Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol.

10, 05-Special Issue, 2018

Power Quality Enhancement Using Grid

Connected PV Inverter
R. Zahira, Sr. Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Tagore Engineering College.
D. Lakshmi, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering & Technology.
C.N. Ravi, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vidya Jyothi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad.
S. Sasikala, Sr. Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Tagore Engineering College.
Abstract--- This paper proposes Grid-connected inverter (GCI) with power conditioner to improve the quality of
power in renewable energy system (RES). GCI is connected at point of common coupling (PCC) between source
and load. This will significantly enhance the system stability with efficient flow of power. Implementation of GCI is
done in an effective way without using more number of energy sources. In this technique, GCI uses PV array as
power circuit on DC side. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is used to track the power form PV
cells and increases the system performance. In addition, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy logic system is used to control the
switching pulses of inverter to obtain an efficient system output. The simulation analysis is carried out with
MATLAB SIMULINK.
Keywords--- Renewable Energy, Power Quality, Micro-Grid, PV Panel, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy, MATLAB.

I. Introduction
Grid connected inverter (GCI) uses renewable energy source (solar energy) as utility. However, the power quality
problems, such as fluctuation variation, reactive power, waveform disturbance, and so on, have an effect on the
steadiness and effective operation of the micro-grid.
To intensify the efficiency of power in micro-grid, passive or active filters are used at the distribution networks
end. This type of grid-connected electrical converter with supportive system of power quality improvement are known
as multi-functional grid-connected inverter (MFGCI) [1]. Obtaining the help of MFGCIs, additional power quality
conditioners is not be necessary for the supplementary inverters that are controlled by the micro-grid avoiding the
additional investment.
The associated capability of MFGCI that is used for power quality improvement is limited to the required range
and which is associated with its operating condition.
Therefore, the efficient way in which the restricted capability margin can be utilized to improve the power quality
for the vital issues. Associate agent-based communication strategy is planned to coordinate the MFGCIs to share the
power quality problems during a micro-grid.
A comprehensive power quality analysis (CPQE) model is required to guide the ability quality service of associate
degree MFGCI and therefore the strategic usage of the restricted capability [2].
This paper deals about the catastrophe-decision-based CPQE methodology to compute the quality of a micro-grid
that is associated to the degree, which will be considered for the performance of an MFGCI on power quality resource
[3]. It can strongly eliminate the influence from authenticated experience compared to that of traditional CPQE
approaches, which is based on analytic hierarchy processing, fuzzy logic, or artificial neural network [4]. The
harmonic and reactive power problems need to be identified. Therefore, that it will improve the quality of microgrid
with CPQE model [5].

II. Function of Boost Converter

Fig. 1 shows the circuit diagram of DC/DC boost converter, it uses Inductor, Diode, MOSFET as switch, and
output capacitor [6][7]. Depending on its energy storage capacity and the relative length of the switching period,
converter can operate in the two different modes.
Mode 1 begins when MOSFET's is switched on at t = 0 and terminates at t = ton . With which, the inductor
current i L (t) greater than zero and ramp up linearly.

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Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 10, 05-Special Issue, 2018

Fig. 1: Boost Converter Circuit Diagram

Mode 2 begins when MOSFET’s is switched off at t = t on and terminates at t = t s . The inductor current decrease
until the MOSFET's is turned on again during the next cycle. In steady state time, integral of the inductor voltage over
one cycle must be zero as shown in (1). Equation (2) gives the voltage across the inductor in this period is V in -V out .
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 ∗ 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + (𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 − 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 ) ∗ 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 0 (1)
Where, V t is input voltage, Vo is average output voltage, t on is the switching on of the MOSFET’s in sec, t off is
switching off of the MOSFET's in sec. T s is switching period, D is duty cycle.

III. MPPT Control Algorithm

A normal solar PV panel will convert nearly four-hundredth of received alternative energy into voltage. This
alternative energy is undependable and its intensity varies with time. The PV panel cannot extract same quantity of
energy throughout the day.
To extract energy from the input maximum outlet chase technique is employed. It improves the chase potency of
the solar PV panel.
According to maximum power transfer theorem, the output power delivered to the load is maximum once the
electric resistance offered by the supply matches with the electric resistance of the load.
There are different types of MPPT techniques like Perturbation and observation, progressive electrical
phenomenon method, Random search method, sensible swarm improvement method and so on. In this paper, the
progressive electrical phenomenon method is preferred because of its comprehensibility in the approach. Fig. 2 shows
the flow chart of incremental conduction method.
The main objective of boost convertor combined with MPPT controller, which is linked to a solar PV array, is
employed for extending the output voltage that must increase to load side by variably modifying the duty cycle
consequently.

IV. Phase Locked Loop

A phase locked loop (PLL), is a form of servo loop. Although a PLL performs its actions on a radio frequency
signal, all the basic criteria for loop stability and other parameters are the same. A basic phase locked loop, PLL,
consists of phase detector, loop filter and voltage controlled oscillators.
In which, PLL compares the two phase signals and generates voltage according to the phase difference. The
function of loop filter is to filter the output from the phase comparator in the PLL and the signal compared with
Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is filtered [8].
It also governs characteristics of the loop and its stability. VCO generates output radio frequency signal and it can
be controlled and swung over the operational frequency band for the loop.

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Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 10, 05-Special Issue, 2018

Fig. 2: Flow Chart of Incremental Conduction Method

Phase Locked Loop Operation
Fig 3 shows the block diagram of PLL. In PLL, the reference signal and the signal from the VCO acts as an input
to the phase detector. The Phase detector compares the phase of the two signal and generates an output voltage. This
output is given to the loop filter. VCO gets signal form loop filter.

Fig. 3: Phase Locked Loop Basic Diagram

The output of the phase detector is an error signal, which passes through the Low pass filter; the LPF manages the
characteristic of the loop and removes the unwanted signal and the high frequency components. The output of the
LPF is applied to the VCO as its tuning voltage. At the beginning, the loop, which be out of lock and the error
voltage, will drag the frequency of the VCO to a reference to a stable state, when the error reaches a saturated state
loop is locked [9]. When the PLL is in locked state the steady state error voltage is produced.

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Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 10, 05-Special Issue, 2018

With the help of an amplifier placed between the phase detector and the VCO, the error between the signals can be
minimized. Even then a some voltage is present at the control terminal of VCO which helps onto correct frequency. If
the steady error voltage is present, the phase difference between the reference signal and the VCO is stable. It means
that the two signal are in the same frequency.

V. Proposed System
ANFIS Architecture
The Adaptive Network based Fuzzy Inference System ANFIS implements a Takagi SUGENO fuzzy inference
system and it has five layers. The first hidden layer is responsible for the mapping of the input variable relatively to
each membership functions [4] [10]. The operator T-norm is applied in the second hidden layer to calculate the
antecedents of the rules. The third hidden layer normalizes the rules strengths followed by the fourth hidden layer
where the consequents of the rules are determined.
The output layer calculates the global output as the summation of all the signals that arrive to this layer. ANFIS
uses back propagation learning to determine the input membership functions parameters and the least mean square
method to determine the consequents parameters [11].
Each step of the iterative learning algorithm has two parts. In the first part, the input patterns are propagated and
the parameters of the consequents are calculated using the iterative minimum squared method algorithm, while the
parameters of the premises are considered fixed [12].
In the second part, the input patterns are propagated again and in each iteration, the learning algorithm back
propagation is used to modify the parameters of the premises, while the consequents remain fixed. Fig. 4 shows the
ANFIS surface after simulation.

Fig. 4: ANFIS Surface

Fig. 5 shows the block diagram of MFGCI with controller. To justify the execution of GCI for power quality,
MATLAB SIMULINK is used for a complete study and observation purpose.
Fig. 6 represents the simulation block of the GCI without compensation. Fig. 7 represents the output voltage and
current of uncompensated system, in which it has high fluctuating current. Fig. 8 & 9 shows the power factor and
THD of the uncompensated system.

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Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 10, 05-Special Issue, 2018

Fig. 5: Block Diagram of GCI with Controller

Fig. 6: Simulation Block Diagram of GCI without Compensation

The main objective for a boost converter is to connect the photovoltaic (PV) and GCI, and incremental conduction
technique is enlisted for the maximum power point tracking (MPPT). Fig 9 shows the THD value when GCI
connected with the power quality compensator. The output current of GCI is varies depending on the conditions.
However, the power quality influenced current between micro-grid and the utility is strengthened. It further indicates
on how the power quality service affects the GCI.

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Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 10, 05-Special Issue, 2018

Fig. 7: Voltage and Current Waveform without Compensation

Fig 10 shows the system with compensation and Fig 11 represents the simulation block of boost converter. Fig 12
gives the PV output voltage value. However, as shown in Fig. 8, the supplementary harmonic and reactive current
generated by the GCI will multiplies the power loss of MOSFETs and diodes, which are connected to the inverter,
which will decline the efficiency of GCI. The introduction of the fluctuations of dc voltage is done by power quality
system. Whenever the compensation work starts, there is a temporary process, where the dc-link voltage deviates
from its reference value.

Fig. 8: Power Factor without compensation

Fig. 9: Total Harmonic Distortion

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Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 10, 05-Special Issue, 2018

Fig. 10: Proposed System with Compensation

Fig. 11: Boost Converter

Fig. 12: PV Output Voltage

Fig 13 shows voltage value of boost converter. Compensated current and voltage waveform is shown in Fig 14
and 15. Fig 16 gives value of THD and Fig 17 shows the power factor after compensation.

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Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 10, 05-Special Issue, 2018

Fig. 13: Boost Converter Output Voltage

Fig. 14: Input Voltage & Current

Fig. 15: Compensated Current

Fig. 16: Proposed Total Harmonic Distortion

Fig. 17: Power Factor of Compensated System

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Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 10, 05-Special Issue, 2018

VI. Conclusion
In grid-connected circuit, power quality enhancement is the main objective behind grid-connected inverter. Due to
distortion and losses during long distance transmission, the generated power is affected. It is necessary to utilize the
limited capacity efficiently using the renewable energy source (solar energy). By using this method, quality of power
in the grid side is enhanced using ANFIS concept. For optimally enhancing the power quality in the grid based
inverter in a more comprehensive and qualitative way. In this method, power quality conduction can be done in an
effective way without using more energy source, which will significantly enhance the system stability with efficient
flow of power from the source to the destination. The results are analyzed using MATLAB.

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ISSN 1943-023X 317

Received: 15 Mar 2018/Accepted: 20 Apr 2018