Single Phase Transformer

11/2/2012 360 Chapter 5 Transformers 1
Transformer
UniKL MFI
Transformers
Single phase transformer construction
A) Core type B) Shell type
Ideal Transformer
Transformers
Ideal transformer
Winding resistances are zero, no leakage inductance and iron
loss
Magnetization current generates a flux that induces voltage in
both windings

I
m
V
p
E
p
E
s
= V
s
u
m
Current, voltages and flux in an
unloaded ideal transformer
Transformers
Ideal transformer
Loaded transformer

I
m
+ I
p
V
p
E
p
E
s
Load
V
s
I
s
u
s
u
p
u
m
Currents and fluxes in a loaded ideal transformer
Transformers

Turn ratio is:

The input and output complex powers are equal

s
p
s
p
E
E
N
N
a = =
* *
I E S S I E
s s s p p p
= = =
p
s
s
p
I
I
E
E
a = =
Transformers
Ideal transformer
Transferring impedances through a transformer

S
S
S
S
P
P
P
I
V
I
V
I
V
Z
2
a
a
a
=
|
.
|
\
|
= =
load P
Z Z
2
a =
V
ac
Z
load
T
V
P
V
S
I
P
I
S
a) Original circuit with ideal
Figure 5.26 Thvenin
equivalents of transformer
circuit
Practical Transformer
Transformers
Real transformer

Figure 5.30 Leakage flux in the real transformer
u
m
u
p_leakage
u
s_leakage
Transformers
Equivalent circuit of a real transformer
I
s
I
p
V
p
E
p
T
V
s
E
s
R
c
X
m
I
m
X
p
R
p
X
s
R
s
I
st
Rp
Rs a
2
Xs ja
2
jXp
jXm Rc
Vp
Ip
a
Is
aVs
Transformer model referred to its primary side
Exact equivalent circuit
2
a
Rp
Rs Xs
2
a
jXp
2
a
jXm
2
a
Rc
a
Vp
aIp
Vs
Is
Transformer model referred to its secondary side
Exact equivalent circuit
Approximate equivalent circuit
Rc
jXm
p q _ Re
p jXeq _
a
Is
Ip
Vp
aVs
Xs a Xp p jXeq
Rs a Rp p q
2
2
_
_ Re
+ =
+ =
Transformer model referred to its primary side
2
a
Rc
2
a
jXm
s q _ Re
s jXeq _
Is
aIp
a
Vp
Vs
Approximate equivalent circuit
Xs
a
Xp
s jXeq
Rs
a
Rp
s q
+ =
+ =
2
2
_
_ Re
Transformer model referred to its
secondary side
Circuit Analysis ( Example 1 )
A 15 kVA, 2300 / 230 V, single phase transformer is to be tested
with parameters as follows :
Rc = 105 kO, Req = 0.0445 O ( Referred to secondary side )
jXm = 11 k O, jXeq = 0.0645 O ( Referred to secondary side )

i. Find the approximate equivalent circuit of this transformer when
referred to secondary side.
ii. Determine transformer terminal voltage, when operating at 0.8
lagging power factor.
iii. What is the transformers efficiency
Solution
i. Referred to secondary side
Rc = Rc / a
2
= 105 k O / 100 = 1050 O
jXm = jXm / a
2
= 11k O / 100 = 110 O
0445 . 0
0645 . 0 j
Is
'
Ip
'
Vp
0 230Z
'
Rc
'
jXm
ii. S = Vs Is ; Is = 15 kVA / 230 = 65.22 A
u = Cos
-1
0.8 = -36.87 ( lagging )
Is = 65.22 Z-36.87 A

Vp = Vs + Is ( Req + jXeq )
= 230Z0 + 65.22 Z-36.87 (0.0445 + j0.0645 )
= 234.85 Z0.4 V
iii. Given Pw = 0 ( Mechanical losses )
Pc = Vp
2
/ Rc = ( 234.85 )
2
/ 1050 = 52.53 W
ECu = Is
2
Req = ( 65.22 )
2
( 0.0445 ) = 189.29 W
Po = VsIsCos u = 230 x 65.22 x 0.8 = 12000.48 W
Pi = Po + Pw + Pc + ECu = 12000. 48 + 0 + 52.53 + 189.29
= 12242.3 W
q = ( Po / Pi )x100 % = 12000.48 / 12242.3 = 98.02 %
Exercise 1
12 kVA, 4000 / 400 V single phase transformer with :-
Rp = 13 O, Rs = 0.15 O, Rc = 12 k O
jXp = 20 O, jXs = 0.25 O, jXm = 6 k O

i. Find the equivalent circuit when referred to primary side.
ii. Determine transformer terminal voltage, ( E1 ) when operating at
0.8 lagging power factor.
iii. Determine the transformers efficiency

Ans : Req = 28 O, jXeq = 45 O, E1 = 3852.23Z-0.86 V, q = 85.36 %

Determination of transformer
parameter by measurement
Transformers
Determination of transformer
parameter by measurement
Open circuit test
Provides magnetizing reactance and core
loss resistance
Obtain components are connected in parallel

Short circuit test
Provides combined leakage reactance and
winding resistance
Obtain components are connected in series
Transformers
Short Circuit Test
X
p
R
p
X
s
R
s
I
sh_s
V
I W
V
sh_s
P
sh_s
Equivalent circuit for
short circuit test,
measurement at the
secondary side
X
s
R
s
I
sh_s
V
I W
V
sh_s
P
sh_s X
p
/ T
2
R
p
/ T
2
Simplified equivalent
circuit for short circuit
test
Transformers
5.3.1 Short Circuit Test

Simplified circuit for calculation of
series impedance
X
e_s
R
e_s
I
sh_s
V
I W
V
sh_s
P
sh_s
s
p
s e
R
a
R
R + =
2
_
s
p
s e
X
a
X
X + =
2
_
Primary and
secondary
impedances
are combined
Transformers
Short circuit test evaluation
jXeq q
Isc
Vsc
Zsc
VscIsc
Psc
Cos
+ ~ Z =
|
.
|
\
|
=
Re
1
u
u
Transformers
Open circuit test
V
I
X
p
R
p
X
m_p
R
c_p
X
s
R
s
W
V
o_p
I
o_p
P
o_p
Equivalent circuit for open circuit test, measurement at the primary side.
V
I
X
m_p
R
c_p
W
V
o_p
I
o_p
P
o_p
Figure 5.39 Simplified
equivalent circuit
Transformers
Open circuit test
evaluation
jB
jXm
A
Rc
jB A
Voc
Ioc
Y
VocIoc
Poc
Cos
=
=
~ Z =
|
.
|
\
|
=

1
1
1
u
u
Transformers
Equivalent circuit obtained by measurement
Figure 5.40 Equivalent circuit for a real transformer resulting
from the open and short circuit tests.
X
m_p
R
c_p
X
e_s
R
e_s
Circuit Analysis ( Example 2 )
Obtain the approximate equivalent circuit referred to L.V side
of a given 200 / 2000 V single phase transformer having the following
test results :

O.C Test : 200 V 6.2 A 360 W ( L.V. side )
S.C. Test : 75 V 18 A 600 W ( H.V. Side )
Solution
O. C. Test

u = Cos
-1
[( Poc ) / ( Voc Ioc )] = Cos
-1
[ (360 ) / ( 200 x 6.2 )] = 73.12
Y = ( Ioc / Voc )Z-u = ( 6.2 / 200 ) Z-73.12 = 0.031 Z-73.12
= 0.009 j0.0297
Rc = 1 / 0.009 = 111.1 O
jXm = 1 / -j0.0297 = 33.67 O
S.C. Test

u= Cos
-1
[ Psc / VscIsc ] =Cos
-1
[ 600 / 75x18 ] = 63.61
o

Zsc = [ Vsc / Isc ]Zu = 75 / 18 = 4.167 Z63.61
= 1.852 + j3.733 ~ Req + jXeq

Covert to L.V side ; a = 200 / 2000 = 0.1
Req = a
2
Req = (0.1)
2
(1.852) = 0.01852 O
jXeq = a
2
jXeq = (0.1)
2
(j3.733 ) = j0.03733 O
Ip
V 200
'
Is
O 11 . 111
O 67 . 33 j
O 01852 . 0 O 03733 . 0 j
1
E
Approximation equivalent circuit referred to primary side ( L.V )
Exercise 2
4 kVA, 400 / 200 V, 50 Hz single phase transformer has the following
Test data :-
O.C Test ( L.V side ) 200 V 1A 64 W
S.C Test ( H.V side ) 15 V 10 A 80 W

Determine :-
i. Approximation equivalent circuit when referred to L.V side.
ii. Secondary load voltage ( V
L
) of full load at 0.8 lagging
power factor.
Transformer Efficiency
% 100
Re
2
2
x
Pi
Po
Rc
V
CoreLosses
q I Cu
s StrayLosse CoreLosses Cu Losses
Losses Po Pi
VsIsCos Po
=
=
=
+ + =
+ =
=
q
u
Homework
1. Calculate the values of the parameters of the transformer whose
rating is 5.5 kVA, 225 / 430 V, 50 Hz. The following test results are
available :-
O.C.T 225 V 0.86 A 86 W ( L.V. Side )
S.C.T 26 V 11.6 A 103 W ( H.V. Side )
Draw approximation equivalent circuit referred to H.V with the
value of parameters.

2. A 30 kVA, 2000 / 200 V, single phase, 50 Hz transformer has a
primary resistance of 3.5 O and reactance of 4.5 O. The secondary
resistance and reactance are 0.015 O and 0.02 O respectively. Find :-
i. Equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance referred to primary.
ii. Equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance referred to secondary.
iii. Total copper loss of the transformer.
3. A 200 / 2000 V, transformer is fed from a 200 V supply. The total winding
resistance and leakage reactance as referred to low voltage side are
0.15 O and 0.6 O respectively. The resistance representing core loss
is 450 O and magnetizing reactance is 250 O. A load of impedance
( 600 + j400 O ) is connected across the secondary terminals. Calculate:
i. Input current ii. Secondary terminal voltage
iii. Primary power factor

4. Obtain the approximate equivalent circuit of a given 200 / 2000 V single
phase 30 kVA transformer having the following test results :-
O.C.Test : 200 V 6.2 A 360 W ( on L.V Side )
S.C.Test : 75 V 18 A 600 W ( on H.V.Side )

5. The following reading were obtained on O.C and S.C tests on a
200 / 400 V, 50 Hz, single phase transformer.
O.C.Test : 200 V 0.6 A 60 W ( L.V. Side )
S.C.Test : 15 V 9 A 80 W ( H.V. Side )
Calculate the secondary voltage when delivering 4 kW at 0.8 power
factor lagging, the primary voltage being 200 V.

6. A 4 kVA, 400 / 200 V, 50 Hz single phase transformer has the
following test data :
O.C.Test: 200 V 1A 64 W ( L.V.Side )
S.C.Test : 15 V 10 A 80 W ( H.V.Side )
i. Determine approx. equivalent circuit referred to L.V. Side and
ii. Secondary load voltage on full load at 0.8 power factor lagging.
7. A 10 kVA, 2300 / 230 V, 50 Hz distribution transformer has H.V winding
resistance 3.96 O Oand leakage reactance of 15.8 O. The L.V winding
has corresponding value of 0.0396 O and 0.158 O respectively.
The transformer has a core loss of 58 W under normal operating
conditions. Find :-
i. Load terminal voltage when transformer delivers rated current at
0.8 p.f lagging to a load on L.V side, with H.V side voltage held at
rated value and compute efficiency at this load.
8. The following test results were obtained in a 250 / 500 V transformer :
O.C. Test : 250 V 1A 80 W ( L.V. Side )
S.C.Test : 20 V 12A 100 W ( H.V.Side )
Determine :-
i. The approx. equivalent circuit.
ii. The primary input voltage and efficiency when the output is 10 A at
500 V and 0.8 power factor lagging.

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11/2/2012 360 Chapter 5 Transformers 1

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