1

Group Paper:

ENGLISH SYNTAX:

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Composed by:

GROUP 3

Satriani : Stbk. 09.06.3.1.0088

Mawaddah : Stbk. 07.06.3.1.
Taufik : Stbk. 08.06.3.1.0027

FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH PALU

2010

1
 PREFACE

This paper “ENGLISH SYNTAX: ADVERBIAL CLAUSE” is written to fulfill writers’

assignment that is given in English Syntax. The main purpose in writing this paper is training to
get solution in a problem; Adverbial Clause, and present it in front of class.
In this paper writers try to explain more about Adverbial Clause in English language.
Beside that, they put a lot of examples to make easier the readers understanding its explanation.
The writers realize it’s not easy to give the best writing and do presentation well, but they are
sure that they are able to do as good as possible.
At this time, writers want to say thanks to:
Firstly, thanks to Allah SWT, the Almighty God who has given health and power to
accomplish this paper well.
Then, thanks to Syahril, SS, M.Pd, lecturer of English Syntax who has given motivation
and briefing in writing this paper.
And last but not least, thanks to all readers who have read this paper. Please give your
critics and suggestion as if there is any mistake in this writing.

Wassalam

Writers

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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TITLE i
PREFACE ii
TABLE OF CONTENT iii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION TO ADVERB CLAUSE 1
Adverb, Adverb Phrase, and Adverbial Clause 1
What is Adverb Clause is 1
CHAPTER II: USING ADVERB CLAUSE 4
Function of Adverbial Clause 4
Expressing Adverbial Clause in Sentences 5
Adverbial Clause with Time Expressions 5
Adverbial Clause with Conditional Expressions 8
Adverbial Clause with Purpose Expressions 9
Adverbial Clause with Causal Expressions 10
Adverbial Clause with Effect Expressions 11
Adverbial Clause with Concessive Expressions 11
Adverbial Clause with Place Expressions 12
Expressions of Clauses of Manner 12
Expressions of Comparative Clauses 13
Expressing Exclamation Clause 13
Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases 13
CHAPTER III: CONCLUSION 16
REFERENCES 17

CHAPTER I
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 INTRODUCTION TO ADVERB CLAUSE

Adverb Clause is taken from two words; adverb and clause. An adverb may be a single
word such quickly, here or yesterday, or a phrase such as the day, before yesterday or to see my
mother. However, adverb can also be clauses, containing a subject and a full verb. And a
clause is a grammatical unit that includes, at minimum, a predicate and an explicit or implied
subject, and expresses a preposition.
Adverb, Adverb Phrases, and Adverb Clauses.
Look at these sentences:
I saw the movie yesterday.
I saw the movie on Friday
I saw the movie before I left for Makassar.
In the first sentence “yesterday” is a one- word verb, “on Friday” is an adverb phrase, and
“before I left for Calgary” is an adverb clause. All of them answer the question “When?”,
but the adverb clause has a subject (“ I”) and a full verb (“left”). It is introduce by “before”,
so it is a dependent clause. This means that it cannot stand alone; “before I left for
Makassar” would not be a full sentence; it needs a main clause (“I saw the movie”). An
adverb clause, then, is a dependent clause that does the same job as an adverb or an adverb
phrase.
Based on the sentences above, they can show that Adverb clause or adverbial clause is a
clause that has an adverb, like function in modifying another clause. It functions as an
adverb. In other words, it contains subject (explicit or implied) and predicate, and it
modifies a verb.
Examples:
I saw Joe when I went to the store(explicit subject “I”)
He sat quietly in order to appear polite (implied subject “He”).

What an Adverbial Clause is.

An adverbial clause is a subordinate clause that act as the adverb in a sentence. It normally
answers the questions: how, when, where, how much.
Look at the following table!

Types of adverb clause

There are many types of adverb clauses. Here are some examples of the most common
types:

Type Question answered Example

Place Where? Wherever there are computers,

 5

there is Microsoft software.

After the fruit is harvested, it is

Time When?
sold at the market.

Why? (What caused I didn't call her because I'm

Cause
this?) shy.

Why? (What was the She took a computer course so

Purpose
reason for doing this?) that she could get a better job.

Although Jay has a Master's

Concessi Why is this
degree, he works as a store
on unexpected?
clerk.

Conditio Under what If you save your money, you

n conditions? will be able to go to college.

Based on the examples above, most adverb clauses can be recognized because they are
introduced by a particular word or phrase (such as "when", "so that", etc.). These words and
phrases are called subordinating conjunction, and adverbial clause begins with a
subordinating conjunction, which makes the clause subordinate (dependent).
Common subordinating conjunctions:

after in order (that) unless

although insofar as until

as in that when

as far as lest whenever

as soon as no matter how where

as if now that wherever

as though once whether

because provided (that) while

before since why

even if so that

even though supposing (that)

how than

if that

inasmuch as though

in case (that) till

An adverb clause cannot stand alone as a sentence. Those subordinating conjunction must
connect adverb clause (dependent clause) to an independent clause (it is called main
clause). Examples:

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 When she was in Miami, she visited many friends.
She visited many friends when she was in Miami.
When she was in Miami: is an adverb clause.
She visited many friends: Independent clause.
When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause, a comma is used to separate the
clauses. When the adverb clause follows, usually no comma is used.
Examples:
Because she wanted to visit her friends, she went to Miami. (using comma)
She went to Miami because she wanted to visit her friends. (no comma).
 7

CHAPTER II
USING ADVERB CLAUSE

FUNCTION OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

In previous chapter has been described generally more about adverb clause and its
types. Now, it will be explained how to use adverb clause.
Adverbial Clauses are phrases or clauses that function as an adverb in a sentence.
Adverbial Clauses can be used to show time (temporal clauses) or cause (causal clauses).
Here some kinds of adverbial clauses.

Kind of Example
Common Conjunctions Function
clause
when, before, after, since,
These clauses are used to
while, as, as long as, until,
say when something
etc. (conjunctions that Her father died when
time clauses happens by referring to a she was young.
answer the question
period of time or to
"when?"); hardly, scarcely,
another event.
no sooner, etc.[1]
These clauses are used to If they lose weight
if, unless, even if, whether
talk about a possible during an illness,
conditional
or not, in case (that), in the they soon regain it
clauses situation and its
event (that), only if afterwards.
consequences.
They had to take
in order to, in order that, so These clauses are used to some of his land so
purpose
(informal), so that, for the indicate the purpose of an that they could
clauses extend the
purpose that. action. churchyard.

because, since, as, now that,

These clauses are used to I couldn't feel anger
reason inasmuch as, owing to the
clauses indicate the reason for against him because
( cause) fact that, due to the fact that, I liked him too much.
something.
etc.
My suitcase had
So that, These clauses are used to become so damaged
result clauses on the journey home
so + adj./adv. + that indicate the result of
(effect) that the lid would not
such (a) + noun + that something. stay closed.

These clauses are used to

I used to read a lot
make two statements, one
although, though, while, although I don't get
concessive
of which contrasts with much time for books
clauses whereas
the other or makes it seem now
surprising.
place clauses Where, wherever, anywhere, These clauses are used to He said he was happy
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She
WhenwillI finish herhe
arrived, homework before
was talking on theshe goes home.
phone.
Adverbial clause
Adverbial clause

Main clause everywhere, Subordinating

etc. conjunction
Subordinating conjunction main clause talk about the location or where he was.
(conjunctions that answer
position of something.
the question "where?")
These clauses are used to
As if, as though, especially I was never allowed
clauses of talk about someone's to do things the way I
after, look, seem, act, the
manner behavior or the way wanted to do them.
way
something is done.
as + adj. or adv. + as
(not) so + adj. or adv. + as These clauses are used to She works just as
Comparative hard as her sister
-er + adj. or adv. + than compare one thing to
clauses
More + adj. or adv. + than other things works

Exclamations are used to What horrible news!

express anger, fear, How fast she types!
clauses of
what a(an), how, such, so shock, surprise etc. They You are such lucky
exclamations
always take an man!
exclamation mark (!).

EXPRESSING ADVERBIAL CLAUSE IN SENTENCES.

Adverbial Clause with Time Expressions.
When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a comma to separate the two clauses.
Example: As soon as he arrives, we will have some lunch.. When the adverb clause
finishes the sentence there is no need for a comma. Example: He gave me a call when
he arrived in town.
When

Question: When was he talking on the phone? Answer: When I arrived

'When' means 'at that moment, at that time, etc.'. Notice the different tenses used in
relationship to the clause beginning with when. It is important to remember that
'when' takes either the simple past or the present - the dependent clause changes
tense in relation to the 'when' clause.

Before

'Before' means 'before that moment'. It is important to remember that 'before' takes
 I have played tennis since I was a young boy.
She
By
Mr.
As I We
began
the
Smith
was waited
timecooking
gave until
while
heexercises
came,
finishing myshehe finished
I had
was
after already
he
homework, hislistened
finishing homework
my the
explained
she began homework.
the news.
.
subject
cooking
Adverbial clause
Adverbial clause clause Adverbial clause
Adverbial clause
Adverbial Adverbial clause
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Main clause Subordinating conjunction
Main
Main
Subordinating clause
clause
conjunction Subordinating conjunction
Subordinating conjunction
Main clause
Main clause
Subordinating Subordinating
conjunction conjunction Main clause
either the simple past or the present.

After

'After' means 'after that moment'. It is important to remember that 'after' takes the
present for future events and the past or past perfect for past events.

While, As

'While' and 'as' mean 'during that time'. 'While' and 'as' are both usually used
with the past continuous because the meaning of 'during that time' which
indicates an action in progress.

By the time

'By the time' expresses the idea that one event has been completed before another. It
is important to notice the use of the past perfect for past events and future perfect for
future events in the main clause. This is because of the idea of something happening
up to another point in time.

Until, till

'Until' and 'till' express 'up to that time'. We use either the simple present or simple
past with 'until' and 'till'. 'Till' is usually only used in spoken English.

Since

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 As soon as I hear from Tom, I will give you a telephone call
Whenever he time
The first comes, we go
I went to to have lunch
Makassar, at lost
I was Salsa Restaurant.
We take a hike every time he visits
Adverbial Adverbial
clause clause
Adverbial clause
Adverbial clause
Subordinating conjunction
Subordinating conjunction Main clause Main clause
Subordinating conjunction Main clause
Main clause Subordinating conjunction

I saw Taufik the last time I went to Palu

'Sin ce' means
Adverbial clause
'from that time'. We use the present perfect (continuous)
with 'since'. 'Since' can also be used with a specific point in time.
Main clause Subordinating conjunction

As soon as

'As soon as' means 'when something happens - immediately afterwards'. 'As soon as'
is very similar to 'when' it emphasizes that the event will occur immediately after
the other. We usually use the simple present for future events, although present
perfect can also be used.

Whenever, every time

'Whenever' and 'every time' mean 'each time something happens'. We use the simple
present (or the simple past in the past) because 'whenever' and 'every time' express
habitual action.

The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time

The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time means 'that specific time'. We can
 Unless
My father
Inheshe
the hurries
would
casebuy
youup,
a carwe
if won't
need he had
me,be arrive
I’ll toinclass.
much
be at time
money.
They Even
won't if
be saves
able a lot,
to come he won’t
whether or able
not theybuy a car
have enough money.
Adverbial
Adverbial clause
clause
Adverbial clause Adverbial clause
Adverbial clause
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ng
ingconjunction
nonjunction
clause
conjunction Subordinating Main
Mainclause
Mainconjunction
clause clause
clause Subordinating conjunction
use these forms to be more specific about which time of a number of times
something happened.

Adverbial Clause with Conditional Expressions.

If

'If' clauses express the conditions necessary for the result. If clauses are followed by
expected results based on the condition.

Unless

'Unless' expresses the idea of 'if not' Example: Unless she hurries up, we won't
arrive in time. MEANS THE SAME AS: If she doesn't hurry up, we won't arrive in
time. 'Unless' is only used in the first conditional.

Even if

In contrast to sentences with 'if' sentences with 'even if' show a result that is
unexpected based on the condition in the 'even if' clause. Example: COMPARE: If
she studies hard, she will pass the exam AND Even if she studies hard, she won't
pass the exam.

Whether or not

'Whether…or not' expresses the idea that neither one condition or another matters;
the result will be the same. Notice the possibility of inversion (Whether they have
money or not) with 'whether or not'.

In case (that), in the event (that)

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 The doctor
Your fathersent
will her
give to theahospital (in order) to
dotake a
onseries
youra of test.
The doctor sent her to theyou bicycle
hospital only
in order if youshe
that well
could take exams.
series of test.
I’ll beher
The doctor sent studying upstairs so
to the Adverbial
hospital in the
thateven
she he calls.
could take a series of test.
clause
Adverbial clause
Adverbial clause
Adverbial clause Adverbial clause
Subordinating
Subordinatingconjunction
conjunction
Subordinating conjunction
Subordinating conjunction
Subordinating conjunction

'In case' and 'in the event' usually mean that you don't expect something to happen,
but if it does... Both are used primarily for future events.

Only if

'Only if' means 'only in the case that something happens - and only if'. This form
basically means the same as 'if'. However, it does stress the condition for the result.
Note that when 'only if' begins the sentence you need to invert the main clause.

Adverbial Clause with Purpose Expressions.

In order to

‘In order to’ means the positive purpose of act. This sentence has implied subject
(‘she’)after connector, it is stressed by these two sentences; The doctor sent her to
the hospital and she can take a series of test.

In order that, so that, so.

‘In order that’ and ‘so that’ indicate the purpose of act which auxiliary verb can,
may and sometime will are used in clause. ’So’ has the informal form in the clause.
retty
higher,
that
so she
thatattracts
they
Mrs. Fikagot
a lot
a has
better
of attention
viewbecause
e will be stayingSince
for ancould
she
extra notacome
weekboyfriend, (or as)
she fact
due to the always she
wewas
smile
that ill. not yet finished
alone
haven’t
erbial clause Adverbialclause
Adverbial clause
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n Subordinating
Subordinating conjunction
conjunction Main clause Adverbial clause
Adverbial Clause with Causal Expressions
Subordinating conjunction
unction Main clause
Because, as.

Notice how ‘because’ and ‘as’ can be used with a variety of tenses based on the time
relationship between the two clause. 'As' tends to be used in more formal, written
English.

Since

'Since' means the same as because. 'Since' tends to be used in more informal spoken
English. Important note: "Since" when used as a conjunction is typically used to
refer to a period of time, while "because" implies a cause or reason.

Due to the fact that.

'Due to the fact that' means the same as because. As like Inasmuch as, because of
the fact that and owing to the fact that, 'Due to the fact that' is generally used in very
formal, written English.

Adverbial Clause with Effect Expressions.

So that

‘So that’ indicates the result of something. ‘So that’ can be used with a variety of
tenses based on the time relationship between the two clauses.

So……that, such……that.

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 was difficult, he passed with the highest marks.
t
of hot
was day
time tothat
do I must
expensive,
your my go to the
father
homework, campus
bought
I havethe car.
very little time indeed.
rich while I am poor

Main clause
Main clause
junction Main
Mainclause
clause

Adverbial Clause with Concessive Expressions

Although, even though, though.

Notice how 'though, even though' or 'although' show a situation which is contrary to
the main clause to express opposition. Even though, though and although are all
synonyms.

While, whereas.

'Whereas' and 'while' show clauses in direct opposition to each other. Notice that
you should always use a comma with 'whereas' and 'while'.

Adverbial Clause with Place Expressions

Where
eved
the road crosses
herthe river
ust
as ifas
as
harderheaneeds
hardgentlemen
as more
than her
should
sister behave.
works.
sleep.
sister works.
le, the illustrations are taken from literature
15

use

Wherever
It is used for reducing time clause.

Expressions of Clauses of Manner

As if

As though

Expressions of Comparative Clauses

As (adj. / adv.) as

–er , more (adj. / adv. ) than

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ws
es!it is!

Expressing Exclamation Clause.

What, How.

Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases.

An adverbial clause can be reduced to a phrase when the main clause and the
adverbial (subordinate) clause have the same subject. The way is the same as changing
adjective clauses:
Reduced adverbial clause using –ing form ( progressive )

Omit the subject and ‘be’ form of the verb of the dependant clause. Example:

Adverb clause:
While she was going home, she runs into a friend.

Modifying phrase
While going home, she runs into a friend.

If there is no ‘be’ form of a verb, omit the subject and change the verb to –ing.
Sometimes the subordinator (when or while) can be deleted as well. example:

Adverb clause
When I opened the door, I saw a strange sight.

Modifying
When opening the door, I saw a strange sight.
Opening the door, I saw a strange sight.

Adverb clause:
Before he came, he called us.
Modifying phrase
 17

Before coming, he called us.

Adverb clause
Since I had never played Badminton before, I was not very good.

Modifying
Having never played Badminton before, I was not very good.

Adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clause if the two clauses have different
subjects. Example:

While he was reading a book, she knocks at the door.

Be careful when reducing time clauses that come at the end of sentences.

Adverb clause
We saw many beautiful birds while we were fishing in the lake.

Modifying
We saw many beautiful birds while fishing in the lake.
We saw many beautiful birds while fishing in the lake.(INCORRECT)

When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase, the noun in the adverb clause
becomes the subject of the independent clause. Example:

Adverb clause:
While Frank was reading, he felt very upset

Modifying phrase
While reading, Frank felt very upset.

Reduced adverbial clause using –ed (past form)

Some adverbial clauses can also use "ED," however, the subjects of both parts of the
sentence still must be the same. For examples:

Adverb clause
Mom was concerned about Tommy, so she called the police.

Modifying
Concerned about Tommy, Mom called the police.

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 Adverb clause
Because we were exposed to the sun for so long, we got sunburned.

Modifying
(Being) exposed to the sun for so long, we got sunburned.

Adverb clause
Because he was a doctor, Mr. Hardi knew how to handle the situation.

Modifying
Being a doctor, Mr. Hardi knew how to handle the situation.
As a doctor, Mr. Hardi knew how to handle the situation.

When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase, the noun in the adverb clause
becomes the subject of the independent clause. Example:

Adverb clause:
When Safia was arrived at home, she began to call on her daughter.

Modifying
When arrived at home, Safia began to call on her daughter.
 19

CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

Based on the discussion at previous chapter, it can be concluded that:

Adverbial clause is a phrase or clause that functions as an adverb in the sentence. Adverbial
19
 clause consists of two clauses; independent clause or main clause and dependent clause
(subordinate clause).

Dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence. That’s why subordinating conjunctions are
used to connect dependent clause to independent clause. When an adverb clause precedes
an independent clause, a comma is used to separate the clauses. When the adverb clause
follows, usually no comma is used.

Commonly adverbial clause describes time, place, cause, purpose, condition, and concession. It
normally answers the questions: how, when, where, how much.

Adverbial clause can be reduced to a phrase when the main clause and the subordinate clause
have the same subject. Generally time clause with ‘while’ and ‘when’ can be reduced and
sometimes cause and effect clause with ‘because’. We can use "ING" to make these clauses
shorter, provided that the subject in the adverbial clause is the same as the subject in the
main clause.
 21

REFERENCES

Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 1984. Understanding and Using English Grammar. Prentice Hall
Regents, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632
Frank, Marcella. 1993. Modern English Edisi Dwibahasa, Inggris-Indonesia jilid II Kalimat dan
Struktur Kompleks, Edisi Kedua. Binarupa Aksara. Jakarta.

www.google.com

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