BIKE-SHARE

OPPORTUNITIES IN NEW YORK CITY

NYC Dept. City Planning | Spring 2009

Acknowledgements and Special Thanks

The authors of this report would like to thank the following people for their assistance and time over the course of this project: Alain Ayott, Executive Vice-President, Montreal Parking Authority/Stationnement de Montral Josh Benson, NYC Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) David Bragdon, President, Portland METRO Council Caitlyn Brazill, NYC Department of Consumer Affairs (NYCDCA) William Carry, Mayors Office of Long Term Planning and Sustainability German Dector-Vega, Traffic & Highways Manager, Transit for London (TfL) Paul DeMaio, MetroBike LLC Charlie Denny, Alta Planning + Design Maria Gotsch, President and CEO, New York City Investment Fund Richard Grasso, Senior Vice President, Business Development, ClearChannel Adshel Paul Greenberg, Vice-President of Media Services, NYC & Co. Sebastien Gross, www.chezwam.org Raymond Del Porujia, City of Paris Wayne Kaylish, NYC Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications (NYDoITT) Alice Kelly, Program Manager, District DOT Donna Keren, Senior Vice President, Research & Analysis, NYC & Co. Mark Knight, Director, CityByke Karen Lee, Deputy Director, & Victoria Grimshaw, Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYCDHMH) Jenna Mandel-Ricci, Director of Special Projects & Jennifer Norton, Donna Eisenhower, Hilary Parton and Laura DiGrande, Epidemiology, NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYCDHMH) Brooke Mckenna, Coordinated Street Furniture, NYC Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) Marcia Murphy, Principal Revenue Economist, NYC Office of the Comptroller Leze Nicaj, Injury Epidemiology, NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYCDHMH) Jay Olson, Assistant Director, Office of Management and Budget (NYCOMB) Jon Orcutt, NYC Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) Neal Parikh, Mayors Office of Long Term Planning and Sustainability Frank Posillico, Deputy Director, NYC Independent Budget Office Martina Schmidt, Director SmartBike US, ClearChannel Adshel Stanley Schorr, Assistant Commissioner for Franchises, NYC Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications (NYDoITT) Jenny Schuetz, Assistant Professor of Economics, City College CUNY Eric Spitz, City of Paris Josh Squire, Bicycle System Manager, JCDecaux Emily Yuhas, Mayors Office of Long Term Planning and Sustainability

The preparation of this report (PTCP08D00.G05) was financed in part through funds from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The contents of this report reflect the views of the author, who is responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Federal Highway Administration, nor of the New York Metropolitan Transportation Council. This report does not constitute a standard, specification or regulation.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY and MAJOR FINDINGS 2. THE CASE FOR BIKE-SHARE IN NEW YORK CITY What is a Bike-Share? Poten al Benets of Bike-Share Programs Transporta on Benets Economic Benets and Job Crea on Health Benets City Image Benets and Connec ons to PlaNYC 3. CASE STUDIES Velib (Paris, France) Bicing (Barcelona, Spain) SmartBike (Washington DC, USA) Bixi (Montreal, Canada) Vl Toulouse (Toulouse, France) 4. NEW YORK CITY BICYLING CONDITIONS Current Bicycling Condi ons in New York City Safety Other Bicyclist Concerns 5. NEW YORK CITY BICYCLING DEMAND NYC Bicycling Trends Who Rides in New York? Who Uses Bike-Shares? Poten al Demand Es mates Uptake Rates (3%, 6% & 9%) Commuters Recrea onal/Errand Tourists 6. PAYING FOR A NEW YORK CITY BIKE-SHARE Poten al Financial Structures Franchise City-Built Costs of a Bike-Share Poten al Revenue Sources Membership and Use Fees Adver sing City Funds and Bonds Private, State and Federal Loans and Grants

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7. IMPLEMENTATION Bike-Sta on Placement and Size Bike-Sta on Design and Installa on Pilot Programs Program Size and Extent Phasing and Funding Fees Safety and Helmet op ons The Reduc on 8. APPENDICES A: Summary of Data Sources B: Commuter Demand Methodology C: Phasing Methodology D: Financial Assump ons E: 3rd Genera on Bike-Share Programs Worldwide F: Works Cited

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01 Execu ve Summary and Major Findings 02 The Case for Bike-Share in NYC 03 Case Studies 04 NYC Bicycling Condi ons 05 NYC Bicycling Demand 06 Paying for a NYC Bike-Share 07 Implementa on 08 Appendices

01 Execu ve Summary & Major Findings

Image: Project for Public Spaces, Inc. www.pps.org

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Bike-share programs represent a unique opportunity for the City of New York to re-envision transporta on within the urban sphere. As a transporta on system, bike-shares are ideally designed for densely populated ci es like New York. Distances between many major des na ons are small and almost 50% of New Yorks workforce lives within a reasonable bicycling distance (less than 5 miles) of their place of work. Importantly, bike-shares oer immediate transporta on solu ons as they can be built, installed and open for business in months rather than years. Bike-share programs oer op ons for economic growth and job crea on, as well as providing considerable health benets. Furthermore, a New York City bike-share program could help to further New Yorks image as an innova ve green leader. This report, Bike-Share Opportuni es in New York City, is a feasibility study designed to consider various bike-share models and assess their poten al for New York City. Analyses include a summary of exis ng bicycling condi ons in New York, es mates regarding the number of bicyclists and the number of New Yorkers who might use a bike-share program were it to be available, and a discussion of the funding mechanisms and procurement structures currently available for a bikeshare program. In addi on, back of the envelope es mates for the costs and revenues, based on a range of uptake assump ons (3%, 6% and 9%), are included. Recommenda ons for the implementa on of a New York City bike-share are also discussed, including suggested program size and phasing, pilot programs, safety, fees and the reduc on. The growth of bike-share programs in the past few years has been explosive. Typied by successful and inuen al bike-share programs like Velib in Paris (20,600 bicycles) and Bicing in Barcelona (6,000 bicycles), bike-share programs are being introduced in major ci es throughout Europe, North America and Asia. In China, the Hangzhou Public Bicycle System (10,000 bicycles) opened in May 2008 and may expand to as many as 50,000 bicycles. Washington DC opened a small program (120 bicycles) in August 2008 and has plans for expansion to 500 bicycles. Montreal will open Bixi, its bike-share program (5,000 bicycles), in the spring of 2009. London plans to unveil its bike-share program (6,000 bicycles) by 2010. Boston and Minneapolis have recently released RFPs for their bike-share programs (1,500 and 1,000 bicycles respec vely), scheduled to open in 2010. Denver, San Francisco, Chicago, Philadelphia and Phoenix are all considering bike-share programs in the near future. In New York, at least three bike-share style rental programs were successfully tested in the summer of 2008 alone, sugges ng New Yorkers strong interest in the bike-share idea. Most of the worlds bike-share programs are built and run under franchise contracts with street furniture adver sing companies. JCDecaux runs Velib in Paris, Vl Toulouse in Toulouse, and Velov in Lyon among others. ClearChannel Adshel runs SmartBike in Washington DC, as well as numerous programs throughout Scandinavia (ClearChannel Adshels agship program, Bicing, in Barcelona, is operated as a fee for services program, independent of adver sing). CEMUSA runs a small program, nbici, in Pamplona, Spain. However, revenue streams from adver sing are limited in New York due to the 2006 Coordinated Street Furniture Franchise contract which covers major adver sing surfaces such as bus stops and newsstands. This report highlights other bikeshare programs, such as Montreals Bixi program, which suggest cost savings op ons that could be used in New York to fund a bike-share within a limited adver sing or no adver sing context.

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MAJOR FINDINGS
General Findings Bike-share programs can be valuable aspects of the transporta on networks of ci es. Popula on density is an important part of a successful program. As such, a New York bike-share program should focus on medium- and high-density areas of the city. Small programs do not work. Successful bike-share programs that produce real and demonstrable transporta on, economic and health benets depend on a high concentra on of bike-sta ons and widespread program coverage. O en, nancial viability increases with larger programs. Bike-share programs are used by a wide variety of people of all ages. Commuters, recrea onal/errand riders, and tourists are the three main user groups. Most bike-share users are not compe ve cyclists. Despite seasonal weather changes, bike-share programs are used throughout the year.

NYC Condi ons Bicycling in New York is at an all me recorded high. NYCDOT counted 23,000 daily commuter bicyclists in 2008; Transporta on Alterna ves es mates 131,000 total bicycle riders daily in 2007. These numbers are expected to increase as more bike lanes are built, as trac and transit conges on worsen and as transit prices rise. New York Citys current bike lane coverage is already conducive to a successful bike-share program and the City has immediate plans to expand the bike land network. More bike lanes should be built with priority toward increasing connec vity and developing more protected lanes. Despite a drama c increase in bicycling, bicyclist injuries have declined and bicyclist fatalies have remained essen ally at over the past decade.

NYC Demand New York has a smaller percentage of bicycle commuters (0.6%) than many major American ci es but a larger total number of total bicycle commuters (15,000) according to the 2000 US Census and the American Community Survey (ACS). Local bicycle counts show signicant popula ons of bicyclists in areas not indicated by the Census or ACS. The NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygienes 2007 Community Health Survey indicates that 9% of New York City adults bicycle regularly. A large percentage of New Yorkers in the workforce live within a reasonable bicycling distance of their work. Even when bridges are accounted for, 12% of the New York City workforce currently walks or bicycles to their place work, 26% live within a 2.5 mile radius of their work and 45% live within a 5 mile radius of their work. These are all popula ons for whom bike-share commu ng might be feasible. City residents (including those who reside outside the coverage area), out-of-city com-

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muters (people who work in New York City but do not live here) and visitors to New York, are poten al bike-share program users. These users may use the program as part of their commute, for other short trips or for touring the city. This report es mates demand and revenue using a range of assump ons (3%, 6% and 9% of poten al user popula ons) about the number of people who would subscribe to a bike-share program. In Paris, Velib subscrip on rates range between 6% and 9% of the total popula on.

Funding & Procurement A New York City bike-share program could be developed either as a city-built program (with opera ons contracted out under a city services contract) or as a franchise. Membership/use fees would be an important opera ons funding source in either op on. Adver sing revenue could be another poten al revenue source but would require the program to be developed as a franchise. To maximize implementa on speed while ensuring signicant citywide coverage, this report recommends that a New York City bike-share begin as a city-built program with opera ons funding provided by membership/use fees, while franchise authoriza on is pending for program expansion. Membership/use fees are sucient to meet the opera ng costs of bike-share program that covered Manha an south of 81st St. and some parts of northwestern Brooklyn (around 10,000 bicycles). These are the parts of the city with the highest volume of trips and the largest tourist coverage. The use of adver sing would require franchise authoriza on from the City Council. The authoriza on process for a franchise contract may be lengthy. Under a franchise contract, on-bicycle adver sement and adver sements on bike sta ons could be considered. The adver sing revenues from a bike-share franchise could allow for signicant program expansion. The combined revenues from adver sing and membership/use fees would cover opera ng costs for a program that encompassed signicant parts of the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manha an and Queens. As in Paris, such a program could be a net revenue generator for the city.

Implementa on COVERAGE & DENSITY: A New York City bike-share program should focus on the citys medium- and high-density areas, dened here as more than 32,000 people/square mile. Phased expansion should be employed to cover all these areas as phasing would allow the program to generate momentum and maximize the poten al subscriber pool. Atelier Parisien dUrbanisme (APUR) planners recommended a bike-share kiosk density of approximately 28 kiosks/square mile for Paris. Transport for Londons (TfL) plans for the London bike-share program also use this density as a target. The analysis in this report is

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based o this number, while recognizing that New Yorks necessary kiosk density may vary as popula on densi es dier. FEES: Membership/use fees must stay low (below the price of transit) in order to a ract users. This report believes that a New York bike-share program could consider moderate rate increases over programs such as Velib or Bicing without reducing ridership. Price elas city for bike-share use is unknown. Revenues from tourist or day passes can be signicant; one day and weekly passes should be included in the membership op ons. PHASING: Ini al bike-share phases should begin with a city-built program of 10,000 bicycles. Such a program would incur $30-40 million in capital costs and $22 million annually in opera ons costs. Opera ons costs would be covered by membership and use fees. These phase(s) would cover Manha an south of 81st St. and parts of northwestern Brooklyn. Subsequent phases, culmina ng in a 49,000 bicycle bike-share program that would encompass signicant parts of four of the ve boroughs (81 square miles) and serve twothirds of the citys popula on (5.2 million people), should be introduced as quickly as possible under the auspices of a bike-share franchise contract. A 49,000 bicycle program would cover most areas with 32,000 people/square mile and incur approximately $200 million in capital costs and around $100 million annually in opera ons costs. Adver sing revenues, plus membership/use fees could fully oset the opera ons costs. BIKE STATION DESIGN: A bike sta on design that requires no, or minimal, excava on or installa on work and no electrical wiring is best for New York City. The use of solar arrays as a power source is highly recommended. Solar arrays are currently in use in New York City to power the citys MuniMeters. BIKE STATION PLACEMENT: Op ons for bike sta on placement include: in curbside parking lanes, on wide sidewalks, along the periphery of public spaces and parks and in underused public spaces (under viaducts, paved medians etc.). Eorts should be made to locate staons near transit and exis ng bicycle facili es. SAFETY: Data shows that increasing the number of bicyclists is one of the most reliable ways to increase bicyclist safety. At the same me, increasing the number of bike lanes through the city is important, especially for newer bicycle riders. While the self-service structure of bike-share programs makes helmet distribu on impossible as part of the program, numerous op ons, such as helmet distribu on with membership, vouchers and increased public safety campaigns can mi gate some of these safety concerns. THEFT: An intui ve, robust locking mechanism, combined with protec ons against credit card fraud can deter the in bike-share programs.

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Proposed extents of a 10,500, 30,000 and 49,000 bicycle bike-share program. NYCDCP | 9

01 Execu ve Summary and Major Findings 02 The Case for Bike-Share in NYC 03 Case Studies 04 NYC Bicycling Condi ons 05 NYC Bicycling Demand 06 Paying for a NYC Bike-Share 07 Implementa on 08 Appendices

02 The Case for Bike-Share

What is a Bike-Share? Poten al Benets of BikeShare Programs

Image: NYCDCP

Transporta on Benets Economic Benets and Job Crea on Health Benets City Image Benets and Connec ons to PlaNYC

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WHAT IS A BIKE-SHARE?
Bike-share programs are networks of public use bicycles distributed around a city for use at low cost. Bicycles can be picked up at any self-serve bike-sta on and returned to any other bikesta on, which makes bike-shares ideal for Point A to Point B transporta on. A New Yorker living on Avenue D in Manha an could, for example, ride a bike-share bicycle to Union Square, leave the bicycle there and hop on the subway without worrying about bicycle the . A New Yorker returning home to Elmhurst, Queens, could bicycle the last mile instead of wai ng for the bus or transferring trains. Designed specically to augment public transporta on oerings, bike-share programs are dened by their low cost, the high concentra on of their bike-sta ons over the program area, and their easy, 24 hour opera ons. Data from exis ng programs indicates that bike-share programs are popular. Velib, the Paris bike-share program, has an average of 75,000 rentals per day.1 Bike-shares dier from other forms of transporta on infrastructure in the speed at which programs can be implemented. In Paris, Velibs ini al 700 bike-sta ons and 10,000 bicycles were installed in less than 6 months; the program doubled in size six months later. In Montreal, Bixis solar powered bike-sta on design, which is installed in pre-fabricated modular units, will reduce implementa on mes even further. Administrators es mate that Bixi installa on me could be as short as 20 minutes per bike-sta on because excava on is not required.2 To use a bike-share bicycle, people sign up for daily, weekly or annual memberships. The memberships can be purchased online or at any bike-sta on. With their membership card in hand, users swipe their card or enter their password, select a bicycle from a bike-sta on, and go. Returning a bicycle is even easier. Users nd a bike-sta on near their des na on, roll the bicycle into an open docking sta on and are done. Most programs oer the rst hour free and provide a 15 minute grace period if there are no free docking sta ons at the users des na on. Bicycles not returned within 24 hours are considered stolen, and a set fee is automa cally charged to the users credit card. The history and evolu on of the bike-share concept is instruc ve. The rst bike-share opened in Amsterdam in 1968 but was quickly overrun by the . Many of Amsterdams White Bikes were stolen and many others found wrecked or stripped for parts in the citys canals. The program closed shortly a er its introduc on. Subsequent eorts

A Velib user selects a bicycle from a bike-sta on. Image: Marty Jerome (www.blog.wired.com)

Erlanger, Steven, A Fashion Catches On in Paris: Cheap Bicycle Rentals, The New York Times, July Phone Interviews with Alain Ayo , Execu ve Vice President, Montreal Parking Authority/Sta onnement de Montral; & July,

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in other ci es to improve bike-shares by using uniquely designed bicycles with specialized parts that had no resale value, by loca ng bicycles at bike-sta ons or by requiring a coin deposit to retrieve a bicycle similar to those used for airport luggage carts, all failed to substan ally reduce bicycle the because there was no way to track the bicycles once they le the bike terminal.3 An -the mechanisms, such as requiring subscrip ons, bike-sta ons and wireless technology, have largely limited the in modern (also known as 3rd Genera on) bike-share programs, allowing bike-shares to become viable op ons in the 21st century. Use of the bicycles is limited to subscribers, linking each bicycle hire to a users credit card. Operators use networked selfserve bike-sta ons which communicate with a central computer system and Radio Frequency Iden ca on (RFID) technology to monitor the loca on of bicycles in the system. In Barcelona, the use of these mechanisms has meant that the Bicing system has a the rate of only 3% despite a high citywide general the rate.4 Bike-share programs dier substan ally from recrea onal bicycle rentals. These dierences underscore the transportaon benets of bike-shares. Bike-staons (where bicycles can be picked up or dropped o) are located in close proximity to one another, as well as to major transit hubs and are placed in both residen al (origin) and commercial or manufacturing (des na on) neighborhoods, which makes bike-shares ideal as a commuter transporta on system. Velib bike-sta ons, for example, are located approximately every 4 blocks (300m) which allows for easy access. In contrast, bicycle rental programs typically only have a few loca ons where bicycles can be rented, and to which they must be returned, and are mostly found in major tourist areas or in parks. Bikesta ons are self-serve which allows users to access bicycles 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Bicycle rentals are staed which

A Velib bike-sta on in Paris. Bike-sta ons are integrated into the streetscape. Image: xtof (www.ickr.com)

Users select bicycles from a Bicing bike-sta on in Barcelona. All sta ons are self-serve. Image: euthman (www.ickr.com)

DeMaio, Paul and Jonathan Giord, Will Smart Bikes Succeed as Public Transporta on in the United States? Journal of Public Transporta on, Vol. , No. , , p. BikeO Project: Design Against Crime, Bicing Barcelona: ClearChannel Adshel Public Bicycle System, (h p:// www.bikeo.org/design_resource/dr_PDF/schemes_public_bicing.pdf); Accessed / / & Ajuntament de Barcelona Website, Survey of Vic miza on in Barcelona , (h p://www.bcn.es/estadis ca/angles/dades/ anuari/cap /C .htm); Accessed / /

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increases their opera ng costs and limits their opera ng hours and number of loca ons. The pricing of bike-share programs also dieren ate them from bicycle rentals. As bike-share programs are designed to enhance exis ng transit op ons, membership rates and use fees are kept low. Most bike-share programs oer the rst hour of use for free in order to encourage use and, set increasing prices ($1-$2) for each subsequent hour in order to keep bicycles constantly circula ng. Most recrea onal bicycle rentals in New York charge up to $20/hour or $95/ day. The bicycle rental program on Governors Island charged $5/half hour, well above public transporta on prices and limited to a small, isolated area. Lastly, bike-share programs dier from bicycle rentals in the characteris cs of the bicycles. Bikeshare bicycles are sturdy, heavy and designed to withstand considerable use and abuse. The average bike-share bicycle is used 10-15 mes per day and has a life expectancy of 3-5 years.5 RFID technology allows program operators to monitor bicycle loca on. The built in locking mechanism connects the bicycles directly to the bike-sta ons. Bike lights are automa cally illuminated when the bicycle is in use.6 Because they are meant for people who may not be wearing bicycling atre, bike-share bicycles are designed so that the chain, gear shi s and brake mechanisms are completely enclosed and protected from dirt or tampering. Adjustable, but not removable, seats make the bicycles easy to use. Parts are specialized reducing the tempta on for salvage or resale of parts. Bicycle rentals bicycles do not have this combina on of features.

Grasso, Richard, Senior Vice President Business Development & Mar na Schmidt, Director SmartBike US, ClearChannel Adshel, Phone Interview: April, Velib Website, Velib Press Kit, (www.velib.fr); Accessed / /

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POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF BIKE-SHARE PROGRAMS

Bike-share programs oer a number of real, tangible benets to New York City. These benets range from increased transporta on op ons for New Yorkers, out-of-city commuters and visitors, to be er health outcomes including a poten al reduc on or slowing of obesity rates. A New York bike-share program would help foster a posi ve, green image for the city which can in turn result in increased tourism and a strong business climate. The poten al to replace some personal car or taxi trips with non-pollu ng bicycle trips can help the city reach its PlaNYC goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Some reports from the European bike-share programs indicate a small, but signicant, reduc on in vehicular trac and conges on which can be a ributed to the presence of bike-share programs and increased cycling. Lyon saw a 44% increase in bicycle riding within the rst year of their Velov programs.7 Bicycle riding in Paris has increased 70% since Velib was introduced in July 2007.8 Transporta on Benets: Bike-share systems create new op ons for short trips, enhance mobility around the city and increase access to the citys exis ng transit services. In a survey of bike-share users in Paris, 89% said that Vlib allowed them to move around Paris more easily and 54% said that they traveled more in Paris with advent of the Velib program.9 New Yorks compact geography and increasingly robust bicycle infrastructure make it ideally situated to reap signicant transporta on benets from a bike-share program. Commuters in par cular may benet from bike-shares. In Paris, 61% of Velib annual pass holders use the program regularly to get to work or school.10 In Barcelona, 60% of the Bicing bike-share program subscribers used Bicing in their commute.11 In New York, most New Yorkers live and work in the same borough, sugges ng that many commu ng trips could be within bicycling range.12 Bike-share systems encourage transit use by extending the distance that people will go to reach transit, by allowing them to avoid slow buses/connector services, and by providing links between subways sta ons that otherwise do not connect. For example, over 14,000 northwest Brooklyn residents (Greenpoint, Williamsburg, Fort Greene, etc) work in northwest Queens (Long Island City, Astoria, Sunnyside). While the distance between these areas is short, insucient transit means that 42% of these commuters drive to work each day.13 In add on, for some households, the introduc on of a bike-share program may help them avoid or postpone the purchase of a car, as trips to transit or other short trips could then be made by public bicycle.
Buhrmann, Sebas an; Rupprecht Consult Forschung & Beratung GmbH; New Seamless Mobility Services: Public Bicycles. Niches Consor um & JCDecaux, CycloCity: A Revolu onary Public Transit System Accessible to All. Philadelphia Presenta on, ; (h p://bikesharephiladelphia.org/PDF% DOC/V%C %A loV_A_ REVOLUTIONARY_PUBLIC_TRANSPORT_SYSTEM_ACCESSI.pdf); Accessed / / Bremner, Charles & Marie Tourres, A year on, the cycle experiment has hit some bumps, The London Times, July, Velib Website, Now We Know You Be er; (h p://www.velib.paris.fr/les_newsle ers/ _aujourd_hui_nous_ vous_connaissons_mieux); Accessed / / ibid. Clear Channel Outdoor Website, SmartBike (h p://www.smartbike.com/); Accessed / / NYC Department of City Planning, Transporta on Division. NYC Peripheral Travel Study: Journey-to-Work Trips of NYC Workers Employed Outside Manha an. October , p. ibid.

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At the same me, bike-share systems can relieve pressure on overburdened transit lines, by allowing subway riders to bicycle to less crowded and/or more direct routes or by replacing short transit trips altogether. A survey of Velov users in Lyon found that 50% of trips made with Velov would previously have been made on transit.14 In New York, a subway commuter living on the Upper East Side and working in lower Manha an or Midtown currently walks to the Lexington Avenue subway (4/5/6), one of the most congested subway lines in the city. With a bike-share program in place, that commuter might bicycle to an express stop or choose to bypass the 4/5/6 all together and bicycle to 63rd or 59th Streets where transfers are available for the F and N/R/W trains. Similarly a bike-share system would allow a Morrisania or Mo Haven resident working at Columbia-Presbyterian, City College or Columbia University, to bicycle to the D train instead of taking a bus or the crowded 2, 5 or 6 train into Manha an and turning around to go back uptown into work. Bike-share programs, which typically can be introduced in a ma er of months, can be especially valuable as New York faces increasing subway conges on and no clear, quick answers for relief. Massive construc on costs limit development of addi onal new subway lines and restrict capacity expansion op ons such as platform extensions on exis ng lines. A recent MTA proposal to eliminate seats in rush hour trains indicates the seriousness of the problem. For anyone who has ever tried to take the crosstown bus at rush hour, a bike-share program would oer obvious advantages and could complement current NYCDOT eorts to speed up bus service. The nancial incen ves to use a bike-share program grow as the cost of driving and transit increases. In Paris, 62% of Velib users cited the program as way for them to reduce transportaon costs.15 Rising US gas prices in 2007-8 led to an increase in bicycle sales and bicycle commu ng. According to the New York Sun, many of these new cyclists are from areas not commonly associated with the Bike Belt neighborhoods such as the Upper West Side and Williamsburg in Brooklyn but are instead from Queens and other places where driving to work has long been common and aordable and where public transporta on is o en limited.16
Buhrmann, Sebas an; Rupprecht Consult Forschung & Beratung GmbH; New Seamless Mobility Services: Public Bicycles. Niches Consor um; p. Velib Website, Now We Know You Be er; (h p://www.velib.paris.fr/les_newsle ers/ _aujourd_hui_nous_ vous_connaissons_mieux); Accessed / / Phillips, Anna; High Gas Prices Cause Bike Shortages in N.Y. The New York Sun, May, NYCDCP | 15

0 at the Pump; an adver sement promo ng the benets of bicycling. Image: Mairie de Toulouse

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While it is unlikely that all of New York Citys drivers will suddenly step out of their cars and get onto a bicycle, evidence from European bike-share programs suggests bike-share programs may be linked to small, but signicant, decreases in car use and trac conges on. In Lyon, France, the 3,000 bicycle Velov bike-share system shi s 1,000 car trips to bicycle each day. 7% of Velov trips would have otherwise been made by car.17 Within the rst six months, 2 million Velov trips had been made, replacing an es mated 150,000 car trips.18 In Paris, 20% of Velib users said that they used their personal cars less since becoming members.19 Assuming bike-share bicycles replaced just 1% of all non-commercial vehicle trips in Midtown and Lower Manha an, the system could eliminate almost 9,000 car trips daily in New York City.20 Rising gas prices may further s mulate this trend. By freeing up room on the citys subways and buses, especially for short trips, a bikeshare program could encourage New Yorkers with longer commutes, who might otherwise drive, to take the train. Economic and Job Crea on Benets: Bike-share programs have proven to produce substan al revenues from fees and increased tourism and bicycle-related sales. The revenues and jobs generated by bike-share programs depend on program size. In Paris, Velib, which has 20,600 bicycles, earned over 30 million in its rst year in membership and use fees.21 Since the costs of the program are covered by the JCDecaux billboard contract, this money goes en rely to the city of Paris as revenue. Washington DC also receives all membership and use fees generated from SmartBike, although the small size of the program means that these revenues will be much lower. As ad- A bike-share redistribu on team in Barcelona. Image: ver sing revenues in New York City are likely ClearChannel Adshel to be substan al, a bike-share franchise could generate signicant revenue. The sale of one day tourist passes in par cular could be a large revenue stream. In addi on, sales of bicycle-related products such as helmets, reec ve gear and personal bicycles also tend to rise with the advent of a bike-share program, s mula ng economic growth and producing addi onal sales tax revenue. Bike-share programs are job creators and a number of programs have targeted that job crea on toward youth and at-risk popula ons. Bike-share programs require sta to maintain the bicycles,
Buhrmann, Sebas an, Rupprecht Consult Forschung & Beratung GmbH, New Seamless Mobility Services: Public Bicycles. Niches Consor um; p. ibid. p. Velib Website, Now We Know You Be er; (h p://www.velib.paris.fr/les_newsle ers/ _aujourd_hui_nous_ vous_connaissons_mieux); Accessed / / Trip es mate numbers are from the NYMTC Best Prac ces Model and from NYC & Co. es mates on leisure tourism Nadal, Luc, Bike Sharing Sweeps Paris O Its Feet, Sustainable Transport, Ins tute for Transporta on and Development Policy, Fall , Number & Erlanger, Steven, A New Fashion Catches On in Paris: Cheap Bicycle Rentals, The New York Times, July

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re-distribute them when necessary and administer and oversee the systems central computer network. In Paris, JCDecaux employs more than 400 full- me and part- me sta, with a minimum guarantee of 20 hours/week. Job types are varied as the program requires everything from mechanics and warehouse sta, to call center technicians, service sta, sector managers and supervisors who interact with the public.22 In addi on, a large New York City bike-share program could create jobs elsewhere in New York State as facili es would need to be developed to manufacture the bicycles and bike-sta ons. Health Benets: Bike-share programs, because they do not require users to own, store or maintain a personal bicycle, tend to introduce new people to bicycling and make bicycling a part of peoples lives in new ways. 96% of Velov users in the rst year had not ridden in Lyon before.23 In addi on, once they start, bike-share users tend to bicycle frequently. ClearChannel Adshel found that 45% of their membership used a bike-share bicycle more than ve mes per week.24 Thus, bike-share programs oer signicant op ons for improvements in the health and quality of life of many New Yorkers. In New York, the majority of adults do not meet the levels of physical ac vity recommended to protect health and prevent disease.25 For adults to maintain health, at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical ac vity is recommended a minimum of 5 days a week.26 Such exercise can be broken down into short me spans, as small as 10 minutes, and can easily be encouraged by a bike-share program that allowed New Yorkers to bicycle to the subway sta on instead of taking the bus. Improved health outcomes can also come with cost savings for city and state health care providers. According to a study by the California Department of Health Services, a 5% improvement in the rates of physical inac vity and healthy weight over ve years could save California more than $6 billion, while a 10% improvement could save nearly $13 billion.27 The public health benets of increased bicycling are substan al. In one Danish study provided by the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygienes (NYCDHMH) Bureau of Chronic Disease Preven on and Control, those who did not cycle to work had a 39% higher mortality rate than those who did, even a er adjus ng for other relevant factors including leisure me physical ac vity.28 Another source found that a een minute bicycle ride to and from work ve mes a week can burn the equivalent of 11 pounds of fat in a year.29

Velib Website, Velib Press Kit, (www.velib.fr); Accessed / / Holtzman, David, Bike-Sharing, Planning, May , p. Clear Channel Outdoor Website, SmartBike (h p://www.smartbike.com/); Accessed / / NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Community Health Survey New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygienes Bureau of Chronic Disease Preven on and Control & Haskell, W.L., et al., Physical ac vity and public health: updated recommenda on for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Associa on. Circula on, . ( ): p. Chenoweth, D., The economic costs of physical inac vity, obesity and overweight in California adults: health care, workers compensa on, and lost produc vity. California Department of Health Services, Public Health Ins tute, Andersen, L.B., et al., All-cause mortality associated with physical ac vity during leisure me, work, sports, and cycling to work. Arch Intern Med, . ( ): p. Bupa. Cycling and health. [cited August ]; h p://www.bupa.co.uk/health_informa on/html/healthy_ living/lifestyle/exercise/cycling/cycling_health.html

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The health benets of small amounts of bicycle use are par cularly important given rising obesity rates in the United States and the associated costs. According to one study, compared with their normal weight counterparts, obese or overweight Americans spend 36% more on health care services and 77% more on medica ons (the comparable numbers for current smokers are 21% and 28%, respec vely).30 If American obesity trends con nue rising without addi onal behavioral or medical technology changes, by 2020, up to one- h of health care expenses could be devoted to trea ng obesity consequences. In New York State, Medicaid expenditures on long term care could rise to $5.7 billion by 2016 with per capita costs increasing from $280 to as much as $350.31 Dutch studies also found correla ons between level of ac vity and worker produc vity. Workers who met recommended levels of vigorous physical ac vity (at least 20 minutes each me, three mes a week) had fewer sick days than their counterparts who did not. These workers had four fewer sick days per year on average.32 City Image Benets and Connec ons to PlaNYC: While harder to quan fy, a bike-share program could also help New York build on its image as a green leader set by the Mayors PlaNYC 2030 and s mulate overall gains in quality of life in the city. PlaNYC 2030 is one of the most comprehensive proposals ever published for any citys future. In addi on to the goals it set forth, many of which are currently in process of being implemented by the city, PlaNYC has helped to redene New York City as an innova ve, green city. A New York City bike-share program which could be implemented rela vely quickly could posi vely contribute to these eorts, par cularly in contrast to other much needed but capital intensive transporta on investments such as subway expansion. Bike-share programs around the world have meet with overwhelmingly posi ve na onal and interna onal print, internet and televised media. Coverage has appeared throughout the European press (in tourism markets that the city is cour ng) and on innumerable transporta on and travel blogs. Montreals Bixi program was featured by Time Magazine as one of its 50 Best Inven ons of 2008.33 This approba on and a en on has already had tangible posi ve image benets in Paris. In 2007, Velib won the Bri sh Guild of Tourism Writers Best Worldwide Tourism Project award.34 Similar publicity for a New York bike-share could help the city meet its goal of 50 million visitors by 2015. Lastly, as evidenced by recent NYCDOT projects like Summer Streets, New Yorkers respond posively to increased opportuni es for bicycling, which bodes well for a bike-share program. Velib has a 94% sa sfac on rate among users, many of whom credit the program with giving Paris a

RAND Health. Obesity and Disability: The Shape of Things to Come. [cited August ]; Available from: h p://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB / ibid. Proper, K., et al., Dose-response rela on between physical ac vity and sick leave. Br J Sports Med., . ( ): p. - . Time Magazine Website, Times Best Inven ons of : # Montreals Public Bike System, Time Magazine, (h p://www. me.com/ me/specials/packages/ar cle/ , , _ _ , .html); Accessed / / Bri sh Guild of Tourism Writers Website, BGTW Tourism Awards : PARIS VLIB; (h p://www.bgtw.org/ index.php?op on=com_content&task=view&id= &Itemid= ); Accessed / /

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posi ve image and drama cally increasing their ability to move about the city.35 As one review of Velib noted, when they speak of Vlibs, Parisians smile, even those like a waiter who admi ed not having ridden one.36

Velib Website, Now We Know You Be er; (h p://www.velib.paris.fr/les_newsle ers/ _aujourd_hui_nous_ vous_connaissons_mieux); Accessed / / Rayman, Eric; Finding Libert on Two Wheels; The New York Times, October,

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01 Execu ve Summary and Major Findings 02 The Case for Bike-Share in NYC 03 Case Studies 04 NYC Bicycling Condi ons 05 NYC Bicycling Demand 06 Paying for a NYC Bike-Share 07 Implementa on 08 Appendices

03 Case Studies

Image: Alexandre Genest, Biclycle Michel Dallaire and Cycle Devinci, All rights reserved 2008 (www.ickr.com)

Velib (Paris) Bicing (Barcelona) SmartBike (Washington DC) Bixi (Montreal) Vl (Toulouse)

BIKE-SHARE O N Y C

CASE STUDIES
Case studies of exis ng and proposed bike-share programs provide valuable lessons. Velib in Paris is unprecedented in terms of its scale and program scope. Bicing, in Barcelona, and Vl Toulouse in Toulouse, France demonstrate alterna ve funding op ons. SmartBike, in Washington DC, highlights the unique challenges posed by small programs. Bixi, scheduled to open in Montreal in 2009, suggests extremely important design modica ons that may reduce capital costs. The following table provides a basic comparison of these programs in terms of city popula on and size, coverage area and number of bicycles and bike-sta ons.1
BIKE-SHARE CASE STUDIES PROGRAM: OPERATOR: CITY: START DATE: CITY SIZE: PROGRAM COVERAGE: CITY POPULATION: CITY DENSITY: BICYCLES: BIKE-STATIONS: VELIB JCDecaux Paris, France July 2007 44 sq miles Whole City 2.2 million 53,000 people/ sq mile 20,600 1,451 BICING ClearChannel Adshel Barcelona, Spain March 2007 39 sq miles City Center 1.6 million 41,000 people/ sq mile 6,000 400 SMARTBIKE ClearChannel Adshel Washington DC August 2007 68 sq miles Select City Center Areas 588,000 9,000 people/sq mile 120 10 BIXI Sta onnement de Montral Montreal, Canada Spring 2009 141 sq miles City Center 1.8 million 11,500 people/ sq mile 5,000 Unknown VL JCDecaux Toulouse, France November 2007 45 sq miles City Center 435,000 9,700 people/sq mile 1,400 135

Throughout this report, Velib is used most o en for comparison. Paris and New York are both densely populated urban centers with a widely used public transit system. The workforces of both ci es are augmented by commuters, mostly using regional rail services, coming in from nearby suburbs. Tourism plays a major role in the economies of both ci es. In 2006 Paris welcomed 27 million visitors, 56% of whom came for leisure purposes.2 New York received 43.8 million visitors in 2006 and 46 million in 2007; about 75% of all visitors came for leisure purposes.3 While unique and dis nc ve, the Parisian streetscapes bear resemblance to large por ons of New York; stores, small markets, restaurants and cafes rely on foot trac and a strong pedestrian presence. Paris prior to Mayor Delano did not have a strong bike lane network, and, like New York, it did not have a signicant bicycle mode split. New York is the larger city with 8.2 million people spread over 304 square miles. The greater New York metropolitan (Tri-State) area has 19 million people over around 6,700 square miles. Paris, in contrast, has approximately 2.2 million people and covers 44 square miles. The greater Parisian metropolitan area (le-de-France) has around 12 million people over around 4,600 square miles.
Expansion planned to Velib for the winter of will add the Parisian suburbs to the coverage area and increase the program size to around , bicycles. Velib Website, Velib Press Kit, (www.velib.fr); Accessed / / NYC & Co. Website, NYC Sta s cs, (h p://nycvisit.com/content/index.cfm?pagePkey= ); Accessed / /

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Paris has a higher overall average popula on density, about 53,000 people per square mile in contrast to New Yorks average 26,000 people per square mile. However, New York Citys popula on density varies greatly. Manha ans average popula on density is 85,000 people/square mile. The popula on density of New Yorks medium- and high-density areas (Manha an, the south and southwestern Bronx, western Brooklyn and northwestern Queens) is virtually iden cal to Paris. These areas make up about a third of the citys land mass (around 113 square miles). Weather in Paris is slightly milder than New York. Average January temperatures range from a high of 44F to a low of 36F and it snows on average 4 days per winter month.4 New York in contrast has an average January high of 36F and a low of 25F.5 Summers in Paris are hot, with temperatures mostly in the upper 80s and low 90s, similar to New York.

Carr, Kelby, Paris and France Travel in January, (h p://gofrance.about.com/od/francemonthlycalendar/a/ franceinjan.htm); Accessed / / Weatherbase Website, (h p://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php ?s= &refer=&units=us); Accessed / /

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Velib bike-sta ons cover the en re city of Paris. Each dot is a bike-sta on. Image: Mairie de Paris

With 20,600 bicycles and over 1,400 bike-sta ons, Velib is the worlds largest bike-share program. Unlike any other bike-share program currently in existence, Velib covers the en re city of Paris, making it a comprehensive addi on to the Parisian transporta on network. Velib was launched in July 2007 as a joint venture between the City of Paris and SOMUPI, a JCDecaux/Publicis partnership. The program was introduced in two phases: 10,000 bicycles in July 2007 and 10,600 more in December of the same year. This rapid and large scale roll-out allowed the program to build on its own internal momentum and draw in users living or working outside of ini al coverage areas with the promise that they would soon be able to take Velib all the way home. With the addi on of the second phase, the Velib program coverage extended to the en re city of Paris. A third phase (3,300 bicycles) which will extend Velib to the inner Parisian suburbs has recently been announced.6

Velib Website, Le Vlib en pe te couronne : les travaux sont lancs!, (h p://www.velib.paris.fr/index.php/ actualites/decouvrez_velib/le_velib_en_pe te_couronne_les_travaux_sont_lances); Accessed / /

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Velib is part of Pariss Espaces Civiliss (Civilized Spaces) project, the overall greening and livability strategy introduced by Mayor Delano when he took oce in 2001. The implementa on of Espaces Civiliss has physically changed the Paris streets; reducing trac conges on, priori zing transit, pedestrians and bicycling, crea ng a robust bicycle network and introducing policies and programs to increase the presence of bicycles on Pariss streets.7 Since Velibs introduc on, Paris has seen a 70% increase in bicycle use and a 5% reduc on in car use and conges on.8 Following density standards developed and tested in Lyon with the Velov program, Velib docking sta ons can be found every few blocks throughout Approximately 1 square mile of central Paris. Each the city (approximately 28 bike-sta ons/square purple dot is a bike-sta on. Image: Mairie de Paris mile).9 Bike-sta ons range in size from around 12 docks/sta on in less highly tracked areas to up to 70 docks/sta on around major tourist attrac ons. Bike-sta on density typically increases around commercial/transit hubs, although individual bike-sta ons are o en smaller (~15-25 docks/sta on). Like all bike-share programs, Velib membership and use fees are designed to be aordable. The majority (86%) of users say that they are sa sed with the current pricing of the program.10 Annual membership costs 29 (about $40), while daily and weekly memberships, designed mostly for tourists, cost 1 and 5 respec vely. As is typical for bike-share programs, the rst 30 minutes A Velib commuter. Image: M. Fernandez of use is free and users have a 15 minute grace period if docking sta ons are not available at their des na on bike-sta on. Subsequent half-hour periods have escala ng costs to encourage short trips, as opposed to longer recrea onal rides. The second hour costs 1, the third 2. The maximum rental period is 4 hours. Velib bicycles are the responsibility of the user once removed from a bike-sta on. JCDecaux charges 150 (about $225) to the users credit card for bicycles not returned within 24 hours.11

Bennhold, Katrin. A New French Revolu ons Creed: Let Them Ride Bikes, The New York Times, July Bremner, Charles & Marie Tourres, A year on, the cycle experiment has hit some bumps; The London Times, July, APUR, Etude de Localiza on des Sta ons de Velos en Libre Service, December Velib Website, Now We Know You Be er; (h p://www.velib.paris.fr/les_newsle ers/ _aujourd_hui_nous_ vous_connaissons_mieux); Accessed / / Users who report their bicycles stolen are charged

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Structure and Finances: Pariss bike-share franchise contract is held by SOMUPI, a JCDecaux/Publicis partnership. The program is run and administered by JCDecaux. In exchange for rights to 1,628 adver sing panels on billboards and other street furniture, JCDecaux maintains and operates Velib and carried the full cost of the ini al start-up capital, around 90 million.12 Velib opera ng expenses, for 20,600 bicycles, are es mated to be 35 million.13 JCDecaux expects to generate around 50 million in revenue annually.14 The city of Paris receives all of the Velib subscrip on and use fees, es mated at 30 million annually.15 Velib is overseen by Atelier Parisien dUrbanisme (APUR), a city of Paris planning agency. Prior to Velib, Paris street furniture franchise contract, set to expire in 2010, was held by SOMUPI. In 2006, the city of Paris broke that contract, and released a new RFP which included bike-share. Ini ally, Paris envisioned a smaller program (6,000 bicycles). However, RFP responses from JCDecaux and ClearChannel Adshel (20,000 and 14,000 bicycles respec vely) encouraged the city to begin with a larger program.16 Paris re-awarded the street furniture contract to JCDecaux in February 2007. Velibs rst phase opened six months later in July 2007. Ridership and Use: First year ridership numbers highlight the immediate success of the Velib program. Velib opened its doors in July with 13,000 annual Velib subscribers ready to ride.17 By October 2007, there were 100,000 annual subscribers. 18 As of July 2008, a year a er its introduc on, Velib had sold 200,000 annual memberships. 33% of all annual subscrip on holders (~63,000 people) live in the Parisian suburbs, tes fying to Velibs power to draw commuters from outside of its coverage area.19 JCDecaux reported 27.5 million Velib trips in the rst year; an average of 75,000 trips/day.20 During the Paris transit strike in Velibs rst winter, ridership rates reached 73,000 trips/day, more than twice the typical winter ridership.21 Tourists and short term members have also ocked to the bike-share system. Within the rst six months, Velib sold 2.5 million one day passes.22 An analysis of the number of bicycles docked at bike-sta ons located around Paris shows that Velib is constantly in use.23 At an annual level, despite sporadic dips, most likely due to extreme
Nadal, Luc; Bike Sharing Sweeps Paris O Its Feet; Sustainable Transport, Ins tute for Transporta on and Development Policy; Fall , Number Spitz, Eric, City of Paris; Email Correspondence: Spring ibid. Nadal, Luc; Bike Sharing Sweeps Paris O Its Feet; Sustainable Transport, Ins tute for Transporta on and Development Policy; Fall , Number ibid. Bennhold, Katrin. A New French Revolu ons Creed: Let Them Ride Bikes, The New York Times, July Hervieux, Linda. Paris rent-a-bike program perfect for city, says advocates, New York Daily News, October Velib Website, Now We Know You Be er; (h p://www.velib.paris.fr/les_newsle ers/ _aujourd_hui_nous_ vous_connaissons_mieux); Accessed / / Erlanger, Steven, A Fashion Catches On in Paris: Cheap Bicycle Rentals, The New York Times, July . Velib Website, Strike: Velib Figures, (h p://www.velib.paris.fr/index.php/actualites/decouvrez_velib/greve_ les_chires_de_velib); Accessed / / & DeMaio, Paul; Random Velib Data, The Bike-Sharing Blog; (h p://bikesharing.blogspot.com/ / /random-velib-data.html); Accessed / / DeMaio, Paul; Random Velib Data, The Bike-Sharing Blog; (h p://bike-sharing.blogspot.com/ / / random-velib-data.html); Accessed / / Velib use data, which is a count of the number of bicycles at each bike-sta on in Paris, provides informa on

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Station #4016 3 Rue Lobav

Station #7022 3 Ave Bosquet

Station #15062 87 Rue de la Convention

Station #14005 2 Ave Rene Coty

Residential

Tourist Area

Transit Hub

Periphery Residential

City Center

Station #17115 22 Ave de la Porte de Saint Oven

Residential/Hill

Station #19024 30 Rue Botzaris

Dierent area-types have unique use pa erns. Data gathered by Sebas en Gross, h p://velib.chezwam.org/

26 | NYCDCP
5 0 0
0

60

30

50

10

15

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30

40

0 0

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20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 20 20 10 10 10 20

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10 p

6 pm

6 pm 8 pm 10 pm 12 am 2 am 4 am 6 am 8 am 10 am 12 pm 2 pm 4 pm
0 10 20 10 20 30 0 0 5 10 20 30 10 15 20 25 30 0

6 pm
6 pm 8 pm

6 pm 8 pm 10 p m 12 a m 2 am 4 am
4 am 6 am 8 am 10 a

8 pm

8 pm 10 p m 12 a m 2 am 4 am 6 am

8 pm 10 pm 12 am 2 am 4 am 6 am 8 am 10 am
10 a m 8 am 6 am

12 a

2 am

10 p m 12 a m 2 am

4 am

Daily

(August 18, 2008)

6 am

8 am 10 a m

12 p

12 pm 2 pm 4 pm
40

2 pm

8 am 10 a m 12 p m 2 pm

12 p m 2 pm 4 pm
50 60 70

m 12 p m 2 pm 4 pm

4 pm

4 pm

BIKE-SHARE O N Y C

10 0

20

30

40

50

60

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Mon da y
Mo nd ay

Mon da y
ay
Tue sd ay

Mo nd Tue s da y s da y
We dne sd

Mo nda y

Mon da y Tue s da Wed nes d

Tue s da
Tue s day s da y

y
We dne

Tues d ay
We dne Thu rsda y Frid ay

Wed

nes d

ay
Thu rsda y

W ed nesd ay ay

ay

ay
y Frid ay

Thu rsd

ay
Frid ay S at urd ay

Thurs d Frida y Satu rd ay y

Mo nd
20 0 10

Thu rsd a

Thu rsd Frid

Sat u

ay ay
rda y Sun day Mo nd

Weekly

Frid

ay
Sa t urd ay Sun da y

Satu

(August 11-18, 2008)

rda y
Sun d ay Mo nd ay
10 20 15 25 30 0 5
Sep tem
ber

Sa t u

rda y Sun d ay Mon d ay

ay
0 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Sun d

ay

Sund a Mon da y

Number of Bicycles at Velib Bike-Stations

Mon da y

ay
0

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Sep

tem b
Oc otb er

er

Sep tem

ber

Sep tem

ber Oco tber Nov emb er D ec emb er Janu ary

Sep tem ber Oco tbe r Nov emb er Dec em b er Ja n uary

Oco tber Nov e m be r Dec emb e r Janu Feb ary ruary Marc h Apri l May Jun e July Aug us t

S ep tem be Oco Nov e tber mbe Dec emb

Oco tbe r No vem ber

No vem ber

De ce
De cem ber Jan ua r y Feb r ua ry Ma rch Ap ril Ma y Jun e July Au gu st

r er J an uary

mb er

Jan u

ar y

Feb

ru a

ry

Feb ru

ary Marc h Apri l May June July Au g ust

Feb rua

ry Marc h Apri l May Jun e July Aug ust

F eb ruary Marc h Apri l May J un e July A ug u st

Annual

Ma rch

Daily, Weekly, and Annual Trends in Velib Use

Ap

ril

Ma y

(September 2007 - August 2008)

Ju n e

July

Au gu

st

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weather, Velib bicycles are in use year round. Bike-sta ons located in tourist or residen al areas show the least degree of seasonal change. On a weekly and daily level, explicit conclusions are hard to draw.24 Bike-sta ons located in central business areas (for example bike-sta on #4016 near Hotel de Ville) show very regular use pa erns. Commuters arrive on bicycles around 8am and the bike-sta on lls up steadily over the course of the morning. In contrast, at bike-sta on #14005 near Denfer-Rochereau, a major transit hub, bicycles are stocked in the early morning in an cipa on of the morning rush and almost en rely gone by 10am. Bicycles return in the late a ernoon and early evening to major transit hubs and residen al bike-sta ons (#15062). At Hotel de Ville, also a major nightlife area and a central late night transfer point, many bicycles are rented late at night. Another study indicates that 25% of all Velib trips take place between 9pm and 3am.25 The Paris Metro closes at 1am. In order to ensure the smooth running of the system, JCDecaux redistributes the bicycles throughout the day. Clustering, especially at major des na on points or at the bo oms of hills is par cularly an issue. Bike-sta ons located at the top of large hills (bike-sta on #19024 near the Bu e Chaumont) seem to need constant restocking as users rent bicycles in the morning to ride down but do not seem to ride them back up at night. The JCDecaux redistribu on eet team uses 130 motorized bicycles, 20 CNG service vans and electric cars, and a oa ng maintenance barge.26 The overall sa sfac on level with JCDecauxs redistribu on eorts is mixed. According to the London Times, JCDecaux has been unable so far to ease the problem of satura on in Paris when commuters arrive in the morning.27 Parisian Bicycle Infrastructure: While Velib is perhaps the most well known element of Espaces Civiliss, the Parisian greening and livability strategy, it is not the only part. Star ng in 2001, Paris began drama cally increasing the amount and quality of bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure, removing car parking spaces and redesigning many of the citys streets and boulevards. Paris invested 24 million to enhance the streetscape by widening sidewalks, plan ng trees and improving the bicycle network.28 These efforts paid o. From 2001 to 2006, Paris saw a 48% increase in bicycle mode split, a 20% decrease in private car use, and an 11% decrease in trucks and tour buses.29 Today in Paris, bicyclists have 230 miles (371 km) of bike lanes. Over 125 miles have been built since 2001.30 Lane quality ranges from on street marked bike lanes to shared bus-bike lanes to fully separated bike lanes. Paris has also experimented with contraow facili es which are a physically separated bike lanes with bicycle trac that travels in the opposite direc on of vehicular trac. All total, bike lanes exist on about 17% of Paris roads.
Data is collected at xed intervals. While the total number of bicycles is known, which bicycles are at a given bike-sta on is unclear. A at line can either mean that no bicycles were taken or returned (no users) or that one bicycle was rented at the same me another was returned (two users). DeMaio, Paul, Director, MetroBike LLC; Phone Interview: August Velib Website, Velib Press Kit; (www.velib.fr); Accessed / / , p. Bremner, Charles, Paris oers drivers electric cars to beat pollu on - for a small charge; The London Times, January, Nadal, Luc; Bike Sharing Sweeps Paris O Its Feet; Sustainable Transport, Ins tute for Transporta on and Development Policy; Fall , Number ibid. Bennhold, Katrin. A New French Revolu ons Creed: Let Them Ride Bikes, The New York Times, July

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The city of Paris has installed protected bike lanes on many major arteries throughout the city. Image: Mairie de Paris

While the average bike-sta on density is 28 sta ons/square mile, the number of bike-sta ons in any given area depends on density and the number of trips es mated to occur there. On the le , the density populated Gare Du Nord transit hub area. On the right, the lower density, primarily residen al neighborhood surrounding Invalides. Maps are at the same scale. 28 | NYCDCP

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Velib bike-sta ons are typically found on side streets. Image: paspog (www.ickr.com)

Bike-sta ons and Bicycles: Velib bicycles are easily dis nguishable from other bicycles on the roadway because of their grey color and unique handlebars. Developed in-house by the JCDecaux design team, the bicycles have 3 speeds. In order to deter the , they weigh about 50lb (22kg). Velib bicycles, like other 3rd Genera on bikeshare bicycles, are specially designed without exposed cables or gears, both in order to reduce the chances of riders ge ng dirty or snagged on the chain and to reduce vandalism or wear and tear on the bicycles. The bicycles have an adjustable, but not removable, cushioned seat and a mesh basket on the front so that purchases or personal items can be easily transported. Safety features include automa c lights which remain on whenever the bicycle is in use and numerous reectors. Velibs bike-sta ons are designed to blend into the surrounding streetscape. Docking sta ons are free-standing and look like small bollards. Subterranean wiring allows passersby to walk in between individual docking sta ons. This design feature makes the bikesta ons less imposing, reduces visual clu er and allows the bicycles to take up less space on the street or sidewalk. The lock on Velib bicycles is a thin metal n located on the side of the frame. To return a bicycle, users roll the bike into the docking sta on. A red light indicates that the bicycle is properly locked. Most Velib bike-sta ons are found on the sidewalks, in line with other forms of street furniture or trees. On street bike-sta ons are located in the parking lane and protected from cars with a low concrete block. Larger bike-sta ons are found under viaducts and elevated Metro lines. Bike-sta on sizes were determined by the number of trips (residenal, business/school, shopping) es mated to be made in the surrounding area. O en, in highly tracked areas, APUR placed mul ple
NYCDCP | 29

Membership passes can be purchased at bike-sta ons. Image: Mike Grenville (www.ickr.com)

The locking mechanism is a ached to the bicycle frame. Image: Richard Ying (www.ickr.com)

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smaller bike-sta ons close together, rather than just one large bike-sta on. For example, in the densely populated areas immediately adjacent to the Gare Du Nord and Gare de lEst (two major transit hubs) there are twelve small sta ons. In contrast there are fewer, but larger bike-sta ons (~60 docks/sta on) around the less densely populated areas surrounding the Eifel Tower and Invalides. Paris chose to priori ze sightlines to important monuments and so limited bike-sta ons on the citys historic boulevards such as the Avenue des Champs Elysees. As a result Velib bike-sta ons are mostly found on side streets, just o main thoroughfares or along the edges of city parks. Special a en on was also given to the pedestrian ow and access to the plazas around Paris many monuments. Bike-sta ons were placed in proximity to the plazas and monuments but not directly in them. In addi on, as Velib was envisioned as an extension of Paris transporta on networks, bike-sta on placement rules ensured that bike-sta ons were located at each of Paris

The Velib website allows users to nd a sta on (Trouver une sta on) and learn how many bicycles are available (Velos disponibles) and how many docking points are free (Points da ache disponibles.) The underlying map is a Google mash-up with the real- me bicycle and sta on informa on managed by the Velib central computer.

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Metro and RER (regional rail) sta ons. Informa on Technology: Like all other major bike-share programs, Velib uses real- me technology to help users nd bicycles and bike-sta ons. Velib bicycles are equipped with radio frequency iden ca on (RFID) tags which are read by the bike-sta ons, informing the computer which bicycles are there. As with other bike-share programs, the system is overseen by a computer system, which manages docking terminals, system ac vity, coordinates with the call center and generates reports and stas cs. The Trouver une sta on (nd a sta on) link on the Velib site takes the user to a Google map. Users can search for bike-sta ons using a loca on name, address or bike-sta on number or select a bike-sta on from the map. Informa on provided includes how many bicycles and how many docking sta ons are available. Safety: As the number of bicyclists has increasedParis has seen a 48% rise in cyclists between 2001 and 2006other road users have been forced to be more mindful and share the road.31 The number of bicycle accidents has remained stable (around 500 accidents/year) despite the drama c increase in bicyclists on the road. There were 3 Velib deaths in the rst year out of over 27.5 million rides. The city of Paris reported a 7% increase in bicycle accidents in 2007 but a 24% increase in bicycling in the city.32 In prepara on for Velib, and in response to a rise in accidents in 2006 before Velib was introduced, the city of Paris ini ated a massive public safety campaign to educate drivers, pedestrians and cyclists about the rules of the road. The campaign focused on illegal ac ons of all road usersoverly aggressive drivers, bicyclists ignoring red lights or stop signs, jaywalking, and moving vehicles encroaching on crosswalks, bus and bicycle lanesin order to remind people that most accidents occurred as a result of disregarding exis ng trac laws. Posters with provoca ve cap ons were placed on the sides of buses and ran in newspapers. Major streets were lined with named cut-outs of accident vic ms sta ng accident facts and gures. To complement these ef-

Julien, 34 years old, leaving the movies. He jaywalked. A license to drive is not a license to kill. Image: Mairie Today Paris says enough. In 2006, dangerous behavior de Paris/ DGIC/ Arnaud Terrier (www.ickr.com) caused 64 deaths and more than 7,000 injuries. Image: Mairie de Paris/ DGIC/ Bernard Pedre (www.ickr.com)

Velib Website, Velib Press Kit; (www.velib.fr); Accessed / / , p Erlanger, Steven, A New Fashion Catches On in Paris: Cheap Bicycle Rentals, The New York Times,

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forts, JCDecaux has distributed safety pamphlets to all Velib annual subscribers and conducted safety demonstra ons at Velib sta ons.33 Paris police have also ramped up enforcement of trac viola ons. The Paris police have begun a policy of issuing soccer-style Yellow Cards to bicyclists, pedestrians and drivers, who commit minor but dangerous trac viola ons.34 In 2007, police issued 7,000 moving viola ons to bicyclists, twice as many as in 2006.35 Helmet use is also an ongoing challenge as most European bicyclists do not wear them. The and Recent Challenges: Velib has seen higher than an cipated use, resul ng in a number of opera onal challenges. Paris has received complaints that redistribu on eorts are insucient and that the 400 person maintenance sta may not be large enough to support the 20,600 bicycle program. In addi on, high use rates (each bicycle is used 10-15 mes per day) mean that bicycles must be repaired more o en than ini ally expected. Recent reports indicate that the city of Paris may charge JCDecaux penal es for not maintaining the eet in a state of good repair.36 Bike-share programs s ll in development, like London, hope to limit such problems by using bicycle manufacturers who have proven track records for service bicycles. CityByke, Londons bike-share consultant and a poten al operator for the London program proposes to use the bicycle manufacturer who builds bicycles for the Royal Mail.37 The is also a larger problem than expected. As of July, 2008, 3,000 Velib bicycles (14% of the total eet) had been stolen, about twice as many as JCDecaux ini ally es mated.38 In February 2009, JCDecaux announced that 7,800 bicycles had been stolen, and suggested that the design of the locking mechanism, which may leave inexperienced users unsure of whether their bicycle is properly docked, could be at fault.39 The city of Lyon, which uses an iden cal locking system as Paris, also saw higher than ex-

Velib locking instruc ons. A green light signies that the bicycle is available. An orange light indicates that lock is engaging. A green light accompanied by a beep indicates that the bicycle is properly locked. Image: Mairie de Paris

Velib Website, Velib Press Kit; (www.velib.fr); Accessed / / , p Sta, Vandals dont spoil party as Paris bike scheme turns one; Sydney Morning Herald, July, Bremner, Charles & Marie Tourres, A year on, the cycle experiment has hit some bumps; The London Times, July, ibid. Knight, Mark, Director, CityByke; Presenta on: August Erlanger, Steven, A New Fashion Catches On in Paris: Cheap Bicycle Rentals, The New York Times, July Bremner, Charles, Paris self-service bicycles are vandalised, stolen and sold, The London Times, February, 32 | NYCDCP

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pected the rates.40 In addi on, both Lyon and Paris have high larceny rates, around 3,000 the s/100,000 residents and 6,000 the s/100,000 residents respec vely in 2007.41 In contrast, New York Citys 2003 larceny rate was around 1,500 the s/100,000 residents, and crime has decreased since then.42 However, unlike previous genera ons of bike-share programs where stolen bicycles were o en found, stripped for parts, in local trash heaps or canals, a signicant number of stolen Velib bicycles have been found intact in other ci es around world, indica ng that the publicity surrounding the Velib program may be genera ng demand from collectors.43 In addion to redesigning the locking mechanism, a higher the penalty fee could help to minimize this issue, as the 150 security deposit is s ll far lower than the price of most new bicycles.44 Overall Program Analysis: Strengths: High bike-sta on density and availability of bicycles makes Velib a viable transporta on mode. Phased roll-out generated program buzz and increased poten al subscriber pool. Paris sponsored series of road safety campaigns aimed at vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians before launching Velib. Signicant source of skilled jobs. Bike-sta on design is discreet and blends into the streetscape. Areas Needing A en on: Bicycle redistribu on may be insucient to meet demand. Rela vely low security deposit may be insucient to deter the . Unintui ve and poten ally insucient locking mechanism may also increase bicycle the . 400 person sta may not be large enough to manage 20,600 bicycle system. Opera ng and capital costs are higher than any other bike-share program.
Excava on and trenching required for installa on.

The Design Council, Bike Hire Schemes Made Secure: Designing Out Crime Case Study, (h p://www. designcouncil.org.uk/en/Case-Studies/All-Case-Studies/Designing-Out-Crime-From-bike-hire-schemes/); Accessed / / Ins tut Na onal de la Sta s ques et des tudes conomiques Website, Sta s ques Locales, (h p://www. sta s ques-locales.insee.fr/esl/accueil.asp); Accessed / / Federal Bureau of Inves ga ons, Report of Oenses Known to Law Enforcement, Bremner, Charles & Marie Tourres, A year on, the cycle experiment has hit some bumps; The London Times, July, Reports from other JCDecaux bike-share programs suggest that the replacement value of a bicycle is around .

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Bicing bike-sta ons cover central Barcelona. Red icons indicate sta ons without bicycles. Green icons indicate sta ons where bicycles are available. The base map is a Google mash-up with real me informa on provided by the Bicing Central Computer.

Program Background: Bicing, run by ClearChannel Adshel, is Barcelonas bike-share program. It was launched in March 2007, with 1,500 bicycles. Like Velib, Bicing has been far more successful than an cipated. The city an cipated 40,000 subscribers in the rst year. Instead, Bicing sold almost 100,000 annual memberships in just six months.45 To accommodate this success, Bicing has expanded twice since its incep on and now oers 6,000 bikes at 400 sta ons throughout the city.46 Bicing bike-sta ons and bicycles are located in the most densely populated areas of Barcelona. However, unlike other programs, like Velib for example, Bicing is designed almost exclusively for Barcelona residents. The program only oers annual membership subscrip ons; there is no daily or weekly pass available for visitors to purchase. Barcelonas many pre-exis ng recrea onal rental bicycle programs supply bicycles to the tourist market. Program Financing & Poli cal Climate: Bicing is directly paid for by the city of Barcelona. The contract term is 10 years. Financing is generated from Barcelonas Green Area roadside parking program surplus and subscrip on revenue.47 Adver sing is not used, par ally because JCDecaux currently holds the citys street furniScholtus, Petz; The TreeHugger Interview with Mayra Nieto, Barcelona Municipal Service: Bicing, Barcelonas Bike-Sharing System; (h p://www.treehugger.com/les/ / /the_th_intervie_ .php ); Accessed / / Grasso, Richard, Senior Vice President Business Development, & Mar na Schmidt, Director SmartBike US; ClearChannel Adshel, Phone Interview: April, ibid. 34 | NYCDCP

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ture franchise contract. The amount of money Barcelona pays ClearChannel Adshel is nego ated each year, depending on es mated opera ng costs. This funding model has allowed Barcelona to expand the program in ways that other ci es, like Washington DC, cannot. The ini al 1,500 bicycle RFP oered 2.2 million for crea on, operaon and maintenance of the program.48 In 2007, Barcelona paid Clear Channel approximately 4.5 million annually to operate and maintain 3,000 bicycles.49 Figures are not available for the current 6,000 bicycles. Bike-sta ons and Bicycles: Bicing docking sta ons are connected by a long horizontal metal pole. Bicycles lock into the dock- A user li s a bicycle from a bike-sta on. Image: ing sta on via two 15mm stainless steel prongs Raquel Morrison (www.ickr.com) located under the handle bars. Users li the bicycle out of the docking sta on when returning or checking out a bicycle. Red and green lights on the bike-sta on inform the user if the bicycle is properly locked. Once the bicycle is docked, the bicycle RFID chip is read by the bike-sta on and the Central Computer is no ed that the bicycle has been returned, ending the users session. Bike-sta on and locking mechanism design may explain Bicings low the rate (180 bicycles or 3% of the total eet in 2007).50 This rate is substanally lower than Velibs despite the fact that Barcelona has a higher general the rate than Paris, around 7,700 the s/100,000 residents.51 The connected docking sta on design creates addi onal visual uniformity but can limit pedestrian ow. At the same me, Bicing bike-sta ons require less subterranean excava on and infrastructure than systems like Velib; the ini al Bicing bike-sta ons were installed within 3 months.52 Like Velib, Bicing bike-sta ons are found both on On-street bike-sta on. Image: Miuina (www.ickr.
com) Scholtus, Petz; The TreeHugger Interview with Mayra Nieto, Barcelona Municipal Service: Bicing, Barcelonas Bike-Sharing System; (h p://www.treehugger.com/les/ / /the_th_intervie_ .php ); Accessed / / Nadal, Luc; Bike Sharing Sweeps Paris O Its Feet; Sustainable Transport, Ins tute for Transporta on and Development Policy; Fall , Number , p. BikeO Project: Design Against Crime, Bicing Barcelona: ClearChannel Adshel Public Bicycle System, (h p:// www.bikeo.org/design_resource/dr_PDF/schemes_public_bicing.pdf); Accessed / / Ajuntament de Barcelona Website, Survey of Vic miza on in Barcelona , (h p://www.bcn.es/estadis ca/ angles/dades/anuari/cap /C .htm); Accessed / / Clear Channel Outdoor Website, SmartBike; (h p://www.smartbike.com/); Accessed / / NYCDCP | 35

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the street and sidewalk. On street bike-sta ons are marked by a thick red stripe and brightly colored protec ve bollards. Bicing bicycles feature protected chain guards and res to reduce wear and tear on the bicycles and protect users. Bicing bicycles also feature a smaller, 20, front wheel to increase maneuverability, however some users report that the smaller wheel may be more prone to get stuck in potholes and increases the risk of accidents. Customer Fee Structure: Free period: First 30 minutes Each addi onal 30 minutes: 0.30 Max rental period: 2 hours Annual Subscrip on: 24 (Short term tourist passes are not available.)

The commuter focus of Bicings fee structure is apparent in bicycle hire rates. About half of all subscribers (45%) use Bicing more than ve mes each week.53 Bicing hires are signicantly lower on the weekends as short term visitors to Barcelona cannot use the program. Overall Program Analysis:
Strengths Simple bike-sta on design allows for quick installa on. Contract includes op ons to expand program to meet demand. ClearChannel Adshel programs are, on average, less expensive to build and operate than JCDecaux programs. Bike-sta on design and locking mechanism are sucient to deter the . Areas Needing A en on No weekly or daily pass available thus elimina ng tourist use/revenue. Users must physically li the bicycle in order to lock or unlock. Bike-sta on design may limit pedestrian ow. Excava on and trenching required for installa on. Limited hours; Bicycles can only be rented between 5am and midnight on weeknights. 24-hour service is only available on weekends.

Clear Channel SmartBike document, provided by Richard Grasso, Senior Vice President Business Development, / / 36 | NYCDCP

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SmartBike has 10 bike-sta ons to serve the city of Washington DC. The distance between bike-sta ons can be more than a mile. The basemap is a Google mash-up. Real me informa on about bicycle and sta on availability is provided by the SmartBike Central Computer.

Program Overview: Launched on August 13, 2008, SmartBike is the rst 3rd Genera on bike-share program in the United States and by far one of the smallest programs in opera on. A small pilot program designed to target Washingtons exis ng bicycle commuter popula on, SmartBike features 10 bikesta ons and 120 bicycles and focuses on the NorthWest quadrant of the city. The small number of bike-sta ons over a sizable land area means that SmartBike users may be required to travel more than a half mile out of their way to nd a bike-sta on with an open docking sta on if their intended des na on bike-sta on is full. Unlike Paris or Barcelona, it is dicult to stumble upon a bike-sta on by accident. Despite its small size, SmartBike has had considerable success. As of January 2009, SmartBike had 1,050 subscribers.54

The Wash Cycle Website, ClearChannel on SmartBike: Interview with Mar na Schmidt, (h p://www. thewashcycle.com/ / /smartbike.html); Accessed / /

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A ClearChannel Adshel program, SmartBike uses the same bike-sta on and bicycle model as Bicing. Program Financing & Poli cal Climate: SmartBike is part of the Washington DCs 2004 bus shelter franchise contract with ClearChannel Adshel Outdoor.55 The original bus shelter RFP called for a 50-bicycle pilot, which ClearChannel nego ated up to the current 120. The contract term is 20 years and is exclusive. Revenue is generated from adver sing panels on bus shelters, street furniture and free-standing bike-sta ons. Washington DC receives 30%35% of those revenues. In addi on, the city collects all the membership fees associated with the program. However, SmartBikes small size means that it is unlikely to draw in subscribers at the scale of Velib or Bicing. SmartBike had just over 250 subscribers when it opened.56 District DOT is currently considering plans for SmartBike expansion to 500 bicycles. The new program is expected to cost $1.8 million in capital and $800,000 annually.57 However, while the contract includes the op on of expanding On-street SmartBike bike-sta on marked by Davidson the program it would require renego a on of bollards and striping. Image: Pedal Power Pete (www. the exis ng adver sing revenue share.58 Rev- ickr.com enues from use fees and subscrip ons will be insucient to cover the cost of the expansion. Recent reports suggest that S mulus Funds may be used. Bike-sta ons and Bicycles: SmartBike bicycles and bike-sta ons are iden cal to Bicing bicycles. To date, SmartBike has reported one stolen bicycle out of its 120 bicycle eet. Washington DCs the rate is on par with Lyon, around 3,000 the s/100,000 residents.59 SmartBike bike-sta ons are almost exclusively located on Washington DCs notoriously wide sidewalks. On street bike-sta ons are protected with a ring of exible, reec ve Davidson bollards. Customer Fee Structure:
Grasso, Richard, Senior Vice President Business Development, & Mar na Schmidt, Director SmartBike US; ClearChannel Adshel, Phone Interview: April, Alice Kelly, Program Manager, District DOT; Phone interview: August ibid. August, Grasso, Richard, Senior Vice President Business Development, & Mar na Schmidt, Director SmartBike US; ClearChannel Adshel, Phone Interview: April, Federal Bureau of Inves ga ons, Report of Oenses Known to Law Enforcement,

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Annual subscrip on: $40 Short term passes are not available Deposit/Bicycle Replacement Fee: $25060

SmartBike combines the subscrip on op ons of a commuter program with the nancial incenves of a recrea onal program. For example, SmartBike does not sell short term or daily passes, the passes typically used by recrea onal users or tourists. At the same me however, SmartBike also does not charge use fees, the small addi onal charges assessed by many operators a er the rst half hour which serve as incen ves for users to return bicycles quickly and keep as many bicycles available as possible. Instead, SmartBike subscribers may check out a bicycle for up to three hours and can check out a second bicycle immediately therea er if they want more me. This three hour free period is be er suited for tourists than commuters for whom the majority of trips is around 30 minutes. General Program Overview:
Strengths Located near high trac areas and public transit. ClearChannel Adshel programs are, on average, less expensive to build and operate than JCDecaux programs. Bike-sta on design and locking mechanism seem to deter the . Areas Needing A en on A small pilot program with too few bikes to accurately judge impact. Bike-sta ons are located sporadically and too far apart. Bike-sta on design may limit pedestrian ow. Misaligned fee and membership structure (rate structure favors tourists; membership op ons favor commuters). Excava on and trenching required for installa on. Limited hours; Bicycles can only be rented between 6am and 10pm.

This could rise to which would cover the full replacement value of the bicycle but poten ally deter users. Dizikes, Cynthia; DC Rolls Out Bike-Sharing Plan to Thin Trac; LA Times; August,

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Bixis proposed extent and phasing. Phase I covers the Montreal city center.

Program Overview: Bixi, Montreals bike-share program, is scheduled to open in the spring of 2009. Bixis operator, the Sta onnement de Montral, plans to introduce 2,400 bicycles in the ini al phase and add 2,600 more bicycles by the summer of that year for a total of 5,000 bicycles.61 A 40 bike demonstra on program debuted in September 2008 to generate a buzz for the program. At this scale, Bixi will be the largest bike-share program in North America and one of the largest in the world. Bixi is intended to augment Montreals exis ng transit system and is geared toward the needs of commuter cyclists. Bixi bike-sta ons will be located every 250-300 meters throughout a 15 square km sec on of central Montreal.62 The city of Montreal has an extensive bicycle lane network with bi-direc onal cycle tracks in commercial and residen al areas. The Sta onnement de Montral is Montreals quasi-public parking authority which oversees the citys 20,000 parking spaces and municipal garages. The Sta onnement de Montral will incorporate bike-sta on op ons into its exis ng real- me wireless parking meters, as well as building
Bixi Website, (h p://bixi.ca/index.php?page_id= &lang=en); Accessed / / Alain Ayo , Execu ve Vice-President, Montreal Parking Authority; Phone Interviews: &

July,

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new payment bike-sta ons.63 At present, Montreals parking spaces are all numbered. Drivers enter the number of their parking space at a parking meter and can pay with a credit card. Parking enforcement is done via a wireless handheld device which tells parking police which parking spaces are paid for. Bike-sta ons and Bicycles: Montreals harsh winter and extreme snowfall (up to 12 feet on average) mean that Bixi will only be in service from April to November. As a result, Bixi was developed with a modular drop and go bike-sta on design.64 Docking and pay sta ons are a ached to a metal plate which is in turn bolted to the ground; no underground excava on or installa on work is necessary. Bike-sta ons will installed with a boom truck each spring and will be removed each winter or in case of roadwork or to adjust bike-sta on loca ons throughout the system. Bixi bike-sta ons can be erected or disassembled in 20 minutes, signicantly decreasing capital costs.65 Bike-sta ons can be moved easily to respond to demand or to provide mega bikesta ons for special events. Electricity is supplied to the docking sta ons and pay sta on via two 8 x 11 solar panels a ached to the pay sta on. No subterranean wiring is required. A number of energy saving techniques, such as having the pay sta on sleep when not in Tes ng out bicycles at a Bixi demo bike-sta on. use and using a black and white pay screen, will en- Image: ApollineR (www.ickr.com) sure that the electricity supplied by the solar panel will be sucient.66 In contrast to JCDecaux and Clear Channel Adshel bike-sta on designs, the front wheel of Montreals bikes roll right into the docking sta on instead of requiring the user to li up the bike or match up a locking device. Program Financing & Poli cal Climate: The Sta onnement de Montral will fund Bixi from user fees and possibly sponsorships. Operating costs for the full 5,000 bicycle program are expected to be approximately $1,200/bike/year for the dura on of the ten year contract. In the rst year, capital costs will account for 60% of the ini al budget.67
ibid. ibid. ibid. ibid. ibid.

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Bixi bike-sta on technical drawing. Image used with permission of Montreal Public Bike System. 42 | NYCDCP

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Because trenching and excava on are not required, the capital costs for Montreals modular system drop and go system are projected to be lower than other bike-share systems. Bixi es mates capital costs around $3,000/bicycle.68 Velibs capital costs are es mated at $4,400/bicycle.69 Customer Fee Structure: Annual membership: $78 Monthly membership: $28 Daily membership: $5 Free Period: First 30 minutes. Second 20 minutes is $1.50. Fourth 30 minutes is $6, and prices increase by $6/30 minutes subsequently.70

General Program Assessment:

Strengths: Modular bike-sta on design (bicycle docks are mounted on metal plate) allows for a highly exible program. Sidewalk or street excava on is not necessary and bike-sta ons can easily be relocated. Bike-sta ons are powered by solar panels. Trenching to power sources is not required. Drop and Go bike-sta on design allows for the crea on of short-term mega-bikesta ons for major events and allows program administrators to change the loca ons of bike-sta ons depending on demand. Areas Needing A en on: Modular and solar bike-sta on design has not yet been tested.

Alain Ayo , Execu ve Vice-President, Montreal Parking Authority; Phone Interview: October, Spitz, Eric, City of Paris; Email Correspondence: Spring Bixi Website, Fees and Membership; (h p://bixi.ca/index.php?page_id= &lang=en); Accessed / /

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Vl Toulouse extent. The underlying map is a Google mash-up with the real- me bicycle and bike-sta on informa on managed by the Vl Toulouse central computer.

Program Background:

Vl Toulouse, which opened in November 2007, provides 1,400 bicycles at 135 sta ons. Operated by JCDecaux, the program is scheduled to expand to 2,400 bicycles at 253 bike-sta ons by the end of 2008.71 Like Velib, Vl Toulouse was an immediate success. Within its rst year, Vl Toulouse reported 2 million trips; an average of 12,000 trips/day.72 Within the rst six months, more than 268,000 day passes and 7,000 annual subscrip ons had been sold.73
Emin, Patrick. JC Decaux wins street furniture contract for Toulouse, (h p://www.mavilleavelo.com/index. php?op on=com_content&task=view&id= &Itemid= ); Accessed / / Vl Toulouse Website, millions de loca ons, millions doccasions dtre heureux!; (h p://www.velo. toulouse.fr/actualites/actualites/ _millions_de_loca ons_ _millions_d_occasions_d_etre_heureux); Accessed / / Vl Toulouse Website, VlToulouse franchit le cap du million de loca ons!; (h p://www.velo.toulouse.fr/

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Vl Toulouse uses the same bicycle and bike-sta on model as Velib. Current coverage is focused on the center of the city, with bike-sta ons radia ng out from the core on main roads. Future expansion will extend the coverage out into the rest of the city. Program Financing & Poli cal Climate: Financing for Vl Toulouse comes from membership fees, city funds and adver sing. However, unlike other adver sing based programs, adver sing revenue for Vl Toulouse is generated from adversing panels located on the rear re mudguards of each bicycle. In rst year, the HSBC bank logo was featured on 1,000 bicycles, providing around $1M in revenue.74 JCDecaux also hold the street furniture contract in Toulouse but this is separate from the citys bike-share program contract. Bike-sta ons and Bicycles: A JCDecaux program, Vl Toulouse uses the same bicycle and bike-sta on model as Velib. Customer Fee Structure: Annual Membership: 25 Monthly: 10 7 day Pass: 5 Daily Pass: 1 Free Period: First 30 minutes
Woman consults bike-map on a Vl Toulouse bike-sta on. Image: thomascornardeau (www. ickr.com)

General Program Assessment:

Strengths: On-bicycle adver sements oer an addi onal funding source and provide extra incen ves for bicycle maintenance and upkeep Areas Needing A en on: On-bicycle adver sements could seem overly commercial Excava on and trenching required for installa on.

A Vl Toulouse bike-sta on. Image: Noodlepie (www.ickr.com)

actualites/actualites/velotoulouse_franchit_le_cap_du_million_de_loca ons); Accessed / / JCDecaux & HSBC; PRESS RELEASE: HSBC Wraps Velo Toulouse; (h p://www.hsbc.fr/ /PA_ _ _S /content/ france/about-HSBC/press-releases/pdf/ - - _cp_velos_toulouse_GB.pdf); Accessed / / & Squire, Josh, Bicycle System Manager, JCDecaux; Phone Interviews: Spring/Summer

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01 Execu ve Summary and Major Findings 02 The Case for Bike-Share in NYC 03 Case Studies 04 NYC Bicycling Condi ons 05 NYC Bicycling Demand 06 Paying for a NYC Bike-Share 07 Implementa on 08 Appendices

04 NYC Bicycling Condi ons

Image: NYCDCP

Current Condi ons Safety Other Bicyclist Concerns

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CURRENT BICYCLING CONDITIONS IN NYC

Bicycle riding in New York City is at its highest recorded level. Spurred by the construc on of bicycle facili es citywide, increased a en on from residents, poli cal leaders and city ocials, rising fuel and gas costs, as well as greater awareness on the part of the public of the costs of trafc and transit conges on, bicycles are increasingly part of New Yorks pantheon of transporta on modes. Assessing the exact number of bicyclists in New York is dicult. However, data shows that bicycle ridership has been steadily increasing in New York City for the past 3 decades. The 2000 US Census indicated that over 15,000 New Yorkers bicycle to work each day, more than any other city in the na on. The 2006 American Community Survey, conducted six years later, reported almost 20,000 bicycle commuters in New York City daily, a 33% increase. NYC Dept. Transporta ons (NYCDOT) Screenline Counts (now called the Commuter Cycling Indicator), which count all bicyclists coming into Manha an below 50th Street on a given day in the summer or early fall, recorded 22,700 bicyclists in 2008. Based par ally on the Screenline Counts, Transporta on Alterna ves, an advocacy group, puts the number of daily bicyclists in New York in 2007 at 131,000.1 The 2007 Community Health Survey found that about 9% of adult New Yorkers (543,000 people) are regular cyclists, meaning they rode a bicycle in New York City several mes a month in the last 12 months.2

Transporta on Alterna ves, (h p://transporta onalterna ves.org/); Accessed / / NYC Department of Health & Mental Hygiene, Community Health Survey (CHS). The CHS is a cross-sec onal telephone survey that samples approximately , adults aged NYC neighborhoods.

and older from

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Since they have been conducted since the early 1980s NYCDOTs Screenline Counts provide an excellent look at the rate of increase in commuter bicycling over the past two decades.3 The Screenline suggests a 3.43% average annual increase in bicyclists since the count began. Over the same period, New York Citys total popula on grew by about 0.7%. Commuter bicycling has especially accelerated in recent years. NYCDOT es mates that commuter cycling has grown by 77% between 2000 and 2007 and 35% between 2007 and 2008.4 Part of the discrepancy between Census/American NYCDOTs protected on street bike lane on 9th Avenue in Community Survey numbers and the Screenline Manha an. Image: NYCDOT Count comes presumably because the Screenline includes people who use bicycles for non-work trips, bike-messengers and delivery-people and mul -modal commuters who bicycle for only part of their commute.5 With the new citywide focus on green ini a ves and sustainability as outlined in the Mayors 2030 PlaNYC, bicycling in New York has received increased a en on. The 2030 plan calls for pursu[ing] strategies to encourage the growth of cycling across the city, and the comple on of the 900 mile Bicycle Master Plan.6 NYCDOT Commissioner Jane e Sadik-Kahn has priori zed pedestrian and bicycle safety and her agency is working to increase New Yorks bicycle mode split to 3% by 2020, up from less than 1% today.7 To further these goals, NYCDOT installed 60 miles of bike lane in 2007 alone, higher than the PlaNYC target, and another 80 miles, including protected on street bike lanes, in 2008. NYCDOT is also increasing outdoor public bicycle parking and is working with community boards and agencies including NYC Department of City Planning (NYCDCP) and the MTA to iden fy loca ons. The NYCDCP is also ini a ng policies and implemen ng projects to encourage bicycle use. In November, 2007, a NYCDCP zoning text amendment was passed by the City Council requiring one bicycle parking space for every car parking space up to 200 spaces in all commercial and community facili es zones.8 Addi onal zoning text amendments to encourage the provision of bicycle facili es are currently in progress. NYCDCP is also developing a comprehensive internet applicaon that will allow users to search and create bicycle routes, nd bicycle parking and nd bicycle tours throughout the city.
NYC DOT Website, Bicycle Counts; (h p://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/bicyclists/nycbicyclescrct.shtml); Accessed / / NYCDOT, Sustainable Streets: Strategic Plan for the New York City Department of Transporta on and Beyond. , p. & NYCDOT Website, Bicyclists: Bicycle Counts, (h p://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/ bicyclists/nycbicyclescrct.shtml); Accessed / / NYCDOT, Commuter Cycling Indicator, (h p://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/commuter_cycling_ indicator_and_data_ .pdf); Accessed / / PlaNYC, Transporta on Ini a ves, : Promote Cycling; p. , (h p://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc /html/plan/ transporta on_promote-cycling.shtml); Accessed / / New York City Department of Transporta on, Sustainable Streets: Strategic Plan for the New York City Department of Transporta on, and Beyond, April NYC Department of City Planning, Commercial and Community Facility Parking Lot Text Amendment, (h p:// www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/parking_lots/index.shtml); Accessed / / 48 | NYCDCP

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Thousands of bicyclists, runners, rollerbladers and walkers shared the streets during NYCDOTs 2008 Summer Streets pilot program. Image: NYCDCP

The prevalence of policies aimed at increasing bicycling is not unique to New York. Indeed, programs to increase urban space for bicyclists and pedestrians are taking o around the globe. In addi on to the bike-share programs, bicycle and pedestrian events, such as Ciclovia in Bogota or ParisPlage in Paris which close major car thoroughfares for specic days during the summer months, are now being tested around the US in ci es like Portland, El Paso, and most recently, New York. New Yorks Ciclovia pilot, proposed by NYCDOT, debuted in August, 2008, with renowned success. Called Summer Streets, it created a car-free bicycle and pedestrian network in Manha an from the Brooklyn Bridge to Central Park over the course of three consecu ve Saturdays. Throughout New York, civic organiza ons such as the Forum for Urban Design, Lower Manha an Development Corp. and Friends of Governors Island have proposed small, area specic, bicycle rental programs at reduced rates in order to encourage bicycling around the city.

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SAFETY
Despite this growth in cycling in the city over the past 3 decades and the increased a en on to bicycles and pedestrians on a policy level, safety while riding on New York Citys streets is one of the main concerns of New Yorks current cyclists. Percep ons about bicycle safety are likely to be the major deterrent to cycling for many would be cyclists. NYCDCPs 2006 Survey of Bicycle Needs found that trac and poor driver behavior were the 2nd most important issues for 48% of poten al bicycle commuters.9 Bicyclists face ina en ve or aggressive drivers and high trac ows. Double parking and using marked bike lanes as driving lanes are commonplace in all of the citys on street bike lanes, forcing bicyclists out into trac. As in Paris, bicyclists themselves o en fail to heed the rules of the road, increasing the risk to themselves and others. Increasing the number of separated bike laneslike the one recently installed on 9th Avenue in Manha an that provides a physical barrier between the bike lane and moving tracis one way to address these issues. But even protected greenways can be insucient without adequate adherence to and enforcement of basic trac laws. In 2006, two bicyclists were killed on the Hudson River Park protected bicycle greenway, one by a drunk driver mistaking the greenway path for a road and the second by an NYPD tow-truck failing to yield while making a turn across the bike lane.10 Bicyclist safety may be increasing. Data collected and released by NYC Dept. Health and Mental Hygiene (NYCDHMH) and NYCDOT indicate the number of serious bicyclist injuries (dened as injuries that require the bicyclist to be taken to the hospital) declined 46% from 1996 to 2003.11 While the NYCDOT/NYCDHMH report did not speculate on reasons for this decline, some possibili es present themselves including improvements in bicycle lanes and bicycle signage around the city. Data on bicyclist fatali es also points to increasing bicyclist safety although conclusions about the causes are harder to draw. Bicyclist fatalies made up 6% (255) of the total number of trac fatali es in New York City between 1996 and 2005, indica ng that bicyclists, when com- Despite increased awareness, blocked bicycle lanes are pared to other road users, are dispropor on- common throughout the city as motorists use them for ately aected by fatal transporta on-related addi onal driving and parking lanes. Image: NYCDCP crashes.12 The overwhelming majority of bicyNYC Department of City Planning, Transporta on Division, The New York City Bicycle Survey, May ; p. Confessore, Nicholas & Kate Hammer, Drunken Driver Kills Rider on Bicycle Path, Police Say; The New York Times, December New York City Depts. Of Health and Mental Hygiene, Parks and Recrea on, Transporta on, and the New York City Police Department. Bicycle Fatali es and Serious Injuries in New York City, ; p. New York City Depts. Of Health and Mental Hygiene, Parks and Recrea on, Transporta on, and the New York City Police Department. Bicycle Fatali es and Serious Injuries in New York City, ; p. ; Data comes from the NYCDOT Fatality Database and is cross-referenced with the NYPD Accident and Inves ga ons Squad

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clist fatali es involve interac ons with cars. However, there does not seem to be a general trend in deaths from year to year. Instead, bicyclist deaths reached a high in 1999 with 40 deaths and have uctuated between the low-teens and low-20s each year since then. As seen in the NYCDOT Screenline Counts, the number of bicyclists increased overall over the same me period. Findings from the NYCDOT/NYCDHMH report cannot conrm the correla on among bicyclist fatali es, number of bicycle lanes and the number of bicyclists.

Importantly, public health data and evidence from Paris collected over Velibs rst year, suggests that increased bicycle use and the presence of bike-share programs, which may bring in more inexperienced bicyclists, did not increase bicycle accidents and, in fact, may lower bicycle accident rates per cyclist. NYCDHMHs Bureau of Chronic Disease Preven on and Control found numerous public health studies that correlated increased numbers of bicyclists and pedestrians and reduced numbers of bicyclist fatali es. Data shows that heavier bike and pedestrian trac is linked to lower collision rates with automobiles, and that policies which increase the numbers of people who walk and bike appear to be eec ve for improving the safety of walkers and cyclists.13 Underscoring this data, in 2007, the city of Paris reported 24% increase in bicycling in the city but only a 7% increase in bicycle accidents. To date, there have been 3 Velib deaths out of over 30 million Velib trips.14 This rela ve increase in bicyclist safety can be par ally a ributed to increased a en on and awareness of bicyclists in Paris; drivers see more bicycles on a daily basis and thus are more aware of their presence on the street. To address these safety issues, NYCDOT and other city agencies have worked aggressively to improve street condi ons for bicyclists. In 1997, the New York City Bicycling Map, a joint project by NYCDCP, NYCDOT and NYC Dept. Parks and Recrea on (NYCParks), was released indica ng
Database. Jacobsen, P.L., Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling. Inj Prev, . ( ): p. - & Freudenberg, N., S. Galea, and D. Vlahov, eds. Ci es and the Health of the Public. ed. , Vanderbilt University Press: Nashville Erlanger, Steven, A New Fashion Catches On in Paris: Cheap Bicycle Rentals, The New York Times, July & Bremner, Charles & Marie Tourres, A year on, the cycle experiment has hit some bumps; The London Times, July,

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safe bicycle routes around the city. That map is updated yearly and over 1 million maps have been distributed. In 2007, a er ndings were released that showed that 94% of bicycle fatalies were due to human error, drivers unaware of bicyclists or failing to yield and bicyclists ignoring trac lights, the NYC Bicycle Safety Coali on, a partnership between NYCDOT, NYCDHMH, NYPD, Taxi and Limousine Commission (TLC), Transporta on Alterna ves and civic and bicycle advocacy groups, introduced the LOOK campaign educate bicyclists and drivers and address rider safety issues.15 LOOK campaign posters are featured on bus shelters, buses, phone kiosks, and taxis and distributed as postcards. Magazines and local radio sta ons will feature the campaign as well. NYCDOT has also ini ated its GET FIT-TED campaign which distributes bicycle helmets for free around the city. The helmets, designated as the Ocial New York City Bicycle Helmet, are sponsored by Target and designed by NYC and Co., New York Citys ocial tourism organiza on. To date, thou- New York Citys LOOK Campaign posters encourage bicyclists and drivers to pay a en on. Image: LOOK sands of helmets have been distributed.16
Campaign

The city has also worked to increase the amount and quality of bicycle infrastructure throughout the city. In 1997, NYCDOT and NYCDCP released the New York City Bicycle Master Plan which called for a 900 mile comprehensive network of bikeroutes throughout the city. Since then, NYCDOT has added 216 miles of bicycle lanes and on street bicycle lanes and signed routes.17 With the mandate from PlaNYC, NYCDOT plans to add 200 addional miles of on street bicycle paths and 15 miles of protected on street bicycle lanes by July 2009.18 As of January 1st, 2009, over 150 miles had been completed. A protected on street bicycle lane is in place on 8th and 9th Avenues in Manha an and has received much posi ve a en on.

Bicyclists in par cular are encouraged to wear light colored or reec ve clothing and to use lights to increase their visibility on the road. Image: LOOK Campaign

New York City Depts. Of Health and Mental Hygiene, Parks and Recrea on, Transporta on, and the New York City Police Department, PRESS RELEASE: City Announces Unprecedented City-Wide Bicycle Safety Improvements, (h p://home .nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/pr _ .pdf); Accessed / / NYCDOT Website, Bicyclists, (h p://home .nyc.gov/html/dot/html/bicyclists/ocialhelmet.shtml); Accessed / / New York City Depts. Of Health and Mental Hygiene, Parks and Recrea on, Transporta on, and the New York City Police Department. Bicycle Fatali es and Serious Injuries in New York City, p. New York City Department of Transporta on, Sustainable Streets: Strategic Plan for the New York City Department of Transporta on, and Beyond, April , p. 52 | NYCDCP

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Bicycle riders themselves also share in the responsibility for safer riding condi ons. While many bicyclists remain alert and obey the rules of the road as laid out in the New York State Drivers Manual, other bicyclists create unsafe condi ons for pedestrians, other bicyclists and drivers by riding on sidewalks, riding against trac and failing to obey trac signals.

OTHER BICYCLIST CONCERNS

The lack of secure bicycle parking at work was the most common reason why New Yorks would be bicycle commuters in the NYCDCP Bike Survey said that they did not commute via bicycle.19 While the city provides over 4,700 CITYRACKS, these are outdoor, unmonitored parking spaces, and the is o en an issue. Indoor, monitored facili es are few and far between. While bicycles are allowed on New Yorks subways, ge ng them there is a challenge; cyclists must navigate stairs and a turns le just to reach the pla orm. New Yorks subways do not have designated spaces for bicycles or bicycle hooks. MetroNorth and LIRR require bicycle permits and do not allow bicycles at peak mes. Bicycles are not allowed on any of New York Citys buses. Enhancing bicycle access over the citys major bridges may also lead to an overall increase in bicycling in New York. While there are mul ple, bicycle-friendly connec ons between lower Manhattan and Brooklyn or upper Manha an and the Bronx, there are fewer op ons between Queens and Manha an and only one connec on, the TriBorough Bridge, which is inhospitable to bicycles or pedestrians, between Queens and the Bronx. It is impossible to bicycle to Staten Island from New York, although bicycles are allowed on the Staten Island Ferry. Even the most bicycle-friendly bridges o en have long on- and o-ramps that require bicyclists to travel poten ally signicant distances out of their way. In Queens, in par cular, numerous highways and high-speed boulevards can also pose safety hazards to bicyclists.

NYC Department of City Planning, Transporta on Division, The New York City Bicycle Survey, May NYCDCP | 53

01 Execu ve Summary and Major Findings 02 The Case for Bike-Share in NYC 03 Case Studies 04 NYC Bicycling Condi ons 05 NYC Bicycling Demand 06 Paying for a NYC Bike-Share 07 Implementa on 08 Appendices

05 NYC Bicycling Demand

Image (L/R): BicyclesOnly (www.ickr.com)

NYC Bicycling Trends Who Rides in New York? Who Uses Bike-Shares? Poten al Demand Es mates

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NYC BICYCLING TRENDS

This sec on analyzes New York Citys current bicyclist trends and es mates the poten al demand for a bike-share program. In addi on to a general trend analysis of current New York City bicycle ridership, the gender, age and loca on breakdown of New York bicyclists are considered. Based on these analyses, this sec on also a empts to provide rough es mates for the number of people, New Yorkers, out-of-city commuters and tourists, who might use a bike-share program. Three uptake rates for bike-share use (3%, 6% and 9%) are considered in this sec on. The numbers generated through these assump ons cannot be used to specically determine who will use a bike-share program, rather they are indica ons of the poten al demand New York City could see if such a program were introduced. Data from the 2006 American Community Survey (ACS) indicates that bicyclists currently make up 0.6% of all New York City commuters.1 This mode-split is higher than the na onal average of 0.38% of the total na onal work force, but lower than the mode-split reported in other major American ci es such as San Francisco, Washington DC, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Philadelphia, Portland and Sea le. A number of these ci es, namely Minneapolis, Philadelphia and Portland, have recently released plans to introduce bike-share programs. NYCDOTs current bicycle infrastructure enhancements are designed to help increase New York Citys bicycling mode split to 3% by 2020, a goal set in NYCDOTs 2008 Strategic Plan.2 However, by virtue of its size, New York City leads the na on in the number of bicycle commuters. The 2000 US Census indicates that approximately 15,000 New York City residents commute to work by bicycle; this is one third again as many bicycle commuters as Los Angeles and almost twice as many as San Francisco, the ci es with the next largest bicycle commuter popula ons. While ci es like Minneapolis, Portland and San Francisco have higher bicycling mode-splits, in New York City, bicycling is used as commuter mode by signicantly more people. The percep on of bicycling as not a real opon for commu ng in New York may play a large part in New Yorks low mode split. As discussed in Chapter 4, this percep on is created by concerns about safety, driver behavior, dicul es bringing bicycles on subways
American Community Survey. In New York City where mul -modal commu ng is the norm, the US Census and ACS tend to undercount bicycle trips. Respondents are only allowed to select one primary mode of transporta on to work, thereby excluding bicyclists who might ride to the nearest bus or subway sta on or who commute by bicycle only a few days a week. New York City Department of Transporta on, Sustainable Streets: Strategic Plan for the New York City Department of Transporta on, and Beyond, April

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and trains, and bicycle the . NYCDCP data suggests that the lack of secure bicycle parking facili es at workplaces is the primary deterrent to bicycle commu ng.3 City-backed public service campaigns to encourage be er driver and bicyclist behavior may improve the image of cycling citywide. Recently proposed addi ons to the citys Zoning Resolu on to encourage bicycle parking in the workplace may, if passed by the City Council, also increase bicycle commu ng.

In addi on, as other ci es have seen, building bike lanes tends to encourage cycling. The city of Paris, not known for bicycling prior to Mayor Delano, saw a 48% increase in cycling between 2001 and 2006 as the city built more bike lanes.4 NYCDOTs current eorts to increase the number of bicycle lanes and bicycle parking facili es around the city may also spur bicycle use. Between 2000 and 2007, NYCDOT built over 200 miles of bike lanes and saw commuter cycling grow by 77%.5 Lastly, as New Yorks popula on increases, conges on on exis ng transporta on modes worsens, and the price of transit rises, bicycling within the city has the poten al to grow and gain credence as a viable commuter op on. Recent economic reports suggest that higher fuel costs have demonstrable eects on American travel pa erns and commuter behavior, including increasing bicycle use across the country. Higher gas prices may also be causing public transit use to increase. In June 2008, the American Public Transporta on Associa on reported that public transit ridership for the rst quarter of 2008 had increased 3.3%, at the same me as a 2.3% decrease in vehicle

Moynihan, Colin, For City Commuters, Same Old Story for Another Vehicle: Parking Is Scarce; The New York Times, July Velib Website, PRESS RELEASE: Thousands of self-service bicycles real freedom! Bicycles everywhere for everybody!, p. New York City Department of Transporta on, Sustainable Streets: Strategic Plan for the New York City Department of Transporta on, and Beyond, April , p.

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miles traveled na onally reported by the Federal Highway Administra on.6 In New York City, the Comptrollers Oce reported that January-October. 2007 subway, MetroNorth and LIRR ridership had increased by 4.5%, 4.2% and 5.3% respec vely, over the same me period in 2006.7 A 2008 report by David Rosenberg, Chief North American economist for Merrill Lynch, indicated that rising fuel costs have caused bicycle sales in the United States to rise 5% in 2008 in contrast to an 11% decrease in car sales over the same me period.8 On Long Island, bike shop owners have reported a 10-20% increase in bicycle sales as compared to the year before.9 Sales of Long Island Railroad bicycle passes are also increasing. In May 2006, LIRR sold 1,451 bike passes. In May 2008, LIRR sold 1,725, an 8.5% increase.10

American Public Transporta on Associa on (APTA), Public Transit Ridership Con nues To Grow In First Quarter , (h p://www.apta.com/media/releases/ _ridership_report.cfm); Accessed / / Thompson, William, NYC Comptroller, Economic Notes; Oce of the New York City Comptroller, Vol. XVI, No. , February Wilcox, Daniel; Driving Out, Bicycling to Work is In, New York Daily News, June, Teigman, Danny, Concern over gas prices sees more LIers turn to bikes, Newsday.com (newsday.com/business/ local/gasprices/ny-bzcov jul , , .story); July, ibid.

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WHO RIDES IN NEW YORK?

Data from the 2000 US Census, the 2006 ACS, bicycle feasibility assessments conducted by other ci es and usage data from the Paris and Barcelona bike-share programs indicate that bicycle ridership and poten al bike-share use may be impacted by demographics such as: Gender Age Loca on

Other demographic informa on, such as race/ethnicity, income and educa onal status may also impact bicycle use but the data available does not allow this report to explore these factors in a meaningful fashion. Gender: Bicycling is typically a male dominated ac vity and in New York City this is especially the case. Men made up 65% of the total cyclists counted in NYCDCPs 2007 fall bicycle counts, conducted at 14 loca ons throughout Manha an. This gender disparity is higher than gender dispari es found in bicyclist surveys conducted in other ci es like Toronto and Paris. In 2000, men made up 56% of all Toronto cyclists.11 In 2005, men made up 59% of all Parisian cyclists.12 The gender disparity among New York City cyclists is even more pronounced when the type of bike lane is considered. In 2007, men made up 85% of bicycle riders on on street bikelanes. The number of women in on street lanes has been slowly increasing since 2000 (in 2000, women made up 12% of the riders counted on street vs. 15% in 2007). Counts conducted on Manha ans greenways, which are used mostly by commuters and recrea onal riders, instead of messengers or delivery people, may reect the gender split more accurately. Weekend ridership along Manha ans greenways, which is probably most applicable to recrea onal bicycling, shows much less of a disparity between men and women riders. In 2007, women made up 42% of weekend greenway ridership. In general, the gender dispari es in bicycle ridership may underscore the need for more protected on street bike lanes similar to the greenways or the 9th Avenue protected lane recently built by NYCDOT.

Decima Research, Inc., City of Toronto Cycling Study, February Velib Website, Velib Press Kit; (www.velib.fr); Accessed / /

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Age: Survey data collected in New York, Toronto, Paris and other ci es indicates that bicycling is not only for the 20-somethings. The 2006 Bicycle Needs Poll conducted online by the NYCDCP found that while the majority (61%) of New York bicyclists were in their 20s and 30s, people in their 40s and 50s s ll made up almost one third (32%) of the respondents. These numbers are similar to more rigorously conducted bicyclist surveys in places like Toronto which found that 58% of all Toronto bicyclists are over the age of 35.13 Data collected on Velib users in Paris shows similar trends. More than one third (38%) of Velib users are over the age of 36.14 Half (51%) of Parisian bicyclists before Velib were between the ages of 30 and 50.15 Both the Toronto and New York City bicycling surveys found a limited number of younger bicyclists. In New York, bicyclists under the age of 21 made up 3% of the total survey respondents but approximately 30% of the total popula on. In 2007, only about 2% of public high school students in New York City biked to school or biked to public transportaon to get to school.16 The majority of student trips are short enough to be completed by bicycle; 73% of students walk to school or walk to public transporta on to get to school.17 In Paris, riders between the ages of 16 and 25 make up a li le less than one quarter (23%) of Velib users.18 At the other end of the spectrum, both studies also found a small number of older bicyclists. In New York City, bicyclists ages 62 and older made up 4% of the total survey respondents but 14% of the total popula on.

Decima Research, Inc., City of Toronto Cycling Study, February Velib Website, Now We Know You Be er; (h p://www.velib.paris.fr/les_newsle ers/ _aujourd_hui_nous_ vous_connaissons_mieux); Accessed / / Velib Website, Velib Press Kit; (www.velib.fr); Accessed / / ; p. New York City Departments of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) and Educa on (DOE): New York City Youth Risk Behavior Survey, ; data requested from DOHMH Bureau of Epidemiology Services, August ibid. Velib Website, Now We Know You Be er; (h p://www.velib.paris.fr/les_newsle ers/ _aujourd_hui_nous_ vous_connaissons_mieux); Accessed / /

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Loca on: According to the 2006 ACS, the number of bicycle commuters in New York varies by loca on, with the highest bicycle commuter mode-splits concentrated in Manha an and Brooklyn. Other data sources, such as NYCDHMHs Community Health Survey (CHS), which consider all bicyclists, not just commuters, suggest however that bicycle use is consistent across the boroughs, except Staten Island, and signicantly higher than commuter counts depict. 2006 ACS data indicates that 0.6% of all New York workers currently commute to work by bicycle and that that the number of bicycle commuters in Manha an and Brooklyn is higher than the citywide average, 1% and 0.65% respec vely. Bicycle commu ng rates are lower than the average in the Bronx (0.16%) and Queens (0.35%). The total number of Staten Island bicycle commuters (97) reported in the 2006 ACS is smaller than the margin of error and thus not included. When analyzed geographically at the Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA) level, the 2006 ACS shows that current bicycle commu ng in New York City is concentrated on the west side of Manha an south of 110th street, East Harlem, the Lower East Side, parts of Brooklyn (Greenpoint, Williamsburg, Bedford-Stuyvesant, Downtown Brooklyn, Park Slope, Carroll Gardens, Red Hook), Sunset and Borough Parks, Gravesend, and select por ons of the Bronx (Woodlawn/Eastchester) and Queens (Corona, Elmhurst). All of these areas currently have bicycle commu ng rates that are above the citywide average. Most of the Manha an and Brooklyn rates are approaching NYCDOTs goal of 3% bicycling mode split by 2020.19

With some excep ons, areas indicated by the ACS as having high rates of bicycle commu ng correspond to areas with a highly connec ve bike lane network (i.e. prominent greenways and bike lanes that go both east/west and north/south). These factors are probably mutually reinforcing. For a bike-share program, the presence of connec ve bike lanes may be important as poten al bike-share users who do not currently bicycle may feel more comfortable riding on bike lanes. The inclusion of non-commuter bicyclist data suggests that bicycling in New York City is far more common than otherwise thought and that there are signicant bicycling popula ons in at least
New York City Department of Transporta on, Sustainable Streets: Strategic Plan for the New York City Department of Transporta on, and Beyond, April

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Rates of bicycle commu ng vary throughout the city, with the most bicycle commuters living in Manha an and northwest Brooklyn. Data from the 2000 US Census.

New Yorks bike lane network also extends throughout the city and is the most robust in Manha an and Brooklyn.

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four of the ve boroughs. NYCDHMHs 2007 CHS, found that about 9% of adult New Yorkers (543,000 people) are regular cyclists, meaning they rode a bicycle in New York City several mes a month in the last 12 months.20

CHS data is underscored by other locally conducted bicycle counts and analyses. The Census and ACS surveys do not count mul -modal commutes; this may result in signicant undercoun ng of bicycle commuters in New York. For example, a 2008 NYCDCP study of bicycle parking op ons at New York City subway sta ons found signicant numbers of bicycles parked around subway staons in Queens, especially around Astoria, Queens Plaza, Jackson Heights and Flushing. These are areas that do not show up as bicycling hot spots in the Census or ACS. New York Metropolitan Transporta on Council (NYMTC) Bicycle Data Collec on Program counts, conducted from 2002 to 2005, also provide interes ng data on bicycle usage in the city. Unlike NYCDOT and NYCDCP annual counts, the NYMTC counts are conducted in all ve boroughs. These counts found signicant numbers of bicyclists at all 226 coun ng loca ons throughout the city. Manha an and greenway coun ng loca ons recorded up to 2,000 bicyclists daily per loca on. Coun ng loca ons on street and in the other four boroughs typically recorded 300-600 bicyclists daily per loca on.21 Unclear criteria for selec ng coun ng loca ons and the fact that most locaons were only surveyed once over the course of the project makes these counts dicult to use for anything more than anecdotal evidence.

NYC Department of Health & Mental Hygiene, Community Health Survey (CHS). The CHS is a crosssec onal telephone survey that samples approximately , adults aged and older from NYC neighborhoods. NYMTC, NYMTC Bicycle Data Collec on Program, (h p://www.nymtc.org/project/NYMTC_Bicycle_Data_ Collec on_Program/www_html/intro_sum.htm); Accessed / /

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Data collected by NYCDCP Transporta on Division suggests a high degree of bicycle use in areas not indicated by the Census. These may be mul -modal bicycle commuters who bicycle to the subway or bus. 64 | NYCDCP

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NYMTC one-day bicycle counts also nd higher than expected numbers of bicyclists in areas where the Census shows li le bicycle commu ng ac vity. NYCDCP | 65

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WHO USES BIKE-SHARES?

Data from the major European bike-share programs (Velib, Bicing, Velov), indicate that bikeshare programs typically have three main user groups: Commuters Recrea onal/Errand Riders Tourists

In Paris, 61% of the 190,000 people who have purchased Velibs annual membership are commuters who use Velib in order to get to work or school. About 84% of these users typically use Velib in conjunc on with other modes of transporta on.22 Commuter ridership is not conned to the ci es alone. In Paris, 33% of all annual subscrip on holders (62,700 people) live in the Parisian suburbs.23 By and large, these riders use commuter rail services to get into Paris and then complete their journeys by bicycle. Tourist and short term demand is also signicant. In Lyon, approximately 40% of all trips are made by weekly pass holders.24 Within the rst six months of opera on, Velib sold 2.5 million one day passes.25 Bike-share user groups each have their own dis nct bicycle use pa erns. For example, commuters and recrea onal/errand users are most likely to want monthly or annual membership structures, whereas tourists will mostly want daily or weekly op ons. Commuters are more likely to use bicycles in the morning or evening, during typical rush hour peaks, whereas recrea onal/ errand users and tourists make up the bulk of the users during the rest of the day. User groups are not mutually exclusive. A person who uses Velib to get to work may also use Velib at lunch me to run an errand. Night trips, presumably made mostly by recrea onal users, are also very common. In Paris where the Metro stops running at 1am, 25% of all trips take place between the hours of 9pm and 3am.26 New York City might also see signicant numbers of trips during o hours when subway and bus service is reduced. The type of user also aects the rate of bicycle turnover. For example, data gathered from Velib thus far shows that majority of annual members are commuters and that the average trip is 20 minutes.27 This indicates rapid bicycle turnover as commuters reach their place of work or transfer point. In contrast, tourists are more likely to rent bicycles for longer me spans in order to see
Velib Website, Now We Know You Be er; (h p://www.velib.paris.fr/les_newsle ers/ _aujourd_hui_nous_ vous_connaissons_mieux); Accessed / / ibid. JCDecaux, CycloCity: A Revolu onary Public Transit System Accessible to All; Philadelphia Presenta on, ; (h p://bikesharephiladelphia.org/PDF% DOC/V%C %A loV_A_REVOLUTIONARY_PUBLIC_TRANSPORT_SYSTEM_ ACCESSI.pdf); Accessed / / DeMaio, Paul; Random Velib Data, The Bike-Sharing Blog; (h p://bike-sharing.blogspot.com/ / / random-velib-data.html); Accessed / / & Bremner, Charles, Paris oers drivers electric cars to beat pollu on for a small charge; The London Times, January, DeMaio, Paul; Random Velib Data, The Bike-Sharing Blog; (h p://bike-sharing.blogspot.com/ / / random-velib-data.html); Accessed / / ibid.

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mul ple sites. It is likely that a bike-share program in New York would see similar pa erns since 2000 US Census data shows that most New York City bicycle commuters (85%) currently travel less than 30 minutes in order to get to work. Price sensi vity may also be inuenced by user group. For commuters and other habitual users, the nancial draw of a bike-share program is that it costs the same or less than other transportaon modes while allowing them to get closer to their nal des na ons without delays or transfers. Thus, for commuters and errand users, pricing structures, such as the free ini al 30 minutes system that the European programs use, may be signicant incen ves to bicycle use. In contrast, recrea onal users and tourists, who currently pay up to $99/day for bicycle rentals in New York may be less price sensi ve, and may keep a given bike-share bicycle for mul ple hours regardless of price.

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POTENTIAL DEMAND ESTIMATES

Using the user group pa erns of successful bike-share programs around the globe as a guide, this report es mates the number of people in each poten al user categorycommuter, recrea onal/ errand and touristin New York City. A range of uptake rates (the propor on of any given popula on who can be expected to use a bike-share program) is employed to develop demand es mates for a New York City bike-share program. For more nuanced analysis, these es mates should rened by considering current proles of typical New York City cyclists. Uptake Rates (3%, 6% & 9%): Uptake rates vary by user group and by city. It may be dicult to assume the uptake rate for New York as is seen in ci es elsewhere. Cultural or city character dierences such as prevalence of cars or willingness to bicycle, and nancial dierences such as the price elas city for bicycle use or the percent of income typically consumed by transporta on must be accounted for. This report presents a range of uptake op ons (3%, 6% and 9%) in order to best reect the possible demand and nancial outcomes of a bike-share program. The uptake range, from 3%-9%, was developed from the following analysis of predicted and actual uptake rates for other programs. In London, TfL has conducted market analyses and surveys and es mates that approximately 9% of the residents in the phase one bike-share area (a roughly 13 square mile area centered on Westminster) will purchase annual memberships.28 This es mate is slightly higher than subscripon data collected in Paris. In the rst year, 6% of Parisians (127,300 Paris residents) purchased annual subscrip ons.29 An addi onal 60,000 annual passes were sold to commuters living in the Parisian suburbs just outside of Velibs range. TfLs survey data predicts a 9% as the average uptake rate for tourists as well.30 However, data gathered in Paris on the number of one day Velib passes sold suggest that this es mate may be low. In 2007, Paris, one of the worlds most popular interna onal tourist des na ons, received 28 million overnight visitors.31 Also in 2007, Velib sold 2.5 million one day tourist passes in its rst six months. Assuming that short term visitors to Paris were the primary buyers of short term one day Velib passes, these numbers suggest a tourist uptake rate of 18%.32 9% is the highest uptake rate used in this report. Despite low rates of commuter bicycling as recorded by the US Census and ACS, data collected by NYCDOHMH in 2007 indicates that 543,000 (9% of adults) New Yorkers rode a bicycle several mes per month over the course of the past year. These exis ng bicycle rates suggest that, despite nega ve percep ons surrounding bicycling in the city, a signicant number of New Yorkers bicycle regularly. The pricing of the program is likely to play a large role in the nal achieved uptake rate. A program with higher membership and user fees is predicted to have a lower uptake rate. Conversely, a program which relies less on membership and use fees to cover opera ng costs and thus has lowDector-Vega, German, Trac & Highways Manager, Transit for London; Email Correspondence: % of , annual passes sold Dector-Vega, German, Trac & Highways Manager, Transit for London; Email Correspondence: Le Tourisme A Paris En ; Oce du Tourisme et des Congres de Paris, p. Velib Website, Velib Press Kit; (www.velib.fr); Accessed / / July July

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er rates should see a higher uptake. Paris charges approximated $40/year and achieves around 6% uptake. While further market analyses should be conducted, this report assumes that a bikeshare uptake rate for commuter and recrea onal/errand riders combined could reasonably range between 3% and 9% of the popula on.

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Commuters: An analysis of where New Yorkers live in rela onship to their jobs oers a more nuanced portrait of how many New Yorkers could be expected to commute via a bike-share program. As outlined in Appendix B, this study assumes that 5 miles is the maximum reasonable bicycling distance for commuters in New York. Using this assump on, analysis was conducted with data from the 2000 US Census (Journey to Work) to determine the total number of New Yorkers in the workforce who live within a 5 mile and 2.5 mile radius of their place of work. This analysis, summarized below indicates that between approximately 369,000 and 1.45 million New Yorkers live close enough to their place of work that bicycling could be a feasible op on. This represents between 11% and 45% of the total New York City resident workforce. As discussed in Appendix B, these gures only represent the number of New York City residents who live within cycling distance of their work. In addi on, due to the restric ons of the Census, mul -modal commuters are excluded from this es mate.
New Yorkers Who Live Within Biking Distance of Work Currently Bike or Walk Total Number of New Yorkers As Percentage of Total NYC Popula on As Percentage of New Yorkers in the Workforce 368,800 4.61% 11.55% Live Within 2.5 Miles of Work 831,400 10.38% 26.05% Live Within 5 Miles of Work 1,446,400 18.06% 45.31%

At a 3% uptake rate, this would translate into 11,000-43,000 New Yorkers commu ng using a citywide bike-share program. At a 6% uptake rate, 22,000-87,000 New Yorkers would commute using a citywide bike-share program. At a 9% uptake rate, 33,000-130,000 New Yorkers would commute via bike-share. Neither the Paris data nor TfL uptake model is adjusted for commu ng distance (the uptake model is a percent of total popula on) or price elas city.
Poten al Commuter Demand Currently Bike or Walk Total Number of New Yorkers 3% Uptake 6% Uptake 9% Uptake 368,800 11,064 22,128 33,192 Live Within 2.5 Miles of Work 831,400 24,942 49,884 74,826 Live Within 5 Miles of Work 1,446,400 43,392 86,784 130,176

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Many Manha an and NW Brooklyn residents currently walk or bike to work. Data from the 2000 US Census.

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The majority of New Yorkers live and work in the same borough. In Manha an, more than 25% of residents south of 110th Street live within a 2.5 mile radius of their place of work. Data from the 2000 US Census. 72 | NYCDCP

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More than 1/2 of Manha an residents south of 168th Street, Astoria, LIC and Northwest Brooklyn residents live within a 5 mile radius of their place of work. Data from the 2000 US Census. NYCDCP | 73

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In addi on, out-of-city commuters may also be poten al bike-share users. In Paris, 33% of the Velib commuter popula on lives in the Parisian suburbs.33 In New York City, such commuter ridership could also be substan al. Over 552,000 commuters come into New York City daily on MetroNorth, LIRR, NJTransit, and the PATH trains or through the Port Authority Bus Terminal.34 Many of these commuters enter the city at major hubs and then take the subway to their nal des na ons. At a 3-9% uptake rate from New Yorks out-of-city commuters, 17,000 to 50,000 addi onal people would subscribe to a citywide New York bike-share program.
Poten al Commuter Demand (Including Out-of-City Commuters) Current bikers/walkers + Out-of-City Total Commuters w/in Biking Distance 3% Uptake 6% Uptake 9% Uptake 368,800 11,064 22,128 33,192 Within 2.5 Miles + Out-ofCity 831,400 24,942 49,884 74,826 Within 5 Miles + Out-ofCity 1,446,400 43,392 86,784 130,176

Velib Website, Now We Know You Be er; (h p://www.velib.paris.fr/les_newsle ers/ _aujourd_hui_nous_ vous_connaissons_mieux); Accessed / / Daily Ridership: MetroNorth: , people; LIRR: , people; NJTransit: , people; PATH: , +; PA Bus Terminal: , people

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Recrea onal/Errand Users: The uptake rate for recrea onal or errand users is dicult to es mate from exis ng data since there is li le informa on about how many such trips are currently undertaken by bicycle in New York. In Paris, recrea onal or errand users make up 39% (74,000 people) of the total number of annual pass holders or 3% of total popula on of Paris. In New York City, almost one million people commute into Manha an south of 59th Street daily from other places in the ve boroughs. Of those people, commuters who live further than a reasonable bicycling distance from work might s ll purchase annual bike-share membership to run errands during the day or a er work, expand the range of their lunch op ons, or reduce travel me between mee ngs held in dierent loca ons. In New York City, at a 3% uptake rate of the total popula on, 250,000 people would use a citywide bike-share program. At 6%, 492,000 people would subscribe; at 9%, a New York City bike-share program could expect 738,000 recrea onal/errand subscribers. As can be seen from bicycle counts conducted by DCP, DOT and NYMTC throughout the year, bicycles in New York are used throughout the day. DCPs annual Fall bicycle counts, shows three bicycling peaks, AM, Lunch and PM. The AM and PM peaks resemble transporta on ridership peaks associated with other modes of transit and seem to correspond to the typical 9-5 work day. Atypical is the Lunch peak which begins at noon and goes un l 3pm. Interes ngly, bicycle use overall increases over the course of the day, with substan ally more bicyclists counted in the evening than in the mornings.

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Tourists: Visitors to New York represent another large popula on of poten al bike-share users. Within the rst six months, the Velib program sold 2.5 million one day (essen ally visitor) passes. In 2006, over 27 million visitors came to Paris, slightly more than half for tourism or leisure purposes.35 In contrast, New York received 43.8 million visitors in 2006 and 47 million visitors in 2008, about 75% of whom came for leisure purposes.36 Of those coming for leisure, 25% are visi ng friends and/or family. The remaining 75%, 24.6 million visitors in 2006, came either as tourists or for errands. Bike-share programs, which provide an ac ve, above ground way to see the city as well as access to out of the way areas, could be a valuable amenity for such visitors. The number of tourists to New York has been steadily growing over the past decade and the city is well on its way to mee ng its goal of 50 million visitors by 2010 set by Mayor Bloomberg. At 3% uptake rate of visitors coming for tourism purposes, a New York City bike-share program could an cipate 1.4 million tourist users annually. At a 6%, a New York City bike-share program could an cipate 2.6 million tourist users annually, at the 2006 tourism level. At 9%, a New York City bike-share program could expect almost 4 million users in the rst year.

Interna onal tourists are an important part of New York Citys tourism market, making up about 16% of the total visitors in 2006. Unlike domes c visitors, who tend to come to the city for short periods (86% stay for less than 4 days) and may only be in town for an a ernoon to run errands, interna onal visitors tend stay in New York longer (73% stay for more than 4 days).37 The internaonal tourists also tend to travel into the boroughs and seem to be more willing to use the citys public transit system.38
Velib Website, Velib Press Kit; (www.velib.fr); Accessed / / , p. NYC & Company Website, NYC Sta s cs; (h p://nycvisit.com/content/index.cfm?pagePkey= ); Accessed / / NYC & Company, Leisure Travel to New York City in , NYC & Company, September, Keren, Donna, Senior Vice President, Research & Analysis, NYC & Co.; Phone Interview: June,

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Western Europeans make up the majority of New Yorks interna onal visitors, followed closely by tourists from Canada and Japan.39 These countries, as well as New Yorks emerging interna onal markets like Brazil (+66%), Australia (+51%), India and Argen na (+47% each), and Russia (+28%), o en have bicycling cultures that could translate into ridership for a bike-share program.40 With the U.S. dollar declining against the Euro (as of Sept. 29th, 2008, $1 = 0.7), overseas tourists, especially from Europe have increasingly been making New York City one of their top vaca on des na ons. Other Es mate Models: Popula on Density The poten al demand for a bike-share program could also be assessed by looking at medium and high density areas (32,000 people or more/square mile) in New York. Since roughly of the citys popula on (just over 6 million people) lives on about 1/3 of the total land mass (116 square miles), targe ng a bike-share program in high density areas would be an eec ve way to provide access to the most people at the least cost. At a 3% uptake rate for New Yorks high density areas, a bike-share program could expect 185,000 New York City residents to subscribe. At a 6% uptake rate for New Yorks high density areas, a bike-share program could expect 369,000 New York City residents to subscribe. Using a 9% uptake rate, 554,000 New Yorkers could be expected to subscribe. As outlined above, a New York City bike-share program could also an cipate subscrip on by 11,000-33,000 out-of-city commuters who come into the city by rail and 1.4-4 million tourists annually. In addi on, a bike-share program that covered Manha ans business core could poten ally see use from New York City residents who live, but do not work, in the coverage area. Such users could use the bike-share to complete their journey to and from work (especially workers on the far east or west sides), or to make trips and run errands during lunch hour or a er work. Poten al ridership could be signicant. Almost 1 million New York City residents work in Manha an south of 59th Street but do not live in the area. In all cases, the uptake rate for a New York City bike-share program will likely be dependent on pricing.
Es mated Users vs. City Popula on Es mated Number of Users 185,000 369,000 554,000 % of High-Density Areas 3% 6% 9% % of City Popula on 2.2% 4.4% 6.7%

NYC & Company Website, NYC Sta s cs, (h p://nycvisit.com/content/index.cfm?pagePkey= ); Accessed / / NYC & Company, FYI: Preliminary Forecast-Visitor Volume & New York City Brieng Sheet, NYC & Company, May,

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01 Execu ve Summary and Major Findings 02 The Case for Bike-Share in NYC 03 Case Studies 04 NYC Bicycling Condi ons 05 NYC Bicycling Demand 06 Paying for a NYC Bike-Share 07 Implementa on 08 Appendices

06 Paying for a NYC Bike-Share

Image (L): ClearChannel Adshel Image (R): Lons Lens (www.ickr.com)

Poten al Bike-Share Structures Costs of a Bike-Share Poten al Revenue Sources

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POTENTIAL FINANCIAL STRUCTURES

This sec on outlines the regulatory environments associated with both city-built and franchise bike-share programs. Within the connes of those environments, this sec on also provides back of the envelope es mates for the cost and revenues for a New York City bike-share program at a variety of scales. Membership and use fees are considered the primary opera ng revenue source in all es mates; poten al adver sing revenues are discussed where appropriate. Capital funding sourcessuch as the New York City Investment Fund and other private grantsare covered in brief. Bike-share programs are strong candidates for the public-private partnership model of provision of public services. Despite their obvious public transporta on and health benets, few ci es have the capacity, money or desire to run bike-share programs on their own. As a result, most bike-shares are built, run and maintained by private companies who make a prot o the program or, more commonly, o the adver sing in the bike-share contract. Because bike-sta ons are placed on public landcity streets and sidewalksbike-share programs cannot be provided by the private sector alone. Worldwide, bike-share programs are structured in two major ways, albeit with numerous permuta ons. Bike-share programs can be developed: As part of an adver sing franchise authorized by the city and operated by the franchisee With city funds and operated by the city or by a service operator

Franchises are the dominant, but not the only, model for most of the worlds bike-share programs. Paris and Washington DC, for example, have connected their bike-share programs to larger street furniture franchise contracts, allowing adver sers to earn revenues from adver sing in exchange for building and opera ng bike-share programs. Toulouse has created a bike-share specic franchise which generates adver sing revenues from the bicycles themselves. In contrast, the Barcelona and Montreal systems do not use adver sing revenue. In Barcelona, the bike-share is separated from adver sing and the city pays the operator (ClearChannel Adshel) to build and run programs out of other city revenue streams. In Montreal, the Montreal Parking Authority, a quasi-public authority, proposes to fund Montreals Bixi program en rely o of membership/use fees and sponsorships.1 A city-built bike-share program could also later be combined with a franchise. A franchise model would allow for wider bike-share coverage, since the adver sing revenues could help to oset both capital and opera on costs. The process for franchise authoriza on is, however, lengthy and New Yorks current street furniture franchises limit op ons for bike-share. A city-built program could be implemented faster but coverage would be restricted to areas where membership and use fees could cover costs. A New York City bike-share program could begin as a city-built program in select high volume loca ons while NYCDOT begins franchise authoriza on proceedings.
The Call-A-Bike bike-share program in Germany is paid for by the German na onal railroad as part of their complement of services.

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Poten al revenue streams for a New York bike-share program depend on the program structure and related regulatory environment. However, certain revenue streams, like membership and user fees, will likely play a part in any structure as New York City and State face signicant budget issues and as much of the citys street furniture is already consolidated under a franchise agreement. Adver sing revenue is also important, although the use of adver sing is only allowed within the connes of a franchise agreement. Within the broad categories of Franchise and City-Built program, the following op ons exist:
FRANCHISE Option Option 1b: 1c: New New Renegotiate Street BikeExisting Furniture Share Street Furniture Franchise Franchise + BikeFranchise Share Option 1a: Franchise Contract Franchisee CITY-BUILT PROGRAM Option 2: Option 3: City Build and Operate City Build and Contract Out Operations

Option # Description

Contract Type Capital Costs Assumed by Operating Costs Assumed by Primary Revenue Sources

N/A City

Service Contract City

Franchisee

City City Funds Membership/ User Fees Federal/State Grants Private Loans/ Grants

Operator City Funds Membership/ User Fees Federal/State Grants Private Loans/ Grants

Advertising Membership/User Fees

Other Revenue Options

Federal/State Grants Private Loans/Grants City Funds

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Franchise Op ons
In general, franchise contracts are used because they allow ci es to implement bike-share programs without taking money directly from city coers. Instead costs are borne by the franchisee/ operator in exchange for revenue from adver sements placed on city property. Franchise based bike-share programs are not free however, because money the city could have earned from the adver sing space in the franchise is now split between the city and the franchisee/operator. Key to the development of a successful franchise based bike-share program is acknowledgement of the fact that municipal governments and private-sector companies have dierent bo om lines. Importantly, as New York City has found in other franchise contracts, loca ons that are the most lucra ve in terms of adver sing revenue do not always match the loca ons that a calcula on of public needs, such as provision of public telephones or bike-sta ons, might dictate. The 2006 CEMUSA contract s pulated that NYCDOT select the loca ons for CEMUSA bus shelters, rather than leaving placement decisions up to the franchisee; similar terms would be necessary for a bike-share franchise. In New York, franchises are dened in the City Charter as grants by an agency of a right to occupy or use the inalienable property of the city to provide a public service and typically are used for the private provision of public ameni es such as private bus lines or bus stop shelters.2 Franchises are proposed by the mayor and authorized by the City Council. The process for franchise authoriza on tends to be lengthy. The Authorizing Resolu on and Uniform Land Use Review Process (ULURP) applica on for the 2006 CEMUSA Coordinated Street Furniture Franchise was ini ally submi ed by the Giuliani administra on in the late 1990s.3 Franchise Op on 1a: Added into an Exis ng Street Furniture Franchise Velib in Paris and SmartBike in Washington D.C. are funded as part of larger street furniture contracts. In Washington, for example, ClearChannel operates DCs 120 bicycle program and gives the District 35% of the total adver sing revenues.4 In Paris, the 20,600 bicycle Velib program is ed into the citys billboard contract with SOMUPI, a JCDecaux joint venture. The city of Paris broke its original JCDecaux franchise contract to create a new one that included bike-share. New Yorks ability to add a bike-share program into one of its exis ng franchise is limited by the terms of those contracts. The 2006 Coordinated Street Furniture Franchise gives CEMUSA control over adver sing on city bus shelters. In exchange, CEMUSA must replace and maintain the Citys 3,169 exis ng bus shelters, 330 newsstands, and an unspecied number of public service structures, and build and maintain 20 automa c public toilets, for 20 years. In addi on to being relieved of the responsibility for provision and maintenance of these structures, the City is guaranteed a minimum of $1 billion in revenue and close to $500 million in free adver sing over the next 20 years. Modica ons to the CEMUSA contract to include a bike-share program may be dicult because they would require signicant renego a on between DOT and CEMUSA. Importantly, the current nancial payout of the CEMUSA contract would be dicult to replicate if a bike-share proNew York City Charter, Sec on -b McKenna, Brooke, NYCDOT, Coordinated Street Furniture Franchise; Interviews: August Grasso, Richard, Senior Vice President Business Development, & Mar na Schmidt, Director SmartBike US; ClearChannel Adshel, Phone Interview: April, NYCDCP | 81

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gram were included, since the contract already covers most of what is tradi onally thought of as adver seable street furniture. Renego a on of the CEMUSA contract would require a lengthy authoriza on process (as would any franchise). It should be noted that, of the outdoor street furniture adver sing companies the currently include bike-share programs in their repertoires, CEMUSA only has two programs currently in opera on (nibici in Pamplona and Roman in Rome). Both programs are smallnibici has 350 bicycles and Roman has 200and may not provide CEMUSA with sucient exper se for running a New York sized program. New Yorks phone booth contracts are another major exis ng city franchise. The citys 35 phone booth adver sing contracts are handled by NYCDoITT and are set to expire in 2010.5 As with other forms of street furniture, the revenues from phone booth adver sing panels can be substan al. In the 2nd Quarter 2008, adver sements on the citys phone booths ne ed $340/month/ad panel or $4.2 million/month in total. The city currently receives 26% of the adver sing revenues.6 Phone booth contracts are non-exclusive under the Federal Telecom statutes which mandate equal access. However, the declining use of pay phones has raised ques ons, and lawsuits, about the placement of phone booths as community boards and neighborhood groups have charged that street furniture adver sement companies are using phone booths to sneak ads into areas where ads are not permi ed or not desirable.7 As a result, phone booths are likely a poor funding op on for a bike-share program. Franchise Op on 1b: A New Bike-Share Specic Franchise Toulouse has used its bike-share program to create en rely new franchise op ons by adver sing on the bike-share bicycles themselves. In Norway, ClearChannel Adshels franchise includes adver sement located on the bike-sta ons. Such bike-share specic franchises are appealing because of the direct rela onship between the adver sement and the program. A aching the adver sement panel to the bike-sta ons or bicycles gives adver ser/operators an addi onal incen ve to ensure that the program is well maintained and that the bicycles are constant use around the city. The revenue streams from on-bicycle adver sements are largely untested but have the poten al to be substan al. Franchise Op on 1c: A New Street Furniture Franchise Which Includes Bike-Share Unlike many street furniture contracts elsewhere, the CEMUSA contract is not exclusive. In theory this means that the city could issue a new street furniture franchise contract for addi onal bus shelters, newsstands, public service structures or automa c public toilets that could be used to fund a bike-share program. However, in prac ce, this op on would be dicult as the City is required to allow CEMUSA to build their full allotment of street furniture before gran ng a new franchise contract for addi onal street furniture covered under the contract, which severely restricts this op on. Other forms of street furnituresuch as muni-metersare not part of the CEMUSA contract, and these could be ed into a new bike-share/street furniture contract.

Schorr, Stanley, NYC DoITT, Finance Division, Phone Interview: July, Kaylish, Wayne, NYC DoITT, Finance Division, Phone Interview: August McGinty, Jo Craven, As Billboards, Public Phones Always Work; The New York Times,

August,

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City-Built Program Op ons

A city-built bike-share places the nancial burden of the program on the city. A city-built bikeshare program could be run by NYCDOT itself or contracted out to an independent operator using a service contract. Authoriza ons for the acquisi on of bicycles and the placement of bikesta ons would come from the NYCDOT Commissioner with approval of the Mayor. The Design Commission review is required. If the city were to choose to contract out the opera ons of the bike-share, it would follow the service contract rules as laid out in the City Administra ve Code. Adver sing is not an op on, except under the auspices of a franchise contract. Op on 2: City Built/City Operated A city-built/city-operated program would be developed under the auspices of NYCDOT. There is no set structure for opera ons. Op on 3: City Built/Contractor Operated Bicing, in Barcelona, is paid for out of city revenues. The program cost is nego ated annually. In New York, a city-build/contractor operated program would be developed and overseen by NYCDOT. There is no set structure for opera ons.

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BIKE-SHARE PROGRAM COSTS

The costs of a bike-share program vary depending on the number of bicycles and bike-sta ons, the size and density of the coverage area, and the bicycle and bike-sta on type and operator selected. Depending on the model of bike-sta on used, New York Citys high installa on and electrica on costs could also contribute to the overall price tag of a program. For example, current es mates place the cost of manufacturing, installing and trenching (digging to the closest power source) for the new CEMUSA bus shelters at $15,000-$20,000 per shelter. These high costs are due par ally to the complex subterranean environment below the citys sidewalks where water, sewer, and power lines, subway and building vaults and founda ons all must be accommodated. Capital costs for a bike-share program include provision of bicycles, manufacture and installa on of bike-sta ons, purchase of service and distribu on vehicles, development of a website, and purchase and installa on of necessary hardware and so ware. ClearChannel Adshel es mates that each bicycle costs $550-600. District DOT in Washington DC es mates the capital cost for a ClearChannel Adshel model bike-share program at around $3,600/bicycle.8 Velibs capital costs are es mated at $4,400/bicycle.9 Montreals Bixi program suggests a valuable design innova on to reduce capital costs. The bicycle docking sta ons are mounted onto a metal plate which is in turn bolted to the ground. Excava on and trenching are not required, a signicant capital cost reduc on. The Sta onnement de Montral es mates its capital costs around $3,000/bicycle.10 Opera ng costs include salaries for maintenance and administra ve sta, insurance, replacement costs for broken or stolen equipment, debt-service, gasoline and upkeep costs for redistribu on vehicles, website hos ng and maintenance, electricity charges for the bike-sta ons, membership cards and warehouse/storage fees. When averaged across programs, the average opera ng cost for a bike-share program is around $1,600/bicycle. Again, Sta onnement de Montral predicts the lowest opera ng costs; around $1,200/bicycle. Bixis use of solar power (the Bixi bike-sta on is powered en rely by solar panels) may contribute to the lower cost. Opera ng costs may also rise with the uptake rate. This report assumes a conserva ve 20% increase in opera ng costs for every 3% uptake increase. Economies of scale may be possible for larger programs. For both capital and opera ng costs, some costs, such as purchase and upkeep of maintenance and distribu on vehicles, website hosting and wireless connec vity charges, are rela vely constant regardless of the size of the program. In addi on, unit prices may decrease as purchase order sizes increase.

Kelly, Alice, Program Manager, District DOT; Phone and email correspondence: August Spitz, Eric, City of Paris; Email Correspondence: Spring Alain Ayo , Execu ve Vice President, Montreal Parking Authority/Sta onnement de Montral; Phone Interviews: & July & October, 84 | NYCDCP

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POTENTIAL REVENUE SOURCES

For New York City, membership and use fees represent the primary revenue source for a bikeshare program. Adver sing, the major revenue stream for most bike-share programs worldwide, is limited in New York by exis ng franchise contracts. Adver sing on bike-share bike-sta ons or the bicycles themselves remains a poten ally lucra ve but largely untested source of revenue. Other sources of capital, such as private loans from the New York City Investment Fund or federal grants are also available. Membership and Use Fees: Since bicycling is not the default choice for most commuters, bike-share programs that charge users more than they would pay to drive or take public transit have slim chances of success. As a result, membership and use fees for bike-share programs are typically kept low in order to encourage use. The European programs charge roughly $40/year. Montreals Bixi program, the only program to a empt to cover costs with fees alone, will charge approximately $80/year.11 Even at low rates, membership and use fees can be signicant sources of revenue, especially when the program is concentrated in densely populated, highly tracked areas. Just over 500,000 people live in Manha an south of 59th Street and just under a million more commute into that area each day from the rest of the city. 552,000 more commute into Manha an south of 59th Street daily from New Jersey, Long Island, Westchester and upstate New York and Connec cut. A bikeshare program could be used by such New Yorkers in their commute or to run errands at lunch or a er work. In Paris (total popula on just under 2.2 million), the city of Paris earned $31.5 million from membership and use fees in Velibs rst year.12 As in Paris, the volume of visitors coming to New York also make one day passes a poten ally valuable revenue stream. Visitors to Paris purchased 2.5 million one day (1) Velib passes in the rst 6 months of the program alone.13 In New York City, where a one day subway pass costs $7.50 and tourist bicycle rentals range between $35-99/day, higher rates may be possible. Price elas city is unknown. A rough es mate for projected revenues from membership and use fees was developed for this report. Fees Annual Pass $60 were tested over the four program size scenarios at 3%, Weekly Pass $19 6% and 9% uptake rates. A projected Net Opera ng Day Pass $5 Income was developed for each scenario by assuming 1st Half Hour Free dierent uptake rates for dierent popula ons. For exSubsequent Half Hour(s) $2 each ample, people who both live and work within the coverage area were assumed to be more likely to subscribe to the program (6%) than commuters coming in from Westchester, New Jersey or Long Island or elsewhere outside the coverage area (3%). Day passes were assumed to be more popular (9% of leisure tourists staying less than 4 days) than week passes (6% of leisure tourists staying longer than 4 days). Using data from other programs, 5% of all trips were assumed to go over 30 minutes. The demand assump ons for each scenario are included in Appendix D: Financial Assump ons.
Assumed Rates Alain Ayo , Execu ve Vice-President, Montreal Parking Authority; Phone Interviews: & July, Erlanger, Steven, A New Fashion Catches On in Paris: Cheap Bicycle Rentals, The New York Times, July Bike-Share Blog Website, posted by Paul DeMaio, Random Velib Data, (h p://bike-sharing.blogspot. com/ / /random-velib-data.html); Accessed / / NYCDCP | 85

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As scenario sizes expand to cover larger, less tracked por ons of the city (Queens, the Bronx and southern Brooklyn), other funding sources, such as adver sing, would become necessary in order to maintain reasonable membership rates. In the scenarios that focus exclusively on New Yorks most densely populated, highly tracked areas (Manha an and parts of Brooklyn), the $60/year pricing produces net revenues a er accoun ng for opera ons costs. In conversa ons with NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYCDHMH), concerns were raised that some of the health benets of the bike-share could be lost if the program was priced out of the reach of New Yorkers in lower-income neighborhoods where obesity levels are highest. For people who would use bike-share to supplement their Monthly or Weekly MetroCards, currently priced at $81 and $25 respec vely, with the bike-share program, the $60 annual fee could be a deterrent. In contrast, for commuters who use xed value pay-as-you-go MetroCards, use of a bike-share program, which would allow bicycles to take the place of short subway trips, could result in a net savings. Among DOHMHs recommenda ons to address the issue of aordability is a cost subsidy program for low-income popula ons.14 NYCDHMH has introduced Health Bucks coupons for fruit and vegetable purchases at farmers markets. Health Bucks are distributed in two waysvia community organiza ons and sites to community residents, and as an incen ve for using Food Stamps at Farmers Markets. Health Buck redemp on is most successful when they are distributed at point of purchase as an incen ve for Food Stamp use (over 90%). Distribu on via community groups and sites reaches addi onal popula ons such as poten al rst me farmers market visitors and non Food Stamp residents, but is less successful (redemp on rates of approx 50%) and raises issues such as accountability and concerns about use by targeted groups. A similar system u lizing a cost subsidy system, via coupons or purchase codes eligible to those with an Electronic Benet Transfer (EBT) card or number at points of purchase in low-income neighborhoods, could similarly be adapted to bike-share, to help decrease cost barriers for par cipa on among low-income popula ons. These payment mechanisms would need to be evaluated to ensure that they provide adequate protec ons against credit card fraud and iden ty the . The credit card requirement, used to reduce the , could pose some problems for lower income New Yorkers as they are less likely to have credit cards. In 2001 Casey/ Urban Ins tute Making Connec ons (MC) Survey found that, of the respondents, only 10% of households with incomes of $5,000 or less had a credit card in contrast to 78% of households with of $30,000 or more.15 To further assess the magnitude of this issue in New York, NYCDHMH recommends further research into the availability of credit cards in lower-income areas, perhaps using MTA MetroCard purchase data and comparing the percent of credit card purchases (out of the total MetroCard purchases) in low-income areas with the percent of credit card purchases elsewhere in the city. Data could be collected either using the zip code associated with the credit cards or by looking at the total percent of purchases in sta ons in low-income areas made via credit card.16 NYCDHMH also suggest that MTA data could be used to determine if there are correla ons between income and types of MetroCard (Monthly or Weekly vs. Pay-As-You-Go) purchased.17
Communica ons with Bureau of Chronic Disease Preven on and Control, NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Casey/Urban Ins tute Making Connec ons (MC) Survey as provided by the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Karen Lee, Deputy Director, & Victoria Grimshaw, Chronic Disease Preven on and Control, NYCDHMH; In-Person and Email Interviews: Summer Communica ons with NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene 86 | NYCDCP

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Adver sing: On-bicycle or on-sta on adver sing could be used to fund a New York bike-share program. The inclusion of adver sing revenues could allow the bike-share operator to reduce membership rates and/or expand service over a larger por on of the city. In the long term, the size of the bike-share program and determina ons regarding the appropriateness of adver sing are the limi ng factors on the success of a bike-share franchise. Larger programs, which provide more adver sing space, would generate higher revenues. In Midtown, bus shelter sized adver sing panels earn $3,500-$5,000/month.18 However, adver sing panels will not be possible or desirable on every bike-sta on. For example, for bike-sta ons that are placed on the sidewalk, in parks or on roadway medians adver sing panels would block important sightlines or access paths. In Paris the Velib bikesta ons were designed to have a low prole and create minimal physical or visual intrusion into the streetscape. As result, none have adIn Norway, adver sing panels are installed as part of the ver sing panels. Assuming a density of 28 sta- bike-sta on. Image: ClearChannel Adshel ons/square mile and assuming that adver sing panels were only a ached to bike-sta ons in the citys commercial core (i.e. Manha an below 60th Street), there would be 170-200 bike-sta ons with adver sing in a New York City bike-share program.19 This report es mates that those panels could earn $7-$8.5M per year in adver sing revenues. Adver sing on bike-share bicycles is also an op on. Revenues might be lower since there is limited adver sing room on a bicycle and because it is a new and untested form of adver sing. Velo Toulouse will be the rst bike-share program to use on-bicycle ads. HSBC Bank has already purchased one years worth of on-bicy- On-bicycle ads provide revenue for the Vl Toulouse cle ads (1,000 bicycles) for $1M.20 program. Image: Mike Smiths ickr (www.ickr.com)

Outside of the citys core, revenues from bus-shelter sized adver sing panels can drop to as li le as / month. Atelier Parisien dUrbanisme (APUR), Etude de Localiza on des Sta ons de Velos en Libre Service; December . P. JCDecaux & HSBC; PRESS RELEASE: HSBC Wraps Velo Toulouse; (h p://www.hsbc.fr/ /PA_ _ _S /content/ france/about-HSBC/press-releases/pdf/ - - _cp_velos_toulouse_GB.pdf); Accessed / / & Squire, Josh, Bicycle System Manager, JCDecaux; Phone Interviews: Spring/Summer

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Es mates for the value of on-bicycle adver sements can be extrapolated from the value of other in mo on adver sements: taxicabs. In New York, taxicab adver sements are worth $200-$350/ taxi/month. ClearChannel Adshel es mates that an adver sement run on 200 taxicabs is seen by 25% of the adult popula on of the city of the course of a month.21 Because on-bicycle adver sing space is smaller than taxi adver sing space, this report es mates that on-bicycle adver sements would generate less, around $100/bicycle/month. At this rate, the value of a logo on 15,000 bicycles would be worth around $18M per year to a sponsoring company. On-bicycle adver sements could be changed when bicycles were brought in for rou ne maintenance, approximately every 3 months. A high prole of a New York City bike-share program could mean that on-bicycle ads would sell well.

Bike-Share Franchise: Projected Adver sing Revenue Scenario 1 Bicycles Bike-Sta on Ads On-Bike Ads Total Ad Revenue 10,500 $7,140,000 $12,000,000 $19,140,000 Scenario 2 15,000 $7,140,000 $18,000,000 $25,140,000 Scenario 3 30,000 $7,140,000 $36,000,000 $43,140,000 Scenario 4 49,000 $7,140,000 $60,000,000 $67,140,000

Collings, Kevin, ClearChannel Adshel, ClearChannel Taxi Media, Phone Interview: August

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City Funds and Bonds: City funds and bonds could be used to fund a bike-share program built by the city. The capital costs of a bike-share program can be addressed either with Municipal Bonds, from the citys Capital Budget, or with Pay-As-You-Go (PAYGO) funding, from the citys Expense Budget. The operating costs of a program could be addressed with membership and use fees as well as monies from the citys General Fund which are distributed through the annual Expense Budget. While money in the General Fund can theore cally be earmarkedfor example, some por on of the $535M the city earned in parking viola ons in 2007 could be set aside for bike-sharethey typically are not. Both the Capital Budget and Expense Budgets are proposed yearly by the Mayor and must be approved by the City Council. Dierences between capital and opera ng costs are important as the City Charter has specic rules about what types of projects can be funded from its various revenue streams. Opera ng funds come from the citys revenues from user fees, penal es, taxes, etc. Revenues generated from the bike-share program itself (membership and use fees) would cover the operating costs of a program focused on Manha an and parts of Brooklyn. In addi on, other funding sources such as Federal or private founda on grants could also be used. Capital funds could come from Municipal Bonds (Capital Budget) and/or PAYGO funding (Expense Budget). In New York City, projects that are eligible for Capital Budget funding must have a dollar value of more than $35,000 and a period of probable usefulness of at least ve years.22 Issuing municipal bonds is a tradi onal form of transporta on nancing meant to provide signicant amounts of money for capital projects. For example, in Portland, Oregon oated $88.7 million in bonds, backed by a $.20/hour parking rate increase in city garages to fund the rst phase of the Portland Streetcar project.23 Bond nancing means that the cost of an asset that lasts for many years is spread out over its lifespan instead of being the nancial responsibility only of the rst genera on of users. Municipal bonds in par cular are a rac ve to investors because the interest income is tax-exempt. Bonds can be problema c however, because the debt-service payments associated with bonds consume valuable city revenue resources. Rising interest rates, declining property values and concerns about state and local budget shor alls in the near future mean that the city may be wary of issuing new debt. Revenue bonds, where the debt issued to pay for the capital costs of a program are backed by revenues generated by that program (in the case of a bike-share program, membership or user fees) are also an op on. However, as with any revenue bond, concerns from investors that the program would not be used widely enough to generate necessary revenues could lead to higher interest rates. In addi on, bonds cannot be used to fund opera ons costs. Revenue from a bikeshare program might be be er used to pay for opera ng the program. The current nancial crisis may limit the availability of bonds as a revenue source. Legal issues may arise when projects funded through municipal bonds are mixed with franchise opera ng agreements as such arrangements can render interest income from the municipal bond
NYC Independent Budget Oce, Understanding New York Citys Budget: A Guide, NYC Independent Budget Oce , p. Portland Streetcar Website, History, (h p://www.portlandstreetcar.org/history.php); Accessed / / & Vicky Diede, Portland Streetcar Project Manager, City of Portland Oce of Transporta on, Email correspondence: / / NYCDCP | 91

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ineligible for tax exemp ons.24 In such cases, the nancing costs may become higher since investors must pay taxes on the interest earned requiring higher interest rates to earn the same prots. The legality of such a combina on of municipal bonds and adver sing would need to be conrmed with the citys Corpora on Counsel and the Oce of Management and Budget. PAYGO funding is the second op on for raising the capital funds for a city-built bike-share program. PAYGO allows the city to fund capital projects without contribu ng to the citys overall debt obliga ons. PAYGO money is taken from the citys annual Expense Budget. In years past, the PAYGO allotment in the city budget has been around $200M. However, in the most recent budget, PAYGO money was eliminated en rely, in response to the citys worsening nancial health. PAYGO money could be returned to the budget by the Mayor. Private, State and Federal Loans and Grants: Grants may also be an op on in bike-share funding, although they should not be counted on as a consistent stream of revenue since most must be applied for each year and are not guaranteed. Grants come from the Federal and State government or from private founda ons. Loans may be available from private investors. In some cases, the use of Federal grants could limit the citys ability to pursue franchise or adver sing op ons. New York City Investment Fund: The New York City Investment Fund is private fund that distributes low-interest loans for projects located within the ve boroughs that will advance the good of New York City. While typical loans range from $500,000 to a few million dollars, the reputa on of NYCIF, which includes on its board members of major New York City nancial ins tu ons and businesses, can help to leverage addi onal private capital for unusual projects like a bike-share program. NYCIF prefers to work with private sector or non-prot partners, making NYCIF funding an ideal combina on with a franchise or in the case of a city-built program that was operated by an outside contractor. NYCIF money is not grant money and must be repaid since the fund is self-replenishing; however, a wide range of return op ons are available and each loan is specically tailored to each project. NYCIF has job crea on among its specically stated goals. In preliminary, fact nding conversa ons, Maria Gotsch, NYCIF President and CEO, expressed interest in a New York bike-share program. 25 Federal & State Grants: Bicycle related projects can receive funding from the federal government through federal transporta on legisla on such as ISTEA, TEA-21 and most recently, SAFETEA-LU which set aside monies for pedestrian or bicycle related planning. While some funds are available directly from the federal government, most of the funding is available through specic programs and then funneled through state transporta on departments and metropolitan planning organiza ons. In New York City, federal money for a bike-share program would be distributed to the New York State Department of Transporta on and NYMTC, the New York City metropolitan planning organiza on, which in turn would distribute the funds to City DOT. The following programs could provide funding to a New York City bike-share program via the current federal transporta on bill, SAFETEA-LU. SAFETEA-LU expires in 2009. A new federal transporta on bill will be the responsibility of the new administra on and Congress.
Olson, Jay, NYCOMB, Assistant Director; Phone Interview: August Gotsch, Maria; President & CEO, NYCIF, Phone Interview: August

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Conges on Mi ga on And Air Quality Improvement Program (CMAQ) ISTEA, passed in 1991, authorized the CMAQ program to fund surface transporta on projects and other projects related to improving air quality. Both the Federal Highway Administra on (FHWA) and Federal Transit Administra on (FTA) distribute monies to State DOTs, MPOs and other transit agencies. CMAQ funds are meant to provide seed money for a project, not to be a permanent funding mechanism for new projects.26 Surface Transporta on Enhancement Program The Surface Transporta on Program (STP) requires state DOTs and MPOs to set aside 10% of their funds toward transporta on enhancements that are not tradi onally included in typical transporta on funding.27 Examples of projects include providing funding for bicycle lanes and contribu ng to capital costs of a bicycle transit center. Transit Enhancements Funds from this program can be used toward projects designed to enhance bicycle and pedestrian facili es. In addi on, transit agencies are eligible to use these funds towards adding bicycle storage and parking to trains and busses. Transporta on and Community and System Preserva on (TSCP) The FHWA, FTA and EPA developed the TSCP program to study oer grants for projects that are intended to integrate improve communitys by enhancing the transporta on system. TSCP is designed to support exemplary or innova ve projects for transporta on and improving the quality of life of communi es.28

The programs men oned above are not an exhaus ve list of federal and state funding mechanisms designed for bicycle infrastructure. Federal public health grants in par cular have not been explored as preliminary research indicates that most health grants are only available for research, not capital cost or program opera on. Private Founda on Grants: Founda ons o en award grants to municipal governments, universi es, not-for-prot organizaons and advocacy groups for bicycle related projects. Award amounts vary. Over the past few years, founda ons like Bristol-Myers Squibb Founda on, Robert Wood Johnson Founda on, Lilly Endowment, Richard King Mellon Founda on and the Ruth Mo Founda on awarded grants of $100,000 or more for bicycle projects. Other groups, such as the REI Bicycle Friendly Communies Grants Program, award grants that are less than $50,000 dollars for bicycle planning. Grants could be used towards ini al start-up costs but should not be used as a consistent stream of revenue.

Federal Highway Administra on (FHWA), Conges on Mi ga on and Air Quality (CMAQ) Improvement Program, (h p://www. wa.dot.gov/environment/cmaqpgs/); Accessed / / Federal Highway Administra on Website, Bicycle and Pedestrian Provisions of Federal Transporta on Legisla on; (h p://www. wa.dot.gov/environment/bikeped/bp-guid.htm#bp ); Accessed / / ibid.

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01 Execu ve Summary and Major Findings 02 The Case for Bike-Share in NYC 03 Case Studies 04 NYC Bicycling Condi ons 05 NYC Bicycling Demand 06 Paying for a NYC Bike-Share 07 Implementa on 08 Appendices

07 Implementa on
Image: Muddy LaBou (www.ickr.com)

Bike-Sta on Placement and Size Bike-Sta on Installa on and Design Program Size and Extent Pilot Programs Phasing and Funding Fees Safety and Helmet op ons The Reduc on

Image: Muddy LaBoue (www.ickr.com)

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BIKE-STATION PLACEMENT AND SIZE The placement of bike-sta ons reects a tension between program visibility and aesthe c clarity of the streetscape and trac and pedestrian trac ow. In order for the program to be successful, bike-sta ons must be easy to nd and located in places that users want to go. At the same me, narrow or highly tracked sidewalks may mean that there is limited room for bike-sta ons. In New York, the dense array of infrastructure beneath the citys streets can also complicate bikesta on installa on. Pariss bike-sta on placement was guided by a series of rules developed by Atelier Parisien dUrbanisme (APUR) in conjunc on with the Architectes de Ba ments de France (French Architectural Associa on) and the Sec ons Territoriales de Voirie (Transporta on Department); in New York bike-sta on placement would be decided primarily by NYCDOT. Paris general implementaon rules include: placement of bike-sta ons near Metro sta ons and adherence to the average bike-sta on density guidelines tested in the Lyon bike-share of an about of 28 sta ons/square mile. This density, also referenced as one bike-sta on every 300 meters or one bike-sta on every 4-5 blocks, is the density needed to ensure that users can nd a bicycle when they need one and return it easily when they are done.1 Bike-sta on sizes in New York would vary depending on the expected volume of trac and proximity to other bike-sta ons. Important factors include: popula on density, worker density, proximity to cultural or recrea onal a rac ons such as museums, theatres, and concert halls, and proximity to retail shopping opportuni es. Importantly, bike-share programs need have more docking sta ons than bicycles (typically 40-50% more) to ensure that users can always nd a place to leave their bicycle. Assuming 1 bicycle/110 residents, the average New York City bike-sta on would hold 24 bicycles, although bike-sta on sizes would dier by borough. Alterna vely, smaller bike-sta ons, placed at a higher frequency (i.e. more sta ons/square mile) could also be pursued. In general, 10 bicycles, parked at a bike-sta on, can t into one car parking space. Proposed general guidelines for the placement of New York bike-sta ons are as follows. Bikesta ons should be placed: On wide sidewalks or in the roadbed. Bike-sta ons should not impede pedestrian or vehicular trac. With enough frequency to ensure program visibility and use (approx. 28-30 sta ons/ square mile) Along exis ng or proposed bike lanes whenever possible Near subway sta ons, major bus stops, the Staten Island Ferry Terminal and other ferry landings Near major cultural and tourist a rac ons Adjacent to major public spaces and parks

Sidewalk Bike-sta ons: Bike-sta ons placed on the sidewalk should be placed in line with other forms of street furniture and trees. Where possible, curb bulb-outs should be used to limit the intrusion of the bike-staons into pedestrian pathways. Wide sidewalks (Lenox Ave. for example), and wide roadway meAtelier Parisien dUrbanisme (APUR), Etude de Localiza on des Sta ons de Velos en Libre Service, December ; p.

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dians in par cular, provide op ons for smaller bike-sta ons. Bike-sta ons could also be placed along the frontage of open air municipal parking lots and city property, and on private property (for example on university campuses) in partnership with landowners. As with Paris, underu lized space under viaducts and elevated railroads and highways (for example under the FDR in the Financial District, under the MetroNorth tracks at 125th Street, or under the Park Ave. Viaduct at Grand Central) could be used for larger bike-sta ons.

As in Paris, sidewalk bike-sta ons in New York City should be placed inline with other streetscape elements. Image (L): Luc Nadal (www.ickr.com)

Roadbed Bike-sta ons: Roadbed bike-sta ons should be placed primarily just o major avenues to provide addi onal protec on for riders and the bicycles themselves. In some places, adver sing panels on the bikesta ons could serve a double purpose, protec ng on street bike-sta ons from damage from cars while simultaneously drawing a en on to the bike-share program. On street bike-sta ons in par cular should be placed near to bike lanes. On street bike-sta ons could poten ally be placed in parking spaces adjacent to re hydrants and serve a dual purpose of deterring parking in front of the hydrant. Roadbed bike-sta ons are benecial because they do not impact pedestrian or vehicular trafc ows, and do not require costly modica ons to exis ng storm drains and sewers. Roadbed

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bike-sta ons would take the place of parking spaces, although the reduc on in parking would be minimal as it would be spread over a large area. Bike-sta ons in Exis ng Public Spaces: Bike-sta ons should be placed directly adjacent to major public spaces, such as Grand Army Plaza, Bryant Park or Columbus Circle. To ensure 24 hour access, bike-sta ons should not be placed inside the citys major recrea onal parks (e.g. Central Park, Prospect Park, Van Cortland Park, Flushing Meadow Park) but rather along the periphery where late night foot trac is higher. Bikesta ons should be a priority in or alongside parks and plazas near transit (e.g. Union Square, Herald Square or Foley Square). Smaller plaza parks (e.g. the plaza at the intersec on of Madison and St. James in Manha an, or Wineld Plaza in Woodside, Queens) may benet from increased use stemming from bike-sta ons along their edges.

Spaces under viaducts are reclaimed by Velib bike-sta ons (L). In New York, space is available under infrastructure like the FDR or the MetroNorth tracks pictured above (RT). Image (L): Image: TCY (h p://commons.wikimedia.org/)

The peripheries of parks also oer op ons for bike-sta on placement. In New York, underu lized urban plazas could benet from the trac and ac vity that a bike-sta on could bring. Image (L): Image: aus nevan (www.ickr.com)

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BIKE-STATION DESIGN AND INSTALLATION Eec ve bike-sta on design must consider a wide variety of issues including the physical space used by the bike-sta on and interac ons with pedestrians, drivers and other bicyclists, docking mechanisms and installa on and power sources. Overall Design: Bike-sta on designs that use individual docking sta ons are preferable in New York City where sidewalk space is scarce and pedestrian mobility is of the utmost importance. JCDecaux and the Montreal Parking Authority both use this mode, locking their bicycles to discrete docking sta ons connected, in JCDecauxs case, by underground wiring, and in Montreals case, by a metal plate axed to the street. The small low scale of JCDecauxs or the Montreal Parking Authoritys docking sta ons makes them unobtrusive and discreet; important benets in a busy, crowded city like New York. In contrast, the long docking bar, used in Barcelona and Washington DC, could be disrup ve to pedestrian ow. Locking Mechanism: This report recommends an intui ve locking system that clearly tells users when the bicycle has been fully and properly locked. The locking mechanism should be fully incorporated into the bicycle design; it should be impossible to remove the lock without breaking the bicycle. Since bikeshare bicycles are heavy, roll in systems may be superior to li in systems, in terms of ease of use. However, the overall durability of the locking mechanism should be the deciding factor. Installa on and Power Sources: Bike-sta ons that require excava on or rely on the citys power grid are infeasible in New York. Excava on and trenching to power sources would be costly and me consuming. In addi on,

Bixi sta ons are li ed into place with a boom truck and are bolted to the ground. No excava on is required. Image: Yvonne Bambrick/ysuchislife (www. ickr.com) 98 | NYCDCP

Excava on and trenching is required for JCDecaux (above) and ClearChannel Adshel bike-share kiosks. Image: Ladybad ming (www.ickr.com)

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New Yorks subterranean infrastructure would signicantly limit the placement of such bike-staons. The constant roadwork as u lity companies and city agencies rip up the street to access and repair infrastructure below and even rou ne road resurfacing would also be an issue, possibly requiring periodic shutdowns and poten ally costly reloca ons. This report recommends pre-fabricated and/or modular bike-sta on designs that can be bolted into a variety of roadway surfaces (e.g. concrete or asphalt). Quick installa on and de-installa on mes (minutes or hours as opposed to days) are necessary. Solar power, which is currently used to power the citys MuniMeters, is suggested.

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PILOT PROGRAMS This report nds that a small pilot bike-share program would be unsuccessful in New York. Evidence from bike-share programs around the world suggests that small programs do not provide meaningful transporta on, health or economic development gains nor do they provide a signicant basis from which the city could evaluate the eec veness of the program. In a city as densely populated of New York, small pilots in par cular pose problems because the program coverage area would be insucient to warrant bicycle use. SmartBike in Washington DC provides valuable lessons about the dicul es posed by small pilots. With 120 bicycles spread out over 10 bike-sta ons, the bike-sta ons are hard to nd unless one knows where to look. Washington has not seen transporta on benets from the program. In contrast, Velib opened its doors with 10,000 bicycles and then six months later doubled the number of bicycles to cover the whole city, allowing the program to see immediate transporta on gains (5% reduc on in automobile trac in the rst year).2 Six months a er Velib opened it was credited with helping Paris weather the mul -day transit strike in the winter of 2007.3 Because SmartBike is too small to generate large revenues from membership or use fees, expansion op ons for the program are also limited. Velib opened with 13,000 annual subscribers, 377,000 in star ng revenue.4 In contrast, SmartBike opened with 250 annual subscrip ons for ini al revenue of $10,000.5 The small number of bicycles makes one day passes infeasible and has led program operators to consider limi ng the number of annual passes. Thus tourists or poten al riders who are unwilling to commit immediately to an annual pass cannot use SmartBike. In contrast, Paris sold 2.5 million one day passes in the rst 6 months alone, drama cally changing how many tourists explore Paris and genera ng signicant revenues. In New York, the citys ability to develop a bike-share program is dependent on star ng at the right scale. With much of the citys street furniture already under contract, other funding mechanisms, such as membership and user fees, which depend on volume, will be needed to pick up the slack. Changing percep ons about bicycles, driven to some extent by increasing energy costs and growing awareness of climate change issues, may also point ci es in the direc on of larger ini al programs. As Kelly says of Washington DCs SmartBike program: Knowing what we know now, of course, we would have launched it bigger. But when we were ini ally thinking about this we really werent sure how popular it would be. The rising cost of gas and the ever-increasing green a tude of everybody is now showing us that yes, the city will support a broader program.6

Bremner, Charles & Marie Tourres, A year on, the cycle experiment has hit some bumps, The London Times, July, & Dell, Kris na, Bike-Sharing Gets Smart, Time Magazine, June (h p://www. me.com/ me/ magazine/ar cle/ , , , .html); Accessed / / Mulholland, Tara, Pariss bicycle rental system gets a bap sm by re, Interna onal Herald Tribune, (h p://www. iht.com/ar cles/ / / /europe/velib.php); Accessed / / Bennhold, Katrin. A New French Revolu ons Creed: Let Them Ride Bikes, The New York Times, July . Alice Kelly, Program Manager, District DOT; Phone interview: August Aaron, Brad, Stree ilms: DC Bike-Share Hits the Ground Rolling, (h p://www.streetsblog.org/ / / / stree ilms-dc-bike-share-hits-the-ground-rolling/); Accessed / /

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Small bike-share programs or pilots are insucient for New Yorks size and density.

A large bike-share program may also be important to New York City for the publicity it could bring. However, with a number of other American ci es, such as Minneapolis, Boston, and Philadelphia, looking to introduce bike-share programs, a small program is unlikely to generate signicant atten on.

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PROGRAM SIZE AND EXTENT Bike-share programs that are nancially self-sucient tend to be larger programs that can take advantage of volume-based funding mechanisms such as adver sing or membership fees, and focused around densely populated or highly tracked area where bicycles and bike-sta ons can be used by the maximum number of people. In many cases, this combina on of a ributes also creates programs which see signicant transporta on and health benets. In contrast, small programs, and programs that are placed in low density/less tracked areas, do not typically produce the revenues required to be nancially self-sustaining. These programs provide few, if any, transporta on or health benets. Purely recrea onal programs, similar to bike rentals currently oered by private companies such as Bike-And-Roll, likewise fail to provide needed posi ve transporta on or health impacts. This report recommends that a New York City bike-share focus on the medium and high density areas of the city, dened as areas with 32,000 people/square mile or more. About two-thirds of the citys popula on (5.2 million people) live in these areas (about 81 square miles). These areas, which encompass por ons of four of the ve boroughs, can be served by a bike-share program of approximately 49,000 bicycles, spread over 2,600 bike-sta ons at an average density of 28-30 sta ons/square mile. New Yorks bike-share program should start in Manha an south of 60th Street and in por ons of Brooklyn and Downtown Brooklyn where there are bridge connec ons to Manha an. These areas are the most highly tracked por ons of the city by residents, commuters and tourists, making the program self-sucient from the start with membership and use fees alone. Program expansion, to include the rest of the citys medium and high density areas could be achieved with the addi on of adver sing revenues as the large number of bicycles could generate sucient revenues. New York Citys size304 square miles spread over four dis nct land massesand range of popula on densi es85,000 people/square mile in Manha an vs. 9,000 people/square mile in Staten Islandmeans that the city will have to think strategically about program expansion. A high bike-sta on density (28-30 sta ons/square mile) is necessary for bike-share programs because it allows users to nd and return bicycles easily. In lower density areas this bike-sta on density may be nancially infeasible. Staten Island, for example, is excluded from the citywide bike-share program recommended in this report because of its small poten al user base. In some lower density areas, it may be more cost eec ve to encourage bicycling by increasing the quan ty and quality of personal bicycle parking facili es rather than by introducing a bike-share program.

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PHASING AND FUNDING This report recommends introducing bike-share to New York City in a series of large, swi phases, culmina ng in a total of 49,000 bicycles. Paris provides a valuable model for eec ve program phasing. Velibs phasing allowed the program to build on its own momentum and reach subscribers from outside the coverage area in an cipa on of future coverage. In addi on, the large starting size allowed the program to open its doors to tourists and one day users, which generated substan al revenues from the outset. Membership/use fees and adver sing are the two largest sources of revenue for a New York City bike-share program and both should be used. While a Manha an/Downtown Brooklyn focused program could be funded with membership and use fees alone, this report recommends that the city pursue at bike-share franchise, using on-bicycle adver sements, to further expand bike-share coverage to the rest of the city. The following phasing is recommended: Phase 1: The ini al phase (10,500 bicycles), should be located in the highest density, highest tracked areas, and funded through membership and use fees generated by the program itself. Phases 2 & 3: Subsequent phases (10,500-49,000 bicycles) should be funded par ally through membership and use fees and par ally through a bike-share franchise using onbicycle adver sements. Authorizing legisla on, CEQR/ULURP and FCRC approvals for the bike-share franchise should be pursued concurrent to the introduc on of the rst phase. The franchise expansion phases would extend bike-share coverage into areas that are densely populated (32,000+ people/square mile) but do not have sucient commuter or tourist trac to support a program on their own. These phases should be introduced as soon as possible, within the connes of the franchise authoriza on.

For Phase 1 in par cular, this report looked to ensure that ini al program coverage included highly tracked areas, major origin and des na on points for commuters, and covered neighborhoods in mul ple boroughs that are currently characterized by large numbers of exis ng bicyclists and a high degree of bike lane coverage. Phases 2 & 3 followed the same guidelines with addi onal focus on increasing program con nuity and citywide representa on. Further discussion of the phasing analysis is included in Appendix C: Phasing Methodology. The following nancial models es mate poten al costs and revenues for each phase.7 3% annual ina on was assumed for all costs and a 20% increase in opera ng costs was assumed for each 3% increase in uptake. Adver sing revenue is assumed for Phases 2 & 3. Further assump ons about costs, revenues, ridership numbers and uptake can be found in Appendix D: Financial Assump ons.

The nancial es mate for , bicycles/Scenario (which is not recommended as a phase) is included in Appendix D: Financial Assump ons

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PHASE 1: 10,500 Bicycles Phase 1 is built by the city and operated under a service contract. Opera ons costs are covered by membership/use fees This phase covers Manha an south of 60th Street and substan al por ons of Northwestern Brooklyn, including Greenpoint-Williamsburg, Fort Greene, Prospect Heights and Park Slope.

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PHASE 1/SCENARIO 1 (10,500 Bicycles) Demand Assump ons Residents in Catchment Area NYC Workers in Catchment Area Out-of-City Workers in Catchment Area Leisure Tourists staying less than 4 days Leisure Tourists staying more than 4 days Trips/Year Trips Longer Than 30 Min (5%) Cost Assump ons Total Capital Costs Total Opera ons Costs Annual Membership & Use Fee Revenues Annual Pass (residents) Annual Pass (non-residents) Commuter Annual Pass Week Pass Day Pass Use Fees (1/2hr) Total Membership & Use Revenue Net Opera ng Revenue Rates $60 $60 $60 $19 $5 $2 $1,600 $3,600 Rates 5,152,500 29,197,500 875,925 154,575 14,362,562 718,128 3% $37,800,000 $16,800,000 3% $1,704,726 $1,920,600 $993,600 $2,936,925 $4,379,625 $1,436,256 552,000 16,560 1,067,000 32,010 947,070 28,412 Total Possible 3% 6% 56,824 64,020 33,120 1,751,850 309,150 28,725,124 1,436,256 6% $37,800,000 $20,160,000 6% $3,409,452 $3,841,200 $1,987,200 $5,873,850 $8,759,250 $2,872,512 9% 85,236 96,030 49,680 2,627,775 463,725 43,087,685 2,154,384 9% $37,800,000 $24,192,000 9% $5,114,178 $5,761,800 $2,980,800 $8,810,775 $13,138,875 $4,308,769

Projected

6%

3%

3%

9%

6%

23,260,729

1,163,036

Projected

$37,800,000

$20,160,000

Projected

$3,409,452

$1,920,600

$993,600

$5,873,850

$13,138,875

$2,326,073

$27,662,450

$7,502,450

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PHASE 2: 30,000 Bicycles (+29,500) Phase 2 is the rst expansion of the New York City bike-share under a franchise agreement. Opera ons costs are covered by a combina on of membership/use fees and on-bicycle adver sements. This phase con nues coverage into upper Manha an and Northwestern Brookly, including Bedford-Stuyversant, Crown Heights, Ditmas Park and Sunset Park. Bike-share coverage is introduced in Queens (Astoria, Jackson Heights, LIC) and the Bronx (Melrose, Grand Concourse, Fordham, East Tremont).

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PHASE 2/SCENARIO 3 (30,000 Bicycles) Demand Assump ons Residents in Catchment Area NYC Workers in Catchment Area Out-of-City Workers in Catchment Area Leisure Tourists staying less than 4 days Leisure Tourists staying more than 4 days Trips/Year Trips Longer Than 30 Min (5%) Cost Assump ons Total Capital Costs Total Opera ons Costs Annual Membership & Use Fee Revenues Annual Pass (residents) Annual Pass (non-residents) Commuter Annual Pass Week Pass Day Pass Use Fees (1/2hr) Total Membership & Use Revenue Net Opera ng Revenue (Membership Only) Adver sing Revenue Net Opera ng Revenue (With Adver sing) Rates $60 $60 $60 $19 $5 $2 $1,600 $3,600 Rates 1,498,758 3% $108,000,000 $48,000,000 3% $6,529,662 $1,492,200 $993,600 $2,936,925 $4,379,625 $2,997,517 5,152,500 154,575 29,975,167 29,197,500 875,925 552,000 16,560 829,000 24,870 3,627,590 108,828 49,740 33,120 1,751,850 309,150 59,950,333 2,997,517 6% $108,000,000 $57,600,000 6% $13,059,324 $2,984,400 $1,987,200 $5,873,850 $8,759,250 $5,995,033 Total Possible 3% 6% 217,655 9% 326,483 74,610 49,680 2,627,775 463,725 89,925,500 4,496,275 9% $108,000,000 $69,120,000 9% $19,588,986 $4,476,600 $2,980,800 $8,810,775 $13,138,875 $8,992,550

Projected

6%

3%

3%

9%

6%

55,599,778

2,779,989

Projected

$108,000,000

$57,600,000

Projected

$13,059,324

$1,492,200

$993,600

$5,873,850

$13,138,875

$5,559,978

$40,117,827

-$17,482,173

$43,140,000

$25,657,827

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PHASE 3: 49,000 Bicycles (+15,000) Phase 3 is the second expansion of the New York City bike-share under a franchise agreement. Opera ons costs are covered by a combina on of membership/use fees and on-bicycle adver sements. This phase further extends coverage in Brooklyn, Queens and the Bronx, including Bay Ridge, Flatbush, Coney Island, Elmhurst, Flushing, Pelham Parkway, Woodlawn and Kingsbridge.

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PHASE 3/SCENARIO 4 (49,000 Bicycles) Demand Assump ons Residents in Catchment Area NYC Workers in Catchment Area Out-of-City Workers in Catchment Area Leisure Tourists staying less than 4 days Leisure Tourists staying more than 4 days Trips/Year Trips Longer Than 30 Min (5%) Cost Assump ons Total Capital Costs Total Opera ons Costs Annual Membership & Use Fee Revenues Annual Pass (residents) Annual Pass (non-residents) Commuter Annual Pass Week Pass Day Pass Use Fees (1/2hr) Total Membership & Use Revenue Net Opera ng Revenue (Membership Only) Adver sing Revenue Net Opera ng Revenue (With Adver sing) Rates $60 $60 $60 $19 $5 $2 $1,600 $3,600 Rates 3% $176,400,000 $78,400,000 3% $9,459,338 $928,800 $993,600 $2,936,925 $4,379,625 $3,866,654 1,933,327 38,666,538 5,152,500 154,575 29,197,500 875,925 552,000 16,560 516,000 15,480 30,960 33,120 1,751,850 309,150 77,333,076 3,866,654 6% $176,400,000 $94,080,000 6% $18,918,677 $1,857,600 $1,987,200 $5,873,850 $8,759,250 $7,733,308 5,255,188 157,656 315,311 Total Possible 3% 6% 9% 472,967 46,440 49,680 2,627,775 463,725 115,999,614 5,799,981 9% $176,400,000 $112,896,000 9% $28,378,015 $2,786,400 $2,980,800 $8,810,775 $13,138,875 $11,599,961

Projected

6%

3%

3%

9%

6%

74,447,361

3,722,368

Projected

$176,400,000

$94,080,000

Projected

$18,918,677

$928,800

$993,600

$5,873,850

$13,138,875

$7,444,736

$47,298,538

-$46,781,462

$67,140,000

$20,358,538

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FEES As bicycles are not the default mode choice for most New Yorkers, bike-share membership and user fees must stay low in order to a ract users. Oering the rst hour for free, and providing a 15 minute grace period to riders who arrive at their des na ons only to nd the bike-sta on full, are necessary elements of a successful bike-share program and should be included in New York. In addi on, the policy of charging small ($1-2) escala ng fees for addi onal hours should also be retained in order to keep bicycles in circula on. Price elas city is an unknown in bike-share programs. New York should con nue to monitor uptake rates of other programs such to see if there is a discernable impact on uptake. Bixi, in parcular, which will charge $78/year, as opposed to $40/year charged by Velib should be watched closely. Cost of living factors should also be considered. The nancial es mates in this report are based on the assump on that a New York City bike-share program could charge more than is currently charged in Paris for Velib use, without nega vely impac ng use. This report recommends that the membership and user fees charged by the Velib program in Paris serve as minimums for a New York program. The price of a MetroCard should be used as a comparison point by which to judge bike-share fees. Bike-share prices should remain well below MTA prices. Annual Membership: The nancial analysis for this report assumed an annual membership fee of $60. The introduc on of adver sing to the revenue streams available to a bike-share program may help to make this possible at larger scales. Monthly Membership: A monthly membership op on is not recommended because it could result in ridership decreases in the winter months. Daily and Weekly Membership: As daily passes are likely to be used most by visitors or for recrea on uses, this report recommends daily membership rates that are comparable to the 24 hour Fun Pass oered by the MTA. The nancial analysis used for this report assumed a daily membership rate of $5. This report assumed that weekly passes would be purchased by people staying in New York City for longer than 4 days. As such, the nancial analysis used for this report assumed a weekly membership rate of $19 (4 days x $5 =$20). Credit Card Alterna ves: The credit card requirement, inherent in Third Genera on bike-share programs could pose some problems for lower income New Yorkers who might otherwise use the program. In consulta on with the NYCDHMH, this study suggests that prepaid cards used exclusively for the bike-share system could be an alterna ve op on for those who do not have a credit card. While these are o en associated with transac on or maintenance fees, the city or operator may be able to nego ate with the card provider to keep the fees low.

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SAFETY OPTIONS Ensuring safety, for bike-share users and others, is a crucial part of any bike-share program. Especially in New York where many nega ve percep ons surround bicyclist safety, introducing measures to encourage bike helmet use, promo ng good bicyclist and driver behavior and increasing the citys protected bicycle facili es is doubly important. As discussed in Chapter 5, bicycling in New York is safer than it used to be. The increased use of bicycle helmets and increased bicyclist presence and awareness may play a role here. Helmets: The self-serve nature of bike-share programs limits their ability to provide helmets. JCDecauxs inves ga on of imbedding membership cards into personal bike helmets is the closest that any program to date has come to providing helmets, and should be explored for New York. Short of legisla on manda ng helmet use, there is no way to make bike-share use con ngent on wearing a helmet. In addi on to being dicult legisla on to pass, such legisla on could also reduce the number of bike-share riders by elimina ng the spontaneity of bike-share use. In the absence of program-provided helmets, the city could encourage helmet use by: Giving Out Free Helmets with Annual Bike-Share Membership Through NYCDOTs GET FIT-TED helmet distribu on and safety awareness campaign, the city already distributes free bicycle helmets. Free helmet distribu on could be extended to include people who purchase annual bike-share memberships. Ocial New York City bicycle helmets, which are specially designed by NYC and Co., the citys ocial marke ng and tourism, and sponsored by Target, could be sent to subscribers. Alterna vely, helmet vouchers, NYCDOTs GET FIT-ED program teaches helmet safety redeemable at New York City bicycle and gives away free Ocial NYC bicycle helmets. shops could be distributed. While such a system could not enforce the wearing of helmets, it could eliminate price as an obstacle to use. Exploring Chip in Helmet Programs like that Developed by JCDecaux JCDecauxs proposed Chip in Helmet Program will allow annual subscribers to imbed their membership card in a personal bike helmet. Further discussion of this op on should occur as program details emerge. However, as with all other helmet op ons this program cannot make people wear helmets. Con nuing Public Service Campaigns Encouraging Helmet Use Helmet use can also be encouraged through public service campaigns. The LOOK campaigns Helmet Hair is Beau ful postcard series is one such eort which a empts to erase the s gma around helmet use. Such campaigns should be con nued. Private sector eorts, such as the Safety is Sexy campaign (h p://safetyissexy.blogspot.com/) which
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highlights fashionable bicycle helmets, helmets that look like hats, and other safety accessories, should also be explored further. Promo ng Good Bicyclist and Driver Behavior: As discussed in Chapter 3, the combined eorts of the NYCDOT, NYCDHMH, the NYPD and public advocacy organiza ons like Transporta on Alterna ves have produced valuable public service campaigns (e.g. the LOOK Campaign) aimed at increasing bicycle awareness. The city can further encourage safety by further increasing the presence and scope of these programs. In addi on, the city can encourage be er bicyclist and driver behavior by: Clarifying and Publicizing Bicycle Rules of the Road Many bicyclists are unsure of the rules of the road which increases the dangers they face and the dangers they pose to other bicyclists, pedestrians and drivers. While bicycle rules are men oned in the New York State Drivers Manual, the men on is cursory and easy to miss in a document otherwise en rely devoted to cars. In the absence of clear, widely publicized ocial bicycling rules that deal with bicycle-specic situa ons (like yield responsibili es between bicycles and buses for example), bicyclists make up their own rules or follow the (some mes poor) examples of other riders. Well publicized, bicycle specic road rules could help to increase bicy- Bicycling road rules are posted on each Velib bicycle. I clist safety and overall predictability in dont ride on the sidewalk. I respect trac lights and stop signs. I dont carry passengers. I dont ride against bicyclist behavior. Using Bike-Sta ons and Bicycles to Publicize Bicycle Safety Informa on Bike-sta on and bicycles present a perfect opportunity to distribute bicycle safety informa on to bicyclists. Space should be provided to provide informa on such as basic trac laws, the importance of helmet use, and the loca on of bike lanes. Publicizing Exis ng Bicycling Safety Courses Private and non-prot organiza ons such as Bike New York oer free and/or low cost bicycling safety courses. Such classes could be publicized in bike-share or other bicycling materials.
trac (except on counterow bikelanes). Image: oric (www.ickr.com)

Increasing New York Citys Bicycle Infrastructure: NYCDOT should con nue striping and building new bike lanes and protected greenways throughout the city. Special a en on should be paid to increasing network connec vity (more east/west lanes in Manha an and the South Bronx for example). In addi on, protected lanes should be built wherever possible.

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THEFT REDUCTION The bike-sta on structure, subscrip on service and credit card deposit/penalty features, unique to 3rd genera on bike-share programs have drama cally reduced the and have made bike-share programs viable in a way that their predecessors were not. However, some problems s ll remain. While New York Citys the rate is signicantly lower than that of Paris, Barcelona or Washington DC, a number of design and behavioral incen ves should be considered to further limit the . Complicated or unintui ve bike-sta on locking mechanisms make it dicult for users, especially short term users, to know when their bicycle is properly returned. Bicycle thieves use such opportuni es to take bike-share bicycles without providing traceable credit card informa on. Simple, intui ve systems that clearly indicate when bicycles are locked, such as ashing green/red lights, are recommended. Most bicycle thieves want working bicycles (the crea on of a resale market for parts is avoided by using specialized parts that do not t other bicycles). Bike-sta on designs in which it is possible to break the lock without rendering bicycle inoperable should be avoided in New York. Credit card fraud and iden ty the could be an issue. Payment systems that require the purchaser to physically have their card with them at the me of purchase, or employ other an -fraud measures, should be used. Low penalty fees can make it cheaper to steal a bike-share bicycle than to buy a new one. The going price of a basic new bicycle can range as high as $500 in New York City, the deposit fee for the New York bike-share should be assessed accordingly. Bike-share administrators should watch results from SmartBike in Washington DC which charges $250 for bicycles that are not returned, to determine an appropriate fee for New York. A New York City bike-share program would likely, like Paris, generate signicant publicity. To reduce incen ves for the , New York could also consider making replica bike-share bicycles available for purchase.

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01 Execu ve Summary and Major Findings 02 The Case for Bike-Share in NYC 03 Case Studies 04 NYC Bicycling Condi ons 05 NYC Bicycling Demand 06 Paying for a NYC Bike-Share 07 Implementa on 08 Appendices

08 Appendices

A: Summary of Data Sources B: Commuter Demand Methodology C: Phasing Methodology D: Financial Assump ons E: Bike-Share Programs Worldwide F: Works Cited

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APPENDIX A: SUMMARY OF DATA SOURCES

Assessing the total number of bicyclists in New York and poten al market demand for bicycling is par cularly dicult as typical transporta on coun ng methods such as registra on are not available for bicycles. Further complica ng ma ers, bicycles do not require specic facili es or land set-asides for parking, and are not counted in many transporta on surveys. This report relies on the following data sources for its es mates about bicycle use in New York City. US Census Journey to Work Data (2000): The 2000 US Census supplies the majority of demand data used in this report. Journey to Work data is gathered as part of the Decennial Census sample characteris cs or long form which surveys approximately 1 in every 6 households. It is conducted by the US Census Bureau. US Census data on bicycling is limited because data is collected on trips taken for commu ng purposes only. Trips undertaken for errands, social visits, recrea on or other ac vi es are not recorded. In addi on, the Census only allows respondents to indicate one mode of transporta on. As a result, a commuter who bicycles to a subway sta on and then takes a subway to work, or commuters who bicycle to work only a few days a week are not counted. In New York, the issue of undercoun ng is par cularly true for the walk to work category as most New Yorkers walk some distance each day to reach their subway or bus sta on but do not consider walking as their primary means of commu ng. Journey to Work data only looks at people in the workforce, ages 16 and older. As a result, this dataset automa cally excludes children (under 15) who are too young to use bike-share programs. Journey to Work data does not have an upper age limit. American Community Survey Journey to Work Data (2006): The American Community Survey (ACS) is an annual popula on and characteris cs survey conducted by the US Census Bureau. Approximately 3 million households na onwide are surveyed. As with the US Census, ACS data on bicycling trends can be misleading because data is only collected on trips made for commu ng purposes and because respondents are only able to indicated one primary mode of commu ng, thus elimina ng mul -modal commuters. However, as it is an annual survey, the ACS provides data that is more current than the US Census. NYCDOT Screenline/Commuter Cicycling Indicator Counts: NYCDOTs Screenline counts are a 12- and 18-hour summer bicycle count conducted yearly at intersec ons along 50th Street in Manha an and on major bridge crossings. Because it only counts bicycles entering and exi ng Manha ans central business district, and does not count non-Manha an inter- or intra-borough travel, this study does not use the Screenline Count to es mate the total number of bicyclists in New York. Rather, due to its long dura oncounts began in the 1980s and con nue todaythe Screenline Count provides valuable trend informa on about the growth of bicycling in New York. NYCDOHMH Community Health Survey and Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2007): The NYC Department of Health & Mental Hygienes Community Health Survey (CHS) is an annual cross-sec onal telephone survey that samples approximately 10,000 adults aged 18 and older from NYC neighborhoods. Es mates are weighted to the NYC popula on per Census 2000 and are age-adjusted to the US 2000 Standard Popula on.
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The New York City Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2007) is a joint eort of the NYC Departments of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) and Educa on (DOE). The survey looks at New York City public high school students. The data used in this report was requested from DOHMH Bureau of Epidemiology Services in August 2008. Es mates are weighted to the NYC public high school popula on. NYMTC Bicycle Data Collec on Program Counts: The New York Metropolitan Transporta on Council (NYMTC) has conducted a bicycle ridership count over three phases, fall 2002 and spring/summer 2003, spring /summer 2004, and spring/ summer 2005. The counts were conducted throughout the ve boroughs of NYC and the ve suburban coun es in the NYMTC region. Counts were conducted at both on street loca ons and o street mul -use lanes. The data is meant to represent a typical day when the weather was conducive to bicycling and pedestrian ac vity The counts were conducted at 226 New York City loca ons over the course of the three phases. The NYMTC counts are useful in that they include areas outside of Manha an. However, it is unclear how the coun ng loca ons were selected. In addi on, not every loca on was observed every year of the counts, making it dicult to get a true comparison across the dierent loca ons. The results do indicate that there is signicant bicycle use in geographically dierent areas of the city, something the other bicycle use counts do not address. The inclusion of on street loca ons without bike lanes does indicate that bicycle use does not depend on bicycle infrastructure. Department of City Planning (NYCDCP) Counts: The Transporta on Division of the New York City Department of City Planning has conducted bicycle ridership counts since 1999. Data related to the usage of the citys bicycle lanes and greenway paths are collected each year during the fall season. This data collec on eort is intended to assist planners in addressing issues related to cycling in New York City and to support ongoing and future bicycle planning studies. Manha an has been the only focus of the bicycle counts since 2001, due to limited resources. The NYCDCP counts are useful in that they include the same loca ons every year, and provide informa on on bicycle ridership in Manha an beyond the CBD. However, the Manha an focus limits their ability to account for bicycle ridership in dierent areas throughout the City. Department of City Planning (NYCDCP) Bike and Ride Data (2008): In 2008, the Department of City Planning Transporta on Division began collec ng data for a Bicycle Access and Parking for Subway and Commuter Rail User study designed to examine current mul modal bicycle-subway/commuter rail pa erns and make recommenda ons to create secure bicycle parking at transit sta ons. As part of the study, a citywide survey of subway and commuter rail sta ons was conducted to assess exis ng bike to transit use and to make site-specic recommenda ons. Counts were taken on weekdays throughout the summer. Unlike other data collec on eorts, this study specically addressed cyclists using a bicycle for only a por on of their trip. While this study has not examined every transit sta on in the City, it does account for a large por on of them; in total 239 sta ons were surveyed. The study revealed very high numbers in areas not typically associated with bicycle ridership (as well as those that are associated with bicycle use).

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Department of City Planning (NYCDCP) Bicycle Survey (2007): The 2007 NYCDCP Bicycle User Survey was a voluntary, online bicyclist needs assessment conducted during New York Bike Month, in May 2006. The survey was made available on the Department of City Planning website and publicized by a variety of bicycle and transporta on advocacy groups. Over the course of the month, 1,086 people completed the survey. As with other voluntary surveys, selec on bias may be a prominent issue in the Bicycle Survey, as bicyclists or people with strong feelings about bicycling in New York were most likely to respond. In addi on, low response rates from places like the Bronx may indicate that outreach was insucient or that the online format made the survey unavailable to some popula ons. The data in this report is used to illustrate habits of current New York bicyclists, rather than as an indica on of prospec ve rider popula ons.

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APPENDIX B: COMMUTER DEMAND METHODOLOGY

In Europe, commuters make up a substan al por on of the total bike-share users. In Paris, respondents to a JCDecaux survey indicated that 74% of bicycle trips were made for work purposes.1 ClearChannel Adshels data from Spain and Scandinavia shows that 60% of bike-share users used the bicycles as part of their commute.2 The data set for this analysis was built from 2000 US Census Journey to Work data analyzed at the Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA) level. PUMAs are geographic areas with more than 100,000 residents and less than 400,000 residents. In New York City, PUMAs roughly follow Community Board boundaries and were treated synonymously in this report. In order to address the limita ons of the Census data, explained below, this report provides a low, mid-, and high-end es mate for the number of poten al bicycle commuters. As elsewhere in this report, this is not a predic on of who would or will use a New York City bike-share program; rather it is an es mate of the number of people who live within a reasonable bicycling distance of their place of work. For the purposes of this analysis, a reasonable bicycling distance for commuters is dened as less than 5 miles. This distance was determined based o 2000 US Census (Journey to Work) data which indicates that 85% of New York Citys bicycle commuters bicycle to work in less than 30 minutes and that only 2% of current bicycle commuters ride for more than 40 minutes. The average bicycle commute me is 27 minutes. This study treats current ridership pa erns as an indica on of New Yorkers willingness to ride and will assume that the average New Yorker who could commute by bicycle would be willing to ride for up to 30 minutes. The connec on between me and distance is made with the assumpon that the average bicycle commuter will ride at a speed of approximately 10-15mph. Given this assump on, we assume that New Yorkers who would bike would be willing to bike between 5 and 7.5 miles for commu ng purposes. This study focuses on the conservave 5 mile distance limit for further assump ons.

Velib Website, Press Release: Appendices Opinion Poll; Clear Channel Outdoor Website, SmartBike; (h p://www.smartbike.com/); Accessed /

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Low-End Es mate Assump ons: The Low End es mate is comprised of: New Yorkers in the workforce (age 16+) who currently walk to work New Yorkers in the workforce (age 16+) who currently bicycle to work New Yorkers in the workforce (age 16+) who currently use other means to get to work NYC commuters who currently walk to work: This study assumes that people who currently walk to work could use a bike-share program as they are traveling short, bike-able distances. The 2000 US Census shows that the average New Yorker who currently walks to work has a commute of 16 minutes. New Yorkers who live in PUMA 03802 (Morningside Heights) have the shortest walking commute: 11 minutes. New Yorkers who live in PUMA 03707 (University Heights/Morris Heights) have the longest walking commute: 21 minutes. At an average walking speed of 3mph, this means that the average walking commuter travels 0.8 miles to get to work; residents of PUMA 03707 travel just over 1 mile. These are distances that can easily be undertaken by bicycle. In addi on, since walkers are typically the most sensi ve to street condi ons, this study assumes that environments that are friendly to walkers will be hospitable to bicyclists. New Yorkers in the workforce (age 16+) who currently bicycle to work: This study assumes that people who already commute to work by bicycle would also use a bike-share program. While these commuters already own and use personal bicycles we assume that such commuters would augment their current bicycle use with public-use bicycles if such bicycles were spontaneously available since concerns like secure bicycle parking were would be alleviated. The number of New Yorkers in the workforce (age 16+), as counted by the 2000 Census, may be low. NYCDOTs Screenline Counts conducted annually since the early 1980s show a 3.43% annual increase in bicycling since then. Mid- and High-End Assump ons: This study assumes that people who currently live within a short, reasonable bicycling distance from their place of work could use a bike-share program if one were available. Using the US Census designa on PUMA as the measurement tool, this study draws radius rings from the midpoint of each PUMA to ascertain the number of people who live in the PUMA and work in census tracts within a certain distance of that midpoint. The Mid End es mate is comprised of: New Yorkers in the workforce (age 16+) who live within 2.5 miles (a bikeable distance) of their work. The radius ring is 2.5 miles. The maximum possible cycling distance is 5 miles, however, most commuters included in this count would have a much shorter commute. The High End es mate is comprised of: New Yorkers in the workforce (age 16+) who live within 5 miles (a bikeable distance) of their work. The radius ring is 5 miles. The maximum possible cycling distance is 10 miles, however, most commuters included in this count would have a much shorter commute. In all cases, census tracts that would require a bicyclist to cross rivers where bicycle-accessible bridges are unavailable were excluded. This exclusion pertained mostly to Staten Island and
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western Brooklyn commuters and to northeastern Queens and southeastern Bronx commuters. In the case of the TriBorough Bridge and cyclists commu ng between the Bronx, Manha an and Queens, the distance from the midpoint of each relevant PUMA to the middle of Randalls Island was calculated and then a second ring (with a radius equal to 5 miles less the distance from the PUMA midpoint to the middle of Randalls Island for the high es mate or 2.5 miles less the distance from the PUMA midpoint to the middle of Randalls Island for the middle es mate) was drawn and other census tracts added or subtracted as necessary. A similar process was used for Cross-Bay Boulevard and Queens cyclists. Members of the workforce who reported working from home in the 2000 US Census (Journey to Work data) are excluded from the total number of people who could use bike-share programs. It is possible that people working from home might subscribe to a bike-share program for reasons other than commu ng, such as errands. Excluded Popula ons: The methodology outlined above excludes two commuter popula ons who could poten ally use a New York City bike-share program. These popula ons are: Commuters who do not live in NYC but commute by train or bus to Grand Central Terminal, 34th Street-Pennsylvania Sta on, Port Authority Bus Terminal, Atlan c Avenue, Harlem-125th Street or other sta ons on the MetroNorth, PATH or Long Island Railroads, and work within cycling distance of those sta ons. Data from Europe predicts that these popula ons may be substan al. In Paris, people who live in the Parisian suburbs make up 33% of all Velib users.3 o o o o o MetroNorth: 132,300 people daily into Manha an.4 LIRR: 100,000 people daily into Manha an5 NJ Transit: ~70,000 people daily into Manha an6 PATH: 48,000 people daily into Manha an between 7-10am7 PA Bus Terminal: 200,000 people daily into Manha an8

Mul -Modal Commuters who live in NYC and currently take the bus or walk less than 5 miles to connect to a subway, bus or other form of transporta on. Data from the Velib program in Paris indicate that 61% of Velib annual pass holders use their Velib bicycles as part of their commute and transfer to other forms of public transporta on.9 DCPs 2006 bicycle survey also indicates a high popula on of mul -modal bicycle commuters. 29% of respondents said that they transferred from their bicycle to another means of transporta on in the course of their commute.

Velib Website, Now We Know You Be er; (h p://www.velib.paris.fr/les_newsle ers/ _aujourd_hui_nous_ vous_connaissons_mieux); Accessed / / MTA Website, About MetroNorth Railroad, (h p://www.mta.info/mnr/html/aboutmnr.htm); Accessed / / MTA Customer Service ( / / ) New York Metropolitan Transit Council (NYMTC), Hub-Bound Report, (h p://www.nymtc.org/les/hub_ bound/ _Hub_Bound.pdf); Accessed / / . p. Ed Saspor s, PATH (email dated / / ) Young, Bill, Tunnels, Bridges & Terminals, Port Authority of New York/New Jersey; Phone Interview: October, Velib Website, Now We Know You Be er; (h p://www.velib.paris.fr/les_newsle ers/ _aujourd_hui_nous_ vous_connaissons_mieux); Accessed / / 120 | NYCDCP

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New York City has a wide range of popula on densi es, from 85,000/square mile average in Manha an to 9,000 people/square mile average in Staten Island. Two-thirds of the citys popula on (5.2 million people) live on a li le over one-third of the citys land mass, in neighborhoods with 32,000 people+/square mile. Data from the 2000 US Census. NYCDCP | 121

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APPENDIX C: PHASING METHODOLOGY

The selec on of areas for inclusion in a New York City bike-share program was based on a variety of considera ons including: Popula on Density and High Trip Volume Presence of Major Origin/Des na on Points Signicant Bike lane Coverage Signicant Presence of Bicyclists Program Con nuity/Con guous Areas Citywide Representa on Publicity Presence

The number of bike-sta ons required was determined using the 28 sta ons/square mile ra o developed in Lyon and Paris. The average bike-sta on size was determined on a borough level, based primarily on popula on density (assuming 110 bicycles/resident).10 Manha an, with an average of 85,000 people/square mile, will need the largest bike-sta ons, on average 28 bicycles/ sta on. The number of bicycles/sta on is not the same as the size of the bike-sta on. In order to ensure that users can return bicycle easily, most programs assume around 40% more docks than bicycles.
Average Bike-Sta on Sizes by Borough Bronx Popula on/Square Mile Average Bicycles/Sta on Average Sta on Size (40% Larger) 42,000 16 22 Brooklyn 39,000 15 21 Manha an 85,000 28 39 Queens 23,000 14 20 CityWide 31,000 17 24

Where possible, key indicators, such as popula on or workforce densi es, retail density, or the presence of colleges and universi es or cultural a rac ons, were mapped. Maps were normalized over a 300m grid, which produces the desired 28 sta ons/square mile density. Popula on Density and High Trip Volume: High popula on density and high trip volumes are the strongest predictors of the success of a bike-share program. Bike-sta ons must be located in close proximity to one another in order to ensure program visibility and ease of use. Low density areas which would have many bike-staons for few people and few trips would place unduly high nancial and opera onal stresses on the program. This report focuses on New Yorks medium and high density areas, dened as having 32,000 people/square mile or more. The average popula on density of these areas is around 53,000 people/square mile, which is iden cal to Paris. Manha an is the densest borough, with an average popula on density of 85,000 people/ square mile, excluding open space. It is a uniformly high density borough, which makes it ideal for a bikeshare program. Brooklyn has uniformly medium densi es between 32,000 and 85,000 people/ square mile. The Bronx and Queens have certain areas with high popula on densi es, notably
Paris has approximately bicycles/resident.

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the Southwestern Bronx along the 4 and D train corridor and the Queens Triangle, the area between Northern Blvd, Queens Blvd, and the Flushing Meadows Corona Park. However popula on density elsewhere in those boroughs drops o precipitously. Staten Island is the lowest density borough, with only 9,000 people/square mile. Only select por ons of the St. George area have popula on densi es that could support a bike-share program. Presence of Major Origin/Des na on Points: Successful bike-share program include major origin (home and hotels) and des na on (work, school, commercial centers, cultural or tourist a rac ons) points within their coverage areas. This allows users to make en re trips via bike-share as well as increasing opportuni es for mul modal commu ng. Bike-share programs that only include des na on points are of limited use to commuters, although they may be highly used during the day for short trips at lunch hour or by tourists. Bike-share programs that only include origin points would likely see heavy use at the rush hours by users hoping to connect to other modes but day me use would be limited. In either scenario, bicycles would be underused during a signicant por on of the day, limi ng program eec veness and revenues. Des na ons: Midtown and Lower Manha an have the highest workforce densi es of anywhere in the city, making these areas prime des na on points. In addi on, most of the citys major commuter hubsGrand Central Terminal, Port Authority Bus Terminal, 34th Street-Pennsylvania Sta on, World Financial Center and South Ferryare located in Midtown and Lower Manha an. Cultural and recrea onal a rac ons (such as theaters, movie theaters, concert halls, museums, swimming pools, YMCA/YWCA facili es and libraries) are also important as such facili es are associated with a high volume of trips many of which could be completed by bicycle. While such des na ons exist throughout the city, they are found in Midtown and Lower Manha an at higher densi es. Areas with high retail coverage (measured here as total retail square footage) are also areas where high trip volumes are expected. In par cular, Manha an below 60th Street shows consistent retail coverage, as opposed to other parts of the city where retail coverage is limited to commercial corridors. Hotels and colleges/universi es, also overwhelming located in Manha an, are also high trip volume generators because tourists and students are two strong bike-share demographics. Origins: Isola ng origin points is more complicated because New York is big and people live almost everywhere. For certain business areas, however, like Midtown, some pa erns emerge. For example, a signicant number of people who work below 59th Street live on the Upper East and Upper West Sides. Signicant Bike lane Coverage & Presence of Bicyclists: Bike-share programs bring substan al numbers of new people into bicycling. While many have experience in urban riding, others do not. A high degree of exis ng bike lane coverage and the presence of other bicyclists are important to increase the safety of these new riders. In addi on, the existence of connected networks of bike lanes, which would allow users to make their en re trip on marked routes, may be an incen ve for otherwise hesitant new riders.
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The highest worker densi es are concentrated in Manha an south of 60th Street. Data from the 2000 US Census.

A signicant number of these workers live in Manha an.

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In New York the bike lanes are concentrated in Manha an and Brooklyn, which are also the areas with the highest numbers of current bicycle riders. These areas are strong candidates for the ini al phases of a bike-share program. Other areas of the city, notably in Queens, seem to have large popula ons of bicyclists and could also support bike-share programs. Program Con nuity/Con guous Areas & Citywide Representa on: Bike-share programs require coverage area con nuity in order to func on eciently. Placing bike-sta ons in isolated target areas, for example in Flushing, Williamsburg and Midtown, drama cally decreases the number of poten al users, as such a congura on only allows for specic types of trips. In addi on, citywide representa on is important in order to achieve transportaon goals. For Staten Island, whose low popula on density and small number of bike lanes make bike-share programs less tenable, representa on can be achieved by placing bike-sta ons at the Staten Island Ferry Terminal at South Ferry. Publicity Presence: Bike-share programs depend on strong publicity and a presence in the streets. These two factors build a buzz around the program that can draw in poten al users and increase revenues from membership and use fees. While bike-share bicycles would be seen in all parts of New York, programs with high visibility in New Yorks major commercial, cultural and tourist areasMidtown and Lower Manha an, Downtown Brooklyn, etc.will receive more a en on and faster. These areas should be considered for the rst phases of the program because they can help to build the momentum needed for program expansion. In addi on, if a franchise model that relies on on-bicycle adver sements is used, then placing the ini al phases of bicycles in areas that tend to generate higher revenues for adver sing is desirable. Ini al placement in such areas would increase the programs nancial viability, but program coverage should not be isolated to these areas.

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APPENDIX D: FINANCIAL ASSUMPTIONS

Bike-Share Program Costs:
Bike-Share Capital Costs City Program Operator Number of Bicycles Capital Cost Capital Cost/Bicycle Montreal Bixi Sta onnement de Montral 2,400 No Data $3,000 New York 2007 Es mate ClearChannel Adshel 500 $1,800,000 $3,600 Washington DC SmartBike Expansion ClearChannel Adshel 500 $1,800,000 $3,600 Lyon Velov JCDecaux 1,000 No Data $4,500* Paris Velib JCDecaux 20,600 $90,000,000 $4,400

All data provided by the operators or providers unless otherwise noted. * This gure is cited to European programs in general in Becker, Bernie, Bicycle-Sharing Program to Be First of Kind in U.S., The New York Times, 27 April, 2008

Bike-Share Opera ons Cost City Program Operator Number of Bicycle Opera ons Cost Opera ons Cost/ Bicycle Montreal Bixi Sta onnement de Montral 2,400 No Data $1,200 Lyon Velov JCDecaux 1,000 $1,550,000 $1,500* Barcelona Bicing Washington DC SmartBike Expansion Paris Velib JCDecaux 20,600 $35,000,000 $1,700 New York 2007 Es mate ClearChannel Adshel 500 $972,000 $1,944

ClearChannel ClearChannel Adshel Adshel 3,000 $4,500,000 $1,500** 500 $800,000 $1,600

All data provided by the operators/providers or the city unless otherwise noted. * Buhrmann, Sebas an, Rupprecht Consult Forschung & Beratung GmbH, New Seamless Mobility Services: Public Bicycles; Niches Consor um ** Nadal, Luc, Bike Sharing Sweeps Paris O Its Feet, Sustainable Transport, Ins tute for Transporta on and Development Policy, Fall 2007, Number 19

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Phase and Scenario Demand Assump ons TOTAL SUBSCRIBERS Residents in Catchment Area NYC Workers in Catchment Area Out-of-City Workers in Catchment Area Leisure Tourists staying less than 4 days Leisure Tourists staying more than 4 days 15% of Leisure Tourists Assump ons 4x/week 3/week 3/week 1x 4x 6% 85% of Leisure Tourists 9% 552,000 3% Variable 3% 552,000 29,197,500 5,152,500 Variable 6% 947,070 1,067,000 Assump ons Projected Uptake Phase 1 NA (Scenario 2) 1,434,710 1,023,000 552,000 29,197,500 5,152,500 Phase 2 3,627,590 829,000 552,000

Phase 3

5,255,188

516,000

552,000

29,197,500 5,152,500

29,197,500

5,152,500

TOTAL TRIPS Residents in Catchment Area NYC Workers in Catchment Area

Projected Uptake 6% 3% 3% 9% 6%

Phase 1 11,819,434 4,993,560 2,583,360 2,627,775 1,236,600 23,260,729

NA (Scenario 2) 17,905,181 4,787,640 2,583,360 2,627,775 1,236,600 29,140,556

Phase 2

Phase 3

45,272,323 3,879,720 2,583,360 2,627,775 1,236,600

65,584,746

2,414,880

Bike-Share Scenario Demand Assump ons:

Out-of-City Workers in Catchment Area Leisure Tourists staying less than 4 days Leisure Tourists staying more than 4 days Projected Total Trips

2,583,360

2,627,775

1,236,600

55,599,778

74,447,361

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Scenario 2 was not recommended as a phase due to the rela vely small Net Opera ng Income which was deemed to be insucient if opera ng costs were higher than expected.

NO PHASE/SCENARIO 2 (15,000 Bicycles) Demand Assump ons Residents in Catchment Area NYC Workers in Catchment Area Out-of-City Workers in Catchment Area Leisure Tourists staying less than 4 days Leisure Tourists staying more than 4 days Trips/Year Trips Longer Than 30 Min (5%) Cost Assump ons Total Capital Costs Total Opera ons Costs Annual Membership & Use Fee Revenues Annual Pass (residents) Annual Pass (non-residents) Commuter Annual Pass Week Pass Day Pass Use Fees (1/2hr) Total Membership & Use Revenue Net Opera ng Revenue Rates $3,600 $1,600 Rates $60 $60 $60 $19 $5 $2 552,000 29,197,500 5,152,500 1,023,000 1,434,710 Total Possible 3% 43,041 30,690 16,560 875,925 154,575 17,199,515 859,976 3% $54,000,000 $24,000,000 3% $2,582,478 $1,841,400 $993,600 $2,936,925 $4,379,625 $1,719,952 6% 86,083 61,380 33,120 1,751,850 309,150 34,399,031 1,719,952 6% 9%

Projected

129,124

6%

92,070

3%

49,680

3%

2,627,775

9%

463,725

6%

51,598,546

29,140,556

Membership/Use Fee Revenues for Scenario 2 (15,000 Bicycles):

2,579,927 9%

1,457,028

Projected

$54,000,000 $54,000,000

$54,000,000

$28,800,000 $34,560,000 6% $5,164,956 $3,682,800 $1,987,200 $5,873,850 $8,759,250 $3,439,903 9%

$28,800,000

BIKE-SHARE O N Y C

Projected

$7,747,434

$5,164,956

$5,524,200

$1,841,400

$2,980,800

$993,600

$8,810,775

$5,873,850

$13,138,875

$13,138,875

$5,159,855

$2,914,056

$29,926,737

$1,126,737

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APPENDIX E: 3RD GENERATION BIKE-SHARE PROGRAMS WORLDWIDE

City
Aix-en-Provence Barcelona Beijing Berlin and Others Brussels Burgos Drammen and Others Dublin and Others Gign Central London Greater London Hangzhou Kaohsiung City Lyon Marseille Montreal Pamplona Paris Parma and Others Rennes Rome Salzburg Sevilla Stockholm Taipei Toulouse Various Viennna Washington D.C.

Country
France Spain China Germany Belgium Spain Norway Ireland Spain England England China Taiwan France France Canada Spain France Italy France Italy Austria Spain Sweden Taiwan France The Netherlands Austria USA

Program Name
VHello Bicing Beijing Bicycle Rental Company Call-A-Bike Cyclocity BiciBur Bysykkel Hourbike Cyclocity TBA OYbike Hangzhou Public Bicycle System C-Bike Vlov Le Vlo Bixi nbici Vlib Bicinci Vlo la Carte RomanBike Citybike sevici City Bikes YouBike Vl OV-Fiets Citybike Smark Bike DC

Operator
JCDecaux Owner Operated Deutsche Bahn JCDecaux ITCL

Website
h p://www.vhello.fr/ h p://www.bjbr.cn/wd/wd.htm h p://www.callabike-interak v.de h p://www.cyclocity.be/ h p://www.bicibur.es

Clear Channel Adshel h p://www.bicing.com/

Clear Channel Adshel h p://www.adshel.no/index2.html Hourbike JCDecaux TBA OYBike Systems unknown unknown JCDecaux JCDecaux Montreal Parking Authority CEMUSA JCDecaux Communicare CEMUSA/Bicinci Gewista Urban Media JCDecaux h p://www.hourbike.com/hourbike/ home.do h p://www.gijon.es/Contenido. aspx?id=19315&leng=en&zona=0 TBA h p://www.oybike.com/ h p://www.hzzxc.com.cn/ h p://www.c-bike.com.tw/eng/map. html h p://www.velov.grandlyon.com/ h p://www.levelo-mpm.fr/ h p://bixi.ca/index.php?page_ id=1&lang=en h p://www.c-cycles.com/ h p://www.velib.paris.fr/ h p://bicinci a.com h p://www.roma-n-bike.it/ h p://www.citybikesalzburg.at/ h p://www.sevici.es/

Clear Channel Adshel h p://veloalacarte.free.fr/index2.html

Clear Channel Adshel h p://www.stockholmcitybikes.se/en/ Home/ unknown JCDecaux Gewista Urban Media h p://www.youbike.com.tw/upage/ h p://www.velo.toulouse.fr/ h p://www.ov-ets.nl/ h p://www.citybikewien.at/

Clear Channel Adshel h ps://www.smartbikedc.com/default.asp

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APPENDIX F: WORKS CITED

Aaron, Brad, Stree ilms: DC Bike-Share Hits the Ground Rolling, (h p://www.streetsblog.org/2008/08/22/streetlms-dc-bike-share-hits-the-ground-rolling/); Accessed 09/08/08 Ajuntament de Barcelona Website, Survey of Vic miza on in Barcelona 2006, (h p://www.bcn.es/estadis ca/ angles/dades/anuari/cap08/C0803030.htm); Accessed 12/2/09 American Public Transporta on Associa on (APTA), Public Transit Ridership Con nues To Grow In First Quarter 2008, (h p://www.apta.com/media/releases/080602_ridership_report.cfm); Accessed 9/8/08 Atelier Parisien dUrbanisme (APUR), Etude de Localiza on des Sta ons de Velos en Libre Service, December 2006. Atelier Parisien dUrbanisme (APUR), Implanter 1451 Sta ons Velib Dans Paris, September 2007 Becker, Bernie, Bicycle-Sharing Program to Be First of Kind in U.S., The New York Times, 27 April, 2008 Bikes Belong Coali on, REI/Bicycle Friendly Communi es Grant Program, (h p://www.bikesbelong.org/ node/221103); Accessed 08/04/08 Bremner, Charles, Paris oers drivers electric cars to beat pollu on - for a small charge, The London Times, 2 January, 2008 Bremner, Charles, Paris self-service bicycles are vandalised, stolen and sold, The London Times, 10 February, 2009 Bremner, Charles & Marie Tourres, A year on, the cycle experiment has hit some bumps, The London Times, 8 July, 2008 Bennhold, Katrin. A New French Revolu ons Creed: Let Them Ride Bikes, The New York Times, 16 July 2007 Bicing Website, (h p://www.bicing.com/) Bikes Belong Founda on Website, REI/Bicycle Friendly Communi es Grant Program; (h p://www.bikesbelong. org/node/221103); Accessed 08/04/08 BikeO Project: Design Against Crime, Bicing Barcelona: ClearChannel Adshel Public Bicycle System, (h p://www. bikeo.org/design_resource/dr_PDF/schemes_public_bicing.pdf); Accessed 12/2/09 Bixi Website, (h p://bixi.ca) Bri sh Guild of Tourism Writers Website, BGTW Tourism Awards 2007: PARIS VLIB; (h p://www.bgtw.org/index.php?op on=com_content&task=view&id=934&Itemid=77 ); Accessed 9/02/08 Buhrmann, Sebas an, Rupprecht Consult Forschung & Beratung GmbH, New Seamless Mobility Services: Public Bicycles; Niches Consor um Bupa. Cycling and health. [cited 2008 August 8]; Available from: h p://www.bupa.co.uk/health_informa on/ html/healthy_living/lifestyle/exercise/cycling/cycling_health.html Casey/Urban Ins tute Making Connec ons (MC) Survey as provided by the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene CEMUSA, PRESS RELEASE: Total Success of Nibici in Pamplona City, (h p://www.cemusa.com/resources/ no cias/00002966No cia.pdf); Accessed 6/27/08

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Chenoweth, D., The economic costs of physical inac vity, obesity and overweight in California adults: health care, workers compensa on, and lost produc vity. California Department of Health Services, Public Health Ins tute, 2005 Clear Channel Outdoor Website, SmartBike, (h p://www.smartbike.com/); Accessed 3/24/08 Clear Channel SmartBike document, provided by Richard Grasso, Senior Vice President Business Development, 10/01/07 Confessore, Nicholas & Kate Hammer, Drunken Driver Kills Rider on Bicycle Path, Police Say, The New York Times, 3 December 2006 Decima Research, Inc., City of Toronto 1999 Cycling Study, February 2000 Dell, Kris na, Bike-Sharing Gets Smart, Time Magazine, 12 June 2008 (h p://www. me.com/ me/magazine/ar cle/0,9171,1813972,00.html); Accessed 9/02/08 DeMaio, Paul, The Bike-Sharing Blog, (h p://bike-sharing.blogspot.com/); Accessed 6/25/08 DeMaio, Paul and Jonathan Giord, Will Smart Bikes Succeed as Public Transporta on in the United States? Journal of Public Transporta on, Vol.7, No.2, 2004, p.3 The Design Council, Bike Hire Schemes Made Secure: Designing Out Crime Case Study, (h p://www.designcouncil.org.uk/en/Case-Studies/All-Case-Studies/Designing-Out-Crime-From-bike-hire-schemes/); Accessed 12/2/09 Dizikes, Cynthia, DC Rolls Out Bike-Sharing Plan to Thin Trac, LA Times, 15 August, 2008 (h p://www.la mes.com/news/na onworld/na on/la-na-bikes15-2008aug15,0,2976830.story ); Accessed 8/15/08 Emin, Patrick. JC Decaux wins street furniture contract for Toulouse, (h p://www.mavilleavelo.com/index. php?op on=com_content&task=view&id=279&Itemid=1); Accessed 8/26/08 Erlanger, Steven, A New Fashion Catches On in Paris: Cheap Bicycle Rentals, The New York Times, 13 July 2008 Federal Bureau of Inves ga ons, Report of Oenses Known to Law Enforcement, 2003 Federal Highway Administra on (FHWA), Conges on Mi ga on and Air Quality (CMAQ) Improvement Program, (h p://www. wa.dot.gov/environment/cmaqpgs/); Accessed 07/21/08 Federal Highway Administra on Website, Bicycle and Pedestrian Provisions of Federal Transporta on Legisla on, (h p://www. wa.dot.gov/environment/bikeped/bp-guid.htm#bp4); Accessed 9/8/08 Fentem, P.H., ABC of sports medicine. Benets of exercise in health and disease. Bmj, 1994. 308(6939): p. 1291-5. Freudenberg, N., S. Galea, and D. Vlahov, eds. Ci es and the Health of the Public. 1 ed. 2006, Vanderbilt University Press: Nashville Gross, Sebas en, (h p://velib.chezwam.org); Accessed 08/13/08 Health, R. Obesity and Disability: The Shape of Things to Come. 2007 [cited 2008, August 13]; Available from: h p://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9043/ Hervieux, Linda. Paris rent-a-bike program perfect for city, says advocates, New York Daily News, 1 October 2007 Holtzman, David, Bike-Sharing, Planning, May 2008

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Ins tut Na onal de la Sta s ques et des tudes conomiques Website, Sta s ques Locales, (h p://www.sta s ques-locales.insee.fr/esl/accueil.asp); Accessed 12/2/09 Jacobsen, P.L., Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling. Inj Prev, 2003. 9(3): p. 205-9 JCDecaux, CycloCity: A Revolu onary Public Transit System Accessible to All, Philadelphia Presenta on, 2008, (h p://bikesharephiladelphia.org/PDF%20DOC/V%C3%A9loV_A_REVOLUTIONARY_PUBLIC_TRANSPORT_SYSTEM_ ACCESSI.pdf); Accessed 9/02/08 JCDecaux & HSBC, PRESS RELEASE: HSBC Wraps Velo Toulouse, (h p://www.hsbc.fr/1/PA_1_3_S5/content/ france/about-HSBC/press-releases/pdf/19-11-07_cp_velos_toulouse_GB.pdf9; Accessed 06/25/08 Lowenstein, Ronnie, NYCs Growing Debt Bill, The New York Post, 9 July, 2001 McGinty, Jo Craven, As Billboards, Public Phones Always Work, The New York Times, 17 August, 2007 McGeehan, Patrick, Bank Signs a Five-Year Deal for Ads at Kennedy Airport, The New York Times, 25 April, 2007 MTA Website, About MetroNorth Railroad, (h p://www.mta.info/mnr/html/aboutmnr.htm); Accessed 5/15/08 Mulholland, Tara, Pariss bicycle rental system gets a bap sm by re, Interna onal Herald Tribune, (h p://www. iht.com/ar cles/2007/11/22/europe/velib.php); Accessed 08/13/08 Nadal, Luc, Bike Sharing Sweeps Paris O Its Feet, Sustainable Transport, Ins tute for Transporta on and Development Policy, Fall 2007, Number 19 Noland, Robert B., and Mohammed M. Ishaque, Smart Bicycles in an Urban Area: An Evalua on of a Pilot Scheme in London, Journal of Public Transporta on, Vol. 9, No. 5, 2006 NYC Department of City Planning, Commercial and Community Facility Parking Lot Text Amendment, (h p:// www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/parking_lots/index.shtml); Accessed 9/8/08 NYC Department of City Planning, Transporta on Division, The New York City Bicycle Survey, May 2007 NYC Department of City Planning, Transporta on Division, NYC Peripheral Travel Study: Journey-to-Work Trips of NYC Workers Employed Outside Manha an, October 2008 NYC & Company, Annual Report 2007, (h p://nycgo.com/?event=view.footerAr cle&id=49568); Accessed 10/08 NYC & Company, FYI: Preliminary Forecast-Visitor Volume 2007&2008 New York City Brieng Sheet, NYC & Company, 29 May, 2008 NYC & Company, NYC Sta s cs, (h p://nycvisit.com/content/index.cfm?pagePkey=57); Accessed 5/21/08 NYC & Company, Leisure Travel to New York City in 2007, NYC & Company, 17 September, 2008 New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygienes Bureau of Chronic Disease Preven on and Control & Bureau of Epidemiology Services New York City Depts. Of Health and Mental Hygiene, Parks and Recrea on, Transporta on, and the New York City Police Department. Bicycle Fatali es and Serious Injuries in New York City, 1996-2005 NYC Independent Budget Oce, Understanding New York Citys Budget: A Guide, NYC Independent Budget Oce 2006

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New York City Department of Transporta on, Sustainable Streets: Strategic Plan for the New York City Department of Transporta on, 2008 and Beyond, April 2008 NYCDOT, NYCDoHMH, NYCDPR & NYCPD, PRESS RELEASE: City Announces Unprecedented City-Wide Bicycle Safety Improvements, (h p://home2.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/pr06_50.pdf); Accessed 9/8/08 NYCDOT Website, Bicyclists, (h p://home2.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/bicyclists/ocialhelmet.shtml); Accessed 9/8/08 New York Metropolitan Transit Council (NYMTC), 2006 Hub-Bound Report, (h p://www.nymtc.org/les/hub_ bound/2006_Hub_Bound.pdf); Accessed 9/8/08 NYMTC, NYMTC Bicycle Data Collec on Program, (h p://www.nymtc.org/project/NYMTC_Bicycle_Data_Collecon_Program/www_html/intro_sum.htm); Accessed 09/09/08 OConner, Brion, This Is How We Roll, Con nental: The Inight Magazine for Con nental Airlines, April 2008. Also found at: h p://magazine.con nental.com/200804-greener-good Phillips, Anna, High Gas Prices Cause Bike Shortages in N.Y., The New York Sun, 30 May, 2008 Pirolli, Bryan, Velib Hits the Paris Burbs, Conde Nast Traveler, (h p://www.concierge.com/cntraveler/ blogs/80days/2008/08/velib-hits-the.html); Accessed 9/2/08 PlaNYC, Transporta on Ini a ves, 9: Promote Cycling p. 87, (h p://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/plan/ transporta on_promote-cycling.shtml); Accessed 9/8/08 Proper, K., et al., Dose-response rela on between physical ac vity and sick leave. Br J Sports Med., 2006. 40(2): p. 173-8. Pucher, John and Ralph Buehler, Making Cycling Irresis ble: Lessons from the Netherlands, Demark and Germany, Accepted for publica on in: Transport Reviews, Vol. 28, No. 4, July 2008 Rayman, Eric, Finding Libert on Two Wheels, The New York Times, 14 October, 2007 Ru er, H. Modal shi : A policy report on the health benets of increasing levels of cycling in Oxfordshire. Transport and health 2000 [cited 2008 August 8]; Available from: h p://www.modalshi .org/reports/tandh/print_version. htm. SmartBike Website, ClearChannel Outdoors, (h p://www.smartbike.com) Scholtus, Petz, The TreeHugger Interview with Mayra Nieto, Barcelona Municipal Service: Bicing, Barcelonas BikeSharing System, (h p://www.treehugger.com/les/2008/01/the_th_intervie_28.php ); Accessed 9/2/08 Silverman, Elissa, D.C. Bike Sharing Kicks Into High Gear, The Washington Post, 13 August, 2008 Sta, Vandals dont spoil party as Paris bike scheme turns one, Sydney Morning Herald, 16 July, 2008 Time Magazine Website, Times Best Inven ons of 2008: #19 Montreals Public Bike System, Time Magazine, (h p://www. me.com/ me/specials/packages/ar cle/0,28804,1852747_1854195_1854146,00.html); Accessed 1/7/09 Teigman, Danny, Concern over gas prices sees more LIers turn to bikes, Newsday, 7 July, 2008 Thompson, William, NYC Comptroller, Economic Notes, Oce of the New York City Comptroller, Vol. XVI, No. 1, February 2008

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Le Tourisme A Paris En 2007, Oce du Tourisme et des Congres de Paris Urban Design Compendium, Velov, (h p://www.urbandesigncompendium.co.uk/velov); Accessed 8/27/08 Velib Website, (h p://www.velib.paris.fr/) Vl Toulouse Website, (h p://www.velo.toulouse.fr/) The Wash Cycle Website, ClearChannel on SmartBike: Interview with Mar na Schmidt, (h p://www. thewashcycle.com/2009/03/smartbike.html); Accessed 3/20/09 Wilcox, Daniel, Driving Out, Bicycling to Work is In, New York Daily News, 17 June, 2008

INTERVIEWS:
Ayo , Alain, Execu ve Vice-President, Montreal Parking Authority; Phone Interviews: 3 & 11 July, 2008 Collings, Kevin, ClearChannel Adshel, ClearChannel Taxi Media; Phone Interview: 4 August 2008 Dector-Vega, German, Trac & Highways Manager, Transit for London; Email Correspondence: 30 July 2008 DeMaio, Paul, Director, MetroBike LLC; Phone Interview: 1 August 2008 Charlie Denny, Alta Planning + Design; Phone Interviews: Summer 2008-Spring 2009 Gotsch, Maria; President & CEO, NYCIF, Phone Interview: 26 August 2008 Grasso, Richard, Senior Vice President Business Development, & Mar na Schmidt, Director SmartBike US; ClearChannel Adshel, Phone Interview: 30 April, 2008 Greenberg, Paul, Vice-President of Media Services, NYC & Co; Phone Interview: 30 June, 2008 Del Porujia, Raymond, City of Paris; Phone Interview: August 2008 Kaylish, Wayne, NYC DoITT, Finance Division, Phone Interview: 4 August 2008 Kelly, Alice, Program Manager, District DOT; Phone interview: 14 August 2008 Keren, Donna, Senior Vice President, Research & Analysis, NYC & Co.; Phone Interview: 23 June, 2008 Knight, Mark, Director, CityByke; Presenta on: 4 August 2008 Lee, Karen, Deputy Director, & Victoria Grimshaw, Chronic Disease Preven on and Control, NYCDHMH; In-Person and Email Correspondence: Summer 2008 McKenna, Brooke, Coordinated Street Furniture Franchise, NYCDOT; In-Person Interviews: August 2008 Olson, Jay, NYCOMB, Assistant Director; Phone Interview: 4 August 2008 Posillico, Frank, Deputy Director, NYC Independent Budget Oce; Phone Interview: August 2008 Schorr, Stanley, Assistant Commissioner, NYC DoITT; Phone Interview: 24 July, 2008 Spitz, Eric, City of Paris; Email Correspondence: Spring 2009 Squire, Josh, Bicycle System Manager, JCDecaux; Phone Interviews: Spring/Summer 2008 Young, Bill, Tunnels, Bridges & Terminals, Port Authority of New York/New Jersey; Phone Interview: 16 October, 2008

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CREDITS:
NYC Department of City Planning Amanda M. Burden, AICP, Director Richard Barth, Execu ve Director Sandy Hornick, Deputy Execu ve Director Elizabeth Mackintosh, Planning Coordina on Howard Slatkin, Strategic Planning Wesley OBrien, Oce of the Counsel NYC Department of City Planning, Transporta on Division Jack Schmidt, Director Kevin Olinger, Deputy-Director Karen Johnson, Team-Leader Kate Fillin-Yeh, Project Manager Seth Hoste er Cindi Davidson Emilio Feliz Karen Bla (Layout) Dorian Statom (Graphics) Lise Dorestant (French Correspondence)

Cover Image: Joseph Simpson / Movement Design Bureau (h p://movementbureau.blogs.com)

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NYC Dept. City Planning Transporta on Division Spring 2009