Hummer's Method

March 20, 195s
PREPARATION OF GRAPHITIC OXIDE

[CONTRIBUTION FROM THE
1339
BAROID DIVISION, NATIONAL LEADCOMPANY']
Preparation of Graphitic Oxide

BY WILLIAM HUMMERS, S. JR.,
AND RICHARD E. RECEIVED SEPTEMBER 1957 25,
OFFEMAN
The preparation of graphitic oxide by methods described in the literature is time consuming and hazardous. A rapid, relatively safe method has been developed for preparing graphitic oxide from graphite in what is essentially an anhydrous mixture of sulfuric acid, sodium nitrate and potassium permanganate.
Introduction
Graphitic oxide, sometimes called graphitic acid, has been known for almost a century. It-was first prepared by Brodie2 in 1859 by repeated treatment of Ceylon graphite with an oxidation mixture consisting of potassium chlorate and fuming nitric acid. Since then, many other procedures have been devised for forming graphitic oxide, nearly all dependent upon strong oxidizing mixtures containing one or more concentrated acids and oxidizing material~.~-s The methods most commonly used a t the present time are the original Brodie synthesis and one described by Staudenmaier,6in which the graphite is oxidized in concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids with potassium chlorate. Recent workers in the field such as Hofmann and Frenzels and Hamdi7 using the Staudenmaier method found the process time consuming and hazardous. The Staudenniaier-Hofmann-Hamdi method involved the addition of potassium chlorate to a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid, concentrated (63%) nitric acid and graphite. The potassium chlorate was stirred slowly and carefully into the mixture over a period of one week with cooling. The chlorine dioxide evolved was removed with an inert gas such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen. The process required more than 10 g. of potassium chlorate for each gram of treated graphite and explosion was a constant hazard. In the present method,8 the oxidation of graphite to graphitic oxide is accomplished by treating graphite with essentially a water-free mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid, sodium nitrate and potassium permanganate. The entire process requires less than two hours for completion a t temperatures below 45' and can be carried out safely providing reasonable care is maintained in observing the temperature limitations.
addition was controlled carefully to y e v e n t the temperature of the suspension from exceeding 20 The ice-bath was then removed and the temperature of the suspension brought to 35 f 3O, where it was maintained for 30 minutes. As the reaction progressed, the mixture gradually thickened with a diminishing in effervescence. A t the end of 20 minutes, the mixture became pasty with evolution of only a small amount of gas. The paste was brownish grey in color. At the end of 30 minutes, 4.6 liters of water was slowly stirred into the paste, causing violent effervescence and an increase in temperature t o 98'. The diluted suspension, now brown in color, was maintained a t this temperature for 15 minutes. The suspension was then further diluted to approximately 14 liters with warm water and treated with 37, hydrogen peroxide to reduce the residual permanganate and manganese dioxide to colorless soluble manganese sulfate. Upon treatment with the peroxide, the suspension turned bright yellow. The suspension was filtered resulting in a yellow-brown filter cake. The filtering was conducted while the suspension was still warm to avoid precipitation of the slightly soluble salt of mellitic acid8 formed as a side reaction. After washing the yellowish-brown filter cake three times with a total of 14 liters of warm water, the graphitic oxide residue was dispersed in 32 liters of water to approximately 0.570 solids. The remaining salt impurities were removed by treating with resinous anion and cation exchangers. The dry form of graphitic oxide was obtained by centrifugation followed by dehydration at 40" over phosphorus pentoxide zn vacuo.
Results
The effectiveness of the oxidation method can be judged by the proportion of graphitic oxide in the product or by its carbon to oxygen ratio. Well reacted samples of graphitic oxide will have a carbon to oxygen atomic ratio lying between 2.1 and 2.9. Also the color of the product when suspended in water may be used as criterion for the degree of oxidation of the graphite. The product richest in graphitic oxide will have a bright yellow color whereas poorer samples with higher carbon-tooxygen ratios will have a green t o black hue. An analysis of the dried graphitic oxide prepared by the present method is compared in Table I with a sample made by the Staudenmaier procedure. The present synthesis resulted in approximately 188 g. of graphitic oxide containing 23% water and 2% ash. The carbon and hydrogen were determined by the combustion of graphitic oxide with cupric oxide.Q l 1
TABLE I
% by weight
Carbontooxxen atomic ratio
Experimental
The graphitic oxide was prepared by stirring 100 g. of powdered flake graphite (Dixon's 8635, 325 mesh) and 50 g. of sodium nitrate into 2.3 liters of 66' Be technical sulfuric acid. The ingredients were mixed in a 15-liter battery jar that had been cooled to 0' in an ice-bath as a safety measure. While maintaining vigorous agitation, 300 g. of potassium permanganate was added t o the suspension. The rate of
(1) This research conducted under National Lead Company Fellow-
ship at the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research. (2) B. Brodie, Phil. Trans.. 149, 249 (1869). (3) B. R. Brown and 0. W. Storey, Trans. Amur. Elcclrochcm. Soc.,
69,129 (1928). (4) G. Charpy, C o m p f . rend., 148, 920 (1909).
Method
Carbon Owaen .-
Water
Ash
(6) U. Hofmann and A. Frenzel, Bct., 898, 1248 (1930). (6) L. Staudenmaler, ibid., 31, 1481 (1898); 81, 1394 (1899); 88,
a824 (1900). (7) H. Hamdi, Kolloid Briheffc, 64, 654 (1943). (8) W. S. Hummers, U. S Patent No. 2,798,878 (1967).
Acid-permanga47.06 27.97 22.99 1.98 nate-nitrate Staudenmaier 52.11 23.99 22.22 1.90 HOUSTON, TEXAS
2.25 2.89
(9) B. Juettner, T H I S JOURNAL, 59, 208 (1937). (10) W. A. Selvis and W. C. Ratliff, Trans. Amer. Elcclrochcm. SOC., 17 121 (1920). ', (11) H . Tbiele, 2. onorg. allpcm. Chrm., 190, 145 (1930).

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March 20, 195s

PREPARATION OF GRAPHITIC OXIDE

BAROID DIVISION, NATIONAL LEADCOMPANY']

Preparation of Graphitic Oxide

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