TEMA 1

GREETINGS AND INTRODUCTIONS. SALUDOS Y PRESENTACIONES

To Be afirmativa y negativa Questions: What is your name? Where are you from? Why am I here? POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES Personal Pronoun Possessive Adjectives

I You He She It We You They

my your his her its our your their

Ejm: Im a tour guide: This is my group She is a tour guide: This is her group We are tour guides: These are our guidebooks

LIKE / LOVE + NOUN I/You/We/They like computers He/ She/ It loves computers I/You/We/They dont like computers He/ She/ It doesnt love computers

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS Do I/You/We/They like computers Yes, I do / No, we dont Does He/ She/ It loves computers A/An There is a kettle in the room There is an elevator next to the bar. HAVE/HAS I/You/We/They have a room He/ She/ It has a room I/You/We/They dont have a room He/ She/ It doesnt have a room Do I/You/We/They have a room? Yes, he does / No, she doesnt

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

Yes, I, you/ we/ they do

Does He/ She/ It have a room?

No, I, you/ we/ they dont Yes, he/ she/ it does No, he/ she/ it doesnt

THERE IS / THERE ARE

Usamos there is / there is not delante de un sustantivo en singular y nombres incontables. Usamos There are / There are not delante de nombres plurales.
POSITIVE There is a museum There is a some time There are some photographs YES / NO QUESTIONS Is there any time? Are there any photographs? NEGATIVE There isnt a museum There isnt any time There arent any photographs SHORT ANSWERS Yes, there is. / No, there isnt Yes, there are. / No, there arent

TEMA 2

ROUTINES AND ACTIONS. RUTINAS Y ACCIONES

PRESENT SIMPLE Utilizamos el Presente Simple para las rutinas o cosas que hacemos de forma regular.
POSITIVE:
I / You / We / They begin He / She / It begins REGLAS ORTOGRFICAS LISTEN LISTENS / MISS MISSES /

STUDY STUDIES

NEGATIVE:
I / You / We / They do not (dont) begin He / She / It does not (doesnt) begin

QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS

Do I / you / we / they swim? Yes, I / you / we / they do No, I / you / we / they dont Does he / she / it swim? Yes, he / she / it does No, he / she / it doesnt

WH QUESTIONS
What so they do? Who swims? Where do you swim? When does she swim? Why do they swim? How often does he swim?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS SUJETO + VB TO BE + VB ACABADO EN ING Acciones que ocurren en el momento de hablar Planes en el futuro inmediato Situaciones temporales
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
Ejm: Im / I am not working You are / are not working He, she, it is / is not working We are / are not working You are / are not working They are / are not working

REGLAS ORTOGRFICAS Study studying Exercise exercising Begin beginning

PERO visit - visiting fix - fixing Run running

QUESTIONS:

Am I working? Yes, you are / No, you arent Are you working? Yes, Im / No, Im not Is he, she, it working? Yes, he, she, it is / No, he she ,it isnt Are we working? Yes, we are / No, we arent Are you working? Yes, you are / No, you arent Are they working? Yes, they are / No, they arent Who is waiting? When am I eating? Why are we walking? Where are you going? How is she crossing? Quin est esperando? Cundo estoy comiendo? Por qu estamos caminando? A dnde vas? Cmo ella est cruzando?

PRESENT SIMPLE / PRESENT CONTINUOUS

PRESENT SIMPLE I watch TV every day She watches TV every day They watch TV every day I dont watch TV every day She doesnt watch TV every day They dont watch TV every day Do I watch TV every day? Yes, I do. / No I dont Does she watch TV every day? Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt Do they watch TV every day? Yes, they do. / No they dont PRESENT CONTINUOUS Im watching TV now Shes watching TV now Theyre watching TV now Im not watching TV now She isnt watching TV now They arent watching TV now Am I watching TV now? Yes, I am. / No, Im not Is she watching TV now? Yes, she is. / No, she isnt. Are they watching TV now? Yes, they are. / No, they arent.

RULE: Im interested in studying English I want to study English Im looking forward to studying English Despus de una preposicin +ing escepto to. Aunque despus de looking forward to tambin +in

STATIVE VERBS. Los verbos estticos, como su nombre indica, describen estados y no acciones. Se suelen utilizar en present simple incluso cuando estn ocurriendo ahora. Algunos de estos verbos son:
Emotions: LIKE / LOVE / HATE / NEED / WANT Senses: SEE / HEAR / FEEL / SMELL / TASTE Thoughts (pensamientos): THINK / KNOW / UNDERSTAND / REMEMBER HAVE: Have got ---- possession ----- state verb ----- No continuous Have + a noun --- action Ex: Im having a cup of tea Im having breakfast now THINK: Opinion --- state ---- no continuous Ex: I think is a good idea. Pensar ---- continuous Ex: Im thinking about my holidays

LOOK: Apariencia --- state verb ---- no continuous Ex: you look great today Ver ---- action ----- continuous Ex: Im looking at you

TEMA 3

TALKING ABOUT THE PAST. HABLAR DEL PASADO

WAS / WERE. Son las dos formas del verbo to be en pasado. Utilizamos las siguientes expresiones de tiempo para el pasado:
A WEEK AGO / LAST NIGHT / YESTERDAY / ON TUESDAY / A TEN OCLOCK POSITIVE

I YOU HE /SHE /IT WE YOU THEY

WAS WERE WAS WERE WERE WERE

at home

NEGATIVE
I YOU HE /SHE /IT WE YOU THEY WAS NOT / WASNT WERE NOT / WERENT WAS NOT / WASNT WERE NOT / WERENT WERE NOT / WERENT WERE NOT / WERENT

at school

THERE WAS / THERE WERE. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE Utilizamos There was o There wasnt con nombres contables en singular y con nombres incontables
Ejm: There was a microwave in the kitchen There wasnt a microwave in the kitchen There was some jewelry in the closet There wasnt any jewelry in the closet Utilizamos There were o There werent con nombres en plural. Ejm: There were some books on the table. There werent any books on the table.

THERE WAS / THERE WERE. YES / NO QUESTIONS

Was there a TV in the living room? Yes, there was. Was there any money in the apartment? No, there wasnt. Were there any tourists on the bus? Yes, there were. / No there werent

WAS / WERE. YES / NO QUESTIONS

Was he at home? Yes, I, he, she, it was. Was it open? No, I, he, she, it wasnt. Where they happy? Yes, you, we, they were / No, you, we, they wherent.

WAS / WERE. WH-QUESTIONS

Who was at the office? Kim and Rob

What was on the desk? A new computer. When were they in the office? From 9:00 a.m. until 4:00 p.m. Where was the office? In London. Why was there a new computer in the office? Because the old computer was broken

TEMA 4

PAST EXPERIENCES. EXPERIENCIAS DEL PASADO

PAST SIMPLE. REGULAR VERBS POSITIVE. Utilizamos el Past Simple para hablar de acontecimientos que ocurrieron en el pasado y no volvern a pasar. Para formar el Past Simple aadimos ED a la base del verbo.
Ejm: start started / cook cooked / finish finished / play played. Cuando el verbo termina en E slo aadimos D a la base del verbo. Ejm: arrive arrived / close closed / bake baked Cuando el verbo termina en consonante + Y, cambiamos la Y por I y aadimos ED. Ejm: study studied Cuando acaba en consonante + vocal + consonante stop --- stopped

PAST SIMPLE NEGATIVE. Para formar frases negativas utilizamos DID NOT (DIDNT) + la base del verbo.
Ejm: I lived in New York ten years ago. I didnt live in London ten years ago. He cooked dinner yesterday He didnt cook dinner last Friday. I ate cheese cake I (did not) didnt eat cheese cake I won a medal I didnt win a medal En las frases negativas del Past Simple utilizamos la base del verbo y no la forma en pasado. Muchos verbos frecuentes tienen forma irregular en la Past Simple. Estdiate esta lista: PRESENT PAST Buy (compro) Bought (compr) Come (venir) Came (vino) Do (hacer) Did (hizo)

Drive (conducir) Drove (conduje) Eat (comer) Ate (com) Fall (caer) Fell (ca) Get (obtener/ llegar) Got (obtuve / llegu) Go (ir) Went (fui) Have (haber / tener) Had (haba / tuve) Leave (dejar / salir) Left (dej / sal) Make (hacer) Made (hice) Meet (conocer/ encontrarse) Met (conoc/ encontr) Run (correr) Ran (corr) Say (decir / opinar) Said (dije / opin) Sell (vender) Sold (vend) Take (tomar/ coger) Took (tome / cog) Teach (ensear) Taught (ense) Win (ganar) Won (gan) Write (escribir) Wrote (escrib)

PAST SIMPLE YES/ NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS DID + SUJETO + LA BASE DEL VERBO
Did he live in Korea? Yes, he did / No, he didnt Did she move to Japan? Yes, she did / No she didnt Did they meet for lunch? Yes, they did / No they didnt

PAST SIMPLE WH-QUESTIONS

What did they buy? Suvenirs When did the movie star? At 8:00 Where did they go? To an exibit Why did she do to the park? To run
PERO:

Qu es lo que compran? Suvenirs Cundo fu la pelicula? A las 8:00 A dnde fueron? Para una exposicin Por qu se va al parque? Para correr Quin fu al zoolgico? Max

Who went to the zoo? Max

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

Acciones del pasado que an continuan en el presente:

Ex: I have lived here since 1990/ for some years Acciones del pasado con consecuencias o resultado en el presente: Ex we have downloaded our English books Acciones pasadas pero en el muy reciente pasado Ex: She has just had a shower (+) Sj + have/has + past participle + complement. (-) Sj + havent/hasnt + past participle + complement. (+) have/has + Sj + past participle + complement.

SHORT ANSWER
Yes, + sj. + Have/has No + sj. + havent/hasnt

TIME EXPRESION
For a few years -- period of time (general) Since 1990 --- exact point of time, starting point of the action Yet --- always at the end of the sentence It is always used in the present perfect 2 types of sentences: I havent finished unit 1 yet Have you finished unit 1 yet?

No, I havent WHEN + past simple HOW LONG + present perpet HOW OFTEN + present simple WHILE + present continous

PAST CONTINUOUS

AFIRMATIVA: Sujeto +was/were+ formaingdel verbo principal Hewas walking Wewere walking

NEGATIVA: Sujeto +was/were+not+ formaingdel verbo principal Shewas not walking Theywere not walking

INTERROGATIVA: Was/Were+ sujeto + formaingdel verbo principal WasIwalking? Wereyouwalking?

ElPast Continuous(pasado continuo)se emplea para describir una accin que estaba ocurriendo en un momento concretodel pasado. La accin

comenz antes de dicho momento y continu despus. Iwas studyingat 10 o'clock yesterday Tambinse emplea para acciones largas, resaltando que duraron mucho tiempo. Iwas studyingall day yesterday Hewas talkingon the phone for a long time En este caso suele ir acompaado de expresiones temporales comoall day,all night,the whole day,for a long time,during, etc. Otro uso del pasado continuo espara acciones prolongadas que ocurrieron en el pasado al mismo tiempo. While youwere readingthe paper, Iwas doingmy homework Con este uso va acompaado de las expresioneswhile, as o and. La ms larga de dos acciones, que fueinterrumpida por una ms breveque va en pasado simple. Iwas singinga song when it began to rain Hewas writingto me when he received my e-mail

TEMA 5

TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE. HABLANDO SOBRE EL FUTURO

Utilizamos el Futuro Simple (WILL) Predecir sin evidencia cosas que ocurrirn en el futuro.

Positive: SUJETO + WILL + LA BASE DEL VERBO

Ejm: Tomorrow will be a rainy day I think I will come to the party Ill come / Ir Maana sera un da de lluvia Creo que voy a venir a la fiesta Well come / Iremos

En una conversacin solemos utilizar la forma corta ll

Ejm: Shell come / Ir

Utilizamos las siguientes expresiones de tiempo con el futuro simple al principio o al final de la frase
Tomorrow , soon (pronto), next week, month, year, in a minute, an hour, two days, 2020, the future

Negative: SUJETO + WILL NOT (WONT) + BASE VB

Ejm: She will not (wont) go to London next week They will not (wont) buy a new car

YES/ NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS

Ejm: Will I go home? Voy a ir a casa? Will they eat? Van a comer? Will she come? Ella ha venido? Yes, I / You / He / She / It / We / They will No, I / You / He / She / It / We / They wont

Futuro Simple (WILL) WH- QUESTIONS

Ejm: Will they come home at 8:00? When will they come home? At 8:00 Van a venir a casa a las 8? Cundo van a volver a casa? A las 8 Will she meet Ricardo at the space hotel? Le esperar Ricardo en el hotel especial? Where will she meet Ricardo? At the space hotel Dnde espera a Ricardo? En el hotel especial Will we travel by space shuttle in the future? Vamos a viajar en un transbordador espacial en el futuro? How will we travel in the future? By space shuttle Cmo vamos a viajar en el el future? Por transbordador espacial Will Ricardo be an astronaut?
Ser Ricardo un astronauta? What will Ricardo be? An astroaut Qu va a ser Ricardo? Un astronauta

PERO

Will Ricardo be an astronaut?

Who will be an astronaut? Ricardo Quin va a ser un astonauta? Ricardo

Decisiones espontneas. Ex: (the phone rings) Ill answer the phone. Offers, help Ex: Ill give you my dictionary Never use to plans

Future BE GOING TO
Predictions with evidence Ex: look at your pen --- Its going to fall down Intencions, plans: Ex: Im going to travel to France next summer

Positive
I am going to You are going to He / She / It is going to We are going to You are going to They are going to rent a car next week

Negative

I am not going to You are not /arent going to He / She / It is not / isnt going to We are not / arent going to You are not / arent going to They are not / arent going to

rent a car next week

Questions
Am I going to Are you going to Is He / She / It going to Are we going to Are you going to arent rent a boat? Yes, Im / no, Im not Yes, you are / No, you arent Yes, He / She / It is - No, He / She / isnt Yes, we / You / They are No, we / You / they

Are they going to

PRESENT CONTINUOUS CON VALOR DE FUTURO Lo utilizamos para hablar de cosas que estamos planeando hacer en un futuro cercano. Utilizamos time expresions al principio o al final de una frase: Tomorrow / today / this month / week / year / next Monday / week / month / SUJETO + VB TO BE + VB ACABADO EN ING
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
Ejm: Im / I am not working You are / are not working He, she, it is / is not working We are / are not working You are / are not working They are / are not working

QUESTIONS:
Am I working tomorrow? Yes, you are / No, you arent Are you working tomorrow? Yes, Im / No, Im not Is he, she, it working tomorrow? Yes, he, she, it is / No, he she, it isnt Are we working tomorrow? Yes, we are / No, we arent Are you working tomorrow? Yes, you are / No, you arent Are they working tomorrow? Yes, they are / No, they arent

WH - QUESTIONS:
Where am I working tomorrow? When are you working tomorrow? What is he/ she /it working tomorrow? How are we / you / they working tomorrow? Who is working tomorrow? Donde trabajar maana? Cuando trabajars maana? Cual es su trabajo maana? Cmo trabajaris maana? Quin est trabajando maana?

TEMA 6

TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE. HABLANDO SOBRE EL FUTURO

MODAL VERBS Son invariables y van seguidos de un infinitivo SHOULD / SHOULDNT

Utilizamos should o shouldnt cuando damos un consejo o hacemos una sugerencia. (Es recomendable poner THINK)
Ejm: I think you sould go (Creo que debes ir)

Siempre van antes de la forma base del verbo

Positive and Negative

Ejm: Luke is hungry. He should eat something. Lucas tiene hambre. l debe comer algo. It is going to rain. You shouldnt go to the beach. Va a llover. No debes ir a la playa

Questions Yes/No questions

Ejm: Should I travel this summer? Debo viajar este verano Should they buy a car? Deberan compran un coche

Short answers
Yes, you should Si, debo No, they shouldnt No, no deben

WH QUESTIONS
Ejm: Who should she call? Quin debera llamarla? What should they do? Que deben hacer? When should I go to the party? Cundo debo ir a la fiesta? Where should we drive today? Dnde deberamos conducir hoy? Why should I help you? Por qu le puedo ayudar?

MUST / MUSTNT

MUST: Lo utilizamos para expresar necesidad u

obligacin (se obliga uno mismo)
Ejm: You are sick. You must take your medicine. Usted est enfermo. Usted debe tomar su medicamento.

MUSTNT: prohibicin
Siempre van antes de la forma base del verbo
Ejm: This movie is not for children. You mustnt watch it. Esta pelcula no es para nios. No deberas verla.

No solemos utilizar MUST en forma de pregunta CAN / CANT: habilidades, posibilidades

Ejm: I can ride a bike, but I cant drive a car Puedo andar en bicicleta pero no puedo conducir un coche

HAVE TO / DONT HAVE TO HAS TO / DOESNT HAVE TO HAVE TO: OBLIGACIN EXTERNA DONT HAVE TO: NINGUNA OBLIGACIN
Ejm: I have to study / I dont have to study Tengo que estudiar / no tengo (la obligacin de) que estudiar He has to study / He doesnt have to study l tiene que estudiar / l no tiene (la obligacin de) que estudiar

RESUMEN: CAN / CANT: habilidades, posibilidades SHOULD / SHOULDNT: cuando damos un consejo o sugerencia (mi opinin) MUST: se obliga uno mismo MUSTNT: prohibicin

HAVE TO / HAS TO: obligacin externa DONT HAVE TO / DOESNT HAVE TO: prohibicin

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES OBJET PRONOUNPOSSESSIVE PRONOUN (expresar a quin (objeto de la frase) (expresan posisin) Pertenece algo)

I MY YOU YOUR HE HIS SHE HER IT ITS WE OUR YOU YOUR THEY THEIR THEIRS

ME YOU HIM HER IT US

MINE YOURS HIS HER

OURS YOU YOURS THEM

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Ejm: Gwens steak is cold. Her steak is cold. El filete de Gwen est fro. Su filete est fro Ejm: Rita and Martins apartment is in Paris. Their apartment is in Paris El apartamento de Rita y Martn est en Pars. Su apartamento est en Pars Ejm: Its not your sandwich, its my sandwich No es tu sandwich, es my sandwich

OBJET PRONOUN
Ejm: He is talking to her Lets help them

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN

Ningn sustantivo sigue a un pronombre posesivo. El pronombre posesivo aparece al final de la frase
Ejm: That is my soup. The soup is mine Esta es mi sopa. La sopa es ma Is this her salad? Yes, the salad is her Es esta ensalada suya? Si, la ensalada es de ella Where is our bill? This bill isnt ours! Donde est nuestra facture? Esta no es la nuestra

TEMA 7 THINGS WE HAVE DONE . COSAS QUE HEMOS HECHO

PRESENT PERFECT.
Se utiliza para hablar de cosas que ocurrieron en el pasado pero que siguen afectando al presente. Se desconoce el momento exacto que ocurri la accin pero no es importante.

SUJETO + HAVE O HAS + THE PAST PARTICIPLE

POSITIVE
Long Form I have You have He/She /It has We have You have They have Short Form Ive Youve Hes/Shes/Its Weve Youve Theyve

climbed

climbed

Ejm: She has been to China. Ella ha estado en China We have seen some beautiful mountains. Hemos visto algunas montaas hermosas NEGATIVE Long Form I have not You have not Short Form I havent You havent

climbed

climbed

He/She /It has not We have not They have not

He/She/It hasnt We havent They havent

QUESTIONS Have I / You / We / They gone horseback riding? Se ha ido a caballo? Yes, I / You / We / They have No, I / You / We / They havent Has He/She/It climbed a mountain? Se subi a una montaa? Yes, He / She / It has No, He / She / It hasnt WH QUESTIONS Where has he worked? Dnde has trabajado? Who have they seen? Qu han visto? What have you read? Que has ledo? Why has he left the party? Por qu ha abandonado el patio? How long have you lived here? Cunto tiempo llevas viviendo all?

SINCE / FOR Se utiliza con Present Perfect

SINCE nos dice cundo empez la accin
Ejm: Weve lived in London since 1998. Hemos vivido en Londres desde 1998. The group has been at the Lake District since last night. El grupo ha estado en el distrito de los lagos desde anoche

FOR nos dice la duracin de la accin

Ejm: Theyve lived in London for ten years. Han vivido en Londres durante diez aos She has worked with me for six mounts Ella ha trabajado conmigo durante seis meses

ALREADY / YET / NEVER Se utiliza con Present Perfect

ALREADY (hasta ahora) Se utilize en frases afirmativas entre have / has y el participio
Ejm: She has already finished the book. Ya ha terminado el libro I have already seen that movie. Ya he visto esa pelcula

YET (hasta ahora)

Frases negativas y al final de la frase

Ejm: She hasnt finished the book yet. Ella no ha terminado el libro I havent seen that movie yet. No he visto la pelcula hasta ahora Podemos utilizar ALREADY / YET con Yes / No questions en Present Perfect Ejm: Have you already been to China? Alguna vez has estado en China? Have you been to China yet? Alguna vez has estado en China?

NEVER (hasta ahora) Se utiliza en frases afirmativas entre have / has y el participio
Ejm: She has never read the book. Ella nunca ha ledo un libro I have never seen that movie. Nunca he visto una pelcula Podemos utilizar EVER con Yes / No questions en Present Perfect Ejm: Have you ever been to China? Alguna vez has estado en China?

TEMA 8 THINKS

COMPARING PEOPLE AND

COMPARATIVES
Lo utilizamos para comparar a dos personas, acontecimientos o cosas
Ejm: The blue suit is cheaper than the brown suit El traje azul es ms barato que el traje marrn The Brown suit is nicer than the blue suit El traje marrn es ms bonito que el traje azul

ADJETIVOS DE UNA SILABA

Aadimos ER a los adjetivos que tienen una slaba y la palabra than despus del adjetivo Cheap Cheaper than CUANDO EL ADJETIVO TERMINA EN E SLO AADIMOS UNA R Nice Nicer than

CUANDO EL ADJETIVO TERMINA EN CONSONANTE / VOCAL/ CONSONANTE (SNDWICH) DOBLAMOS LA LTIMA LETRA Y AADIMOS ER Thin Thinner than

CUANDO EL ADJETIVO TERMINA EN Y

Cambiamos la Y por i y aadimos -er Pretty pretier than FORMAS IRREGULARES Good better than
Bueno mejor que

Bad worse than

malo peor que

ADJETIVO DE DOS O MS SILABAS

MORE+ ADJETIVE + THAN Casual more casual than Elegant more casual than Famous more famous than

SUPERLATIVES
Lo ms de lo ms. Cuando lo comparamos con ms de uno

UNA SILABA Ponemos la palabra the delante y aadimos EST al adjetivo

Cheap The cheapest Barato - el ms barato

CUANDO TERMINA EN E SOLO PONEMOS ST

Nice the nicest. sinptico el ms simptico

CUANDO EL ADJETIVO TERMINA EN CONSONANTE / VOCAL/ CONSONANTE (SNDWICH) DOBLAMOS LA LTIMA LETRA Y AADIMOS EST

Big The biggest

Grande el ms grande

CUANDO EL ADJETIVO TERMINA EN Y CAMBIAMOS LA Y POR I Y AADIMOS EST

Pretty The prettiest Happy The happiest Guapa la ms guapa Feliz el ms feliz

DOS SILABAS O MS QUE NO TERMINEN EN Y

THE MOST + ADJETIVO
Expensive The most expensive Exciting The most exciting Famous The most famous

DOS SILABAS O MS
THE MOST + ADJETIVO
Expensive The most expensive Exciting The most exciting Famous The most famous

FORMAS IRREGULARES Good the best

Bueno el mejor

Bad the worst

malo el peor

Far the farthest

ADVERBS
Describe a un verbo. Suele contestar a la pregunta HOW Solemos formar un adverbio aadiendo LY al adjetivo
Quick Quickly Slow Slowly Rpido Rapidamente Lento Lentamente

CUANDO EL ADJETIVO TERMINA EN Y CAMBIAMOS LA Y POR I ANTES DE AADIR LY

Happy Happily Feliz Felizmente

CUANDO EL ADJETIVO TERMINA EN CONSONANTE +

LE ELIMINAMOS LA E ANTES DE AADIR Y

Terrible - Terribly Terrible - Terriblemente

CUANDO EL ADJETIVO TERMINA EN L AADIMOS LY

Careful - Carefully Feliz Felizmente He isnt feeling well l no se siente bien

PERO:
Good - Well Bueno

UTILIZAMOS MORE + ADVERBIO + THAN PARA COMPARAR DOS ACCIONES

Leyla runs quickcly, but Sun runs more quickly than Leyla Leyla corre rapidamente pero Sun va ms rpido que Leyla

ALGUNOS ADVERBIOS TIENEN FORMAS IRREGULARES

Well- Beter than Badly worse than Fast faster than Bueno mejor que Mal peor que Rpido ms rpido que

PASIVE VOICE Active: Mary ate an apple S + verb+ Do Passive: An apple was eaten by Mary
S + verb + Agent comp

El Agent complemento se omite cuando: Personal Pronoun By then Indefinite pronoun By someone Obvious information Ex: The robber was arrested by the Police PASSIVE VERBS Present simple: Am Is Are Past Simple: Was + Past part Were + past part

Present Perfect: Have + been + Past part Has Modal: Will + be + Past part Can

Relative Clauses
We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without starting another sentence. By combining sentences with a relative clause, your text becomes more fluent and you can avoid repeating certain words.

How to Form Relative Clauses

Imagine, a girl is talking to Tom. You want to know who she is and ask a friend whether he knows her. You could say:

A girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl?

That sounds rather complicated, doesn't it? It would be easier with a relative clause: you put both pieces of information into one sentence. Start with the most important thing you want to know who the girl is.

Do you know the girl

As your friend cannot know which girl you are talking about, you need to put in the additional information the girl is talking to Tom. Use the girl only in the first part of the sentence, in the second part replace it with the relative pronoun (for people, use the relative pronoun who). So the final sentence is:

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

Relative Pronouns

relative pronoun

use

example

whosubject or object pronoun for peopleI told you about the woman who lives next door. whichsubject or object pronoun for animals and thingsDo you see the cat which is lying on the roof? whichreferring to a whole sentenceHe couldnt read which surprised me.

whosepossession for people animals and thingsDo you know the boy whose mother is a nurse? whomobject pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference. thatsubject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible)I dont like the table that stands in the kitchen.
Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?
Subject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms - who, which, that are used for subject and object pronouns. You can, however, distinguish them as follows:

If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun. Subject pronouns must always be used.

the apple which is lying on the table

If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can be dropped in defining relative clauses, which are then called Contact Clauses.

the apple (which) George lay on the table

Relative Adverbs
A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes the sentence easier to understand.

This is the shop in which I bought my bike. This is the shop where I bought my bike.

relative adverb

meaning

use

example

whenin/on whichrefers to a time expressionthe day when we met him wherein/at whichrefers to a placethe place where we met him whyfor whichrefers to a reasonthe reason why we met him
Defining Relative Clauses
Defining relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive relative clauses) give detailed information defining a general term or expression. Defining relative clauses are not put in HYPERLINK "http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/writing/comma?13" commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. One girl is talking to Tom and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause defines which of the five girls you mean.

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

Defining relative clauses are often used in HYPERLINK "http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/ writing/definitions" definitions.

A seaman is someone who works on a ship.

Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. (Sentences with a relative clause without the relative pronoun are called Contact Clauses.)

The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-identifying relative clauses or non-restrictive relative clauses) give additional information on something, but do not define it. Non-defining relative clauses are put in HYPERLINK "http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/writing/comma?13" commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with only one girl. The two are talking to each other and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause is non-defining because in this situation it is obvious which girl you mean.

Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?

Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with that.

Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.

Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice.

How to Shorten Relative Clauses?

Relative clauses with who, which, that as subject pronoun can be replaced with a HYPERLINK "http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/inf-ger-par/participles" participle. This makes the sentence shorter and easier to understand.

I told you about the woman who lives next door. I told you about the woman living next door.

Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? Do you see the cat lying on the roof?