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    Practical Transformer

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    CJP TV
    Practical transformers have several characteristics that make them less than ideal: 1) They have finite resistance in their primary and secondary windings which causes power losses. 2) Not all magnetic flux is confined within the core, leading to leakage flux and inductive reactances in the windings. 3) The magnetic core has finite permeability instead of being perfectly magnetic, requiring more magnetomotive force to establish flux.

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    Practical Transformer

    Uploaded by

    CJP TV
    785 views9 pages
    Practical transformers have several characteristics that make them less than ideal: 1) They have finite resistance in their primary and secondary windings which causes power losses. 2) Not all magnetic flux is confined within the core, leading to leakage flux and inductive reactances in the windings. 3) The magnetic core has finite permeability instead of being perfectly magnetic, requiring more magnetomotive force to establish flux.

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    Practical transformers have several characteristics that make them less than ideal: 1) They have finite resistance in their primary and secondary windings which causes power losses. 2) Not all magnetic flux is confined within the core, leading to leakage flux and inductive reactances in the windings. 3) The magnetic core has finite permeability instead of being perfectly magnetic, requiring more magnetomotive force to establish flux.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    785 views9 pages

    Practical Transformer

    Uploaded by

    CJP TV
    Practical transformers have several characteristics that make them less than ideal: 1) They have finite resistance in their primary and secondary windings which causes power losses. 2) Not all magnetic flux is confined within the core, leading to leakage flux and inductive reactances in the windings. 3) The magnetic core has finite permeability instead of being perfectly magnetic, requiring more magnetomotive force to establish flux.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    Practical Transformers

    Characteristics of Practica
    l Transformer
    • The primary and secondary windings have finite resistance
    .
    • There is a leakage flux, i.e., whole of the flux is not confine
    d to the magnetic circuit.
    • The magnetic core has finite permeability, thus a considera
    ble amount of mmf is require to establish flux in the core.
    • There are losses in the transformer due to winding resistan
    ces, hysteresis and eddy currents. Therefore, the efficiency o
    f a practical transformer is less than 100 %.
    Winding Resistances
    • Since the windings consist of copper conductors, it imm
    ediately follows that both primary and secondary will have
    winding resistance. The primary resistance R₁ and secondar
    y resistance R₂ act in series with the respective windings
    as shown in the figure.

    • When current flows through the windings, there will be


    power loss as well as a loss in voltage due to IR drop. Th
    is will affect the power factor and E₁ will be less than V
    ₁ while V₂ will be less than E₂.
    Iron Losses or Core Losses
    • The core of the transformer is subjected
    to the alternating magnetic flux, hence ther
    e occurs eddy current loss and hysteresis lo
    ss in the core.

    • The hysteresis loss and eddy current loss


    together are known as iron losses or core lo
    sses. The iron losses of the transformer dep
    end upon the supply frequency, maximum flux
    density in the core, volume of the core and
    thickness of the laminations etc. In a pract
    ical transformer, the magnitude of iron loss
    es is very small.
    Magnetic Leakage or Leakage Flux
    • As the current through the primary winding produce
    s flux. The flux ϕm which links both the windings is
    the useful flux and is known as mutual flux. Although
    , a part of the flux (ϕ1) produced by the primary cu
    rrent does not link with the secondary winding. When
    load is connected across the secondary winding, a cur
    rent flows through it and produces a flux (ϕ2), whic
    h links only with the secondary winding. Thus, the fl
    uxes such as ϕ1 or ϕ2 which links only one winding
    is known as leakage flux.

    • The leakage flux paths are mainly through the air


    which has very high reluctance. Therefore, the effect
    of primary leakage flux (ϕ1) is to introduce an indu
    ctive reactance (X1) in series with the primary windi
    ng. Similarly, the secondary leakage flux (ϕ) introd
    uces an inductive reactance (X2) in series with the s
    econdary winding (see the figure).
    • However, the leakage flux in a practica
    l transformer is very small (about 5% of
    ϕm), yet it cannot be ignored. Because, t
    he leakage flux paths are through the air,
    which has very high reluctance. As a resul
    t, it requires considerable mmf.
    Finite Permeability of Core Material
    • In general, the practical transformers have a core
    made up of silicon steel, which has a specific relativ
    e permeability (μr). Hence, the core saturates at a c
    ertain value of magnetic flux density. Therefore, the
    core of a practical transformer has finite permeabilit
    y and hence possess reluctance in the path of magnetic
    flux.
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