Electrical and Electronics Engineering

EE-1352 Power System Analysis

Prepared By

H. Vennila
Sr.Lect/ EEE
 EE 1352 -POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

QUESTION AND ANSWERS

1. What are the main divisions of power system?

The generating system,transmission system,and distribution system

2. What are the adv. Of interconnected power system?

1.less no. of generators are required as areserve for operation at peak loads.Hence the
reserve capacity of the generating station gets reduced.

2.less no. of generators which are running without load are required for meeting the sudden
unexpected increase in load.

3. it allows the use of most economical sources of power depending on time.

3.What are the problems of interconnection?

1.it increase the amount of current which flows when a short circuit occurs on a system and
thereby requires the installation of breakers which are able to interrupt a larger current‘

2. synchronism must be maintained between of all the interconnected systems .

4.Define one line diagram.

A simplified diagram by omiting the completed circuit through the neutral and by indicating
the components of the power system by standard symbols rather than by their equivalent

5.What is meant by impedance diagram.

The equivalent circuit of all the components of the power system are drawn and they are
interconnected is called impedance diagram.

6.What is meant by reactance diagram.

Omitting all static loads ,all resistance. The magnetizing components of each transformer and
the capacitance of the transmission line are reduced from the impedance diagram is called
reactance diagram.

7.Define per unit value.

Per unit of any quantity is defined as the ratio of the quantity ti its base value is expressed as a
decimal.

8. Need for per unit value

1.the per unit impedance referred to either side of a single phase transformer is the same.

2.The chance of confusion b/n line and phase quantities in a three phase balanced system is
Greatly reduced.

3. The manufacturers usually produce the impedance values in per unit.

9.Define base current.

Ratio of base MVA to base KV

10.What is the need for short circuit study.

To determine the current interrupting capacity of the circuit breakers so that the faulted
Equipments can be isolated.

To establish the relay requirements and settings to detect the fault and cause the circuit breaker
To operate when the current flowing through it exceeds the max. Value.

11. Define stability study.

Stability studies are performed in order to ensure that the system remains stable
Following a severe fault or disturbance.

12. What are the elements of y bus matrix.

Short circuit driving point admittance.

.Short circuit transfer admittance.

13. What are the elements of Z bus matrix.

Open circuit driving point impedance, open circuit transfer impedances.

14. What are the methods to determine the Ybus andZ bus matrices.
Primitive n/w, n/w graph theory , incidence matrix

15. What is primitive n/w

Primitive networkis a set of unconnected elements which provides information

Regarding the characteristics of individual elements only.

16.what is meant grafh of a network.

Graph shows the geometrical interconnection of the elements of a n/w.

17. Define sub graph?

A sub graph is any subset of elements of a graph.

18 What is meant by path of a n/w?

Path is a sub graph of connected elements with not more than two elements
Connected to any one side.
19.What is meant by connected oriented graph?

A graph is connected if and only if there is a path b/n every pairs of nodes. If each
Element of the connected graph is assigned a direction it is called oriented graph.

20.What are the properties of a graph.

Tree is a sub graph connecting all the nodes of the oriented graph.
Tree is a connected sub graph.

21. Define basic cutest?

Acutest is the minimum set of elements in the graph, which when removed, divide a
Connected graph into two connected sub graph.
.
22. What are the quantities whose base values are required to represent the power system
By reactance diagram.

The base values of voltage, current, power and impedance are required to represent the
Power system by reactance diagram. Selection of base values for any two of them
Determines the base values of the remaining two.

23. What is the need for base values?

The components of power system may operate at different voltage and power levels. It
will be convenient for analysis of power system if the voltage, power, current ratings of
the components of the power system is expressed with reference to a common value
Called base value.

24. What is impedance and reactance diagram?

The impedance diagram is the equivalent circuit of power system in which the various
Components of power system are represented by their approximate equivalent circuits.
The impedance diagram is used for load flow studies.

The reactance diagram is the simplified equivalent circuit of the power system in which
The various components are represented by their reactance. The reactance diagram can
Be obtained from impedance diagram if all the resistive components are neglected.

25. What are the approximations made in impedance diagram?

The neutral reactances are neglected.

The shunt branches in equivalent circuit of induction motor are neglected.

26. What are the approximations made in reactance diagram?

The neutral reactances are neglected.

The resistances are neglected.
All static loads and induction motors are neglected.
27. What is a bus?

The meeting point of various components in a power system is called a bus. The bus
is a conductor made of copper having negligible resistance. The buses are considered as a
Points of constant voltage in a system.

28. What is bus admittance

The matrix consisting of the self and mutual admittances of the network of a power
System is called bus admittance matrix.

29. Name the diagonal and off diagonal elements of bus admittance matrix.

The diagonal elements of bus admittance matrix are called self admittances of the
Buses and off diagonal elements are called mutual admittances of the buses.

30. What is bus impedance matrix?

The matrix consisting of driving point impedances and transfer impedances of the
Network of a power system is called bus impedance matrix.

31. Name the diagonal elements and off diagonal elements of bus impedance matrix.

The diagonal elements of bus impedance matrix are called driving point impedances
Of the buses and off diagonal elements of bus impedance matrix are called transfer
Impedances of the buses.

32. What are the methods available for forming bus impedance matrix.

1. Form the bus impedance matrix and then take its inverse to get bus impedance
Matrix.
2. Directly form the bus impedance matrix from the reactance diagram. This
Method utilizes the techniques of modifications of existing bus impedance
Matrix due to addition of new bus.

32. Write the four ways of adding an impedance to an existing system so as to modify
bus impedance matrix.

1. Adding a branch of impedances from a new bus p to the reference bus.

2. Adding a branch of impedance Zb from a new busp to an existing bus.
3. Adding a branch of impedance Zb from an existing busq to the reference
Bus.
4. Adding a branch of impedance Zb between two existing buses h and q.

33.What are symmetrical components?

An unbalanced system of N related vectors can be resolved into N systems of
Balanced vectors. The N sets of balanced vectors are called symmetrical
Components.
33. Write the symmetrical components of three phase system.

1. Positive sequence components

3. Negative sequence components.
4. Zero sequence components.

34. What are positive sequence components?

The positive sequence components of a three phase unbalanced vectors consists of three
Vectors of equal magnitude, displaced from each other by 120 in phase and having the
Same phase sequence as the original vectors.

35. What are negative sequence components?

The negative sequence components of a three phase unbalanced vectors consists of three
Vectors of equal magnitude displaced from each other by 120 degree in phase and having
The phase sequence opposite to that of the original vectors.

36.What are zero sequence components?

The zero sequence components of a three phase unbalanced vectors consists of 3 vectors
Of equal magnitude and with zero phase displacement from each other.

36. What are sequence impedance and sequence networks?

The sequence impedances are the impedances offered by the devices for the like

Sequence component of the current.

The single phase equivalent circuit of a power system consists of impedances to current
of any one sequence is called sequence network.

37. What is meant by positive, negative and zero sequence impedance.

The impedance of the circuit element for positive, negative and zero sequence
Component currents are called positive, negative and zero sequence impedances resp.

38.What is meant by positive, negative and zero sequence reactance.

The reactance diagram of a power system, when formed using positive, negative and
Zero sequence reactance’s are called positive, negative and zero sequence reactance
Diagram resp.

39. What is load flow or power flow study?

The study of various methods of solution to power system network is referred to as load
Flow study. The solution provides the voltages at various buses, power flowing in various
Lines and line losses.
40. What are the information that are obtained from a load flow study.

The information obtained from a load flow study are magnitude and phase of bus
Voltages, real and reactive power flowing in each line and the line losses. T he load flow
Solution also gives the initial conditions of the system when the transient behavior of
The system to be studied.

41. What is the need for load flow study.

The load flow study of a power system is essential to decide the best operation existing
System and for planning the future expansion of the system. It is also essential for
Designing the power system.

42. What are the quantities associated with each bus ina system?

Each bus in a power system is associated with four reactive power, magnitude of voltage, and phase angle
of voltage.

43. What are the different types of buses.

Load bus, generator bus,slack bus.

44. Define voltage controlled bus?

A bus is called voltage controlled bus if the magnitude of volte\age and real power are
Specified for it. In a voltage controlled bus the magnitude of the voltage is not allowed to
Change.

45. What is PQ bus?

A bus is called PQ bus when real and reactive components of power are specified for the
Bus. In a load bus the voltage is allowed to vary within permissible limits.

46. What is swing bus?

A bus is called swing bus when the magnitude and phase of the bus voltage are specified
For it. The swing bus is the reference bus for load flow solution and it is required for
Accounting line losses. Usually one of the generator bus is selected as swing bus.

47. What is the need for slack bus?

The slack bus is needed to account for transmission line losses. In a power system the
Total power generated will be equal to sum of power consumed by loads and losses. In a
Power system only the generated power and load power are specified for buses. The
Slack bus is assumed to generate the power required for losses. Since the losses are
Unknown the real and reactive power are not specified for slack bus.

48. What are the operating constraints imposed in the load flow studies?

The operating constraints imposed in load flow studies are reactive power limits for
Generator buses and allowable change in magnitude of voltage for load buses.
49What are the iterative methods mainly used for solution of load flow study.

The Gauss sedal method and Newton Raphson method are the two iterative methods.

50. Discuss the effect of acceleration factor in load flow study.

The acceleration factor is a real quantity and it modifies the magnitude of voltage alone.quantities and
they are real power,

51What is meant by flat voltage flat.

In iterative methods of load flow solution, the initial voltages of all buses except slack bus
are assumed as 1+j0 pu.This is reffered as flat voltage profile.

52. When the generator buses are treated as load bus.

If the reactive power constraints of a generator bus violates the specified limits then the
Generator is treated as load bus.

53. What will be the reactive power and bus voltage whan the generator bus is treated as
Load bus.

When the generator bus is treated as load bus, the reactive power of the bus is equated to
the limit it has violated, and the previous iteration value of bus voltage is used for
Calculating current iteration value.

54. What are the advantages of Guass sedal method?

Calculations are simple and so the programming task is lesses.

The memory requirement is less
Useful for small systems

55 What are the disadvantages of Gauss seidal method?

Requires large no. of iterations to reach converge

Not suitable for large systems
Convergence time increases with size of the system

56. How approximations are performed in Newton Raphson method?

In N-R method, the set of nonlinear simultaneous equations are approximated to a set of
linear simultaneous equations using tailors series expansion and the terms are limited to
first order approximation.

57.What is Jacobian matrix? How the elements of Jacobian matrix are computed.

The matrix formed from the first derivatives of load flow equations is called Jacobian
matrix.
The elements of Jacobian matrix will change in every iteration. In each iteration the
Elements of the jacobian matrix are obtained by partially differentiating the load flow
Equations w.ith respect to ta unknown variable and then evaluating the first derivatives using the
Solution of previous iteration

58. What are the adv. Of N-R method?

The N-R method is faster, more reliable and the results are accurate.
Requires less no. of iterations
Suitable for large size system

59. What are the disadv. Of N-R method?

The programming is more complex

The memory requirement is more

60 What is off nominal turn’s ratio?

When the voltage or turns ratio of a transformer is not used to decide the ratio of base
KV then its voltage ratio is called off nominal turns ratio. Usually the voltage ratio of
Regulating transformer will be off nominal ratios.

61 What is meant by a fault?

A fault in a circuit is any failure which interferes with the normal flow of current. The
Faults are associated with abnormal change in current, voltage and frequency of the
Power system. The faults may cause dan\mage to the equipments if it is allowed to persit
for a long time. Hence every part of the system has been protected by means of relays
and circuit breakers to since the faults to isolate the faulty part from the healthy part in
the event of fault.

62Why fault accurs in a power system?

The fault occur in a power system due to insulation failure of equipments, flashover of
lines initiated by a lightning stroke, due to permanent damage to conductors and towers

63. How are faults are classified?

The faults are classified as shunt and series faults. The shunt faults are due to short
Circuits in conductors and the series faults are due to open conductors.

64.List the various types of series and shunt fault?

Shunt faults are,

Line to ground fault line to line fault, double line to ground fault, three phase fault.
Series faults are,
One open conductor fault
Two open conductor fault
64 What is symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault?

The fault is called symmetrical fault if the fault current is equal in all the phases. The
fault is called unsymmetrical fault if the fault current is not equal in all the phases.

65. Name any two methods of reducing short circuit current

By providing neutral reactance.

By introducing a large value of shunt reactance between buses.

66. What is meant by fault calculations

The fault condition of a power system can be dived into sub transient, transient and steady
State periods. The currents in the various parts of the system and in the fault are different
in these periods. The estimation of these currents for various types of faults at various
Locations in the system are commonly referred as fault calculations.

67.Define stability?

The stability of a system is defined as the ability of power system to return to stable
operation when it is subjected to a disturbance.

68. Define steady state stability

The steady state stability is defined as the ability of a system to remain stable for small
Disturbance.

69. Define transient stability?

The transient stability is defined as the ability of a system to remain stable for large
Disturbance.

70What is steady state state stability limit?

The steady state stability limit is the max. Power that can be transferred by a machine toa
receiving system without loss of synchronism.

71 Define swing curve? What is the use ofswing curve.

The swing curve is the plot between the power angle and time. It is usually plotted for a
transient state to study the nature of variation in angle for a sudden large disturbance.

71.Define power angle

The power angle is defined as the angular displacement of the rotor from synchronously
Rotating reference frame.
72 Define critical clearing time and critiacal clearing angle

The critical clearing angle is the max. Allowable change in the power angle before
Clearing the fault, without loss of synchronism.

The critical clearing time can be defined as the max. Time delay that can be allowed to
Clear a fault without loss of synchronism.

73.Define equal area criterion?

The equal area criterion for stability states that the system is stable if the area under power vs
Angle curve reduces to zero at some value of angle.

74.What is transient state stability limit?

The transient stability limit is the max power that can be transmitted by a machine to a
Fault or a receiving system during a transient state without loss of synchronism. The
Transient stability limit is always less than the steady state stability limit.
1.Derive the expression per unit for Single Phase Systems and three phase
systems.

If VAbase and Vbase are the selected base quantities of power (complex, active or reactive)

and voltage respectively, then

In a power system, voltages and power are usually expressed in kV and MVA, thus it is

usual to select an MVAbase and a kVbase and to express them as

In these expressions, all the quantities are single phase quantities.

Calculations for Three Phase Systems

In three phase systems the line voltage and the total power are usually used rather than t

single phase quantities. It is thus usual to express base quantities in terms of these.

If VA3 φbase and VLLbase are the base three-phase power and line-to-line voltage respectively,

It is to be noted that while the base impedance for the three phase can be obtained directly

from the VA3 φbase and VLLbase (or MVA3 φbase and kVLLbase) without the need of any
additionalfactors, the calculation of base current needs an additional factor of √3. However this is

not usually a problem as the value of current is rarely required as a final answer in power

systems calculations, and intermediate calculations can be done with a variable √3Ibase.

Thus in three phase, the calculations of per unit quantities becomes

P and Q have the same base as S, so that

Similarly, R and X have the same base as Z, so that

The power factor remains unchanged in per unit

2. A 200 MVA, 13.8 kV generator has a reactance of 0.85 p.u. and is generating 1.15 pu voltage.
Determine (a) the actual values of the line voltage, phase voltage and reactance, and (b) the
corresponding quantities to a new base of 500 MVA, 13.5 kV.

(a) Line voltage = 1.15 * 13.8 = 15.87 kV

Phase voltage = 1.15 * 13.8/√3 = 9.16 kV

Reactance = 0.85 * 13.82/200 = 0.809 Ω

(b) Line voltage = 1.15 * 13.8/13.5 = 1.176 pu

Phase voltage = 1.15 * (13.8/√3)/(13.5/√3) = 1.176 pu

Reactance = 0.85 * (13.8/13.5)2/(500/200) = 0.355 pu

In the single line diagram shown in the above figure each three phase generator G is rated at 200MVA,
13.8 kV and has reactances of 0.85 pu and are generating 1.15 pu. Transformer T1is rated at 500 MVA,
13.5 kV/220 kV and has a reactance of 8%. The transmission linehas a reactance of 7.8 Ω. Transformer
T2 has a rating of 400 MVA, 220 kV/33 kV and areactance of 11%. The load is 250 MVA at a power factor
of 0.85 lag. Convert all quantities to a common base of 500 MVA, and 220 kV on the line and draw the
circuit diagram with values expressed in pu.

Solution:

The base voltage at the generator is (220*13.5/220) 13.5 kV, and on the load side is

(220*33/220) 33 kV. [Since we have selected the voltage base as that corresponding to thevoltage on
that side of the transformer, we automatically get the voltage on the other sideof the transformer as the
base on that side of the transformer and the above calculation is infact unnecessary.

Generators G

Reactance of 0.85 pu corresponds 0.355 pu on 500 MVA, 13.5 kV base

Generator voltage of 1.15 corresponds to 1.176 on 500 MVA, 13.5 kV base

Transformer T1

Reactance of 8% (or 0.08 pu) remains unchanged as the given base is the same as the new

chosen base.

Transmission Line

Reactance of 7.8 Ω corresponds to 7.8 * 500/2202 = 0.081 pu

Transformer T2

Reactance of 11% (0.11 pu) corresponds to 0.11 * 500/400 = 0.1375 pu

(voltage base is unchanged and does not come into the calculations)

Load

Load of 250 MVA at a power factor of 0.85 corresponds to 250/500 = 0.5 pu at a power

factor of 0.85 lag (power factor angle = 31.79°)

resistance of load = 0.5 * 0.85 = 0.425 pu

and reactance of load = 0.5 * sin 31.79° = 0.263 pu

The circuit may be expressed in per unit as shown in figure

3.Calculate the symmetrical fault for the system shown in fig.

With CB1 and CB2 open, short circuit capacities are

SCC at bus 1 = 8 p.u. gives Zg1 = 1/8 = 0.125 pu

SCC at bus 2 = 5 p.u. gives Zg2 = 1/5 = 0.20 pu

Each of the lines are given to have a per unit impedance of 0.3 pu.

Z1 = Z2 = 0.3 p.u.

With CB1 and CB2 closed, what would be the SCCs (or Fault Levels) of the busbars in the system.
This circuit can be reduced and analysed as

Thus, the equivalent input impedance is given by to give Zin as 0.23 pu at bus 3,

so that the short circuit capacity at bus bar 3 is given as

| SCC3 |= 1/0.23 = 4.35 p.u

The network may also be reduced keeping the identity of Bus 1 as

Thus, the equivalent input impedance is given by to give Zin as 0.108 pu at bus 1, so that

the short circuit capacity at busbar 1 is given as

| SCC1 |= 1/0.108 = 9.25 p.u

This is a 16% increase on the short circuit capacity of bus 1 with the circuit breakers open.

The network may also be reduced keeping the identity of Bus 2. This would yield a value
of Zin as 0.157 pu, giving the short circuit capacity at busbar 2 as

| SCC2 |= 1/0.157 = 6.37 p.u

This is a 28% increase on the short circuit capacity of bus 2 with the circuit breakers open.

4.Write short notes on Fault Currents in synchronous machines

the currents flowing in the power system network during a fault is dependant on the machines connected
to the system. Due to the effect of armature current on the flux that generates the voltage, the currents
flowing in a synchronous machine differs immediately after the occurrence of the fault, a few cycles later,
and under sustained or steady-state conditions.

Further there is an exponentially decaying d.c. component caused by the instantaneous

value at the instant of fault occurring. These are shown in figure

Figure shows the steady state current waveform, and the transient waveform

of a simple R-L circuit, to show the decay in the d.c. component. In addition to this, in thesynchronous
machine, the magnitude of the a.c. current peak also changes with time as with the unidirection
component of the transient waveform removed.
5.Explain briefly the concept of Symmetrical Component Analysis.

Unbalanced three phase systems can be split into three balanced components, namely

Positive Sequence (balanced and having the same phase sequence as the unbalanced

supply), Negative Sequence (balanced and having the opposite phase sequence to the

unbalanced supply) and Zero Sequence (balanced but having the same phase and hence no

phase sequence). These are known as the Symmetrical Components

The phase components are the addition of the symmetrical components and can be written

as follows.

a = a1 + a2 + a0

b = b1 + b2 + b0

c = c1 + c2 + c0

The unknown unbalanced system has three unknown magnitudes and three unknown

angles with respect to the reference direction. Similarly, the combination of the 3 sequence components
will also have three unknown magnitudes and three unknown angles with respect to the reference
direction.

Thus the original unbalanced system effectively has 3 complex unknown quantities a, b

and c (magnitude and phase angle of each is independent), and that each of the balanced

components have only one independent complex unknown each, as the others can be

written by symmetry. Thus the three sets of symmetrical components also have effectively 3 complex
unknown quantities. These are usually selected as the components of the first phase a (i.e. a0, a1 and
a2) . One of the other phases could have been selected as well, but all 3 components should be selected
for the same phase. Thus it should be possible to convert from either sequence components to phase

We can express all the sequence components in terms of the quantities for A phase using

the properties of rotation of 00, 1200 or 2400.

Thus

a = a0 + a1 + a2

b = a0 + α2 a1 + α a2

c = a 0 + α a 1 + α2 a 2

This can be written in matrix form.

This gives the basic symmetrical component matrix equation, which shows the relationship between the
phase component vector Ph and the symmetrical component vector Sy using the symmetrical component
matrix [Λ]. Both the phase component vector

Ph and the symmetrical component vector Sy can be either voltages or currents, but in a particular
equation, they must of course all be of the same type. Since the matrix is a [3×3] matrix, it is possible to
invert it and express Sy in terms of Ph.

6 .Express the unsymmetrical components in terms of symmetrical components.

7.Write short notes on Sequence Impedances
If we consider the simple arrangement of a 3 phase transmission line we

would have the equivalent circuit as

8. Derive the expression for three phase power

9. Explain Asymmetrical Three Phase Fault Analysis

10. Explain the various Sequence Impedances

Each of the sequence currents (or voltages) will encounter a different impedance in the

Network. In other words, each network component will present different impedance as

seen be each of the sequences. The network components are: loads, transmission lines,

Generators and transformers. We shall consider the impedances each of these

Components presents. 1 Z is the usual impedance for positive sequence currents, 2 Z is

Impedance for negative sequence currents, and 0 Z is the impedance for zero sequence currents.

Sequence Impedances of

Y-Connected Loads
Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines

Sequence Impedances of Synchronous Machine

Sequence Impedances of Transformers
11.Derive the fault current expression for various unsymmetrical faults.
• Single-line-to-ground (1LG) fault

• Line-to-line (LL) fault

• Double-line-to-ground (2LG) fault

For the calculation of fault currents, the following assumptions are:

• The power system is balanced before the fault occurs such that of the three sequence

networks only the positive sequence network is active. Also as the fault occurs, the

sequence networks are connected only through the fault location.

• The fault current is negligible such that the pre-fault positive sequence voltages are same

at all nodes and at the fault location.

• All the network resistances and line charging capacitances are negligible.

• All loads are passive except the rotating loads which are represented by synchronous

machines.
Solving we get

This implies that the three sequence currents are in series for the 1LG fault. Let us denote thezero,
positive and negative sequence Thevenin impedance at the faulted point as Zkk0, Zkk1 andZkk2
respectively. Also since the Thevenin voltage at the faulted phase is Vf we get three
12.Example :

A three-phase Y-connected synchronous generator is running unloaded

with rated voltage when a 1LG fault occurs at its terminals. The generator is rated 20 kV, 220MVA, with
subsynchronous reactance of 0.2 per unit. Assume that the subtransient mutualreactance between the
windings is 0.025 per unit. The neutral of the generator is groundedthrough a 0.05 per unit reactance. The
equivalent circuit of the generator is shown in Fig.

We have to find out the negative and zero sequence reactances.

we can write Z1 = j ω(Ls + Ms) = j0.225. Then from Fig. 7.7 we have

Therefore from Fig.

Comparing the above two values we find that Z0 indeed is equal to

j ω(Ls − 2Ms) and Z2 is equal to j ω(Ls + Ms). Note that we can also calculate the fault current

as

13. Derive the fault current expression for line to line fault
The faulted segment for an L-L fault is shown in Fig. 8.5 where it is assumed that the

fault has occurred at node k of the network. In this the phases b and c got shorted through the

impedance Zf. Since the system is unloaded before the occurrence of the fault we have

Therefore from the equations we have

Therefore no zero sequence current is injected into the network at bus k and hence the zerosequence
remains a dead network for an L-L fault. The positive and negative sequencecurrents are negative of each
other.

Now from Fig. we get the following expression for the voltage at the faulted
Therefore combining we get

Equations indicate that the positive and negative sequence networks are in

parallel. The sequence network is then as shown in Fig. 8.6. From this network we get

14.Example:
Let us consider the generator. Assumethat the generator is unloaded when a bolted (Zf = 0) short circuit
occurs between phases band c. Then we get from (8.9) Ifb = − Ifc. Also since the generator is unloaded,
we have Ifa = 0.

Therefore we get
15. Derive the fault current expression for Double line to ground fault

The faulted segment for a 2LG fault is shown in Fig. 8.7 where it is assumed that the

fault has occurred at node k of the network. In this the phases b and c got shorted through the

impedance Zf to the ground. Since the system is unloaded before the occurrence of the fault

we have the same condition as (8.8) for the phase-a current. Therefore
We thus get the following two equations from

Substituting (8.18) and (8.20) in (8.21) and rearranging we get

The Thevenin equivalent circuit for 2LG fault is shown in Fig.

The zero and negative sequence currents can be obtained using the current divider principle

16.Example:

Let us consider the same generator .Let us assume that the generator is operating without any load
when a bolted 2LG faultoccurs in phases b and c. The equivalent circuit for this fault is shown in
Fig.. From this figure we can write
Combining the above three equations we can write the following vector-matrix form

Solving the above equation we get

Hence,
Then

Now the sequence components of the voltages are

and Vb = Vc = 0. Therefore

which are the same as obtained before.

17.Example :

Consider the network shown in Fig. 8.10. The system parameters are

given below:
Generator G: 50 MVA, 20 kV, X′′ = X1 = X2 = 20%, X0 = 7.5%

Motor M: 40 MVA, 20 kV, X′′ = X1 = X2 = 20%, X0 = 10%, Xn = 5%

Transformer T1 : 50 MVA, 20 kV∆/110 kVY, X = 10%

Transformer T2 : 50 MVA, 20 kV∆/110 kVY, X = 10%

Transmission line: X1 = X2 = 24.2 Ω, X0 = 60.5 Ω

We shall find the fault current for when a (a) 1LG, (b) LL and (c) 2LG fault occurs at bus-2.

Let us choose a base in the circuit of the generator. Then the per unit impedances of

the generator are:

The per unit impedances of the two transformers are

The MVA base of the motor is 40, while the base MVA of the total circuit is 50. Therefore

the per unit impedances of the motor are

For the transmission line

Therefore

Let us neglect the phase shift associated with the Y/∆ transformers. Then the positive,

negative and zero sequence networks are as shown in Figs

From Figs we get the following Ybus matrix for both positive and

negative sequences

Inverting the above matrix we get the following Zbus matrix

Again from Fig we get the following Ybus matrix for the zero sequence
Inverting the above matrix we get

Hence for a fault in bus-2, we have the following Thevenin impedances

(a) Single-Line-to-Ground Fault: Let a bolted 1LG fault occurs at bus-2 when the

system is unloaded with bus voltages being 1.0 per unit. Then we get

Also Ifb = Ifc = 0. we get the sequence components of the voltages as

Therefore the voltages at the faulted bus are

(b) Line-to-Line Fault: For a bolted LL fault, we can write

Then the fault currents are

Finally the sequence components of bus-2 voltages are

Hence faulted bus voltages are

(c)Double-Line-to-Ground Fault: Let us assumes that a bolted 2LG fault occurs at bus-2. Then
Hence we get the positive sequence current as

The zero and negative sequence currents are then computed as

Therefore the fault currents flowing in the line are

Furthermore the sequence components of bus-2 voltages are

Therefore voltages at the faulted bus are

18 Example : Let us now assume that a 2LG fault has occurred in bus-4 instead of 4th one in bus-2.
Therefore
Also we have

Hence

Also

Therefore the fault currents flowing in the line are

Let us denote the current flowing to the fault from the generator side by Ig, while that

flowing from the motor by Im. Then from Figusing the current divider principle, the

positive sequence currents contributed by the two buses are

Similarly from Fig., the negative sequence currents are given as

Finally notice that the zero sequence current flowing from the

generator to the fault is 0. Then we have

Therefore the fault currents flowing from the generator side are

and those flowing from the motor are

19. Example:
Let us consider the same system as given in Example 26. Since the
phase shift does not alter the zero sequence, the circuit of Fig. remains unchanged. The

positive and the negative sequence circuits must however include the respective phase shifts.

These circuits are redrawn as shown in Figs1 and 2

Note from Figs. 1and 2that we have dropped the √3 α vis-à-vis

. This is because the per unit impedances remain unchanged when referred to the either

high tension or low tension side of an ideal transformer. Therefore the per unit impedances

will also not be altered.

Since the zero sequence remains unaltered, these currents will not change from those

computed in Example 25. Thus

Now the positive sequence fault current from the generator Iga1, being on the Y-side of theY/∆
transformer will lead Ima1 by 30°. Therefore
Finally the negative sequence current Iga2 will lag Ima2 by 30°. Hence we have

Therefore

Also the fault currents flowing from the motor remain unaltered. Also note that the currentsflowing into
the fault remain unchanged. This implies that the phase shift of the Y/∆transformers does not affect the
fault currents.

20 Example:

Let us consider the same power system,

define the system parameters as:

Generator G1: 200 MVA, 20 kV, X″ = 20%, X0 = 10%

Generator G2: 300 MVA, 18 kV, X″ = 20%, X0 = 10%

Generator G3: 300 MVA, 20 kV, X″ = 25%, X0 = 15%

Transformer T1: 300 MVA, 220Y/22 kV, X = 10%

Transformer T2: Three single-phase units each rated 100 MVA, 130Y/25 kV,

X = 10%

Transformer T3: 300 MVA, 220/22 kV, X = 10%

Line B-C: X1 = X2 = 75 Ω, X0 = 100 Ω

Line C-D: X1 = X2 = 75 Ω, X0 = 100 Ω

Line C-F: X1 = X2 = 50 Ω, X0 = 75 Ω

Let us choose the circuit of Generator 3 as the base, the base MVA for the circuit is

300. The base voltages are then same as those shown in Fig. 1.23. Per unit reactances are then

computed as shown below

Generator G1:

Generator G2:

Generator G3:

Transformer T1 :
Transformer T2 :

Transformer T3 :

Line B-C:

Line C-F:

Neglecting the phase shifts of Y/∆ connected transformers and assuming that the system is unloaded, we
shall find the fault current for a 1LG fault at bus-1 .

Similarly, the Thevenin equivalent of the zero sequence impedance is

Therefore) we get

Then the fault current is Ifa = 3Ifa0 = 3.0565 per unit.