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    Generator Protection

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    waseem
    Generator Protection Purpose Generator, prime mover external power system, processes it supplies MW rating Utility interface requirements ANSI / IEEE device numbers Letters can be added to clarify application Examples : - 51 is a Time Overcurrent relay - 50 is an instantaneous overcurrent - 27 / 59 is a combination under / over voltage relay - 87T is a transformer differential relay – 59G is a ground overvoltage relay.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Generator Protection

    Uploaded by

    waseem
    3K views41 pages
    Generator Protection Purpose Generator, prime mover external power system, processes it supplies MW rating Utility interface requirements ANSI / IEEE device numbers Letters can be added to clarify application Examples : - 51 is a Time Overcurrent relay - 50 is an instantaneous overcurrent - 27 / 59 is a combination under / over voltage relay - 87T is a transformer differential relay – 59G is a ground overvoltage relay.

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    Generator Protection Purpose Generator, prime mover external power system, processes it supplies MW rating Utility interface requirements ANSI / IEEE device numbers Letters can be added to clarify application Examples : - 51 is a Time Overcurrent relay - 50 is an instantaneous overcurrent - 27 / 59 is a combination under / over voltage relay - 87T is a transformer differential relay – 59G is a ground overvoltage relay.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3K views41 pages

    Generator Protection

    Uploaded by

    waseem
    Generator Protection Purpose Generator, prime mover external power system, processes it supplies MW rating Utility interface requirements ANSI / IEEE device numbers Letters can be added to clarify application Examples : - 51 is a Time Overcurrent relay - 50 is an instantaneous overcurrent - 27 / 59 is a combination under / over voltage relay - 87T is a transformer differential relay – 59G is a ground overvoltage relay.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that generator protection aims to protect the generator and connected system from faults and abnormal conditions, considering factors like expense, risk, continuity of service, and damage. Standard device numbers are used to identify different protective relays.

    Some main considerations for generator protection are expense, risk to the generator and connected loads, ensuring continuity of service, limiting damage from faults, and meeting utility interface requirements.

    Some common types of faults that generator protection aims to detect are ground faults, phase faults, reverse power, loss of field, thermal overloads, uncleared external faults, overexcitation, negative sequence overcurrents, and off-frequency operation.

    Basler

    Generator Protection

    Generator Protection
    Purpose Generator, prime mover External power system, processes it supplies Considerations Expense Risk Continuity of service Damage to system, processes it supplies MW rating Utility interface requirements

    ANSI/IEEE Device Numbers


    Protective relays are generally referred to by
    standard device numbers Letters can be added to clarify application Examples : 51 is a time overcurrent relay 50 is an instantaneous overcurrent 27/59 is a combination under/over voltage
    relay 87T is a transformer differential relay 59G is a ground overvoltage relay

    Device numbers commonly used


    Protective Function ANSI code Stator Differential 87G Underimpedance 21 Current Unbalance 46 Loss of Excitation 40 Reverse Power 32 Thermal Protection 49 Breaker Failure 50BF Time Overcurrent with Voltage Restraint 51V Stator Ground 64G Ground Fault Overvoltage 59N Ground Overcurrent 51GN Over-excitation 24 Phase Sequence Voltage 47 Overvoltage 59 Undervoltage 27 Over and Underfrequency 81

    Types of Protection
    Faults Ground fault Phase fault Abnormal operating conditions Reverse power Loss of field Thermal Uncleared external fault Overexcitation Negative-sequence overcurrent Off-frequency operation

    Ground Fault Protection


    Level of fault current grounding impedance (low, medium, high) location of fault in winding pre-fault voltage level Fault near generator neutral low probability due to less insulation stress
    (mostly mechanical) Protection goal: 10% of winding uncovered

    Selectivity determined by system configuration and relay


    scheme

    Grounding impedance
    Grounding impedance Ground fault current limited to High Medium Low >In - when it is important that the power source is effectively grounded - limit overvoltage during fault on lineground connected load

    Description

    3% In 5% to 40% In - Limit damage - easy detection of during a fault ground fault location Ground fault - limit arcing fault elevated the overvoltage sound phase voltages to a - only a moderate nominal 173% damage limitation of rated. needed

    Summary: Level of Ground Fault


    GENERATOR VFG (1) EXTERNAL SOURCE

    Fault current level depends on: location of fault relative to generator neutral voltage at fault point generator grounding impedance
    (low, med, high)

    Generator ground fault current level High impedance grounded system


    100 F FAULT CURRENT % OF TERMINAL FAULT 1 O 80

    60

    40

    20

    20

    45

    60

    85

    100

    FAULT LOCATION - % FROM NEUTRAL (Z 0, SOURCE and ZN ) >> Z WINDING

    Fault voltage level is proportional to the location of fault from the generator neutral High to moderate neutral or fault impedance will make fault level proportionate to voltage

    Phase-ground Fault: High resistance grounding


    I N I N

    DISTRIB XFMR. (n:1)

    59N

    59P

    Resistor size
    terminal fault current of 5-10 A primary based on generator line-ground capacitive reactance Low fault current minimizes generator damage IN contains 3rd harmonic

    Phase-ground Fault: High resistance grounding


    I N I N

    DISTRIB XFMR. (n:1)


    Alternate

    59N

    273N

    59P

    5/5

    51GN

    Low fault current 87G will not operate 59N provides ground fault protection for most of
    stator ground faults Like overcurrent relays, 59N is blind for faults near neutral

    Phase fault
    G
    A Alternate B

    51

    A - Senses generator contribution to generator fault; does not sense utility contribution to generator fault. B - Senses utility contribution to generator fault; blind to generator fault when breaker open and when running isolated from utility.

    51 is simplest phase fault protection Fault clearing delayed as 51 coordinates


    with down-stream relays

    Phase-phase fault
    G

    51

    Typical setting should be 175% of rated current override swings due to slow clearing external fault starting of motors transformer energization

    Phase fault: Generator fault current decay


    6

    51 must operate
    CURRENT - MULTIP PLE OF RATED SUBTRANSIENT TD = 0.03S 4


    FAULT 3 FAULT 2 1.75 3 WITH FULL LOAD @ 30LAG 51 PICKUP

    0.9

    STEADY-STATE (3)

    STEADY-STATE ( )

    before current decays below MPU 3 fault is worst case Pre-fault load current provides more time to operate

    0 1 TIME - SECONDS

    Voltage-restrained TOC Relay 51V


    G

    51V

    Pickup of relay depends on voltage Relay must not pickup at full load and normal
    voltage

    Voltage-restrained TOC Relay 51/27VR


    51V relay pickup decreases with decreases in the
    voltage Voltage restrained: 51/27R MPU set above rated current (typically 175%) MPU proportional to voltage: decreases when fault
    occurs More work to coordinate More secure from swings and motor starting

    51V less susceptible to operation on swings of


    motor starting condition that depresses the voltage

    Voltage-restrained TOC Relay 51/27VR


    PU 100%

    25%

    25%

    100%

    If relay pickup is set at 175% of rated current:


    relay picks up at 175% of rated current at 100%
    rated voltage relay picks up at 44% (25% of 175%) of rated current at 25% voltage

    Phase fault differential protection 87G


    G

    51V

    87G

    87G provides fast phase fault protection 87G immune to load current and external fault CTs on both sides must be of same ratio Sensitivity (setting) depends on CT quality 51V backs up 87G and external relays

    Reverse Power Protection


    Power flows to generator due to failure of
    prime mover input Prime mover failure can cause overheating of low pressure blades
    in steam turbine create fire hazards due to unburnt fuel in diesel generator set cause mechanical damage to gas turbine

    Reverse power protection


    32 POWER SOURCE

    32

    32 senses real power flow into the generator. Typical time delay setting for 32 should be
    15 seconds (synchronizing). CT location is not important for 32 operation.

    Reverse power protection


    32 G SOURCE OF MOTORING POWER

    32-1

    32-2

    32-1 relay supervises generator tripping


    relays until motoring occurs (delay @ 3s) 32-2 trips generators directly, e.g. for governor control malfunction (delay @ 15-30s)

    Reverse power protection


    NONELEC TRIPS OTHER ELEC TRIPS

    64

    49

    32-2

    86NE

    32-1 86NE 86NE 86 NE TURBINE TRIP 86 E BKR TRIP FIELD TRIP 86E 86E 86E

    Reverse power protection


    Prime Mover
    Diesel Engine Gas Turbine

    Motoring Power (% of rated)


    5-25 10-15 (split shaft) >50% (single shaft) 0.2-2 (blades out of water) >2 cavitation (blades in water) 0.5-6

    Protection Setting

    Hydro

    50% of motoring power

    Steam Turbine

    Loss-of-field protection
    Generator eventually runs as induction
    generator with complete loss of excitation. Machine runs above synchronous speed, i.e. negative slip. Excessive current can flow in rotor winding
    and cause overheating. Stator thermal overload relay 49 cannot detect this condition.

    Rotor thermal overload can occur even due to


    partial reduction of field due to operator error or regulator malfunction Minimum Excitation Limiter is backup to relay

    Loss-of-field protection
    Loss of field can cause voltage reduction and
    oscillation - adverse effect on sensitive load. If unit is large compared to external source system, system instability can result. 40 provides loss-of-field protection time delay of 0.1 sec. is recommended to
    override transient load swings timer is included in the relay

    Loss-of-Field Protection
    40 G POWER SOURCE

    40

    Loss-of-field protection: Power trajectory


    jQ 0.75 GEN. THERMAL CAPACITY

    A P BE1-GPS100 and BE1-40Q CHARACTERISTICS -0.4 8

    OPERATING ZONE

    -0.6

    First quadrant of diagram applies to lagging PF; fourth


    quadrant applies to leading PF Trajectory starts at point A, moves to a point in 4th quadrant can exceed thermal capability of machine

    Thermal Protection
    BE1-49

    Stator thermal protection relay (49) connected to resistor temperature detector embedded in stator slot Typical settings: - Alarm 120 C - Trip 130 C

    RTD

    SENSING

    CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE

    LOWER TEMP ALARM

    UPPER TEMP TRIP

    Overexcitation protection
    Overexcitation can occur due to:
    higher than rated voltage lower than rated frequency at rated or
    less than rated voltage unit off line and voltage regulator out of service or defective

    Overexcitation condition produces thermal stress


    to the generator. IEEE C50.13 specifies that generator should withstand 105% of rated voltage at full load. With unit off line and voltage control regulator at reduced frequency (without overexcitation limiter), overexcitation can occur.

    Overexcitation protection
    1000

    24 provides V/Hz
    protection. 24 and voltage regulators should be provided with separate ac potential sources. Curve indicates 24 characteristic and generator withstand capability.
    140% 150%

    GEN
    100

    TIME IN SEC CONDS

    XFMR INVERSE-SQUARED CURVE IN RELAY

    10

    DEF. TIME ALARM

    1 100% 110% 120% 130%

    EXCITATION - V/Hz

    Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection


    CAUSE:
    Negative sequence currents could result from: - Unbalanced loads - Asymmetrical faults - Open phase conditions

    DAMAGES:
    Negative sequence current induces double frequency current in rotor winding. -> overheats the iron surface, retaining rings, slot Wedges

    Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection


    G

    46 ALARM TRIP

    Generator should be able to withstand 5-10% of continuous I2 current Short term capability is specified by I22t limit
    (K= I22t with k : Generator thermal capacity constant)

    Characteristics of a Static NegativeSequence Time-Overcurrent Relay


    MAXIMUM OPERATING TIME 990 SEC. 1000 500 300 200 100 50 30 20 10 TIME IN SECONDS 5 3 2 1 .5 .3 .2 K SETTING ADJUSTABLE OVER RANGE 2-40

    MINIMUM PICK-UP .04 PU

    40 10 5 2

    .1 .03.05 .1 .2 .3 .5 1 2 3 5 10 .01 .02 PER UNIT I2

    Student exercice
    Generator K factor = 10 Generator nominal current In Negative sequence current I2 = 30% of In What is the maximum time generator will withstand I2?

    t = K / I2^2;

    t = 10/0.3^2 = 111 s

    Off-frequency operation

    Diesel engines safely operated at offfrequency Gas turbine controls provide protection for off-frequency operation. Frequency relays applied to steam turbine units to minimize turbine blade fatiguing

    Field Ground detection 64F


    G

    64F

    ALARM 1 ALARM 2
    DC Power Supply

    Check insulation level of the exciter field

    Field Ground detection 64F


    GENERATOR FIELD

    RL GROUND ROTOR FAULT EXCITER

    V
    BIAS

    55VDC

    GROUND FAULT DETECTOR

    Field Ground detection 64F


    In normal operation, rotating circuitgenerator rotor, exciter an diodes is completely insulated from the shaft. Accidental ground doesnt affect operation. Problem arise in case of 2nd ground fault : - magnetic unbalanced - Vibration appear increasing with the
    excitation current - Shaft deformation: rotor will touch the stator

    INTEGRATED APPLICATION EXAMPLE

    Integrated application examples: Extended protection


    49 63 25 G 64F 60 REG 24 62 27 59 47 81U 81O 51 87T 51N 51 87G

    32-1

    32-2 273N

    40

    51V

    50 IE

    46

    59N

    51GN

    Questions?

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