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    Natural Polymers Collagen & Poly Β-Hydroxy Butyrate: Prepared By: Nishant Kumar Jain PE/2010/01

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    jhansikareddy
    Collagen and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate are natural polymers that have advantages for biomedical applications. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body and forms strong fibers, making it suitable for tissue engineering scaffolds. It can be obtained from animal sources and chemically or physically modified. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate is produced by bacteria and has properties similar to synthetic polymers but is biodegradable. Both polymers are biocompatible but have limitations like immunogenicity and mechanical properties that can be addressed through copolymerization or crosslinking to better suit applications like drug delivery and tissue engineering.

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    Natural Polymers Collagen & Poly Β-Hydroxy Butyrate: Prepared By: Nishant Kumar Jain PE/2010/01

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    jhansikareddy
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    Collagen and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate are natural polymers that have advantages for biomedical applications. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body and forms strong fibers, making it suitable for tissue engineering scaffolds. It can be obtained from animal sources and chemically or physically modified. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate is produced by bacteria and has properties similar to synthetic polymers but is biodegradable. Both polymers are biocompatible but have limitations like immunogenicity and mechanical properties that can be addressed through copolymerization or crosslinking to better suit applications like drug delivery and tissue engineering.

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    Collagen and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate are natural polymers that have advantages for biomedical applications. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body and forms strong fibers, making it suitable for tissue engineering scaffolds. It can be obtained from animal sources and chemically or physically modified. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate is produced by bacteria and has properties similar to synthetic polymers but is biodegradable. Both polymers are biocompatible but have limitations like immunogenicity and mechanical properties that can be addressed through copolymerization or crosslinking to better suit applications like drug delivery and tissue engineering.

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    Natural Polymers Collagen & Poly Β-Hydroxy Butyrate: Prepared By: Nishant Kumar Jain PE/2010/01

    Uploaded by

    jhansikareddy
    Collagen and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate are natural polymers that have advantages for biomedical applications. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body and forms strong fibers, making it suitable for tissue engineering scaffolds. It can be obtained from animal sources and chemically or physically modified. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate is produced by bacteria and has properties similar to synthetic polymers but is biodegradable. Both polymers are biocompatible but have limitations like immunogenicity and mechanical properties that can be addressed through copolymerization or crosslinking to better suit applications like drug delivery and tissue engineering.

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    NATURAL POLYMERS

    COLLAGEN & POLY β-HYDROXY BUTYRATE

    PREPARED BY:
    NISHANT KUMAR JAIN
    PE/2010/01
    CONTENTS:

    INTRODUCTION
    CLASSIFICATION
    ADVANTAGES
    DISADVANTAGES
    APPLICATIONS
    CASE STUDIES
    WHY NATURAL POLYMERS ?
    BIOCOMPATABLE
    LESS TOXIC
    BIODEGRADABLE
    LESS STIMULATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSES
    RECOGNITION BY CELLS
    CLASSIFICATION:
    CLASS EXAMPLES

    PROTEINS COLLAGEN,SILK(FIBROIN),GELATIN,ELASTIN,A
    CTIN,FIBRIN,ALBUMIN
    POLYSACCHARIDES CELLULOSE,CHITOSAN,STARCH,GLYCOSAMIN
    OGLYCAN,ALGINATE,HYALURONIC
    ACID,CHONDROITIN
    SULPHATE,AGAROSE,CYCLODEXTRIN,DEXTRA
    N,CHITIN.
    POLYNUCLEOTIDES DNA,RNA.

    POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE POLY-β-HYDROXY BUTYRATE


    S
    GUMS ACACIA,AGAR,STERCULA ,XANTHAN
    DISADVANTAGES:
    IMMUNOGENIC
    DURABILITY IS LESS
    COMPLEX STRUCTURE
    DECOMPOSE AT TEMPERATURE BELOW
    MELTING POINT
    VARIABILITY IN STRUCTURE & COMPOSITION
    COLLAGEN:
    27 DIFFERENT TYPES
    MADEUP OF THE 20 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS
     TYPE 1(TROPOCOLLAGEN) IS MOST ABUNDANT
    CHEMICAL STRUCTURE CONTAINS REPEATING
    UNITS OF THE TYPE GLY-X-Y, WHERE X AND Y
    MOSTLY ARE PROLINE AND HYDROXYPROLINE
    PHYSICAL STRUCTURE IS A TRIPLE HELIX AS BASIC
    UNITS WHICH AGGREGATE INTO FIBERS
    BOVINE OR PORCINE SKIN/TENDON & GENETIC
    ENGINEERING
    THE COLLAGEN FROM OLD ANIMALS IS MORE
    DIFFICULT TO EXTRACT FROM TISSUE
    TYPES:
    TYPE LOCATION COMMENT

    I SKIN,TENDON,BONE WIDELY USED


    FORMS FIBRILS

    II CARTILAGE FORMS FIBRILS

    III BLOOD VESSEL CONTAMINENT IN TYPE I


    FORMS FIBRILS

    IV EPITHELIAL TISSUE DOES NOT FORM FIBRILS


    PROPERTIES:
    PROPERTY VALUE

    TENSILE STRENGHT 50-100 Mpa

    TENSILE MODULUS 1000 Mpa

    ELONGATION(%) 10

    Tg 120°C

    Tm 230°C

    WATER ABSORPTION (%) >1

    FLEXIBLE,BIO-COMPATABLE,BIO-DEGRADABLE,POROUS
    TRUCTURE(SO USED AS SCAFFOLD FOR TISUE ENGINEERIN
    SOLUBLE IN ACIDIC AQUEOUS SOLUTION.
    MADE INTO TUBES,SHEETS,SPONGES,NANOFIBRES,POWDE
    TC
    PHYSICAL MODIFICATION:
    HELIX-COIL TRANSISTION
     HELICAL MARKER BANDS
     ASSAY OF GELATIN
    BANDING PATTERN
     LOST REVERSIBLY AT pH <4.25
     XRD,TEM
     COLLAGEN SPONGES
    POROSITY
     PORT FOR ENTRY OF CELLS
     MORE SURFACE AREA FOR
    INTERACTION
    EX: MYOFIBROBLASTS-(COLLAGEN-GAG)COPOLYMER
    CLOTTING FACTORS-COLLAGEN SPONGES
    METHOD: FREEZING FOLLOWED BY SUBLIMATION
    VARIOUS POROUS STRUCTURES
    AVERAGE PORE SIZE DECREASES WITH DECREASE IN THE
    TEMPERATURE OF THE FREEZING
    PORE SIZE: COLLAGEN-GAG COPOLYMER
    20-125µm FOR SKIN REGENARATION
    <10µm FOR SCIATIC NERVE REGENERATION
    CHEMICAL MODIFICATION:
    COLLAGEN COLLAGENASE N- & C-TERMINAL
    FRAGMENTS HELIX-COIL PHYSIOLOGICAL
    TRANSISTION TEMPERATURE

    GELATIN
    REQUIRED FOR DEGRADATION
    FOR IMMUNOGENICITY ENZYMES

    OLIGOPEPTIDES
    METHODS TO DECREASE DEGRADATION:

    BY CROSSLINKING
     DEHYDRATIVE CROSSLINKING:
    FORMATION OF THE INTERCHAIN PEPTIDE
    BONDS.
    CONFIRMED BY TITRATION
    COMPOSITION REMAINS SAME
     CROSSLINKING AGENTS: USED IN IMPLANTS
    DIALDEHYDES: GLUTARALDEHYDE
    OTHERS INCLUDE FORMALDEHYDE,
    CARBODIMIDE, HEXAMETHYLENE DI-
    ISOCYANATE.
    METHODS TO DECREASE
    IMMUNOGENECITY

    BY IDENTIFYING THE GROUPS THA T ARE


    RECOGNISED AS FOREIGN BODIES IN HELICAL AS
    WELL AS IN NON-HELICAL PORTION.

    BY CROSSLINKING

    TYPE-I IS VERY LESS IMMUNOGENIC SO USE FOR


    THE VALVES
    COPOLYMER: COLLAGEN-GAG
    POROUS GRAFT COPOLYMER
    WHY COPOLYMER ?
     DECREASE STIFFNESS & BRITTLENESS
     IMPROVING ADHESION TO WOUND
    WHY GAG CHONDROITIN-6-PHOSPHATE?
    (1) LOW ANTIGENICITY
    (2) NON-TOXIC BREAKDOWN PRODUCTS
    (3) DECREASE THE RATE OF COLLAGEN
    BREAKDOWN AND
    (4) ABILITY TO INCREASE THE STRENGTH
    OF COLLAGENS WHILE MAKING THEM
    MORE ELASTIC.
     METHOD
    DERMIS REGENERATIVE TEMPLATE:2WKS
    NERVE REGENERATIVE TEMPLATE: 6WKS
    MECHANISM: SYNCHRONOUS ISOMORPHOUS
    REPLACEMENT
    IN DRUG DELIVERY:
    BUCCAL MUCOSAL ADHESIVE FILMS-TETRACYCLIN
    BUCCAL MUCOSAL ADHESIVE GELS-CHLORHEXIDINE
    DRUG (PILOCARPINE) IS INCORPORATED INTO THE
    FILMS AND ITS RELEASE IS DELAYED. COLLAGEN IS
    COMPLETELY HYDROLYZED AFTER 5 TO 6 HOURS IN
    THE EYE, LEAVING NO RESIDUAL.
    LOCALIZED DRUG DELIVERY OF THE LOW MOLECULAR
    WEIGHT DRUGS INCLUDING
    ANTIBIOTICS.EX:GENTAMYCIN-SULMYAN
    IMPLANT,COLLATAMP-G
    PROLONGED RELEASE(SEPTOCOLL)-
    TWO SALTS OF DIFFERENT SOLUBILITIES
    GENTAMYCIN USED
    IN GENE & PROTEIN DELIVERY USING
    TISSUE ENGINEERING:
    CASE STUDY:
    SUCCINYLATED/METHYLATED COLLAGEN AS A
    EFFECTIVE DRUG CARRIER
    IMPROVED PATIENT COMPLIANCE
    PROLONGED RELEASE OF DRUG
    PILOCARPINE,DEXAMETHAZONE,GENTAMYCIN,TE
    TRACYCLIN,KANAMYCIN,NEOMYCIN,
    POLY-β-HYDROXY
    BUTYRATE(PHB):

    DISCOVERED IN Bacillus megaterium IN 1920 & THEN


    IN OTHER BACTERIA’S ALSO.
    BIOTECHNOLOGICALLLY PRODUCED FROM
    Psuedomonas olevorans & Acaligenes eutrophus.
    PHB & PHV ARE THE INTRACELLULAR STORAGE
    POLYMERS
    CRYSTALLINE ISOTACTIC POLYMER
    PROPERTIES:
    SOLUBLE IN WIDE RANGE OF SOLVENTS
    DEGRADED BY SOIL BACTERIA
    STABLE AT PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
    REQUIRES SEVERAL YEARS FOR RESORPTION IN
    VIVO.(ORTHOPEDIAC APPLICATION)
    PIEZOELECTRICITY (IN TISSUE
    ENGINEERING,DRUG DELIVERY & IN
    ORTHOPEDIAC APPLICATION)
    UNDERGOES SURFACE EROSION
    COPOLYMER MP IS LESS
    MADE INTO FILMS,SHEETS,SPHERES,FIBRES ETC
    PROPERTY VALUE

    TENSILE STRENGHT 40 Mpa

    TENSILE MODULUS 3500 Mpa

    ELONGATION(%) 5

    Tg 4°C

    Tm 179°C

    DENSITY 1.26gm/cm³, 1.18gm/cm³

    MOLECULAR WEIGHT 10,000-30,00,000 Da


    METHOD OF PREPARATION:
    FROM BACTERIA
    BY CHEMICAL REACTION: RING OPENING
    POLYMERISATION OF β-BUTYROLACTONE
    ADVANTAGES:

    BIOCOMPATABLE
    BIODEGRADABLE
    PRODUCED FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCE
    NON TOXIC

    DISADVANTAGES:
    VERY LOW DEGRADATION RATE(6MONTHS)
    PYROGENS
    HIGH STIFFNESS
    BRITTLENESS
    COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
    TYPES:
    HOMOPOLYMER: CRYSTALLINE & BRITTLE
     BIOPOL GO4

    COPOLYMER: WITH HYDROXY VALERIC ACID(HVA)


     LESS CRYSTALLINE
     MORE FLEXIBLE
     EASILY PROCESSABLE MATERIAL
     DEGRADE FASTER
     DISADV: HIGH COST
     PHB+3%3-HVA- BIPOL
     PHB+24%-HVA-BIOPOL PO5
    INCREASING DEGRADATION
    RATE:
    BY ϒ- RADIATIONS
    BY COPOLYMER WITH PHV
    USING HYDROPHILIC POLYMERS

    REMOVAL OF PYROGENS:
    OXIDIZING AGENTS. EX: HYDROGEN PEROXIDE OR
    BENZOYL PEROXIDE
    <20 ENDOTOXIN UNITS/GRAM OF PHB
    OTHER MODIFICATIONS:
    PHB+PLASTICIZERS(CAPROL)-IMPROVE DUCTILITY
    PHB-CO-PHV COPOLYMER TREATED WITH ALLYL
    ALCOHOL GAS PLASMA-INCREASED WETTABILITY
    PHB+SALT BLEND-INCREASED POROSITY (TRIPLE
    LEAFLET HEART VALVE)
    60% POLYCAPROLACTAM+PHB-IMPROVED
    MECHANICAL PROPERTIES & DECREASED O 2
    PERMEABILITY
    APPLICATIONS:
    IN PACKAGING FILMS
    SIMILAR APPLICATIONS AS CONVENTIONAL
    COMMODITY PLASTICS INCLUDE THE DISPOSABLE
    ITEMS, SUCH AS RAZORS, UTENSILS, DIAPERS,
    COSMETIC CONTAINERS—SHAMPOO BOTTLES AND
    CUPS.
    AS STEREO REGULAR COMPOUNDS
    USED AS BIODEGRADABLE CARRIERS FOR LONG-
    TERM DELIVERY OF DRUGS
    THEY ARE ALSO USED AS OSTEOSYNTHETIC
    MATERIALS IN THE STIMULATION OF BONE GROWTH
    OWING TO THEIR PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTIES, IN
    BONE PLATES, SURGICAL SUTURES AND BLOOD
    VESSEL REPLACEMENTS
    APLLICATIONS IN MEDICINE:

    TETRACYCLIN,METRONIDAZOLE
    LHRH IMPLANT
    CRITERIA’S FOR A SUCCESSFUL SCAFFOLD:

    WILLIAMS AND PEOPLES


    (1) BIOCOMPATIBILITY,
    (2) SUPPORT CELL GROWTH AND CELL
    ADHESION
    (3) GUIDE & ORGANIZE THE CELLS
    (4) ALLOW INGROWTH OF CELLS AND PASSAGE
    OF NUTRIENTS AND WASTE PRODUCTS
    (5) BIODEGRADABLE WITHOUT FORMATION OF
    TOXIC COMPOUNDS.
    EVALUATION OF POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE
    AND OF POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE
    REINFORCED WITH HA:
    HYDROXYAPATITE (HA)/PHB, HA/GLASS/PHB
    COMPOSITES FOR BONE TISSUE
    ENGINEERING:
     THE FIRST, A HA/ PHB COMPOSITE SHOWED AN INCREASE IN
    INTERFACIAL SHEAR STRENGTH (ISS) UP TO 8 WEEKS.
     THE SECOND COMPOSITE WAS AN HA/GLASS/PHB (HGP) COMPOSITE
    AND THIS GAVE LOWER VALUES FOR THE ISS ATTRIBUTED TO ION
    RELEASE FROM THE GLASS CAUSING A SOFT TISSUE REACTION AT
    THE INTERFACE.
     THE THIRD COMPOSITE WAS A CARBON FIBER REINFORCED
    POLYSULFONE (CFRP) AND THIS SHOWED HIGH INTERFACIAL
    SHEAR STRENGTH VALUES.
     HISTOLOGY, WHICH SHOWED ENHANCED ENDOSTEAL BONE
    GROWTH FOR THE HA/PHB BUT FOR THE HGP, NO PERIOSTEAL OR
    ENDOSTEAL ACTIVITY WAS DETECTED.
     IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE HIGH ISS VALUES FOR THE CARBON
    FIBER CONTROL WERE DUE TO SURFACE MORPHOLOGY ALLOWING
    DEEP INGROWTH OF SOFT TISSUE AND THIS WAS CONFIRMED BY
    SEM
    EFFECT OF CLAY ORGANOMODIFIERS ON
    DEGRADATION OF POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES:
    EFFECT OF PHB BLENDING WITH OTHER
    POLYMERS ON BIOCOMPATIBILITY:
    CHENG ET AL. PREPARED A SERIES OF PHB AND
    POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG) BLEND MATERIALS
    WITH DIFFERENT RATIOS RANGING FROM 80:20
    (WT%) TO 20:80 (WT%) BY SOLUTION BLEND.
    THE BLOOD-COMPATIBILITY WAS EVALUATED BY
    MEANS OF PLATELET CLOTTING TIME TEST AND
    EXPLORING ITS MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES.
    THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT PEG PLAYED AN
    IMPORTANT ROLE IN RESISTING PLATELET
    ADHESION
    CONTROLLED DEGRADATION OF
    POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE VIA ALCOHOLYSIS WITH
    ETHYLENE GLYCOL OR GLYCEROL
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    E RI E
    QU
    S?

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