform to analyze continuous-time linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It explains that the Laplace transform can express signals as combinations of exponentials, allowing differential equations describing LTI systems to be solved in the frequency domain. The response of an LTI system to any input can be determined by expressing the input as exponentials and using superposition. Transfer functions relating the input and output of LTI systems can also be determined using the Laplace transform. Examples are provided to illustrate determining system responses and transfer functions.

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    of 15

    Continuous-Time System

    Analysis Using the Laplace


    Transform

    Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


    • In the previous lectures, we used a time-domain approach to obtain the zero-input,
    zero-state, and overall response of a system. In this section, we discuss an
    alternative approach based on the Laplace transform.
    • By Laplace transform, a signal can be express as a linear combination of
    everlasting exponentials of the form of (or combination of exponentially
    growing sinusoids).
    • Using Laplace transform, we solve differential equations in the frequency
    domain.

    Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


    The Laplace transform to system analysis
    • We showed that LTI system response to an everlasting exponential is .

    • If we could express every signal as a linear combination of everlasting exponentials


    of the form , we could readily obtain the system response to any input.
    • The Laplace transform make this.

    • Using linearity, the system response to input is


    y
    𝑥 𝑡 𝑋 𝑠 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝑋 𝑠 𝐻(𝑠) 𝑦(𝑡)
    𝐿𝑥 𝑡 𝐻(𝑠) 𝐿 𝑌(𝑠)

    Express 𝑥 𝑡 as a System response to an The sum of all exponential


    sum of exponentials exponential compenent responses

    • Recall that s is the complex frequency of . This explains why the


    Laplace transform method is also called the frequency-domain method.
    Solution of differential equations
    • Constant-coefficient differential equation can be used to construct a system model.
    Since , the Laplace transform of a differential equation
    is an algebraic equation that can be readily solved for . Next, we take the
    inverse Laplace transform of to find the desired solution .
    • Solve the second-order linear differential equation

    For the initial conditions and and the input

    • The equation is

    • Let , then

    Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


    Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi
    Example
    • In the circuit, the inductor current is 2 amperes and the capacitor
    voltage is 10 volts at t = 0.
    Find the inductor current for .

    Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


    We need and . Remember that the inductor current and capacitor voltage
    cannot change instantaneously. Thus, and the initial capacitor voltage .
    We need . This is inductor voltage at time . ( )

    Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


    Example
    • Solve the second-order linear differential equation

    For the initial conditions and and the input


    • Answer :

    Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


    Zero-input and zero-state compenents of response
    • The Laplace transform method gives the total response, which includes zero-input and
    zero-state components. It is possible to separate the two components if we so desire.

    For the initial conditions and and the input

    initial condition terms


    input terms

    Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


    Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi
    Zero-state response: The transfer function of an LTIC system
    • Also, we find the transfer function using Laplace transform when the system in zero
    state ( )

    Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


    Example
    • Find the transfer function of the system

    𝑠
    𝐻 𝑠 =
    𝑠 + 3𝑠 + 2

    Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


    Example
    • Show that the transfer function of
    a) an ideal delay of T seconds is
    b) an ideal differentiator is
    c) an ideal integrator is

    a) Ideal delay: For an ideal delay of T seconds, the input x(t) and output y(t) are
    related by

    𝐻 𝑠 =𝑒

    Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


    b) Ideal differentiator: For an ideal differentiator, the input x(t) and the output y(t)
    are related by

    The Laplace transform of this equation yields

    𝐻 𝑠 =𝑠

    b) Ideal integrator: For an ideal integrator, the input x(t) and the output y(t)
    are related by

    1
    𝐻 𝑠 =
    𝑠
    Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi
    2𝑠 + 5
    𝐻 𝑠 =
    𝑠 + 4𝑠 + 10

    Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi

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