FORMAT FOR B. Tech.

PROJECT REPORTS

Department of Computer Science,

School of Engineering & Technology,

Sharda University

PROJECT REPORT STRUCTURE

1. Preliminary Pages
This section discusses the need of having preliminary pages along with their need. Preliminary pages are Title Page, Certificate, Declaration, Acknowledgement, Table of Contents. a) In Title Page author must mention Title of the report along with name of project group, supervisor, Department, Month and Year of submission. The desired format of the Title Page is enclosed in Appendix. b) Include a certificate signed by the supervisor. c) The project report must also contain a declaration from the project group to avoid the problem of plagiarism. d) Most thesis authors put in a page of thanks, known as Acknowledgements. If any work is collaborative, one should make it quite clear who did which sections. e) Table of Contents provides the list of all headings and subheadings with page numbers. Subheadings are properly indented. It also provides list of all Tables, Figures and Symbols used in the report along with their respective page numbers. A general format is given in the Specimen Format of the report.

2. Abstract
An abstract is an abbreviated version of the project report. It should be limited to a maximum of 250 words. Abstract should have the following five pieces such as Introduction, Problem Statement, Procedure, Results and Conclusion. In writing the abstract, one should avoid the following things. 1. Any technical term that most readers do not understand should be avoided. 2. Any abbreviation or acronym that is not commonly used should be avoided. 3. Abstracts should not contain a bibliography or citations. 4. Abstracts should not contain any tables or graphs. 5. Abstracts must give only minimal reference to any earlier work. 6. Abstract should only include procedures done by the group. 7. One should not put acknowledgements in the abstract. 2.Introduction

An introduction serves two purposes: It gives readers an idea of what the rest of the writing will say. It provides a reason for readers to keep reading. The first reason is the most important. Some methods for letting readers know include: A clear and specific thesis statement (see How to Write a Thesis Statement) Providing background or history for the topic Defining a term, phrase, or concept central to the writing Providing statistics

3.Other Chapters
The exact structure in the middle chapters may vary among theses. In some reports, it is necessary to establish some theory, to describe the experimental techniques, then to report what has been done on several different problems or different stages of the problem, and then finally to present a model or a new theory based on the new work. For such a report, the chapter headings might be: Theory, Materials and Methods, {first problem}, {second problem}, {third problem}, {proposed theory/model} and then the conclusion chapter. For other reports, it might be appropriate to discuss different techniques in different chapters, rather than to have a single Materials and Methods chapter. Following are the some comments on the elements Materials and Methods, Theory, Results and Discussion which may or may not correspond to thesis chapters. 3.1 Discussion Author can start with a few sentences that summarize the most important results. The discussion section should be a brief essay in itself, addressing the following issues: 1. The major patterns in the observations that can be referred as spatial and temporal variations. 2. The relationships, trends and generalizations among the results. 3. Expectations to these patterns or generalizations, if any. 4. Likely causes (mechanisms) underlying these patterns resulting predictions. 5. Agreement or disagreement with previous work. 6. Interpretation of results in terms of background laid out in the introduction - the relationship of the present results to the original problem. 7. Implication of the present results for other unanswered problems.

8. Multiple hypotheses: There are usually several possible explanations for results. One should be careful to consider all of these rather than simply pushing the favorite one. If one can eliminate all but one, that is great, but often that is not possible with the data in hand. In that case one should give even treatment to the remaining possibilities, and try to indicate ways in which future work may lead to the discrimination. 9. Avoiding bandwagons: A special case of the above. It is suggested to avoid jumping a currently fashionable point of view unless the results really do strongly support them. 10. Things that are known or understood after reading the report. 11. Inclusion of the evidence or line of reasoning supporting each interpretation. 12. Significance of the present results. This section should be rich in references to similar work and background needed to interpret results. However, interpretation/discussion section(s) are often too long and verbose.

3.2 Conclusions and Further Work

This is the last chapter of the project report. Abstract of the report should include conclusions in very brief form, because it must also include some other material. A summary of conclusions is usually longer than the final section of the abstract, and author has the space to be more explicit and more careful with qualifications. He might find it helpful to put the conclusions in point form. This chapter should usually be reasonably short---a few pages perhaps.

3.3 Appendices
In the appendix, one should include 1. all data used in the report 2. reference data/materials not easily available 3. tables (where more than 1-2 pages) 4. calculations (where more than 1-2 pages) 5. all key articles 6. list of all additional resource materials 7. list of equipment used for an experiment or details of complicated procedures.

3.4 References

Thumb rules followed to refer some ones work are given below. 1. cite all ideas, concepts, text, data that are not own by the project group 2. if author makes a statement, he must back it up with his own data or a reference 3. all references cited in the text must be listed 4. list all references cited in the text in alphabetical 5. follow the format or citation style as discussed in Chapter 4.

TEXT PROCESSING INFORMATION

Paper, Printer, Font, Title, Margin, Spacing, Headings, Figures and Tables, Footnotes, Pagination and Paragraphs, Size of Thesis, Binding Specifications, Number of Copies It is important to note that type format of all reports should be uniform. So there is a need to follow some guidelines on typesetting and other aspects. Some of such guidelines are given below. 1. The original copy shall be typed on 75 or 80 gr./m2 white paper. All photocopies shall be run on the same grade of paper. Size of paper shall be 210 x 297 mm, i.e. A4. 2. Only Near Letter Quality or sharper Laser printer and Ink Jet printer and electrical typewriter outputs are acceptable. In case of dot matrix printers or a typewriter, black ribbon must be used and replenished as frequently as necessary to maintain clear and high contrast constant density copy throughout the report. 3. As a character font, one should use Times, Times Roman, Courier, Geneva, Helvetica or equivalent which are available in most word processors. The font size must be 12 point in the text and at least 8 point in the figures. However, if a typewriter is used, then typing must be done on an electric typewriter and with an Elite, Pica, or Letter Gothic typeface, and preferably with a carbon film ribbon to avoid a fading effect. 4. Whenever titles and headings are to be centered the centering shall be such that 112 mm. from the left edge of the paper or 98 mm. for the right edge of the paper is the center point of the title or heading. 5. Margins of pages shall conform to the following specifications. a. Left margin - 3 1/2 cm. from edge of paper. b. Right margin - 2 cm. from edge of paper. c. Top margin - 3 1/2. from edge of paper.

d. Bottom margin - 2 cm. from edge of paper. The above margins shall be observed on charts, graphs, tables, and drawings. Folded papers will not be accepted unless there is absolutely no other way for the material to be presented. 6. Spacing of the text material shall be 1.5 with the following exceptions: a. Footnotes - single spacing b. Long biographical quotes - single spacing c. Extensive quotations - single spacing and indented eight (8) spaces relative to the text material.

7. Headings used in the report shall conform to the following rules: a. Chapter Headings - CHAPTER 1,CHAPTER 2, CHAPTER 3 etc. . (1) Must begin a new page and be centered using the Font Size 18 with Bold Fold. Omit period at the end of the heading. (2) Must be typed in upper case letters. (3) Chapter headings are to be titled names that reflect content of the text that follows. (4) It should be centered and Font Size to be used is 18 with Bold Face. (5) Must be typed in upper case letters. (6) Provide 3 blank lines after the chapter name. b. Second Headings - 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, etc. (1) Must be towards left margin and be typed in capital and lower case letters; i.e., the first letter of each word except conjunctions, prepositions, and articles must be a capital letter. Omit period at the end of heading. (2) The letter designation of the heading shall be followed by a period and two blank spaces. (3) Must be three spaces below preceding text and two spaces ahead of succeeding text. (4) Font Size to be used is 14 with Bold Face. (5) In case it is found that first line of the succeeding text starts from the next page, then this heading should start from the next page using page break.

c. First sub-headings - 2.2.1, 2.2.2 , etc. (1) Must be typed on separate lines beginning at the left margin line of the text, but need not begin a new page. (2) Must be typed in capital and lower case letters except conjunctions, prepositions, and articles. (3) The number designation of the heading shall be followed by a period and two spaces. Omit period at the end of the heading. (4) Must be separated from the succeeding text by three spaces. (5) Font Size to be used is 12 with Bold Face. (6) In case it is found that first line of the succeeding text starts from the next page, then this sub-heading should start from the next page using page break. d. Second sub-headings- 2.2.1.1, 2.2.1.2 etc.. (second sub-headings should be avoided if possible) (1) Must be typed on the same line as the text it introduces beginning at the left margin line of the text. (2) Must be typed in capital and lower case letters except conjunctions, prepositions, and articles. (3) Must be followed by a period at the end of the heading and must be underscored by a line. (4) The letter designation shall be followed by a period and two spaces. (5) Font Size to be used is 12. (6) In case it is found that first line of the succeeding text starts from the next page, then this second sub-heading should start from the next page using page break. 8. Figures and Tables: Ideally, every result claimed in the text should be documented with data, usually data presented in tables or figures. The actual figures and tables should be embedded/inserted in the text, generally on the page following the page where the figure/table is first cited in the text. All figures should be numbered and cited consecutively in the text as Figure 2.1, Figure 2.2, to indicate the first and second figures in Chapter 2 respectively. Similarly it is the case with tables such as Table 3.1, Table 3.2, etc. A caption for each figure and table is to be given with proper citation about reference, data sources, etc. and by highlighting the key findings. One should include an index figure (map) showing and naming all locations discussed in the report.

Author is always encouraged to make his own figures, including cartoons, schematics or sketches that illustrate the derived processes. He should see all his figures keeping in mind that: 1. Each figure is self-explanatory. 2. Axes of figures are labeled and the units, if used, are indicated. 3. Uncertainty are shown in data with error bars. 4. If the data are fitted by a curve, its goodness of fit should be determined. 5. Junk data must be eliminated. 6. Non-data ink must be eliminated. 7. Redundant data ink must be eliminated. 8. An effort has to be made to increase data density by eliminating non-data bearing space. 9. Whether data is sparse set that could better be expressed as a table. 10. Whether the figure distorts the data in any way. 11. Whether the data are presented in context. 12. Whether its caption guides ones eye to the "take-home lesson" of the figure. Figures should be oriented vertically, in portrait mode, wherever possible. If they must be oriented horizontally, in landscape mode, so that one can read them from the right, not from the left, where the binding will be. Examples are given below.
I p tL y r n u ae H dn ae e Lyr d 1 1 2 2 . . . n 3 . . n0 2 . . . n ' 1 Ot u L y r up t a e

Figure 2.2. A typical neural network.

TABLE 9.12. Comparison Of Various Data Structures. Operation Search Delete Insert Sequential List O(log n) O(n) O(n) Linked List O(n) O(1) O(1) AVL-Tree O(log n) O(log n) O(log n)

9. Footnotes, Specially Designated Expressions and Paragraphs a. Footnotes (Footnotes should be used only if absolutely necessary): Footnote references shall be indicated in the text by an Arabic number placed superior to the of the text and immediately following the word phrase or sentence which the footnote concerns. Footnotes shall be single spaced typing. b. Specially Designated Expressions: Specially equations, formulas, etc. designated expressions usually mean

Specially designated expressions shall be centered on the page according to instruction number 6 and shall be set below the preceding text and before the succeeding text by three line spaces. 10. Pagination and Paragraphs: Each page in the report or dissertation is expected to bear a number. Only one side of the paper may be used. The following plan should be used exclusively: a. The preliminary section, including the title page; copyright page, if any; foreword, preface, or acknowledgements; table of contents; etc., should be numbered, using lower case Roman Numerals, e.g., i, ii, iii, etc. The title page counts as Page i, but the number does not appear. The sequence of the preliminary section is as follows: Title Page ........................................................Page i - number does not appear Declaration...................................................... Page ii Certificate........................................................ Page iii Acknowledgements......................................... Page iv Abstract ........................................................... Table of Contents ........................................... Page vi List of Tables.................................................. Page vii List of Figures................................................. Page viii Page v

List of Symbols .............................................. Page ix For the remainder of the report, Arabic numbers are used. Each page must be numbered. Page numbers are to be placed 2 centimeters from the top and right hand margins on the pages. All pages for illustrations, tables, appendices, bibliography, etc are included. Use of suffixes, such as 25a, 25b ... are not allowed. The numbering in the main body should begin with Page 1 and run consecutively to the last page. No punctuation, such as dash or a period, should accompany the page number. b. Paragraphs: Paragraph indentations must be uniformly eight letter spaces long. Series of paragraph items which are to be listed without headings under any of the regular headings may, for clarity be designated as follows: (A), (B), (C), No period is necessary between the parenthesis and the first sentence. Series of items listed in the interior of a paragraph may be designated as follows: (a), (b), (c). A period must not follow the parenthesis. Each item must begin with a lower case letter and must end with a semi-colon, unless it is a complete sentence. A new paragraph must not begin at the bottom of a page if there is not sufficient space for at least two lines. 11. Size of Thesis: There is no limit on the number of pages to be used in the report. But it should be complete in all respect. However it is expected that the number of pages in the report will not exceed 100 pages of typed matter reckoned from the First page of Chapter 1 to the last page of the Appendix. 12. Binding Specifications: Beside the supervisor's and personal copies, two copies of the project report should be bound in light Blue color (Matt finish) hard rexin binding with golden engraved letters. Ensure that the side face of thickness of the thesis should have the surname of the students, and month of submission at top and bottom edge respectively. 13. Number of Copies: Two hardcopies (one for supervisor, one for departmental library) along with softcopy of the thesis are to be submitted before the due date to the Department.

FORMAT OF COVER PAGE (Hard Bound)

TITLE OF PROJECT REPORT

by

Names of Students (Roll No)

Department of Computer Science & Engineering School Of Engineering & Technology SHARDA UNIVERSITY

Month, Year

(Example of Title Page)

TITLE OF THE PROJECT

by Full Name (Roll No.)

Submitted to the Department of Computer Science & Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Computer Science & Engineering

<Sharda University Logo>

School Of Engineering & Technology SHARDA UNIVERSITY

<Month, Year>

(Example)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ................................................................................................... CERTIFICATE ..................................................................................................... ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................. LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................ LIST OF SYMBOLS .............................................................................................. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ CHAPTER 1 (INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM, STATEMENT OF PROBLEM etc.).............................................................. 1.1. ................................................................................................................. 1.2. ................................................................................................................. CHAPTER 2 (OTHER MAIN HEADING) ......................................................... 3.1. .................................................................................................................. 3.2. .................................................................................................................. 3.2.1. ......................................................................................................... 3.2.2. ......................................................................................................... 3.2.2.1. ................................................................................................ 3.2.2.2. .......................................................................................... 3.3. ................................................................................................................. CHAPTER 4 (OTHER MAIN HEADING) ......................................................... 4.1. ................................................................................................................ 4.2. ................................................................................................................ CHAPTER 5 (CONCLUSIONS) ......................................................................... APPENDIX A ......................................................................................................... APPENDIX B ......................................................................................................... REFERENCES... ....................................................................................................

Page ii iii iv v vii viii ix x 1 5 8 13 15 17 19 20 21 22 23 30 36 39 40 45 47 49

(Example of Certificate)

CERTIFICATE

This

is

to

certify

that

Project

Report

entitled

..................................... ................................................................ which is submitted by .... in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree B. Tech. in Department of Computer Science & Engineering of Sharda University, is a record of the candidate own work carried out by him under my/our supervision. The matter embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Date:

Supervisor

(Example of Declaration)

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Signature Name

Roll No.

Date

(Example of Acknowledgement)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B. Tech Project undertaken during B. Tech. Final Year. We owe special debt of gratitude to Professor Gouri Sankar Mishra, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Sharda University for his constant support and guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for us. It is only his cognizant efforts that our endeavors have seen light of the day. We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Professor Pervez Ahmed,, Head, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Sharda University, for his full support and assistance during the development of the project. We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty members of the department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development of our project. Last but not the least, we acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the completion of the project.

Signature: Name :

Roll No.: Date :

Signature: Name :

Roll No.: Date :

(Example of Abstract)

ABSTRACT
The abstract is to be in fully-justified italicized text, at the top of the left-hand column as it is here, below the author information. Use the word Abstract as the title, in 12-point Times, boldface type, centered relative to the column, initially capitalized. The abstract is to be in 10-point, single-spaced type, and may be up to 3 in. (7.62 cm) long. Leave two blank lines after the abstract, then begin the main text. All manuscripts must be in English. An Abstract is required for every paper; it should succinctly summarize the reason for the work, the main findings, and the conclusions of the study. The abstract should be no longer than 250 words. Do not include artwork, tables, elaborate equations or references to other parts of the paper or to the reference listing at the end. The reason is that the Abstract should be understandable in itself to be suitable for storage in textual information retrieval systems.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

(Example)

LIST OF SYMBOLS
[x] _ _o Integer value of x. Not Equal Belongs to Euro- A Currency Optical distance Optical thickness or optical half thickness

(Example)

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AAM ICA ISC PCA ROC Active Appearance Model Independent Component Analysis Increment Sign Correlation Principal Component Analysis Receiver Operating Characteristics

(Example of References using the Numeric System)

REFERNCES
Examples of Journal Article referencing: 1. Drucker, D. C., "Photoelastic Separation of Principal Stresses by Oblique Incidence", of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 65, pp. 156-160, 1943. 2. Maiers, J., and Sherif, Y. S. , "Application of Fuzzy Set Theory," IEEE Transactions Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. SMC-15, No.1, pp. 41-48, 1985. Example of Book referencing: 3. Doe, N., Control System Principles, New York: John Wiley, 1999. Example of Referencing of an Article in a Book: 4. Hwang, C. J., "Rule-based Process Control," in E. Kumarmangalam and L. A. Zadeh (Eds.), Approximate Reasoning in Intelligent Systems, Decision and Control, pp. 145-158, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987. Example of referencing of a B. Tech. Report: 5. Nayak, T., "Application of Neural Networks to Nuclear Reactors," M.Sc. Report, U.P. Technical University, 2005. Journal on

Example of referencing of a Ph. D. Dissertation: 6. Muskn, H. L., "Development of A Knowledge-Based System for a Nuclear Power Plant," Ph.D. Dissertation, U. P. Technical University, 2003.

Example of referencing of a Conference Paper : 7. Lokhande, R., Arya, K. V., and Gupta, P., "Identification of Parameters and Restoration of Motion Blurred Images", Proceedings of the 2006 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC 2006), pp. 89-95, Dijon, France, April 2- 7, 2006. Example of referencing of a Paper presented at Conference but not Published : 8. Lokhande, R., and Gupta, P., "Identification of Parameters of Motion Images", presented at 5th International Conference on Cyber Systems, New Delhi, India, April 12- 17, 2004 Example of referencing of a Report [Technical, Internal, or Memoranda]: : 9. Das, A. R., Murthy D., and Badrinath J., A Comparison of Different Biometrics Traits, RSRE Memorandum No. 4157, RSRE Malvern, 2001.

Example of referencing of a Manual 10. Bell Telephone Laboratories Technical Staff, Transmission System for Communications, Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1995. Example of referencing of a Class Note 11. "Signal integrity and interconnects for high-speed applications," class notes for ECE 497JS, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Winter 1997. Example of referencing of a Private Communication 12. Banerjee, T., (Private Communication), 1998 Example of referencing of an Article from Internet 13. Biometrics Group, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, "Multimodal Biometrics System," December 2006, http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/biometrics.html 14. Gupta, P. ([email protected]), "Biometrics System," Usenet post to sci.electronics.design, July 4, 2007. Example of referencing of an Article from Catalog 15. Catalog No. MWM-1, Microwave Components, M. W. Microwave Corp., Brooklyn, NY Example of referencing of an Article from Application Note 16. Hewlett-Packard, Appl. Note 935, pp. 25-29. Example of referencing of an Article from Application Note 17. Kar, K. and Majumder, D., "Fuzzy Controller Component," U. S. Patent 23,160,040, December 21, 2006.

APPENDIX

FORMAT OF CD CONTAINING COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Each software developed by the Project's Group should be burnt in a CD with proper documentation. The CD should contain files containing the source code, one or more sample input and corresponding output separately. Other than these there must be another file named "READ.ME". In this ASCII text file, the following sections must be appear. Author's Identity. A file should contain the name of each project group member along with the Supervisor's name. Files in the CD. In this section, the names of the files together with their contents must be listed. Hardware Requirements. In this section, we should note down the hardware requirements along with any special type of equipments/ components such as graphics card, numeric coprocessor, mouse, RAM capacity etc. needed to run the software. Software Requirements. In this section, the operating system, the compiler, linker, and the libraries etc. necessary to compile and link the software must be listed. There is a need to obtain the necessary license from the copyright owner before one incorporates the copyrighted material file in CD.