Biologia
Biologia
Biologia
%,2/2*,$'(/$63,5,/$
*(1(5$/,'$'(6 'HVJUDFLDGDPHQWH H[LVWH XQ HQRUPH HQUHGR HQWUH ORV
WpUPLQRV (VSLUXOLQD 6SLUXOLQD \ $UWKURVSLUD (VWD
/DV FLDQREDFWHULDV FRQVWLWX\HQ OR HVHQFLDO GH ODV
FRQIXVLyQ SURYLHQH D OD YH] GH HUURUHV HQ ODV
EDFWHULDV FDSDFHV GH IRWRVtQWHVLV FRQ SURGXFFLyQ GH
GHWHUPLQDFLRQHV FLHQWtILFDV GH ORV DxRV \ GH OD
R[tJHQR 3XHGHQ VHU XQLFHOXODUHV R SOXULFHOXODUHV (Q
GHQRPLQDFLyQ FRPHUFLDO GH FLHUWDV FLDQREDFWHULDV
HVWHVHJXQGRFDVRODVFpOXODVVHDJUXSDQHQFRORQLDV
DOLPHQWDULDV /DV GHILQLFLRQHV TXH QRVRWURV XWLOL]DPRV
GH GLIHUHQWHV IRUPDV IUHFXHQWHPHQWH HQ ILODPHQWRV
VRQ
FRPSXHVWRVGHFpOXODVDOLQHDGDVHVWRVILODPHQWRVVH
GHQRPLQDQWULFRPDV (VSLUXOLQD
/DV FLDQREDFWHULDV WLHQHQ XQD WDOOD TXH VH VLW~D GH 1RPEUH FRPHUFLDO GH XQD FLDQREDFWHULD DOLPHQWDUtD
PDQHUD JHQHUDO HQWUH \ PLFUDV 6X SDUHG HV GH SHUWHQHFLHQWHDOJpQHUR $UWKURVSLUD
WLSRJUDPQHJDWLYRFOiVLFR6RQYHUGDGHUDVSURFDULRWDV 6SLUXOLQD
RUJDQLVPRV GHVSURYLVWRV GH PHPEUDQD QXFOHDU D
1RPEUH FRPHUFLDO LQJOpV GH XQD FLDQREDFWHULD
SHVDU GH VX VLVWHPD IRWRVLQWpWLFR FHUFDQR GHO GH ODV
DOLPHQWDUtDSHUWHQHFLHQWHDOJpQHUR$UWKURVSLUD
HXFDULyWLFDV \D TXH FRQWLHQHQ FORURILODD \ XQ
IRWRVLVWHPD ,, 36,, (VWH IRWRVLVWHPD DVt FRPR ORV 1RPEUH FLHQWtILFR GH XQD FLDQREDFWHULD EDVWDQWH
SLJPHQWRV IRWRVLQWpWLFRV ORV SLJPHQWRV DFFHVRULRV \ DOHMDGDGHODV
ORV FRPSRQHQWHV GHO WUDQVSRUWH GH HOHFWURQHV HVWiQ $UWKURVSLUD 6H FRQRFH SRU HMHPSOR OD 6SLUXOLQD
LQFOXLGRV HQ ORV WLODFRLGHV VLVWHPDV PHPEUDQRVRV VXEVDOVD 6SLUXOLQD PDMRU HWF 1LQJXQD FLDQREDFWHULD
IRWRVLQWpWLFRV ËQWLPDPHQWH OLJDGRV DO VLVWHPD GHO JpQHUR 6SLUXOLQD KD VLGR WHVWHDGR FLHQWtILFDPHQWH
FORURItOLFR VH HQFXHQWUDQ XQRV DJUHJDGRV OODPDGRV GHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHODDOLPHQWDFLyQKXPDQD1R
ILFRELOLVRPDV(VWRVJUiQXORVFRQWLHQHQHQSDUWLFXODUXQ H[LVWH QLQJ~Q FRPHUFLR GH FLDQREDFWHULDV GHO JpQHUR
SLJPHQWR HVHQFLDO SDUDHOWUDQVSRUWHGHHQHUJtDKDFLD 6SLUXOLQD/DV6SLUXOLQD VRQFLDQREDFWHULDVILODPHQWRVDV
HO 36,, OD ILFRFLDQLQD SURWHtQD TXH SRVHH XQ JUXSR FRQVWLWXtGDV SRU YDULDV GHFHQDV GH FpOXODV DOLQHDGDV
SURVWpWLFR GHO WLSR SROLSLUURO HO FXDO OH FRQILHUH XQ HQ HVSLUDO (VWDV HVSLUDOHV VRQ D PHQXGR WDQ
PDJQtILFR FRORU D]XO DVt FRPR XQD IOXRUHVFHQFLD URMD FRPSDFWDVTXHDSDUHFHQFRPREDVWRQFLOORVGHORQJLWXG
GHH[FHSFLRQDOHILFDFLD/DVFLDQREDFWHULDVDVLPLODQHO YDULDEOH WtSLFDPHQWH HQWUH ORV PLFURQHV \
FDUERQR D WUDYpV GHO FLFOR GH &DOYLQ \ DOPDFHQDQ FRQ XQ GLiPHWUR FHUFDQR D ORV PLFURQHV HO
HQHUJtD \ FDUERQR HQ IRUPD GH JOLFyJHQR /DV ILODPHQWR GHVHQUROODGR WHQGUtD FHUFD GH PLFURQHV
FLDQREDFWHULDV SRVHHQ GLIHUHQWHV HVTXHPDV GHGLiPHWUR
PHWDEyOLFRVTXHWLHQHQHQFRP~QODDXVHQFLDGHOFLFOR
$UWKURVSLUD
GH.UHEVFRPSOHWR0XFKDVFLDQREDFWHULDVVREUHWRGR
ODV ILODPHQWRVDV VRQ FDSDFHV GH UHGXFLU ILMDU HO 1RPEUH FLHQWtILFR GH XQ JpQHUR GH FLDQREDFWHULD
QLWUyJHQR DWPRVIpULFR JUDFLDV D XQDV HVWUXFWXUDV EDVWDQWH DOHMDGD GHO JpQHUR 6SLUXOLQD PXFKR PiV
OODPDGDVKHWHURFLVWRV FHUFDQRSRUHMHPSORGHOJpQHUR/\QJE\D
/D PD\RUtD GH ODV FLDQREDFWHULDV VRQ FDSDFHV GH (O JpQHUR $UWKURVSLUD LQFOX\H HO FRQMXQWR GH
GHVSOD]DUVH JUDFLDV D YHVtFXODV JDVHRVDV HQ ORV FLDQREDFWHULDVDOLPHQWDULDVYHQGLGDVEDMRHOQRPEUHGH
OtTXLGRV R HQ HO FDVR GH ODV FLDQREDFWHULDV HVSLUXOLQD VSLUXOLQH HQ IUDQFpV \ VSLUXOLQD HQ LQJOpV
ILODPHQWRVDV SRU GHVOL]DPLHQWR KDVWD PLFUDV SRU /DV $UWKURVSLUD VRQ FLDQREDFWHULDV ILODPHQWRVDV FRQ
VHJXQGRJUDFLDVDODVPLFURILEUDV XQD R PiV GHFHQDV GH FpOXODV DOLQHDGDV GH PDQHUD
UHFWLOtQHD R PiV R PHQRV HQ HVSLUDO (VWRV ILODPHQWRV
/D UHSURGXFFLyQ VH HIHFW~D SRU HVFLVLyQ VLPSOH R
VRQGHORQJLWXGYDULDEOHWtSLFDPHQWHHQWUH\
P~OWLSOH SRU JHPDFLyQ R SRU IUDJPHQWDFLyQ $OJXQDV
PLFUDV\GHGLiPHWURFHUFDQRDODVPLFUDV
HVSHFLHV SURGXFHQ FpOXODV HVSHFLDOL]DGDV DFLQHWRV
UHVLVWHQWHV D OD VHTXHGDG \ D OD FRQJHODFLyQ TXH ¢6SLUXOLQDR$UWKURVSLUD"
SXHGHQ JHUPLQDU FXDQGR ODV FRQGLFLRQHV VH YXHOYHQ /DVSULQFLSDOHVGLIHUHQFLDVVHDSUHFLDQHQ
IDYRUDEOHV
R 7LSRGH+pOLFH
/$6SLUXOLQD$UKURVSLUD R 'LVWULEXFLyQGHORVSRURVHQODSDUHGFHOXODU
/D 6SLUXOLQD HV XQD R 9LVLELOLGDGGHORV6HSWRVEDMRHOPLFURVFRSLR
&LDQREDFWHULD PXOWLFHOXODU R 'LiPHWUR\IUDJPHQWDFLyQGHORVWULFRPDV
ILODPHQWRVD %DMR HO
PLFURVFRSLR DSDUHFH FRPR
ILODPHQWRV YHUGH D]XODGRV
GH FpOXODV FLOtQGULFDV FRORFDGDV HQ WULFRPDV
KHOLFRLGDOHV QR UDPLILFDGDV /RV ILODPHQWRV VRQ
PyYLOHVJLUDQGRDOUHGHGRUGHVXSURSLRHMH
KWWSZZZJHRFLWLHVFRPQSLUDOKWP QSLUDO#\DKRRFRP
7D[RQRPtDGHOJpQHUR$UWKURVSLUD
$QWHQQD 7HFKQRORJ\ HQ FRODERUDFLyQ FRQ OD
8QLYHUVLGDGGH*LQHEUDKD
OOHYDGRDFDERXQWUDEDMRGHFODVLILFDFLyQGHGLIHUHQWHV
FHSDV GH $UWKURVSLUD FRQRFLGDV FXOWLYDGDV \ D YHFHV
FRQVXPLGDV D WUDYpV GHO PXQGR (VWH WUDEDMR TXH VH
EDVD HQ HO DQiOLVLV GH XQ IUDJPHQWR GH $'1
KLSHUYDULDEOH SHUR HVSHFtILFR GH ODV FLDQREDFWHULDV
KWWSZZZJHRFLWLHVFRPQSLUDOKWP QSLUDO#\DKRRFRP
KWWSZZZJHRFLWLHVFRPQSLUDOKWP QSLUDO#\DKRRFRP
DOLPHQWRSULQFLSDO>@
%LRORJtDGHODV$UWKURVSLUD 'HXQDPDQHUDJHQHUDOOD6SLUXOLQDFUHFHDWUDYpVGHO
PXQGRHQWUHODVODWLWXGHV1\6
/RTXH GLIHUHQFLDHOJpQHUR$UWKURVSLUD GHOUHVWRGHODV
FLDQREDFWHULDV HV VX PX\ SDUWLFXODU QLFKR HFROyJLFR
HVWRV PLFURRUJDQLVPRV SUROLIHUDQ HQ DJXDV PX\ =RQDGHSRVLEOHFUHFLPLHQWRGHOD
PLQHUDOL]DGDV H[WUHPDGDPHQWH DOFDOLQDV \ FDOLHQWHV 6SLUXOLQD
(VWDV FRQGLFLRQHV H[FOX\HQ D OD PD\RUtD GH ORV VHUHV
YLYRV (O GHVDUUROOR GH ODV $UWKURVSLUD HQ HVWH WLSR GH
PHGLRVUHIXHU]DWRGDYtDPiVHVWHHIHFWRGHH[FOXVLyQ
DWUDYpVGHWUHVIHQyPHQRV
$O FRQVXPLU ORV FDUERQDWRV \ ELFDUERQDWRV GH VX
PHGLRODV$UWKURVSLUD WLHQGHQDDXPHQWDUWRGDYtDPiV
OD DOFDOLQLGDG GHO OtTXLGR OOHJDQGR D UR]DU XQ S+
GH«
$OWDPHQWH SLJPHQWDGRV \ D PHQXGR IORWDQWHV ORV $OJXQRV VLWLRV VHOHFFLRQDGRV GRQGH FUHFH OD 6SLUXOLQD
ILODPHQWRV GH $UWKURVSLUD IRUPDQ XQD SDQWDOOD PX\ HQ6XG$PpULFDVHLQGLFDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
HILFD] TXH SULYD GH OX] VRODU D ODV UDUDV DOJDV TXH 6LWLRV'RQGHFUHFHRHVWXYRFUHFLHQGROD
SRGUtDQDFRPRGDUVHDVXPHGLRGHFXOWLYRFRPRSRU 6SLUXOLQDHQ6XG$PpULFD
HMHPSOR OD &KORUHOOD XQD PLFURDOJD FRPHVWLEOH TXH
SUROLIHUD D YHFHV HQ ORV FXOWLYRV GH HVSLUXOLQD 3HU~ /DJR+XDFDFKLQD,&$
GHPDVLDGRSRFRFRQFHQWUDGRV /DJR2URYLOFD/RSH]5
3DUD ILQDOL]DU KD VLGR GHPRVWUDGR TXH ODV $UWKURVSLUD /DJR 9HQWDQLOODV VREUH OD FRVWD FHUFD
VRQ FDSDFHV GH VHFUHWDU PROpFXODV GH GHIHQVD HQ VX GH/LPD)LJXHURD0
PHGLRGHFXOWLYR(QWUHHVWDVPROpFXODVKD\XQDTXHVH
KD PRVWUDGR PX\ DFWLYD FRQWUD XQD YDVWD JDPD GH 0p[LFR /DJR7H[FRFR'DYLGP
EDFWHULDV«(OOR SRGUtD H[SOLFDU HO WUDGLFLRQDO XVR GH
/DJR&UDWHU'XUDQG&KDVWHO+
HPSODVWRV GH HVSLUXOLQD VREUH KHULGDV JDQJUHQDGDV
&KDG 8UXJXD\ 0RQWHYLGHR UHSRUWDGR SRU
&RQVWLWX\HQWHV ItVLFRTXtPLFRV GH ODV $UHFKDYDOHWDHQ:RLWWURFNHW1RUGVWHGW
$UWKURVSLUD %ROLYLD /DJR7LWLFDFD
$O VHU XQD EDFWHULD \QRXQDOJDODHVSLUXOLQDFDUHFH
GH SDUHG FHOXODU'HVGH XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD QXWULPHQWDO )XHQWH )2; 63,58/,1$ 3URGXFWLRQ
VLJQLILFD XQD JUDQ YHQWDMD SXHV HO KRPEUH OD GLJLHUH 3RWHQWLDO
IiFLOPHQWH VXV FRQVWLWX\HQWHV VRQ SHUIHFWDPHQWH
DVLPLODEOHV VLQ QHFHVLGDG GH FRFFLyQ QL GH FXDOTXLHU
RWUR WLSR GH WUDWDPLHQWR 'H HVWD PDQHUD LQFOXVR ORV
FRQVWLWX\HQWHV PiV IUiJLOHV YLWDPLQDV iFLGRV JUDVRV
HVHQFLDOHV HWF HVWiQ GLVSRQLEOHV VLQ GHJUDGDFLyQ
DOJXQDVREUHWRGRVLODHVSLUXOLQDVHFRQVXPHFUXGD
ORTXHVHDFRQVHMDYLYDPHQWHFXDQGRHOORHVIDFWLEOH
HVGHFLU~QLFDPHQWHHQORVOXJDUHVGHSURGXFFLyQ
/D6SLUXOLQDFUHFHQDWXUDOPHQWHHQODJRVDOFDOLQRVTXH
FRQWLHQHQFDUERQDWRVGH6RGLR1D&2RELFDUERQDWR
GHVRGLR1D+&2RWURVPLQHUDOHVTXHFRQWLHQHQ=Q
&D )H . HWF XQD IXHQWH GH FRPSXHVWRV GH
QLWUyJHQR (VWRV ODJRV VRQ HQFRQWUDGRV HQ FDGD
FRQWLQHQWH LQFOX\HQGR OD $QWDUWLGD \ PX\
IUHFXHQWHPHQWH VLWXDGRV FHUFD GH ORV YROFDQHV
7DPELpQVHHQFXHQWUDHQGHVLHUWRV ORVFXDOHVUHFLEHQ
DJXDPLQHUDOL]DGD
'RQGHTXLHUD TXH VH
HQFXHQWUH XQ SRFR GH
IODPHQFR VH VDEH TXH HO
DJXD GRQGH VH DOLPHQWDQ
FRQWLHQH 6SLUXOLQD VX
KWWSZZZJHRFLWLHVFRPQSLUDOKWP QSLUDO#\DKRRFRP
D6ODE\ULQWKLIRUPLVE6PDMRUF6PD[LPD
G63ODWHQVLV
&2167,78&,Ð1&(/8/$5
3DUHG FHOXODU (V XQD HVWUXFWXUD PXOWLHVWUDWLILFDGD
FRPSXHVWD SRU PXFRSROtPHURV SROLVDFDULGRV
FRPSXHVWRV SpSWLFRV \ PXFLODJLQRVRV /D PHPEUDQD
FHOXODUSUiFWLFDPHQWHQRFRQWLHQHHOPDWHULDOFHOXOyVLFR
FDUDFWHUtVWLFRGHORVYHJHWDOHV
&ORURSODVWRV 1R SUHVHQWD HVWRV RUJDQHORV FHOXODUHV
'XUDQWH HVWH SURFHVR HO FLWRSODVPD DSDUHFH PHQRV
HQ VX UHHPSOD]R FXHQWD FRQ WLODFyLGHV GLVWULEXLGRV DO
JUDQXODGR\ODVFpOXODVDVXPHQHOFRORUYHUGHD]XODGR
D]DUGHQWURGHODFpOXODVLQHVWDUHQYXHOWRVSRUDOJXQD
SiOLGR eO Q~PHUR GH FpOXODV HQ XQD KRUPRJRQLD VH
PHPEUDQD
LQFUHPHQWD SRU OD ILVLyQ GH ODV FpOXODV PLHQWUDV HO
3LJPHQWRV3RVHHVRORFORURILOD$QRWLHQHFORURILOD% FLWRSODVPD OOHJDKDVHUJUDQXODGRODVFpOXODVDVXPHQ
FRQWLHQH FDURWHQRLGHV EHWD FDURWHQR \ SLJPHQWRV XQ FRORU EULOODQWH YHUGH D]XODGR 3RU HVWH SURFHVR ORV
WHWUDSLUUyOLFRV KLGURVROXEOHV ILFRFLDQLQD ILFRHULWULQD WULFRPDV LQFUHPHQWDQ HQ HO ODUJR \ DVXPHQ OD IRUPD
PR[R[DQWRILODVRVFLOD[DQWLQDVHWF WtSLFD KHOLFRLGDO (VSRQWiQHDPHQWH VXFHGH HO
1~FOHR 1R SUHVHQWD ORV iFLGRV QXFOHLFRV HVWiQ TXHEUDQWDPLHQWR GH ORV WULFRPDV MXQWR FRQ OD
GLVWULEXLGRVVLQPHPEUDQDGHQWURGHODFpOXOD IRUPXODFLyQGHODQHFULGLDDVHJXUDQGRHOFUHFLPLHQWR\
GLVSHUVLyQGHORVRUJDQLVPRV>@
9DFXRODV 1RSUHVHQWDVDOYRODVYDFXRODVGHJDVTXH
UHJXODQODIORWDFLyQ 025)2/2*Ì$<',0(16,21(6
0LWRFRQGULDV 1RSUHVHQWD /DV PLFURDOJDV 6SLUXOLQD SUHVHQWD GLIHUHQWHV
PRUIRORJtDV\GLPHQVLRQHVSRUORJHQHUDOVHSUHVHQWD
5LERVRPDV 6HHQFXHQWUDQSUHVHQWHV HQIRUPDGHHVSLUDOHVFHUUDGRVRDELHUWRVYDULDQGRHO
5HWtFXORHQGRSODVPiWLFRV 1RSUHVHQWD GLiPHWURGHODVHVSLUDV7DPELpQVHSUHVHQWDHQIRUPD
0HVRVRPDV(VWiQSUHVHQWHV GH UHVRUWH HVSLUDV MXQWDV SRU HO PHGLR DVt FRPR HQ
IRUPDOLQHDO>@
3URGXFWRV GH DOPDFHQDPLHQWR *OLFyJHQR
FLDQRILFLQDJRWLWDVGHiFLGRVJUDVRVEHWDFDURWHQR
5(352'8&&,Ð1
/D UHSURGXFFLyQ HV SULQFLSDOPHQWH SRU ILVLyQ ELQDULD
DSLFDO GHO WULFRPD R ILODPHQWR \ SRU GLYLVLyQ FHOXODU
KWWSZZZJHRFLWLHVFRPQSLUDOKWP QSLUDO#\DKRRFRP
9HQWDGHFHSDVGH6SLUXOLQD
VHUIRWRVLQWpWLFDPXOWLFHOXODUILODPHQWRVD\HQIRUPDGH
HVSLUDO FRQ FORURILOD $ DO LJXDO TXH HQ ODV SODQWDV
0DQXDOGHFXOWLYR
VXSHULRUHV UD]yQ SRU OD TXH ORV ERWiQLFRVODXELFDURQ
HQODGLYLVLyQ&LDQRILWD
3RU OR FRQWUDULR ORVEDFWHULyORJRVODXELFDQFRPRXQD
EDFWHULDGHELGRDVXHVWUXFWXUDSURFDULRQWH(QVH
$O
HVWDEOHFLy XQD FODUD GLVWLQFLyQ HQWUH RUJDQLVPRV
SURFDULRQWHV \ HXFDULRQWHV OD SULQFLSDO GLIHUHQFLD
±
HVWDEDEDVDGDHQODSUHVHQFLDGHRUJDQHORVFHOXODUHV
HQYXHOWRV SRU PHPEUDQDV GH IRVIROtSLGRV HQ ORV
$UHTXLSD
RUJDQLVPRV HXFDULRQWHV (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD 6WDQLHU
9DQ 1HLO ODV XELFDURQ GHQWUR GHO UHLQR GH ORV
SURFDULRQWHV \ SURSXVLHURQ GHQRPLQDUODV FRPR
FLDQREDFWHULD
/DV FLDQREDFWHULDV FRPSUHQGHQ XQ JUXSR JUDQGH \
KHWHURJpQHR GH RUJDQLVPRV IRWyWURIRV R[LJpQLFRV HV
GHFLU TXH UHDOL]DQ OD IRWRVtQWHVLV \ SURGXFHQ R[tJHQR
(Q VX PD\RUtD VH GHVDUUROODQ HQ KiELWDWV DFXiWLFRV
HVSHFLDOPHQWHHQDJXDVDOFDOLQDVHLQFOXVRVDOLQDVGH
]RQDV FDOLHQWHV \ DGTXLHUHQ XQD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD IRUPD
KHOLFRLGDO (VWH JUXSR LQFOX\H FLQFR yUGHQHV XQR GH
HOORVHO2VFLOODWRULDOHVTXHVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUFRQWHQHU
EDFWHULDVILODPHQWRVDVTXHVHGLYLGHQSRUILVLyQELQDULD
HQXQ~QLFRSODQRFRPSUHQGHDORVJpQHURV6SLUXOLQD
$UWKRURVSLUD 2VFLOODWRULD /\QJE\D 3VHXGDQDEDHQD
6WDUULD&ULQDOLXP\0LFURFROHXV
KWWSZZZJHRFLWLHVFRPQSLUDOKWP QSLUDO#\DKRRFRP