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    Biology Form 4

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    Ashlyn Ooi
    Cells are the fundamental units of structure and function that make up all living things. They come in two basic types - animal cells and plant cells. Both share many common organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes. The main differences are that plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, while animal cells lack these and can have other structures like lysosomes. Cells specialize and work together to form tissues, organs, and whole organisms.

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    Biology Form 4

    Uploaded by

    Ashlyn Ooi
    197 views9 pages
    Cells are the fundamental units of structure and function that make up all living things. They come in two basic types - animal cells and plant cells. Both share many common organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes. The main differences are that plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, while animal cells lack these and can have other structures like lysosomes. Cells specialize and work together to form tissues, organs, and whole organisms.

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    Biology form 4

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    Cells are the fundamental units of structure and function that make up all living things. They come in two basic types - animal cells and plant cells. Both share many common organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes. The main differences are that plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, while animal cells lack these and can have other structures like lysosomes. Cells specialize and work together to form tissues, organs, and whole organisms.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    197 views9 pages

    Biology Form 4

    Uploaded by

    Ashlyn Ooi
    Cells are the fundamental units of structure and function that make up all living things. They come in two basic types - animal cells and plant cells. Both share many common organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes. The main differences are that plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, while animal cells lack these and can have other structures like lysosomes. Cells specialize and work together to form tissues, organs, and whole organisms.

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    of 9

    2.

    1 CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

    All animals and plants are made up of cells.

    # All organisms are made up of one or more cells

    # Cells are the fundamental and structural unit of life.

    # All cells come from pre-existing cells

    Most cells have:

     A nucleus – controlling the activity of the cell


     Cytoplasm – where chemical reactions occur. Inside the cytoplasm are enzymes which
    speed up these reactions. Cytoplasm also contains mitochondria which is where energy is
    released.
     Cell membrane – to control the passage of substances in and out of the cell.

    Plants also have (additional structure, animal cell X have)

     Cell walls – to strengthen the cell.


     Chloroplasts – to absorb sunlight energy to make food by photosynthesis.

    CELL: ORGANELLE AND NON-ORGANELLE

    Organelle Structure of a Cell Non-Organelle Structure of a cell


    1. Nucleus 1. Plasma membrane
    2. Endoplasmic Recticulum 2. Cytoplasm
    3. Mitochondrion 3. Cell wall (plant cell only)
    4. Ribosome (it is known as non-
    organelle)
    5. Golgi apparatus
    6. Vacuole
    7. Chloroplast (plant cell only)
    Plama Membrane
    1. Separates the content of the cell from its external environment.
    2. Regulates the movement of substances entering and leaving the cell.
    3. Allows the exchange of nutrients, respiratory gases and wastes products between the cell
    and its environment

    Cytoplasm
    1. Maintain the shape of the cell.
    2. Acts as a medium for the biochemical reactions occur within the cell
    3. Storing chemical substances such as glycogen granules (in animal cells), starch granules
    (in plant cells) and enzymes.
    4. Stores a variety of organelle

    Cell Wall (Plant ONLY)


    1. Support the cell and the plant.
    2. Maintain the shape of the cell.
    3. Prevents the cell from bursting when too much water enters the cell through osmosis.
    4. Allows substances to move through it.

    Nucleus
    1. Contains the genetic material of a cell.
    2. Controls the activities of the cell.
    3. Produces ribosomes and ribonucleic acids (RNA).

    Endoplasmic Recticulum (ER)


    Rough Endoplasmic Recticulum:

     Transporting the newly synthesised protein.


     Involve in the systhesis of protein.
     Provides surface for chemical reaction

    Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum:

     Transporting lipids and glycerols.


     Synthesising lipids and other non-protein substances.
    Mitochonrion
    1. Produces ATP (Adenosine triphosphate.)
    2. Site of energy production through cellular respiration

    Ribosomes
    Site for synthesising protein.

    Golgi Apparatus
     Site for the production of enzyme and lysosome.
     Produces polysacharides, glycoproteins and secretory enzyme.
     Storing and modifying carbohydrate and glycoprotein.
     Transport and store lipid.

    Vacuole
    1. Stores food (Carbohydrate, amino acid) and water.
    2. Support herbaceous plants when it is turgid.
    3. Stores organic waste (in leaf cells).

    Chloroplast (Plant Only)


    Contain chlorophyll and hence a site for photosynthesis to take place.
    2.2 CELL ORGANIZATION

    Cells act together to form tissues. A group of cells with similar structures and a particular
    function is called a tissue. Tissues are grouped together to form an organ, a leaf is an organ.
    Organs are grouped together to form an organism such as a whole plant or animal.

    Cells ----> Tissue ----> Organ ----> Organism

    Unicellular Organism
    -with one cell
    -eg Amoeba, Yeast, paramecium

    Organism
    Multicellular organism
    -made up of more than one cell
    -eg human
    Importance of Cell Specialisation in Multicellular Organism
    1. Cells can perform specific task with greater efficiency.
    2. Enable multicellular organisms adapt to various environment

    Cell Specialisation in Animal

    Cell Function

    Red blood cells Transprot oxygen

    White blood Destroy microorganisms. Engulf foreign


    cells substance in the blood stream.

    Smooth muscle Contract and release to produce movement


    cells

    Nerve cells Transmits nerve impulse

    Cell Specialisation in Plant

    Cell Function

    Palisade Mesophyll Carries out photosynthesis


    Cells

    Guard Cells Control the size of the stomata pore to


    allow gaseous exchange.

    Xilem Transport water and mineral salt

    Phloem Transport disolved food.


    Basic types of Tissue in Humans and Animals
    1. Epithelial tissue
    2. Connective tissue
    3. Muscullar tissue
    4. Nervous tissue

    Basic Types of Tissue in Plants


    1. Epidermal tissue
    2. Vascular tissue
    3. Ground tissue
    Answer:

    Similarities:

    Both animal cells and plant cells have

    a. plasma membrane
    b. nucleus with nucleic bounded by nuclear membrane
    c. cytoplasm
    d. ribosome
    e. mitochondria
    f. golgi apparatus
    g. endoplasmic recticulum

    Differences:

    Cell Animal Plant


    Cell Wall - Present

    Cytoplams Present throughout the cell Present but normally at the


    edge of cell (thin layer)

    Chloroplast - Present

    Vacuole Present in some animal cell Large and filled with cell sap
    only

    Nucleus Middle of cell Edge of the cell

    lysosome present -

    Storage Granule Glicogen Starch

    Shape and Size No fixed shape and smaller Fixed shape and bigger
    than plant cell

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