Cause &effect, Comparison & Contrast, and Adverb Clause: Unit 8

UNIT 8
CAUSE &EFFECT,
COMPARISON & CONTRAST,
and ADVERB CLAUSE
Objectives:
To identify signals/clues that indicate
causes or effects
To identify causes and effects
To identify signals/clues that indicate
comparison & contrast
To identify comparison & contrast
To identify adverb clauses
1. Adverb Clauses
• An adverb clause is a dependent
clause used as an adverb within a
sentence to indicate time, place,
condition, contrast, concession,
reason, purpose, or result. Also, it is
known as adverbial clause.
• An adverb clause begins with a

subordinating conjunction (such as
if, when, because, or although) and
includes a subject and a predicate.
Kinds of adverbial
clauses
Kind of Common
Function Examples
clause conjunctions
These clauses are When you finished
when, before, after, used to say when your homework,
time since, while, as, as something happens by you may go home.
clauses long as, until, as referring to a period of As soon as he
soon as, etc. time or to another heard the news, he
event. called me.
These clauses are
condition used to talk about a Unless you work
al if, unless, possible or hard, you will fail in
clauses counterfactual situation this exam.
and its consequences.
Kinds of adverbial
clauses
Kind
Common
of Function Examples
conjunctions
clause
purpos These clauses are used to I will give you a map so
in order to, so
e indicate the purpose of an that you can find the
that, in order that
clauses action. library easily.
These clauses are used to I did this work because

reason because, since,
indicate the reason for this work is part of my
clauses as, given
something. educational project.
There were so many

These clauses are used to
books on the subject
result so….that indicate the result of
that Mary didn’t know
clauses something.
where to begin.
Kinds of adverbial
clauses
Kind
Common
of Function Examples
conjunctions
clause
These clauses are used I used to read a

conces to make two statements, lot although I
although, though,
sion one of which contrast with don't get much
while
clauses the other or make it seem time for books
surprising. now.
where, wherever, These clauses are used He said he was

place
anywhere, to talk about the location happy where he
clauses
everywhere, etc. or position of something. was.
EXERCISE
Complete the following sentences with a suitable
word or phrase from the table above.
1. You need proper shoes to go hiking in the

mountains ________ the ground is rough and
hard.
2. ________ the dolphin lives in the sea, it is not a
fish -- it's a mammal.
3. You may get malaria ________ you are bitten by
a mosquito.
4. We keep our bread in the fridge, ________ it
doesn't go bad.
since so that although after
5. _________ I hear from Tom, I will give you a
telephone call.
2. CAUSES & EFFECTS
• When describing a sequence of events or actions, the
writer can relate them in two ways: by showing their order
in time or showing how one causes the other, if it does.
Often, one action following another in time is also the
result of that action. There are a number of ways the
writers can express these causal relations. Some of them
are listed below as the common cause and effect markers.
• The following are possible common signals to indicate
cause and effect relations:
Verbs linking cause and effect: result, produce, allow, prevent, enable, cause,
result in, result from, bring about
Connectives: due to, as a result of, since, because, because of, in response to,
as, with the result that, so that, thus, therefore, consequently, hence, for this
reason, thereby
Implied marker: if, means

Sample Passage
Pulmonary Tuberculosis is caused by

infection of the lungs with the tubercle
bacillus. Pulmonary lesions are due almost
entirely to the human form of the tubercle
bacillus, as distinct from the bovine type,
which is mainly responsible for glandular and
bovine tuberculosis. The bacilli lodge in the
lungs and set up a chronic inflammation of a
specific type. They produce areas of
infiltration which have a characteristic
tubercle formation; hence the name for the
organism.
The above passage shows relations of
cause and effects. Some of the relations
are marked but others are linked implicitly.
Cause Effect Marker

Tubercle bacillus Infection of lungs
Infection of lungs Pulmonary caused by

Tuberculosis
Human form of Pulmonary lesions due to
tubercle bacillus
Bovine type of Glandular and bovine responsible for
tubercle bacillus tuberculosis
Bacilli lodge in lungs Chronic inflammation set up
Inflammation infiltration produce

2. Comparison & Contrast
In most academic subjects, we often need to

compare and contrast things. Thus, one type of text
organizations is one in which several things are
compared or contrasted, where the language of
comparison and contrast is used. Paragraphs of this type
of passage usually state the main idea the things being
demonstrated as similar or different in the first sentence.
Then the idea is developed in subsequent sentences,
often with examples.
To compare means to show in what ways several

things are similar, and to contrast means to show in
what ways they are different.
Some common signal words/markers
for comparison
also in the same in like

manner comparison
similarly in the same likewise too

way
as corresponding the same as well as

ly
similar to in comparison both resemble

Some common signal words/markers
for contrast
However on the other while but

hand
neverthele on the in contrast yet
ss contrary
more --er than whereas conversely
(than) /
rather although despite/in unless
than spite of
Unlike instead different from by contrast
Sample Passage
Both New York City and Paris depend on vast
subway lines to transport their millions of
commuters. In both cities, the subways are often
crowded, especially at rush hours. Another
likeness is the terrible noise level in the trains. A
further similarity is that the two subway systems
both cover a wide area at little expense for
commuters. However, the differences between
the two are quite striking. While subway stations
in New York range from plain to ugly, Paris
stations are generally attractive. Many of the
French stations are filled with works of art. In
Paris, the subway trains are clean and they run
every few minutes. On the other hand, New
York’s trains can be less clean and reliable.
The above paragraph compares and
contrasts the subways in New York City and
with those in Paris. If we transfer the
passage into a note form, this would like the
following.
Subways in NY Subways in Paris Markers

City
Crowded Both
Terribly noisy Another likeness
Relatively cheap A further similarity
Stations range from Stations are attractive However
plain to ugly and filled with art works
Less clean Clean While
Less reliable Run every few minutes On the other hand
THANK YOU

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UNIT 8

• An adverb clause begins with a

These clauses are used to I did this work because

There were so many

These clauses are used I used to read a

where, wherever, These clauses are used He said he was

1. You need proper shoes to go hiking in the

Implied marker: if, means

Pulmonary Tuberculosis is caused by

Cause Effect Marker

Infection of lungs Pulmonary caused by

Inflammation infiltration produce

In most academic subjects, we often need to

To compare means to show in what ways several

also in the same in like

similarly in the same likewise too

as corresponding the same as well as

similar to in comparison both resemble

However on the other while but

Subways in NY Subways in Paris Markers

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