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UNIT 1: HIGH SPEED NETWORKS
Frame Relay Networks Asynchronous transfer mode ATM Protocol Architecture ATM logical Connection ATM Cell ATM Service Categories AAL. High Speed LANs: Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, Fiber Channel Wireless LANs: applications, requirements Architecture of 802.11
1 Unit 1 - High Speed Networks
Introduction

Packet-Switching Networks
Switching Technique Routing X.25
Frame Relay Networks

Architecture User Data Transfer Call Control
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Unit 1 - High Speed Networks
PacketPacket-Switching Networks

Basic technology the same as in the 1970s One of the few effective technologies for long distance data communications Frame relay and ATM are variants of packetswitching Advantages:
flexibility, resource sharing, robust, responsive
Disadvantages:
Time delays in distributed network, overhead penalties Need for routing and congestion control
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CircuitCircuit-Switching

Long-haul telecom network designed for voice Network resources dedicated to one call Shortcomings when used for data:
Inefficient (high idle time) Constant data rate
PacketPacket-Switching
Data transmitted in short blocks, or packets Packet length < 1000 octets Each packet contains user data plus control info (routing) Store and forward

Figure 1.1 The Use of Packets
Packet switching Datagram Approach

The packets are initially sent to the node to which the sending station source is attached
Datagram

Each packet treated independently
Advantages over Circuit-Switching Circuit
Greater line efficiency (many packets can go over shared link) Data rate conversions Non-blocking under heavy traffic (but increased delays)
Disadvantages relative to CircuitCircuitSwitching

Packets incur additional delay with every node they pass through Jitter: variation in packet delay Data overhead in every packet for routing information, etc Processing overhead for every packet at every node traversed
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Figure 1.3 Simple Switching Network
Switching Technique

Large messages broken up into smaller packets Datagram

Each packet sent independently of the others No call setup More reliable (can route around failed nodes or congestion)
Virtual circuit
Fixed route established before any packets sent No need for routing decision for each packet at each node
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Figure 1.4 Packet Switching: VirtualVirtualCircuit Approach
Routing
Condition that influence routing decision are Failure: Node/trunk failure Congestion

Adaptive routing: Information about the state of the network must be exchanged among the nodes.
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X.25
The functionality is been specified in 3 levels Physical level Link level Packet level
Physical level
Deals with physical interface between an attached station and the link that attaches the station to the packet switching node. X.21 is a physical standard interface EIA-232 is a substitute (Electronic Industry Association)

Link level
Provides reliable data transfer across the physical link. Data are transmitted as a sequence of frames Standards: Link Access ProtocolBalanced (LAPB) This is the subset of High Level Data Link Control (HDLC)

Packet level

Provides virtual circuit service Enables the subscriber to setup logical connection called virtual circuit to other subscribers
Figure 1.5 The Use of Virtual Circuits
Figure 1.6 User Data and X.25 Protocol Control Information
Frame Relay Networks/ Frame mode bearer service

Designed to eliminate much of the overhead in X.25 Call control signaling on separate logical connection from user data Multiplexing/switching of logical connections at layer 2 (not layer 3) No hop-by-hop flow control and error control Throughput an order of magnitude higher than X.25
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Frame Relay vs. X.25

There are various differences between X.25 and Frame Relay. The most significant are: 1. Call Control
X.25 Connection establishment and release (call control) use inband signaling within the same virtual channel used for user data transmission causing additional overhead.
Frame relay Uses separate virtual channels identified by reserved DLCI using the LMI (Local Management Interface) protocol.
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2. Routing vs. Switching
X.25 Frame relay
Performs packet switching on OSI layer 3 (network layer);
Performs packet switching on OSI layer 2 (data-link). Frame Relay does not use any layer 3 protocol.

3. Flow Control X.25 Frame relay
Routers have to acknowledge each frame; in case of frame errors frames have to be retransmitted and acknowledged.
Frame Relay (FR) doesn't perform flow control between frame handlers (FR routers). Frame Relay relies on flow control performed by higher layer protocols.
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Figure 4.7 Comparison of X.25 and Frame Relay Protocol Stacks
Figure 4.8 Virtual Circuits and Frame Relay Virtual Connections
Frame Relay Architecture

X.25 has 3 layers: physical, link, network Frame Relay has 2 layers: physical and data link (or LAPF) LAPF core: minimal data link control
Preservation of order for frames Small probability of frame loss

LAPF control: additional data link or network layer end-to-end functions

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LAPF Core
Frame delimiting, alignment and transparency Frame multiplexing/demultiplexing Inspection of frame for length constraints Detection of transmission errors Congestion control

Figure 4.9 LAPF-core LAPFFormats
User Data Transfer

No control field, which is normally used for:

Identify frame type (data or control) Sequence numbers
Implication:
Connection setup/teardown carried on separate channel Cannot do flow and error control
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Frame Relay Call Control

Frame Relay Call Control Data transfer involves:

Establish logical connection and DLCI Exchange data frames Release logical connection
Frame Relay Call Control

4 message types needed SETUP CONNECT RELEASE RELEASE COMPLETE

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UNIT 1: HIGH SPEED NETWORKS

1 Unit 1 - High Speed Networks

Frame Relay Networks

Unit 1 - High Speed Networks

Unit 1 - High Speed Networks

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Figure 1.1 The Use of Packets

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Packet switching Datagram Approach

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Each packet treated independently

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Advantages over Circuit-Switching Circuit

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Disadvantages relative to CircuitCircuitSwitching

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Figure 1.3 Simple Switching Network

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Large messages broken up into smaller packets Datagram

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Figure 1.4 Packet Switching: VirtualVirtualCircuit Approach

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Figure 1.5 The Use of Virtual Circuits

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Figure 1.6 User Data and X.25 Protocol Control Information

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Frame Relay Networks/ Frame mode bearer service

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Frame Relay vs. X.25

Frame Relay vs. X.25

Performs packet switching on OSI layer 3 (network layer);

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Frame Relay vs. X.25

Figure 4.7 Comparison of X.25 and Frame Relay Protocol Stacks

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Figure 4.8 Virtual Circuits and Frame Relay Virtual Connections

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Frame Relay Architecture

LAPF control: additional data link or network layer end-to-end functions

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Figure 4.9 LAPF-core LAPFFormats

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User Data Transfer

No control field, which is normally used for:

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Frame Relay Call Control

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Frame Relay Call Control

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Advantages over Circuit-Switching Circuit