Problem 321. Calculate the theoretical air needed for the complete combustion of ethane C2 H6 for 20 kg fuel.

Solution: C2H6 + O2 + (3.76)N2 CO2 + H2O + (3.76)N2 Balancing the equation: C2H6 + 3.5O2 + 3.5(3.76)N2
theoretical AF = 3.5(32)  (3.5)(3.76)(28) (2x12)  (1x16) kg fuel

2CO2 + 3H2O + 3.5(3.76)N2

theoretical AF = 16.016 kg air

mass of air needed = 16.016(20) mass of air needed = 320.32 kg

Problem 322. A fuel oil is burned with 50 percent excess air, and the combustion characteristics of the fuel oil are similar to C12H26. Determine the volumetric (molal) analysis of CO2 in the product of combustion. Solution: C12H26 + O2 + (3.76)N2 Balancing the equation: C12H26 + (18.5)O2 + (18.5)(3.76)N2 Considering the 50% excess air C12H26 +(1.5)(18.5)O2 + (1.5)(18.5)(3.76)N2 mT = total mass of product mT = 12 + 13 + (1.5)(18.5)(3.76) + (0.5)(18.5) mT = 138.55mol %CO2 = 12/138.55 %CO2 = 0.0866 %CO2 = 8.66% 12CO2 + 13H2O + (1.5)(18.5)(3.76)N2 + (0.5)(18.5)O2 12CO2 + 13H2O + (18.5)(3.76)N2 CO2 + H2O + (3.76)N2

Problem 323. In the boiler design, it is desired to have the flue gas exit temperature above the dew point. Estimate the dew temperature of the flue gas exit produced by combustion by having the gravimetric analysis of: N2 = 71.84% CO2 = 20.35% O2 = 3.61% H2O = 4.20% Solution: Converting the given analysis to volumetric: N2 = 0.7184/28 = 0.02565714 CO2 = 0.2035/44 = 0.004625 O2 = 0.0361/32 = 0.00112812 H2O = 0.042/18 = 0.00233333 Total mols of product = 0.02565714 + 0.004625 + 0.00112812 + 0.00233333 Total mols of product = 0.03374359
0.03374359 101.325 partial pressure of H 2O = 7.006 Kpa partial pressure of H 2O = .002333333

From steam table: at 0.007006 Mpa and tsat = 39oC Dew point temperature = 39oC

Problem 324. A boiler burns fuel oil with 15% excess air. The fuel oil may be represented by C14H30. Calculate the molal air fuel ratio. Solution: Fuel + Air Combustion Product

C14H30 + O2 + 3.76N2 CO2 + H2O + 3.76N2 C14H30 + 21.5O2 + (21.5)3.76N2 14 CO2 + 15H2O + (21.5)3.76N2
21.5  21.5(3.76) 1 Theoretical A/F = 102.34 Theoretical A/F = Actual A/F = 102.34(1.15) Actual A / F = 117.69 mol air mol fuel

Problem 325. An unknown fuel has the following Orsat analysis: CO2 : 12.5% CO : 0.3% O2 : 3.1% N2 : 84.1% Determine the actual air-fuel ratio in kg air per kg fuel. Solution: CaHb + cO2 + dN212.5CO2 + 0.3CO + 3.1O2 + 84.1N2 +eH2O O balance: N2 balance: O2-N2 ratio: O2 balance: a = 12.5 + 0.3 a = 12.8 d = 84.1 d/c = 3.76 84.1/c = 3.76 c = 22.36 22.36 = 12.5 + 0.3/2 + 3.1 + e/2 e = 13.2 b = 2e b = 2(13.2) b = 26.4

C12.8H26.4 + 22.36O2 + 84.1N212.5CO2 + 0.3CO + 3.1O2 + 84.1N2 + 13.2H2O

Actual A/F = (22.36  84.1)(28.97) 1[12(12.8)  1(26.4)] kg fuel

Actual A / F = 17.13414556 kg air

Problem 326. A 1.5L V6, CI square engine operates at 3500rpm with a brake torque of 200Nm and a compression ratio of 8.2. Determine the following: a) Bore b) Stroke c) Clearance volume d) Average piston speed Given: N=3000rpm T=200Nm rc=8.2 Solution:


B = 0.068278406m


S = 0.068278406m c

Vc = 3.4722 10 -5 m 3 r s
!

Vp = 6.8278406m /

( .

 # "    

 

rc

c
-

 

    

 

Problem 327. An Otto cycle SI engine with a compression ratio of rc = 9.5 has a peak cycle temperature and pressure of 2000 and 9000kPa. Cylinder pressure when the exhaust valve opens is 600kPa, and exhaust manifold pressure is 98kPa.

Calculate: A) Exhaust temperature during exhaust stroke [C] B) Exhaust residual after each cycle [%] Given: rc = 9.5 T3 = 2000 P3 = 9000 kPa P4 = 600 kPa Pex = 98 kPa Solution: A) T4 = T3 rc
%$
k

P k Tex = T4 ex P4

Tex = 296.2471C296C

B)
)

X X

Xr = 2.7685%

('

('

98kPa Tex = 9 0.43 2 600kPa Tex = 565.39

& &

%$

&
0.3495 .3495

T4 = 2000 9.5 T4 = 9 0.43 2

0.3495

Problem 328. A six-cylinder, 3.5-liter engine operates on a four-stroke cycle at 3000 RPM. The compression ratio is 9:1, the connecting rod length r= 20 cm, and the bore and the stroke are related as S= 1.25B. Calculate: (a) Clearance volume of one cylinder in L (b) Bore and stroke in cm Given: 3.5 liter volume displacement Stroke = 1.25 B. 20 cm connecting rod length 3000 rpm engine speed 9:1 compression ratio Solution: a) Clearance volume of one cylinder
c

rc -1

0.5 33L 9 -1

Vc = 0.0729L

b) Bore and stroke B2 S VD = 4 4VD S= B2

B = 8.4068cm

S = 1.

S = 10.5085cm

S = 1.

1.25B =

4 0.5833L x

9 BA @ 9 76 8 76

= 0.5 33L

3.5L
0 1

rc =
1

1 2

1 5 0 1

1m3 100cm 3 x 1000L 1m3 2 B

Problem 329. A pickup truck has a five-liter, V6, SI engine operating at 2100 RPM. The compression ratio rc=9.5:1, the volumetric efficiency v =0.86, and the bore and the stroke are related as strokes S=0.96B. Calculate: (a) Stroke length (cm) (b) Average piston speed (m/s) (c) Clearance volume of one cylinder (cm3) Solution: (a.) Stroke length
2 2

SNc

4
HG

=
I
D

S =

4 0. 4 0.

Nc
R

S = 9.9256cm

(b.) Average piston speed 2stroke 9.9256cm 2100rev 1m Vp = 2SN = x x x rev stroke 60sec 100cm Vp = 6.9479m / s

(c.) Clearance volume of one cylinder 3 100cm 1m3 5L x x VD 1000L 1m3 Vc = = 6 9.5 -1 rc -1 Vc = 98.0392cm 3

S3 =

1m3 1000L

S S 0. 4
HG

HG

D I

(100c )3 1m3

Problem 330. The compression ratio of an ideal Otto cycle is 9.5:1. Initial conditions are 120 pa and 25 deg C. Find the pressure and temperature at the end of adiabatic compression. k=1.35 Given: rc = 9.5 T1 = 29 .15 Solution:
1

= 120k a

V rc = 1 = 9.5 v 2 k =P V k PV 1 1 2 2 k V P 2 = 1 V P 1 2 P 2 = 9.5 1.35 120 P = 2506. 332kPa 2 k-1 V T 2 = 1 V T 1 2 T 2 = 9.5 1.35-1 298.15 T = 655.5987K 2

Problem 331. In an air standard diesel cycle, compression starts at 95kPa and 320 . The compression ratio is 16 to 1. The maximum cycle temperature is 2025.4 . Determine the thermal efficiency. Solution:

Process 1-2, isentropic process T2 1 T1 2 T2 320 16 1.4-1 T2 9 0.05 6

k-1

Process 2-3, isobaric process

2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2

rc

2 2

Cycle hermal Efficiency

T

{11-

1 rc
-1

-1 } 1 ( -1)
14

1 2 161 4 -1 1 4(2 t = 61.3193

% -1 (1 -1) %)

Problem 332. A small single cylinder two stroke cycle SI engine operates at 5500 rpm with a volumetric efficiency of 80%, the engine is square and has a displacement of 6.5 cm3. Calculate the average piston speed in m/s. Given: N=5500 rpm Solution: a.) Average Piston Speed V p = 2SN
S=3 4V d
X

Nv=80

Vd=6.5cm

1m3 4 6. cmx 3 3 100cm S= S = 0.0202m

Y

2stroke 0.0202m 00rev x x rev stroke 60sec Vp = 3.7033m / s Vp = 2SN =

YY

Problem 333. In an air standard diesel cycle, compression starts at 132kPa and 356 . The compression ratio is 18:1. The maximum cycle temperature is 2210 . Determine the thermal efficiency if k = 1.35. Given: P1 = 132kPa T1 = 356 rc = 18 T3 = 2210 Solution:

Process 1 2: rc !
1 2

! 18

1 2

T2 =

.0285 0

Process 2 3:
2

T2 F=

T3

V3 T3 2210K = = V2 T2 979. 2 907K

F ! 2.2 7339592 Cycle Thermal Efficiency:

t

= 57.12046669 %

t =

1 2.257339592 1.35 - 1 1- 1.35-1 100%) 1.35(2.257339592 - 1) 18

dc

rc

ba

= 1

1 1

-1 -1)

100%

T2 = 356

18 1.35 1

T2 = T1

k 1

Problem 334. The compression ratio of an ideal Otto cycle is 8.25:1. Initial conditions are 150kPa and 338.15 the pressure and temperature at the end of adiabatic compression if k=1.35. Given: rc = 8.25 P1 = 150kPa T1 = 338.15 k = 1.35 Solution:

. Find

Pressure at the end of adiabatic compression: rc = V1 = 8.25 V2

P1V1k = P2 V2k P2 V1 = P1 V2
k

P2 1.35 = 8.25 150kPa P2 = 2590.025796kPa Temperature at the end of adiabatic compression: T2 V1 = T1 V2

k 1

T2 1.35 1 = 8.25 338.15 T2 = 3 8 3K

Problem 335. In this problem we wish to develop the combustion equation and determine the air-fuel ratio for the complete combustion of n-Butane (C4H10) with theoretical air. Solution:

Butane, C4H10 Air, O2 + 3.76N2

Combustion chamber

CO2, H2O, O2, N2

C4H10 + z(O2 + 3.76N2) a=4 b=5

z = 4+ z = 6.5 5 2

aCO2 + bH2O + 3.76zN2

C4H10 + 6.5(O2 + 3.76N2)

m air m fuel 6.5(4.76)(29) theoretical A / F = 1[(4)(12) +10]

4CO2 + 5H2O + 3.76(6.5)N2

theoretical A / F =

theoretical A / F = 15.5 kg air

kg fuel

Problem 336. In this problem we wish to develop the combustion equation and determine the air-fuel ratio for the complete combustion of n-Butane (C4H10) with 50% excess air. Solution:

Butane, C4H10 Air, O2 + 3.76N2

Combustion chamber

CO2, H2O, O2, N2

C4H10 + z(O2 + 3.76N2) a=4 b=5

z = 4+ z = 6.5 5 2

aCO2 + bH2O + 3.76zN2

150% Theoretical air

C4H10 + (1.5)(6.5)(O2 + 3.76N2)
m air m fuel 9.75(4.76)(29) A /F= 1[(4)(12) +10]

4CO2 + 5H2O + (1.5)(3.76)(6.5)N2 + (0.5)(6.5)O2

A /F =

A / F = 23.2 kg air

kg fuel

Problem 337. A diesel engine consumed 600 liters of fuel having a density of 950 grams/liter and a heating value of 44 500 kJ/kg. If the thermal efficiency is 30%, how many hp-hrs will be generated. Given: Density = 950grams/liter QHV = 44 500kJ/kg t= 30% Solution:
0 mf = 600 1000 mf = 570k I 570(44500) I = 7,609, 00kJ 0.30 =
p p i hg h h

r I = 7,609, 00kJ 3600s 1hp I = 2113.75kW - hr 0.746kW IP = 2833.44504hp - hr

q p p

Problem 338 A single cylinder four-stroke cycle spark-ignition engine has a BSFC of 0.55 kg/k -hr and a volumetric efficiency of 75% at a speed of 3500 rpm. The bore is 7cm and the stroke is 8.5cm and the brake power output s 6.75k . Calculate: (a) Fuel flow rate (b) Fuel air ratio (c) Brake torque Given:
v = 75% N = 3500 rpm BSFC = 0.55 kg/k -hr B = 7 cm S = 8.5 cm Pb = 6.75 k

Solution: (a) Fuel flow rate

m f = BSFC (Pb ) 0.55 kg 1 hr mf = x (6.75 k 3600s k -hr mf = 1.03125 x 10 -3 /

(b) Fuel air ratio:

= m an V N
t u s

air

ma = 8.450897737 x 10 -3 mf ma 1.03125 x 10 -3 k 8.450897737x 10 = 0.1220284557

-3 f a
x x y

F = F =
y

s k

(c) Brake torque:

PB = 2 TN 6.75 kN - m s 1000 N T= 2 3500rev 1 kN rev 60s T = 18.41650056 N - m

0.75 =

c cle

1.181 k 0.07 m m3 4

0.085 m

m a 2 re

3500 re 60 sec

Problem 339. A S.I. engine uses a fuel-air mixture consisting of 1 part fuel and 12.3 part air by mass. Calorific value of fuel is 44000 kJ/kg. The brake thermal efficiency of the engine is 45%. Find: (a) brake output for a fuel consumption of 1 kg/Hr (b) brake specific fuel consumption (c) air consumption/k Hr Solution: a.) P = b tb mf Qhv Pb 0.45 = kg 1hr kJ 1 44000 kg hr 3600 s
P = 5.5kW b

b.)
hr sfc = f = b P 5.5 k b m 1 kg = 0.1818181818 kg kW hr

c.) kg 12.3 m air = hr = 2.236363636 kg P 5.5k kW hr b

Problem 340. A 3.5-liter, four cylinder, two stroke cycle SI engine is mounted on an electrical generator dynamometer. hen the engine is running at 1250 rpm, output from the 220 volt DC generator is 48.7 amps. The generator has an efficiency of 89.7%. Calculate: (a) Power output of the engine in k and hp (b) Engine torque (N-m) (c) hat is engine bmep? (kPa) Given: 3.5liter total volume displacement 1250rpm engine speed 220 volt and 48.7 amps generator dynamometer output 89.7% - generator efficiency Solution: a.) Power output of the engine Pg = VI
Pg = 220V 48.7A Pg = 10.714kW Pg ng 10.714kW .897

Pengine =

Pengine = 11.94425864kW16.01751192hp

b.) Engine torque P = 2 TN

11944.25864 1250rev =2 T 60sec T = 91.2474146Nm

c.) Bmep 2 T mep = Vd

mep

2 (0.0912474146kNm) 1m3 3.5L x 1000L

bmep = 163.8069756kPa